68:
1529:
603:
470:
814:, explaining in greater depth the reasons for his refusal to grant the requests of the embassy. The Macartney Embassy is historically significant because it marked a missed opportunity by the Chinese to move toward some kind of accommodation with the West. This failure would continue to plague China as it encountered increasing foreign pressures and internal unrest during the 19th century.
849:
by French cruisers operating from
Batavia. On 23 December, Macartney recorded in his journal: "I have given up my projected visit to Japan, which (though now less alluring in prospect) has always been with me a favourite adventure as a possible opening of a new mine for the exercise of our industry and the purchase of our manufactures".
715:, and completed in 1783. It was also during this time that most of the buildings and barracks in the western portion of the Fort were erected. The Palace Street, the Arsenal, the Hanover square and the Western Barracks were constructed during this time. The streets on the eastern side of the Fort were also altered.
726:, submitted a plan to Macartney for the establishment of a regular police force for Madras and for the building of direct and cross drains in every street. Popham also advocated measures for the naming and lighting of streets, for the regular registration of births and deaths and for the licensing of liquor,
848:
Macartney was expected to lead an embassy to Japan after he completed his mission to China, but his hopes of being able to proceed to Japan were ended by the confirmation when he returned to Canton of news of the outbreak of war with France and consequently of the vulnerability of his ships to attack
1288:
Dundas to
Macartney, 21 January 1797, "Correspondence of George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, whilst Governor of the Cape of Good Hope", Bodleian Library, GB 0162 MSS.Afr.t.2–4*. See also Robert J. King, "An Australian Perspective on the English Invasions of the Rio de la Plata in 1806 and 1807",
857:
On his return from a confidential mission to Italy in 1795, he was raised to the
British peerage as Baron Macartney, of Parkhurst in the County of Surrey and Auchinleck in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and at the end of 1796 was appointed governor of the newly acquired territory of the
758:
2070:
2095:
1439:
Our First
Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806, from Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence and
865:
In early 1797, he was requested to assist with the proposed plan to send an attacking force from the Cape under Major-General J. H. Craig to the South West coast of
Spanish America by way of the British colony in New South Wales.
784:. The embassy was ultimately not successful in its primary aim to open trade with China, although numerous secondary purposes were attained, including a first-hand assessment of the strength of the Chinese empire.
2090:
821:
remained. The embassy returned to
Britain in 1794 without obtaining any concession from China. However, the mission could be construed as a success because it brought back detailed observations. Sir
700:
137:
2140:
825:
was charged with producing the official account of the expedition after their return. This multi-volume work was taken chiefly from the papers of Lord
Macartney and from the papers of Sir
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85:
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182:
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189:
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118:
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795:, as is commonly believed. It is more likely that the Chinese hegemony of east Asian states meant that China was used to having other states come and offer
1549:
2075:
1840:
1831:
1809:
803:. Under that order, all states were formally treated as equals. For this reason, Macartney was negotiating as an equal in the European style, while the
2080:
1903:
734:. A Board of Police assisted by a Kotwal was subsequently formed. The Kotwal was to be the officer of the markets under the Superintendent of Police.
667:
534:
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After losing control of the fortifications on
Hospital Hill — an essential defence position located on a prominence overlooking the island capital
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and
Elizabeth Winder. Macartney descended from a Scottish family with origins in Ireland, who were granted land in Scotland for serving under
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Appointed envoy extraordinary to Russia in 1764, he succeeded in negotiating an alliance between Great
Britain and Russia with
1777:
1600:
842:
624:
491:
407:
1925:
1191:
Banks, Joseph. State Library of New South Wales, Papers of Sir Joseph Banks; Section 12: Lord Macartney's embassy to China;
878:
834:
712:
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415:
1719:
1641:
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434:
344:
1443:
829:, who was Commander of the expedition. Gower also left a more personal record through his private letters to Admiral
1698:
1210:
Robert J. King, "'A regular and reciprocal System of Commerce' — Botany Bay, Nootka Sound, and the isles of Japan",
660:
527:
1144:
746:
2040:
571:
1711:
765:
After being created Earl Macartney in the Irish peerage in 1792, he was appointed the first envoy of Britain to
1972:
894:
877:, on 31 May 1806, the title becoming extinct. After the death of his widow (Lady Jane Stuart, daughter of the
745:
in 1784. Macartney declined the governor-generalship of India—then the British territories administered by the
327:
58:
582:
1568:
1494:
1454:
1451:
822:
742:
613:
480:
222:
1214:, vol.19, no.1, 1997, pp.1–29; and "'The long wish'd for object' – Opening the trade to Japan, 1785–1795",
708:
426:
422:
399:
376:
360:
303:
1314:
Some Account of the Public Life, and a Selection from the Unpublished Writings, of the Earl of Macartney,
1663:
1341:
1294:
917:
73:
1193:
Series 62: Papers concerning publication of the account of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, ca 1797.
