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868:. Reporting on parleys with Delaware chiefs on 24 June, Trent wrote: ' gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect.' The military hospital records confirm that two blankets and handkerchiefs were 'taken from people in the Hospital to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians.' The fort commander paid for these items, which he certified 'were had for the uses above mentioned.' A reported outbreak that began the spring before left as many as one hundred Native Americans dead in
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760:, Canada must be conquered, or we could hope for no lasting quiet in these parts; and now, through the good hand of our God upon us, we see the happy day of its accomplishment. We behold His Majesty's victorious troops treading upon the high places of the enemy, their last fortress delivered up, and the whole country surrendered to the King of Britain in the person of his general, the intrepid, the serene, the successful Amherst.
825:. After the British failed to keep their word to withdraw from the Ohio and Allegheny valleys, a loose confederation of Native American tribes including the Delawares, the Shawnees, the Senecas, the Mingoes, the Mohicans, the Miamis, the Ottawas and the Wyandots, who were opposed to British post-war occupation of the region, banded together in an effort to drive the British out of their territory.
287:
910:] the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands, taking care however not to get the disease myself. As it is pity to oppose good men against them, I wish we could make use of the Spaniard's Method, and hunt them with English Dogs. Supported by Rangers, and some Light Horse, who would I think effectively extirpate or remove that Vermine.
821:'s War after one of its most notable leaders, began in early 1763. From 1753, when the French first invaded the territory, to February 1763, when peace was formally declared between the English and French, the Six Nations and tenant tribes always maintained that both the French and the British must remain east of the
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In retrospect, it is difficult to evaluate the tactical success of
Captain Ecuyer's biological attack because smallpox may have been transmitted after other contacts with colonists, as had previously happened in New England and the South. Although scabs from smallpox patients are thought to be of low
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However, in the light of contemporary knowledge, it remains doubtful whether his hopes were fulfilled, given the fact that the transmission of smallpox through this kind of vector is much less efficient than respiratory transmission, and that Native
Americans had been in contact with smallpox >200
1502:
In 2009, Montreal City
Councillor Nicolas Montmorency officially asked that Rue Amherst be renamed: "it is totally unacceptable that a man who made comments supporting the extermination of Native Americans to be honoured in this way". On 13 September 2017, the city of Montreal decided that the street
1255:
A long-standing plan of the French had been the concept of an invasion of Great
Britain which they hoped would lead to a swift end to the war if it was successful: in 1779 Spain entered the war on the side of France, and the increasingly depleted state of British home forces made an invasion more
2576:
G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan
Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes,
1498:
said it would review the matter after a proper complaint is filed; "Should there be a formal request from the public to change the name of the
National Historic Site, Parks Canada would engage with the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada for its recommendation." An online petition was
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years before Ecuyer's trickery, notably during
Pizarro's conquest of South America in the 16th century. As a whole, the analysis of the various 'pre-micro- biological" attempts at BW illustrate the difficulty of differentiating attempted biological attack from naturally occurring epidemics.
591:
as part of the Army of
Observation: as it appeared likely a French invasion attempt against Britain itself was imminent, Amherst was ordered in April to arrange the transportation of thousands of the Germans to southern England to bolster Britain's defences. He was made colonel of the
1484:
a "terrible blotch on Canada", and said: "To have a place named after
General Amherst would be like having a city in Jerusalem named after Adolf Hitler...it's disgusting." Sark raised his concerns again in a 29 January 2016 letter to the Canadian government. Mi'kmaq historian
924:] the Indians by means of Blankets, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race. I should be very glad your Scheme for Hunting them Down by Dogs could take Effect, but England is at too great a Distance to think of that at present.
1379:
1336:, Amherst was recalled as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in January 1793: however is generally criticised for allowing the armed forces to slide into acute decline, a direct cause of the failure of the early campaigns in the Low Countries:
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in London. After the outbreak of rioting
Amherst deployed the small London garrison of Horse and Foot Guards as well as he could but was hindered by the reluctance of the civil magistrates to authorise decisive action against the rioters.
1462:
Amherst's desire to exterminate the indigenous people is now viewed as a dark stain on his legacy and various agencies, municipalities and institutions have reconsidered the use of the name "Amherst". "The Un-Canadians", a 2007 article in
1344:
called him "that log of wood whose stupidity and incapacity are past belief". "He allowed innumerable abuses to grow up in the army… He kept his command, though almost in his dotage, with a tenacity that cannot be too much censured".
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A month later the use of smallpox blankets was discussed by Amherst himself in letters to Bouquet. Amherst, having learned that smallpox had broken out among the garrison at Fort Pitt, and after learning of the loss of his forts at
596:
on 12 June 1756. By 1757 as the immediate danger to Britain had passed the troops were moved back to Hanover to join a growing army under the Duke of Cumberland and Amherst fought with the Hessians under Cumberland's command at the
1493:
beliefs, also supports a name change, saying: "in the future I don't think there should ever be anything named after people who committed what can be described as crimes against humanity." In February 2016, a spokesperson for
1131:. Amherst expected to be praised for his conquest of Canada, however, once in London, he was instead asked to account for the recent Native American rebellion. He was forced to defend his conduct, and faced complaints made by
70:
1499:
launched by Sark to satisfy this formal request requirement on 20 February 2016. On 16 February 2018, the site was renamed Skmaqn–Port-la-Joye–Fort Amherst, adding a Mi'kmaq word alongside the French and English titles.
1212:, requested to be relieved, Amherst was considered as a replacement by the government: however, his insistence that it would require 75,000 troops to fully defeat the rebellion was not acceptable to the government, and
4475:
1139:, who lobbied the Board of Trade for his removal and permanent replacement by Gage. He was also severely criticised by military subordinates on both sides of the Atlantic. Nevertheless, Amherst was promoted to
1469:, includes Amherst in a list of people in the history of Canada who are considered contemptible by the authors, because he "supported plans of distributing smallpox-infested blankets to First Nations people".
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620:
agreed to withdraw from the war: he began to prepare to disband the Hessian troops under his command, only to receive word that the Convention had been repudiated and the Allied force was being reformed.
3288:
Amherst and the Conquest of Canada: Selected Papers from the Correspondence of Major-General Jeffrey Amherst While Commander-in-Chief in North America from September 1758 to December 1760
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3889:
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3459:– Excerpts from actual letters in which Lord Jeffery Amherst approves smallpox plan (dated 16 July 1763) and discusses other methods of killing Native Americans with Colonel Henry Bouquet.
1357:(1712–1792), who later became Lady Amherst of Holmesdale, on 26 March 1767. There were no children by either marriage. He retired from that post in February 1795, to be replaced by the
1534:
dropped its "Lord Jeffery" mascot at the instigation of the students. It also renamed the Lord Jeffery Inn, a campus hotel owned by the college, to the Inn on Boltwood in early 2019.
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Bouquet, who was already marching to relieve Fort Pitt from the siege, agreed with this suggestion in a postscript when he responded to Amherst just days later on 13 July 1763:
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to the British colonial authorities in North America indicating that the purpose of giving the blankets was "to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians." The invoice was approved by
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two blankets and a handkerchief enclosed in small metal boxes that had been exposed to smallpox, in an attempt to spread the disease to the Natives in order to end the siege.
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infectivity as a result of binding of the virus in fibrin metric, and transmission by fomites has been considered inefficient compared with respiratory droplet transmission.
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The British settlers were relieved and proclaimed a day of thanksgiving. Boston newspapers recount how the occasion was celebrated with a parade, a grand dinner in
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Could it not be contrived to send the small pox among the disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them.
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489:. This has led to a reconsideration of his legacy. In 2019, the city of Montreal removed his name from a street, renaming it Rue Atateken, from the Kanien'kéha
1329:) with a special provision that would allow this title to pass to his nephew (as Amherst was childless, the Holmesdale title became extinct upon his death).
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had first been read. Although order was eventually restored, Amherst was personally alarmed by the failure of the authorities to suppress the riots.
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from 1763 to 1764. It is not clear, however, whether the smallpox was a result of the Fort Pitt incident or the virus was already present among the
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as outbreaks happened on their own every dozen or so years and the delegates were met again later and they seemingly had not contracted smallpox.
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were brought in from surrounding counties, swelling the forces at Amherst's disposal to over 15,000, many of whom were quartered in tents in
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said of him "his age, and perhaps his natural temper, are little suited to the activity and the energy which the present moment calls for".
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in the territories that eventually became Canada. Numerous places and streets are named after him, in both Canada and the United States.
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3465:– Extensive discussion and documentation of Amherst's involvement in warfare against Native Americans and the smallpox blanket tactics (
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In 1753 he married Jane Dalison (1723–1765). Following her death he married Elizabeth Cary (1740–1830), daughter of Lieutenant General
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word describing "those with whom one shares values," according to Kanehsatake historian Hilda Nicholas. Similarly, Rue Amherst in
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in June 1763. During a parley in midst of the siege on 24 June 1763, Captain Simeon Ecuyer gave representatives of the besieging
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Amherst was summoned home, ostensibly so that he could be consulted on future military plans in North America, and was replaced
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Born the son of Jeffrey Amherst (d. 1750), a Kentish lawyer, and Elizabeth Amherst (née Kerrill), Jeffery Amherst was born in
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In the wake of the Gordon Riots, Amherst was forced to resign as Commander-in-Chief in February 1782 and was replaced by
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appealing and Amherst organised Britain's land defences in anticipation of the invasion which never materialised.
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Grateful Reflexions on the Signal Appearances of Divine Providence for Great Britain and its Colonies in America.
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Amherst's legacy is controversial due to his expressed desire to spread smallpox among the disaffected tribes of
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Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume I, page 121. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage.
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1337:
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The uprising of many Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region, commonly referred to as
721:, ending French rule in North America on 8 September. He infuriated the French commanders by refusing them the
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35:
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The journal of Jeffery Amherst, recording the military career of General Amherst in America from 1758 to 1763
2167:(2009), "Is all fair in biological warfare? The controversy over genetically engineered biological weapons",
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1323:
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Ranlet, P (2000). "The British, the Indians, and smallpox: what actually happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?".