845:, was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record.
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707:) from 1781 to 1785. During his tenure as governor, renovation and strengthening of the walls of
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1523:, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania
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When China Rules the World: the End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order.
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An Authentic Account of and Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China,
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1985:
1962:
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1199:
811:
774:
586:
1080:
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1000:
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881:; they were married in 1768), his property passed to his niece, whose son took the name.
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769:, after the failure of a number of previous embassies, including Cathcart's. He led the
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It was also during this time that idea of a police force for Madras was thought of.
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to Beijing in 1792, with a large British delegation on board a 64-gun man-of-war,
799:. In comparison, the European states were used to the order that came out of the
2071:
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Armagh constituencies
602:
469:
862:, where he remained until ill health compelled him to resign in November 1798.
1337:
Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793.
787:
The failure to obtain trade concessions was not due to Macartney's refusal to
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262:
210:
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statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat who served as the governor of
874:
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290:
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After the conclusion of the embassy, the Qianlong Emperor sent a letter to
1437:
1377:
1229:
Cranmer-Byng, "Russian and British Interests in the Far East, 1791–1793",
870:
286:
1553:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 193.
1431:
704:
627: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
494: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
336:
2096:
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
1140:"#36 – David C. Kang on international relations in historic East Asia"
1411:
788:
727:
1485:
1475:
1408:
Images de l'Empire immobile ou le choc des mondes. Récit historique.
1486:"Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question II,"
1534:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1476:"Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question I,"
1320:
Cranmer-Byng, J. L. "Lord Macartney’s Embassy to Peking in 1793."
1169:
Champion of the Quarterdeck: Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower (1742–1814)
756:
916:– a descendant of the Macartney family who served in China under
1458:
596:
463:
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in 1776. He was elected to a seat in the British parliament (
2091:
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Bere Alston
807:
was used to conducting diplomacy under Chinese hegemony.
375:
He was born in 1737 as the only son of George Macartney,
347:. He is often remembered for his observation following
943:
941:
939:
937:
585:—Macartney chose to surrender unconditionally and was
893:, the ambassador who represented the Netherlands and
1327:
Esherick, Joseph W. "Cherishing Sources from Afar."
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Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
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154:
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112:
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45:
1426:Reddaway, W. F. "Macartney in Russia, 1765–67."
722:, another British resident and the developer of
1356:The Dragon Wakes. China and the West, 1793–1911
27:Anglo-Irish statesman and diplomat (1737–1806)
437:. On resigning this office, he was knighted.
34:George Macartney should not be confused with
8:
2061:Peers of Great Britain created by George III
1491:Vol. 2, No. 4 (Jul. 1897), pp. 627–643.
1481:Vol. 2, No. 3 (Apr. 1897), pp. 427–442.
1156:Ch'ien Lung, (Qianlong) Letter to George III
1436:Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908).
1270:. No. 368. 3 January 1797. p. 221
1264:"At the Court at St. James's, Dec 28. 1796"
2066:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
1557:
570:from 1776 to 1779. During his governance,
365:a vast Empire, on which the sun never sets
66:
42:
687:Learn how and when to remove this message
554:Learn how and when to remove this message
1450:London : John Murray. Digitized by
1317:2 vols. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies.
947:
2126:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
1894:Ambassador from Great Britain to Russia
1867:Ambassador from Great Britain to Russia
1388:(Jon Rotschild, translator). New York:
1291:International Journal of Naval History,
933:
448:and was created Baron Macartney in the
2056:Peers of Ireland created by George III
2031:Ambassadors of Great Britain to Russia
1916:Ambassador from Great Britain to China
1218:vol.XX, no.1, January 2010, pp. 1–35,
909:Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest
904:William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst
636:"George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney"
503:"George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney"
433:, in order to discharge the duties of
402:, in 1759, he became a student of the
2026:Ambassadors of Great Britain to China
7:
1324:Vol. 4, Nos. 1,2 (1957–58): 117–187.
1171:. Sage Old Books. pp. 171–206.
625:adding citations to reliable sources
572:the island was attacked in July 1779
492:adding citations to reliable sources
316:George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney
150:22 June 1781 – 14 June 1785
574:, by the French royal fleet of the
331:(14 May 1737 – 31 May 1806) was an
749:—and returned to Britain in 1786.
25:
2076:British East India Company people
1545:Macartney, George Macartney, Earl
1233:, vol. X, 1968, pp. 206, 357–375.
780:under the command of Captain Sir
711:was commenced after the siege by
2081:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
1527:
831:John Elliot (Royal Navy officer)
601:
468:
387:. The Macartneys of Auchenleck,
2051:Earls in the Peerage of Ireland
1489:The American Historical Review,
1479:The American Historical Review,
612:needs additional citations for
479:needs additional citations for
2086:Politicians from County Antrim
1430:3#3 (1931), pp. 260–294.
1331:Vol. 24, No. 2 (1998): 135–61.
1303:References and further reading
1089:. 12 December 1776. p. 8.
1049:. 12 December 1775. p. 8.
969:. 11 December 1764. p. 1.
843:President of the Royal Society
429:as a Member of Parliament for
425:. In 1768, he returned to the
395:, Ireland, where he was born.
1:
2131:Chief Secretaries for Ireland
1618:Jean-François, comte de Durat
1484:Rockhill, William Woodville.
1474:Rockhill, William Woodville.
1463:"China Through Western Eyes."
1101:"Reforms of George MaCartney"
989:. 29 January 1765. p. 1.
835:Sir Henry Martin, 1st Baronet
363:that Britain now controlled "
131:Jean-François, comte de Durat
2136:Governors of British Grenada
2121:Fellows of the Royal Society
2036:Governors of the Cape Colony
1510:. New English Library, 1975.
1428:Cambridge Historical Journal
1334:Hevia, James Louis. (1995).
1322:Journal of Oriental Studies.
741:which brought an end to the
345:British-occupied Cape Colony
38:, a later British statesman.
1860:The Earl of Buckinghamshire
1720:Parliament of Great Britain
1642:Governor of the Cape Colony
1626:Governor-General of Grenada
1576:Chief Secretary for Ireland
1569:The Lord Frederick Campbell
1406:Peyrefitte, Alain. (1990).
1382:Peyrefitte, Alain. (1992).
1252:. 31 May 1796. p. 527.
837:(Comptroller of the Navy).
435:Chief Secretary for Ireland
190:Governor of the Cape Colony
2162:
1503:3 vols. London: G. Nichol.
1497:, George Leonard. (1797).
1069:. 29 June 1776. p. 1.
1029:. 30 June 1772. p. 1.
747:British East India Company
2021:19th-century Irish people
1983:
1978:
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1926:George Elliot (1784–1863)
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1816:Member of Parliament for
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1683:Member of Parliament for
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1368:New York: Penguin Press.
1364:Jacques, Martin. (2009).
1293:vol. 8 no.1, April 2009,
1009:. 6 June 1772. p. 1.
309:
240:
195:
143:
91:
80:
65:
1973:Peerage of Great Britain
1231:Canadian Slavonic Papers
1806:Sir Francis Henry Drake
1550:Encyclopædia Britannica
1521:George Macartney papers
1452:University of Hong Kong
791:in the presence of the
743:Second Anglo-Mysore War
223:Abraham Josias Sluysken
2146:People from Loughguile
1778:James Archibald Stuart
1446:6 October 2018 at the
1354:Hibbert, Christopher.
1105:Corporation of Chennai
762:
427:Irish House of Commons
400:Trinity College Dublin
398:After graduating from
391:settled in Lissanoure
377:High Sheriff of Antrim
304:Trinity College Dublin
183:Sir Archibald Campbell
2111:British MPs 1780–1784
2106:British MPs 1774–1780
2101:British MPs 1768–1774
1664:Parliament of Ireland
1360:online free to borrow
1342:Duke University Press
1216:The Northern Mariner,
1167:Bates, I. M. (2017).
760:
456:) from 1780 to 1781.
414:, he was taken up by
357:territorial expansion
74:Lemuel Francis Abbott
18:Lord George Macartney
1198:19 June 2009 at the
817:The policies of the
621:improve this article
488:improve this article
48:The Right Honourable
36:Sir George Macartney
2116:Irish MPs 1769–1776
2046:Governors of Madras
1827:Lord Algernon Percy
1608:Governor of Grenada
1593:Government offices
1506:Turnbull, Patrick.