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The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (Pivotal Moments in American History)
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458:. Amherst is credited as the architect of Britain's successful campaign to conquer the territory of
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2904:"Montreal adds Iroquois symbol to flag, strips British general of street name – Montreal – CBC News"
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The Lord hath done great things for us, whereof we are glad... Long had it been the common opinion,
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The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political Social and Military History
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On 26 March 1767 Jeffrey Amherst married Elizabeth, daughter of General George Cary (portrait by
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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766
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Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur, New Haven
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2853:"Statement from Minister McKenna on the name change of an important national historic site"
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in July 1757: the Allied defeat there forced the army into a steady retreat northwards to
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One of the most infamous and well-documented issues during Pontiac's War was the use of
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was instead chosen to take over from Howe in America. Following the British setback at
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bearing his name would be renamed. On 21 June 2019, the street was officially renamed
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In June 1780, Amherst oversaw the British army as they suppressed the anti-Catholic
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2752:"P.E.I. park honours general who wanted aboriginals killed, Mi'kmaq leader says"
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633:, particularly in the North American campaign known in the United States as the
3049:
The Noble Duke of York: The Military Life of Frederick Duke of York and Albany
2009:
Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst
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134:
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856:, the trader turned militia commander who had come up with the plan, sent an
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2815:"Parks Canada may consider renaming historic site Port-la-Joye–Fort Amherst"
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From his base at New York, Amherst oversaw the dispatch of troops under
507:, England, on 29 January 1717. At an early age, he became a page to the
3510:(Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 4–5.
2728:. Beaver, Vol. 87 Issue 4, p. 30. August–September 2007. Archived from
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and on 30 August 1788 he was created Baron Amherst (this time with the
1290:
was declared, giving the troops the authority to fire on crowds if the
1279:
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3343:
The Other Armada: The Franco-Spanish Attempt to Invade Britain in 1779
3024:, ed) Toronto: The Ryerson Press; Chicago: University of Chicago Press
1600:"Amherst Street becomes 'Atateken,' symbolizing fraternity and peace"
873:
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656:
in September 1758. Amherst then led an army against French troops on
550:, the commander of the British forces, and saw further action at the
3501:
3473:
1759 From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham ( Virtual Exhibition)
3193:
1975:
A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774
1158:, who had initially hoped the position would go to a member of the
679:
with a third army in September 1759. Amherst served as the nominal
69:
3484:"Archival material relating to Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst"
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while putting more effort into the war at sea. On 7 November 1778
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3175:
Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution Through British eyes
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and died on 3 August 1797. He was buried in the Parish Church at
733:
rather than surrendering them, to highlight his differences with
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800:
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3156:
King Mob: The Story of Lord George Gordon and the Riots of 1780
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2018:; The Journal of American History, Vol. 86, No. 4, March 2000
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against Native Americans and Amherst's role in supporting it.
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British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
4148:
3477:
2950:"Premières Nations: la rue Amherst deviendra la rue Wìgwàs"
466:. Under his command, British forces captured the cities of
3324:
White Savage: William Johnson and the Invention of America
3290:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing for the Army Records Society.
3401:
at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections
4461:
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
2781:. CTV.ca. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014
1301:. On 23 March 1782 he became captain and colonel of the
650:
commander-in-chief of the British army in North America
474:, as well as several major fortresses. He was also the
30:"Lord Amherst" redirects here. For the first earl, see
3407:, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan.
2557:"William Amherst letter to Jane Dalison Amherst, 1758"
1894:; C. Hale Sipe; The Telegraph Press; 1921; pp. 407–438
1208:
In 1778, when the British commander in North America,
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In recognition of this victory, Amherst was appointed
612:
Amherst was left dispirited by the retreat and by the
2754:. The Canadian Press. 8 February 2016. Archived from
918:
P.S. You will Do well to try to Innoculate [
3478:
National Battlefields Commission (Plains of Abraham)
914:
In response, also in a postscript, Amherst replied:
4466:
British Army personnel of the French and Indian War
4295:
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3147:
Exploring America's Highways: Wisconsin Trip Trivia
2995:"The Lord Jeffrey Inn Introduces New Name and Logo"
2836:
Removal of General Amherst's name from Parks Canada
2779:"Native leader says P.E.I. park needs name changed"
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3306:Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course and Consequences
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1642:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
1631:
1476:spiritual leader John Joe Sark called the name of
844:to be given Native Americans when a group of them
744:, music, bonfires, and firing of cannon. The Rev.
3411:Prof. Kevin Sweeney on Jeffery Amherst in America
2039:Blood and Land: The Story of Native North America
3202:. Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 4–5.
2091:"History of biological warfare and bioterrorism"
1162:. On 6 November 1772, he became a member of the
4516:Governors of the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
3379:"Field-Marshal Lord Amherst: A Military Enigma"
3062:, 1763: The History of a Native American People
2139:. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 3.
754:
546:in October 1746. He then became an aide to the
542:on 25 December 1745, he also saw action at the
4471:British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
3433:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
1870:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
1248:and on 24 April 1779 he became colonel of the
737:for later political advantage back in France.
3985:
3345:. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.
2977:"Amherst College Drops 'Lord Jeff' as Mascot"
943:
697:From July 1760, Amherst led an army down the
648:In the wake of this action, he was appointed
8:
4526:Peers of Great Britain created by George III
3058:The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at
1977:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 195.
1143:on 26 March 1765, and became colonel of the
3251:Lord Jeffery Amherst: A Soldier of the King
1575:sometimes appear in sources discussing him.
1567:Lord Amherst spelled his name Jeffery, but
1365:on 30 July 1796. He retired to his home at
1193:. On 24 March 1778 he was promoted to full
787:to take part in British expeditions in the
200:Post created, replacing the French post of
4521:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
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1489:, who referred to Amherst as motivated by
1150:On 22 October 1772, Amherst was appointed
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68:
42:
4496:Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) officers
3833:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
3637:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
3100:A Gazetteer of the State of New Hampshire
2106:
1943:
1941:
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1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1674:
1672:
1318:On 8 July 1788, he became colonel of the
766:Governor-General of British North America
587:forces that had been assembled to defend
3733:William Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Harrington
3064:. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.
2927:"La rue Amherst devient la rue Atateken"
2777:Mensah-Bonsu, Deborah (16 August 2008).
2692:"A Brief History of the Town of Amherst"
2207:
2205:
1952:. Harvard University Press. p. 97.
904:P.S. I will try to inocculate [
579:In February 1756, Amherst was appointed
446:(29 January 1717 – 3 August 1797) was a
3442:Historical Biographies: Jeffrey Amherst
3308:New York and London, Routledge, 2007
2213:"Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets"
2003:
2001:
1924:. Oxford University Press. p. 73.
1797:
1795:
1793:
1639:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1592:
1560:
1401:Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, by
1375:
1154:, and he soon gained the confidence of
664:in July 1759, while another army under
4451:Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain
3627:60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot
3581:60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot
2792:
1801:Parkman, Francis: "Montcalm and Wolfe"
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
772:on 29 November 1760. He was appointed
3932:(of Holmesdale in the County of Kent)
3463:Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets
2215:. University of Massachusetts Amherst
2136:Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare
7:
4456:People related to biological warfare
4232:Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd
4179:Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff
3158:. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
3128:The British Field Marshals 1736–1997
3081:Louisbourg 1758: Wolfe's First Siege
1633:"Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst"
717:in a three-way pincer, and captured
569:Great Britain in the Seven Years War
3952:(of Montreal in the County of Kent)
3467:University of Massachusetts Amherst
2095:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
1544:List of governors general of Canada
1433:University of Massachusetts Amherst
1250:2nd Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards
1191:of Holmesdale in the County of Kent
791:that led to the British capture of
4511:Governors of British North America
4262:The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
3897:Governor of the Province of Quebec
3681:Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance
3211:. Genealogical Publishing Co Inc.
1415:Several places are named for him:
1361:, and was promoted to the rank of
1189:on 14 May 1776, as Baron Amherst,
1152:Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance
961:Seven Years' War in North America:
768:in September 1760 and promoted to
438:Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst
364:Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance
169:Governor of the Province of Quebec
25:
4541:Governors of Guernsey (1500–1835)
4017:Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces
4001:Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces
3879:Commander-in-Chief, North America
3771:The Queen's Troop of Horse Guards
3561:Commander-in-Chief, North America
3427:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
3341:Patterson, Alfred Temple (1960).
2975:Bidgood, Jess (26 January 2016).
2948:Dubé, Élizabeth (24 March 2023).
2635:"Island History – Amherst Island"
1864:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
1327:of Montreal in the County of Kent
1125:Commander-in-Chief, North America
969:, St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater
866:Commander-in-Chief, North America
379:The Queen's Troop of Horse Guards
88:Commander-in-Chief, North America
32:William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst
4506:East Yorkshire Regiment officers
3823:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
3742:2nd Troop Horse Grenadier Guards
3713:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
3430:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
3377:Whitworth, Rex (February 1959).
3286:Middleton, Richard, ed. (2003).
2925:Niosi, Laurence (21 June 2019).
1867:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1394:
1378:
1199:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
452:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
374:2nd Troop Horse Grenadier Guards
369:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
285:
27:British Army general (1717–1797)
4491:British people of Pontiac's War
3452:Amherst in the Haldimand Papers
2878:"Le Devoir, Lundi 24 août 2009"
2089:Barras V, Greub G (June 2014).
1892:The Indian wars of Pennsylvania
1829:. 25 November 1760. p. 11.
1786:. 11 September 1759. p. 1.
1201:, which gave him a seat in the
846:laid siege to the fortification
774:Knight of the Order of the Bath
629:Amherst gained fame during the
4501:Colonial governors of Virginia
3109:Canada: An Illustrated History
2838:; Change.Org; 20 February 2016
2518:. 26 August 1788. p. 413.
1197:and, in April 1778, he became
654:60th (Royal American) Regiment
524:War of the Austrian Succession
476:first British governor general
400:War of the Austrian Succession
354:62nd (Royal American) Regiment
202:Governor General of New France
1:
3457:Amherst and Smallpox Blankets
3173:Hibbert, Christopher (1990).
3154:Hibbert, Christopher (1958).
3130:. Pen & Sword Books Ltd.
2596:. 2 August 1796. p. 743.
2416:. 3 November 1778. p. 1.
2330:. 3 November 1772. p. 1.
2301:. 20 October 1772. p. 1.
1973:McConnel, Michael N. (1997).
1240:visited Amherst at his home,
4536:Military personnel from Kent
4486:British Life Guards officers
3279:Jeffrey Amherst: A Biography
3277:Mayo, Lawrence Shaw (1916).
2609:"A History of Montreal Park"
1920:Calloway, Collin G. (2007).