1459:Digital Initiatives
1385:The Immobile Empire
801:Peace of Westphalia
753:Ambassador to China
739:Treaty of Mangalore
568:governor of Grenada
446:British West Indies
440:In 1775, he became
410:, elder brother of
86:Governor of Grenada
1934:Peerage of Ireland
1810:Hon. George Hobart
1677:Hon. Barry Maxwell
1586:Sir John Blaquiere
1561:Political offices
1249:The London Gazette
1086:The London Gazette
1066:The London Gazette
1046:The London Gazette
1026:The London Gazette
1006:The London Gazette
986:The London Gazette
966:The London Gazette
914:Halliday Macartney
819:Thirteen Factories
763:
737:He negotiated the
701:governor of Madras
699:Macartney was the
566:Macartney was the
450:Peerage of Ireland
389:Kirkcudbrightshire
171:Sir Thomas Rumbold
138:Governor of Madras
52:The Earl Macartney
1999:
1998:
1923:Succeeded by
1911:Preceded by
1904:The Lord Cathcart
1901:Succeeded by
1874:Succeeded by
1852:Diplomatic posts
1841:Viscount Feilding
1838:Succeeded by
1832:Viscount Feilding
1822:1780–1781
1793:Succeeded by
1768:Sir James Lowther
1761:Succeeded by
1750:Charles Jenkinson
1745:1768–1769
1729:Sir John Mordaunt
1705:Succeeded by
1689:1768–1776
1673:Robert Cuninghame
1649:Succeeded by
1630:
1615:Succeeded by
1583:Succeeded by
1420:978-2-213-02383-0
1402:978-0-394-58654-0
1350:978-0-8223-1637-4
1268:Edinburgh Gazette
1111:on 8 October 2007
922:Taiping Rebellion
771:Macartney Embassy
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412:Charles James Fox
349:Britain's victory
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119:Sir William Young
16:(Redirected from
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2041:Diplomatic peers
1884:Preceded by
1857:Preceded by
1803:Preceded by
1796:Frederick Stuart
1775:Preceded by
1764:George Johnstone
1755:George Johnstone
1726:Preceded by
1670:Preceded by
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1598:Preceded by
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1311:, John. (1807).
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614:verification
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486:Please help
481:verification
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423:Catherine II
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416:Lord Holland
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282:(1806-05-31)
230:Succeeded by
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178:Succeeded by
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126:Succeeded by
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72:Portrait by
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2016:1806 deaths
2011:1737 births
1818:Bere Alston
1741:Cockermouth
1733:John Elliot
1244:"No. 13897"
1081:"No. 11622"
1061:"No. 11679"
1041:"No. 11622"
1021:"No. 11262"
1001:"No. 11255"
981:"No. 10492"
961:"No. 10478"
920:during the
869:He died at
860:Cape Colony
732:toddy shops
589:to France.
454:Bere Alston
408:Stephen Fox
371:Early years
333:Anglo-Irish
280:31 May 1806
260:14 May 1737
218:Preceded by
166:Preceded by
114:Preceded by
2005:Categories
1990:1795–1806
1967:1776–1806
1951:1792–1806
1920:1792–1794
1898:1767–1768
1871:1764–1766
1790:1774–1776
1786:Ayr Burghs
1701:1769–1776
1646:1797–1798
1612:1776–1779
1580:1769–1772
1467:review in
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1115:19 January
853:Later life
767:Qing China
647:newspapers
514:newspapers
406:. Through
299:Alma mater
263:Loughguile
256:1737-05-14
211:George III
159:George III
107:George III
1696:1768–1769
1455:Libraries
1274:21 August
928:Footnotes
897:to greet
875:Middlesex
797:vassalage
775:HMS
293:, England
291:Middlesex
202:1797–1798
198:In office
146:In office
98:1776–1779
94:In office
1994:Extinct
1955:Extinct
1495:Staunton
1444:Archived
1340:Durham:
1196:Archived
885:See also
871:Chiswick
442:governor
343:and the
328:PC (Ire)
287:Chiswick
59:PC (Ire)
1834:(1781)
1538::
1410:Paris:
1358:(1970)
1145:YouTube
705:Chennai
661:scholar
528:scholar
460:Grenada
444:of the
359:at the
351:in the
337:Grenada
271:Ireland
207:Monarch
155:Monarch
103:Monarch
1829:(1780)
1824:With:
1752:(1768)
1747:With:
1691:With:
1656:acting
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324:,
1416:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1276:2021
1173:ISBN
1117:2010
777:Lion
730:and
640:news
507:news
277:Died
250:Born
1624:as
1547:".
1143:on
895:VOC
623:by
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