1663:UK public library membership
892:, wrote to Colonel Bouquet:
652:and colonel-in-chief of the
526:becoming an aide to General
4297:Chiefs of the General Staff
4005:Chiefs of the General Staff
3796:2nd Regiment of Life Guards
3435:University of Toronto Press
3326:. London: Faber and Faber.
3032:. London: Faber and Faber.
2498:. 5 July 1788. p. 325.
2478:. 19 March 1782. p. 1.
2436:. 20 April 1779. p. 2.
2370:. 21 March 1788. p. 1.
2265:. 23 March 1765. p. 1.
1872:University of Toronto Press
1425:General Amherst High School
1320:2nd Regiment of Life Guards
384:2nd Regiment of Life Guards
4557:
4161:Chief of the General Staff
3855:Crown Governor of Virginia
3739:Captain and Colonel of the
3508:Men of Kent and Kentishmen
3399:Jeffery Amherst Collection
3200:Men of Kent and Kentishmen
3111:. Douglas & McIntyre.
3056:Cappel, Constance (2007).
2041:. Penguin UK. p. 73.
1849:. 7 April 1761. p. 2.
1263:
1185:Amherst was raised to the
1181:American Revolutionary War
1178:
1175:American Revolutionary War
842:smallpox-infested blankets
810:
681:Crown Governor of Virginia
614:Convention of Klosterzeven
575:Invasion of Hanover (1757)
572:
566:
415:American Revolutionary War
106:Crown Governor of Virginia
29:
4146:
3958:
3945:
3925:
3920:
3913:
3903:
3894:
3871:
3861:
3852:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3820:
3812:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3766:
3758:
3748:
3737:
3729:
3719:
3710:
3697:
3687:
3678:
3670:
3660:
3651:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3597:
3589:
3577:
3567:
3558:
3550:
3540:
3530:
3522:
3517:
3500:Hutchinson, John (1892).
3234:. Yale University Press.
3209:Detroit River Connections
3192:Hutchinson, John (1892).
3014:Amherst, Jeffery (1931).
2855:(Press release). Ottawa:
2817:. CBC.ca. 8 February 2016
2799:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2350:. 11 May 1776. p. 2.
2246:, 127–28. O'Toole p. 249
2169:Journal of Medical Ethics
1860:Krugler, John D. (1979).
1748:. 8 June 1756. p. 2.
1334:French Revolutionary Wars
1314:French Revolutionary Wars
1303:2nd Troop of Horse Guards
975:
966:The French and Indian War
662:captured Fort Ticonderoga
538:in May 1745. Promoted to
530:and participating in the
428:
420:French Revolutionary Wars
220:
174:
111:
93:
82:
67:
4441:Amherst County, Virginia
3915:Peerage of Great Britain
3625:Colonel-in-Chief of the
3579:Colonel-in-Chief of the
3359:Tucker, Spencer (2011).
3350:Smith, Margaret (2010).
3177:. New York: Avon Books.
3126:Heathcote, Tony (1999).
3079:Chartrand, René (2000).
1948:Jones, David S. (2004).
1519:was renamed Rue Wìgwàs (
1457:Amherst County, Virginia
683:from 12 September 1759.
675:besieged and eventually
637:when he led the British
303:Kingdom of Great Britain
267:Parish Church, Sevenoaks
259:Sevenoaks, Kent, England
4400:Sir Mark Carleton-Smith
3503:"Jeffrey Amherst"
3382:(subscription required)
3258:Mansel, Philip (1984).
3207:Jacobson, Judy (2009).
3195:"Jeffrey Amherst"
3028:Anderson, Fred (2001).
2181:10.1136/jme.2008.028944
2108:10.1111/1469-0691.12706
2037:King, J. C. H. (2016).
1950:Rationalizing Epidemics
1417:Amherst Island, Ontario
1332:With the advent of the
1324:territorial designation
4481:British field marshals
4153:
3885:Governor of New France
3768:Captain and Colonel of
3405:Jeffery Amherst papers
3354:. The British Library.
3253:. New York: MacMillan.
3149:. T.O.N.E. Publishing.
3102:. Library of Congress.
3047:Burne, Alfred (1949).
3022:Webster, John Clarence
2697:. Amherst Museum. 1997
1445:Amherst, New Hampshire
1429:Amherst, Massachusetts
1042:Conquest of New France
926:
912:
898:
762:
750:First Church in Boston
694:
671:also in July 1759 and
522:Amherst served in the
34:. For other uses, see
4531:People from Sevenoaks
4212:Sir William Robertson
4187:Sir William Nicholson
4169:Sir Neville Lyttelton
4152:
3534:15th Regiment of Foot
3423:Stacey, C.P. (1979).
3388:9#2 pp. 132–137.
3226:Kiernan, Ben (2007).
3107:Hayes, Derek (2004).
3098:Farmer, John (1823).
916:
902:
894:
834:Colonel Henry Bouquet
689:
635:French and Indian War
625:French and Indian War
594:15th Regiment of Foot
567:Further information:
534:in June 1743 and the
344:15th Regiment of Foot
319:Years of service
4446:Amherst, Nova Scotia
4207:Sir Archibald Murray
3962:William Pitt Amherst
3816:Henry Seymour Conway
3723:Henry Seymour Conway
3674:Henry Seymour Conway
3654:Governor of Guernsey
3601:3rd Regiment of Foot
3488:UK National Archives
3447:Amherst and Smallpox
3304:Middleton, Richard,
3249:Long, J. C. (1933).
3009:General bibliography
2956:(in Canadian French)
2851:(16 February 2018).
2233:Anderson pp. 552–553
2064:Pennsylvania History
2014:3 April 2015 at the
1991:, 541–42; Jennings,
1648:10.1093/ref:odnb/443
1482:Prince Edward Island
1449:Amherst, Nova Scotia
1421:Amherstburg, Ontario
1145:3rd Regiment of Foot
758:Delenda est Carthago
699:Saint Lawrence River
639:attack on Louisbourg
599:Battle of Hastenbeck
511:. Amherst became an
359:3rd Regiment of Foot
48:The Right Honourable
4405:Sir Patrick Sanders
4380:Sir Richard Dannatt
4360:Sir Charles Guthrie
4282:Sir Francis Festing
4247:Sir Edmund Ironside
4197:Sir Charles Douglas
4045:Duke of Marlborough
4035:Earl of Marlborough
3848:The Earl of Loudoun
3840:Government offices
3416:19 May 2022 at the
3352:Virginia, 1492–1892
3260:Pillars of Monarchy
2758:on 16 February 2016
2395:Redcoats and Rebels
2382:Redcoats and Rebels
2007:Fenn, Elizabeth A.
1903:Richard Middleton,
1862:"Haviland, William"
1403:Sir Joshua Reynolds
1387:Sir Joshua Reynolds
1089:Pointe-aux-Trembles
836:, the commander of
823:Allegheny Mountains
806:
532:Battle of Dettingen
410:Pontiac's Rebellion
150:The Earl of Loudoun
4385:Sir David Richards
4370:Sir Michael Walker
4320:Sir Michael Carver
4315:Sir Geoffrey Baker
4277:Sir Gerald Templer
4237:Sir Cyril Deverell
4154:
4120:Duke of Wellington
4110:Duke of Wellington
4075:Marquess of Granby
4070:Viscount Ligionier
4065:Duke of Cumberland
3762:Lord Robert Bertie
3706:Marquess of Granby
3702:Title last held by
3425:"Amherst, Jeffrey"
3083:. Oxford: Osprey.
2849:McKenna, Catherine
2726:"The Un-Canadians"
2607:Nunnerley, David.
2593:The London Gazette
2515:The London Gazette
2495:The London Gazette
2475:The London Gazette
2433:The London Gazette
2413:The London Gazette
2367:The London Gazette
2347:The London Gazette
2327:The London Gazette
2298:The London Gazette
2262:The London Gazette
1846:The London Gazette
1826:The London Gazette
1783:The London Gazette
1745:The London Gazette
1170:Commander-in-Chief
1147:in November 1768.
1141:lieutenant-general
1010:Fort William Henry
864:, then serving as
830:biological warfare
776:on 11 April 1761.
727:Chevalier de Lévis
711:Brigadier Haviland
695:
643:Cape Breton Island
557:
552:Battle of Lauffeld
548:Duke of Cumberland
540:lieutenant colonel
536:Battle of Fontenoy
470:, Quebec City and
162:The Lord Botetourt
4418:
4417:
4410:Sir Roland Walker
4365:Sir Roger Wheeler
4345:Sir Nigel Bagnall
4335:Sir Edwin Bramall
4310:Sir James Cassels
4242:The Viscount Gort
4222:The Earl of Cavan
4135:Viscount Wolseley
4130:Duke of Cambridge
4125:Viscount Hardinge
4025:Duke of Albemarle
3968:
3967:
3959:Succeeded by
3904:Succeeded by
3862:Succeeded by
3830:Succeeded by
3806:The Lord Cathcart
3803:Succeeded by
3749:Succeeded by
3720:Succeeded by
3688:Succeeded by
3661:Succeeded by
3647:Richard Lyttelton
3634:Succeeded by
3608:Succeeded by
3568:Succeeded by
3554:James Abercrombie
3541:Succeeded by
3518:Military offices
3370:978-1-85109-697-8
3333:978-0-571-21841-7
3269:978-0-7043-2424-4
3241:978-0-300-10098-3
3218:978-0-8063-4510-9
3184:978-0-380-71544-2
3165:978-0-88029-399-0
3118:978-1-55365-046-1
3090:978-1-84176-217-3
3071:978-0-7734-5220-6
3039:978-0-571-20565-3
3001:. 27 August 2018.
2884:on 27 August 2009
2146:978-0-16-087238-9
1993:Empire of Fortune
1661:(Subscription or
1555:Explanatory notes
1491:white supremacist
1478:Fort Amherst Park
1453:Amherst, New York
1437:Hampshire College
1431:(location of the
1116:
1115:
1005:Sabbath Day Point
432:
431:
276:Order of the Bath
16:(Redirected from
4548:
4375:Sir Mike Jackson
4350:Sir John Chapple
4340:Sir John Stanier
4330:Sir Roland Gibbs
4305:Sir Richard Hull
4287:Sir Richard Hull
4272:Sir John Harding
4267:Sir William Slim
4227:Sir George Milne
4217:Sir Henry Wilson
4202:Sir James Murray
4100:Sir David Dundas
4040:Duke of Leinster
4030:Duke of Monmouth
3994:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3890:Pierre de Rigaud
3872:Preceded by
3845:Preceded by
3813:Preceded by
3759:Preceded by
3752:Prince Frederick
3730:Preceded by
3671:Preceded by
3644:Preceded by
3616:Preceded by
3590:Preceded by
3551:Preceded by
3523:Preceded by
3515:
3511:
3505:
3496:
3491:
3438:
3383:
3374:
3363:. ABC-CLIO Ltd.
3355:
3346:
3337:
3301:
3282:
3273:
3254:
3245:
3233:
3222:
3203:
3197:
3188:
3169:
3150:
3141:
3122:
3103:
3094:
3075:
3052:
3051:. Staples Press.
3043:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2972:
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2965:
2963:
2961:
2945:
2939:
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2936:
2934:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2880:. Archived from
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2722:
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2713:
2707:
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2696:
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2679:
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2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2611:. Archived from
2604:
2598:
2597:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2547:
2544:
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2520:
2519:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2446:Mansel, page 126
2444:
2438:
2437:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2110:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2005:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1788:
1787:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1635:
1628:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1576:
1565:
1521:Anishinaabemowin
1398:
1382:
1349:Family and death
1338:Pitt the Younger
1286:, and a form of
1278:Line troops and
1106:Thousand Islands
1059:Fort Ticonderoga
1049:La Belle-Famille
970:
967:
962:
952:
945:
938:
929:
709:from Quebec and
707:Brigadier Murray
631:Seven Years' War
558:Seven Years' War
544:Battle of Rocoux
517:Grenadier Guards
464:Seven Years' War
445:
405:Seven Years' War
294:Military service
289:
256:
239:
237:
225:Personal details
211:
196:
179:
158:
146:
116:
98:
72:
62:
55:The Lord Amherst
43:
21:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4395:Sir Nick Carter
4291:
4257:Sir Alan Brooke
4192:Sir John French
4173:
4155:
4144:
4050:Duke of Ormonde
4011:
3998:
3964:
3955:
3950:
3935:
3930:
3909:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3858:
3850:
3835:
3826:
3818:
3808:
3799:
3794:Colonel of the
3781:2nd Life Guards
3774:
3769:
3764:
3754:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3716:
3703:
3693:
3684:
3676:
3666:
3657:
3649:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3611:
3604:
3599:Colonel of the
3595:
3584:
3573:
3564:
3556:
3546:
3537:
3532:Colonel of the
3528:
3499:
3482:
3422:
3418:Wayback Machine
3395:
3381:
3371:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3334:
3320:O'Toole, Fintan
3318:
3298:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3248:
3242:
3225:
3219:
3206:
3191:
3185:
3172:
3166:
3153:
3145:Heim, Michael.
3144:
3138:
3125:
3119:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3078:
3072:
3055:
3046:
3040:
3027:
3011:
3006:
2999:Amherst College
2993:
2992:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2847:
2846:
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2820:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2732:on 24 June 2015
2724:
2723:
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2689:
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1030:Fort Carillon
1028:
1026:
1025:Bernetz Brook
1023:
1021:
1020:2nd Snowshoes
1018:
1016:
1015:German Flatts
1013:
1011:
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1000:1st Snowshoes
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854:William Trent
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813:Pontiac's War
807:Pontiac's War
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770:major-general
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528:John Ligonier
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487:Pontiac's War
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262:
253:3 August 1797
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44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4140:Earl Roberts
4105:Duke of York
4095:Duke of York
4090:Lord Amherst
4089:
4085:Henry Conway
4080:Lord Amherst
4079:
4009:British Army
3951:
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3922:New creation
3921:
3907:James Murray
3895:
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3691:William Howe
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2960:27 September
2958:. Retrieved
2954:TVA Gatineau
2953:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2920:
2910:14 September
2908:. Retrieved
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:the original
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2857:Parks Canada
2843:
2835:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2809:
2783:. Retrieved
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:the original
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:the original
2720:
2715:Smith p. 182
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2686:
2677:
2672:Farmer p. 70
2668:
2663:Tucker p. 14
2659:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2602:
2591:
2582:
2572:
2562:14 September
2560:. Retrieved
2551:
2546:Burne p. 228
2542:
2537:Burne p. 227
2533:
2528:Burne p. 209
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2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2172:
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2165:Appel, J. M.
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2063:
2057:
2038:
2032:
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1992:
1988:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1949:
1921:
1907:, pp. 1–128.
1904:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1865:
1855:
1844:
1835:
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1815:
1810:Hayes, p. 77
1806:
1781:
1772:
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1754:
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1692:
1683:
1651:. Retrieved
1637:
1606:
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1508:
1505:Rue Atateken
1504:
1501:
1496:Parks Canada
1471:
1464:
1461:
1414:
1359:Duke of York
1352:
1331:
1326:
1317:
1299:Henry Conway
1296:
1277:
1272:Gordon Riots
1269:
1266:Gordon Riots
1260:Gordon Riots
1254:
1226:West Florida
1210:William Howe
1207:
1190:
1184:
1160:Royal Family
1149:
1120:
1118:
1054:Fort Niagara
919:
917:
913:
905:
903:
899:
895:
878:
870:Ohio Country
827:
816:
795:in 1761 and
778:
763:
757:
755:
742:Faneuil Hall
739:
715:Ile-aux-Noix
696:
690:
669:took Niagara
647:
628:
611:
578:
521:
502:
495:
480:
456:British Army
450:officer and
448:British Army
437:
433:
393:Battles/wars
313:British Army
255:(1797-08-03)
215:James Murray
210:Succeeded by
199:
176:
157:Succeeded by
113:
95:
74:Portrait by
40:
18:Lord Amherst
4436:1797 deaths
4431:1717 births
4060:George Wade
3874:New Office
3779:Became the
3619:Thomas Gage
3571:Thomas Gage
3526:John Jordan
3262:. Quartet.
2681:Heim p. 343
2588:"No. 13918"
2510:"No. 13020"
2490:"No. 13005"
2470:"No. 12280"
2428:"No. 11972"
2408:"No. 11924"
2362:"No. 11859"
2342:"No. 11665"
2322:"No. 11298"
2293:"No. 11294"
2257:"No. 10507"
2242:Middleton,
1841:"No. 10094"
1821:"No. 10056"
1549:Turtleheart
1527:) in 2023.
1525:white birch
1513:Kanien'kehá
1355:George Cary
1288:martial law
1230:West Indies
1129:Thomas Gage
1074:St. Francis
995:Fort Oswego
985:Lake George
890:Presqu'Isle
862:Thomas Gage
789:West Indies
729:burned the
703:Fort Oswego
673:James Wolfe
660:, where he
462:during the
195:Preceded by
145:Preceded by
4425:Categories
3956:1788–1797
3936:1776–1797
3901:1760–1763
3865:John Blair
3859:1759–1768
3827:1793–1795
3800:1788–1797
3775:1782–1788
3746:1779–1782
3717:1778–1782
3685:1772–1782
3658:1770–1797
3631:1768–1797
3605:1768–1779
3585:1758–1768
3565:1758–1763
3538:1756–1779
2821:9 February
2762:9 February
1987:Anderson,
1877:24 January
1778:"No. 9930"
1740:"No. 9590"
1665:required.)
1583:References
1466:The Beaver
1309:Later life
1228:, and the
1156:George III
1084:2nd Quebec
1079:Sainte-Foy
1069:1st Quebec
840:, ordered
797:Martinique
499:Early life
468:Louisbourg
460:New France
299:Allegiance
236:1717-01-29
189:George III
135:George III
3789:New title
2888:27 August
2393:Hibbert.
2380:Hibbert.
2219:29 August
1995:, 447n26.
1687:Mayo p. 8
1588:Citations
1530:In 2016,
1472:In 2008,
1371:Sevenoaks
1284:Hyde Park
990:Fort Bull
850:Delawares
838:Fort Pitt
803:in 1762.
735:Vaudreuil
616:by which
607:North Sea
605:near the
581:commissar
519:in 1735.
505:Sevenoaks
322:1735–1795
282:Signature
243:Sevenoaks
181:1760–1763
177:In office
130:George II
118:1759–1768
114:In office
100:1758–1763
96:In office
3940:Extinct
3414:Archived
3322:(2006).
2906:. Cbc.ca
2795:cite web
2736:8 August
2701:23 April
2640:25 March
2619:22 April
2459:. p. 102
2457:King Mob
2455:Hibbert
2189:19567692
2117:24894605
2076:17216901
2012:Archived
1653:28 April
1573:Geoffrey
1538:See also
1517:Gatineau
1511:being a
1509:atateken
1389:, 1767).
1292:Riot Act
1234:the King
1218:Saratoga
1101:Montreal
1064:Beauport
886:Le Boeuf
793:Dominica
785:Haviland
781:Monckton
719:Montreal
472:Montreal
337:Commands
123:Monarchs
4007:of the
2933:21 June
2785:23 June
2197:1643086
1569:Jeffrey
1474:Mi'kmaq
1280:militia
1203:Cabinet
1195:general
1187:peerage
1121:pro tem
882:Venango
858:invoice
819:Pontiac
748:of the
731:colours
618:Hanover
609:coast.
589:Hanover
585:Hessian
583:to the
563:Germany
515:in the
485:during
483:Indians
454:in the
186:Monarch
36:Amherst
3699:Vacant
3367:
3330:
3312:
3294:
3266:
3238:
3215:
3181:
3162:
3134:
3115:
3087:
3068:
3036:
2862:4 July
2397:. p209
2384:p. 211
2195:
2187:
2143:
2115:
2074:
2045:
1956:
1928:
1659:
1411:Legacy
725:; the
513:ensign
272:Awards
2695:(PDF)
2193:S2CID
1244:, in
1238:Queen
980:Frogs
713:from
701:from
603:Stade
4003:and
3365:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3310:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3264:ISBN
3236:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3179:ISBN
3160:ISBN
3132:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3085:ISBN
3066:ISBN
3034:ISBN
2962:2023
2935:2019
2912:2017
2890:2009
2864:2023
2823:2016
2801:link
2787:2015
2764:2016
2738:2012
2703:2012
2642:2024
2621:2012
2564:2017
2221:2014
2185:PMID
2141:ISBN
2113:PMID
2072:PMID
2043:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1879:2010
1655:2012
1571:and
1523:for
1455:and
1439:and
1246:Kent
1236:and
1224:and
1222:East
1135:and
888:and
801:Cuba
799:and
783:and
693:1760
327:Rank
250:Died
230:Born
3882:or
3876:or
2177:doi
2103:doi
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1127:by
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