178:
To fulfill her military obligations to the king, the
Republic of Venice granted hereditary estates in her fief to Venetian patricians with the obligation to provide military service as horsemen in case of a war. Initially, the Venetians owed the service of at least five knights, but it was reduced to
191:
formed its northern border. The lordship's southern border was located about 15 km to the south of Tyre. Its eastern boundary run about 20 km from the coast. The lordship consisted of a narrow strip of land along the coast and a hilly western region. Documents from the crusader period list more than
200:
family, Rolando, received 12 villages and a share in four other villages, in addition to his house in the town. For
Contarini died childless before 1158, the Venetian bailli demanded the return of his fief from his widow, Guida Gradenigo, but she resisted and bequeathed her husband's estates to the
195:
The
Venetian patricians' fiefs consisted of estates in the countryside and a house in the Venetian district of Tyre, and some of them also included a share of communal revenues. Vitale Pantaleo received two villages (Dairrham and Gaifiha), and one-third of two other villages (Maharona and Cafardan)
158:
in
February 1124. After receiving no support from the Fatimids and the nearby Muslim rulers, the burghers of the town surrendered on 7 July 1124. Most Muslim burghers left Tyre, but many of them stayed behind and continued to live under the Franks' rule. The Venetians took possession of their
283:, who was to hold Tyre provisionally until the indemnity was paid and, if it was not paid by May 1284, hold it permanently. Both Hugh and Humphrey died before that date and Tyre escheated. It is not known if the indemnity was paid to Humphrey's heirs.
103:, tried to capture Tyre in 1107 for the first time, but he soon abandoned the siege. After the fall of Tripoli and Beirut, hundreds of the Muslim inhabitants of the two towns sought refuge in Tyre which remained a Fatimid enclave. Baldwin I again laid
201:
king to secure royal protection. Guida was a wealthy widow: she held a whole village, one third of four additional villages and a house in Tyre on her own right. After her death, her late husbands' rural estates were seized by the monarch.
267:
suggests that the coinage may have originated in 1269, when Philip's position was regularized, but it could have come earlier, since Philip had been making his own policy since at least 1258. In 1271, John made a separate treaty with the
151:, established the Venetians' right to seize one-third of Tyre and the nearby villages and to administer justice to all who lived in their district. The pact also granted one-third of the royal revenues collected in the town.
196:
in addition to a house in the town and 60 bezants from the tolls collected at the market of musical instruments. His house was held by the husband of a woman from the
Pantaleo family in the 1240s. A member of the
179:
three by the 1180s, most probably as a consequence of the loss of
Venetian properties to the monarchs. The Venetians were also deprived of their share of the tolls collected at the land gate of Tyre in the 1130s.
51:
with food when they invaded
Palestine in May 1099, because the townspeople wanted to avoid an armed conflict with these Christians who had departed from Europe to Jerusalem in 1096. In two months, the crusaders
243:
became King of
Jerusalem and immediately took steps to regularize the position of Tyre, although whether negotiations were initiated by him or by Philip is not known. In the resulting accord, the king's sister
115:
that a refugee from
Tripoli manufactured. The crusaders (or Franks) were again forced to lift the siege on 10 April 1112. However, the crusaders took control of most villages in the town's vicinity.
236:, Philip expelled the Venetians from Tyre. Thereafter, Tyre was the headquarters of the Genoese in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as Acre, from which they had been expelled, was of the Venetians.
163:
after he was released and returned to
Jerusalem in 1125. His treaty with the Venetians obliged them to participate in the defense of the kingdom, thus transforming their possessions into a
47:
in the late 11th century. The town was located on a peninsula that a narrow strip of land linked to the mainland. Tyre was surrounded by impressive walls, but its burghers provided the
279:
John and Margaret had no children, and upon John's death in 1283 Tyre escheated to the crown. Unable to pay the indemnity, Hugh reached an agreement with John's younger brother
229:. All of this was of questionable legality, but there was not doubt that Philip had no title to Tyre. Nevertheless, he soon began to style himself "Lord of Tyre and Toron".
1003:
192:
110 villages and hamlets in the lordship, but the actual number of settlements was a slightly higher. Most villages were located in the western region.
1013:
130:, in north Syria in 1123. The king was still imprisoned when a Venetian fleet of 120 ships reached the coast of the kingdom under the command of
187:
Covering a rectangular area of about 450 km (110,000 acres), the lordship was one of the smallest domains in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The
294:
with Tyre. Exactly when is not known, but he was lord of Tyre by 1289 at the latest. He held it until it was captured by the Mamluks in 1291.
949:
925:
906:
252:
and Hugh enfeoffed the latter with Tyre, which Philip voluntarily handed over. The agreement contained a clause whereby in the event of an
1018:
983:
167:
held from the monarch. Baldwin II authorized the Pisans to seize five houses near the harbour in the late 1120s. They also bought a
338:
226:
263:
As an indication of their independence, Philip and John minted copper coins and made treaties with the Muslims. The numismatist
940:
897:
Jacoby, David (2016). "The Venetian presence in the crusader Lordship of Tyre: A tale of decline". In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.).
344:
249:
138:
245:
142:
53:
269:
104:
308:
127:
260:
as an indemnity towards the costs of fortifying and defending Tyre for all the years of Philip's lordship.
1008:
100:
361:
291:
287:
350:
319:
280:
172:
155:
24:
210:
123:
240:
233:
65:
40:
979:
945:
921:
902:
222:
96:
73:
69:
61:
44:
218:
134:
81:
57:
276:
to cover Tyre, a year before Hugh III made a similar treaty to cover the area around Acre.
959:
257:
214:
147:
131:
997:
971:
264:
36:
159:
district and at least sixteen nearby villages. Baldwin II insisted on modifying the
145:, concluded a treaty with the Doge about the conquest of Tyre. The treaty, known as
935:
188:
168:
77:
108:
68:
fleets supported them to conquer most Fatimid ports on the Western coast of the
197:
964:
Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford
119:
48:
273:
253:
112:
85:
89:
164:
884:
Edbury, Peter W. (2001). "The De Montforts in the Latin East".
16:
Semi-independent domain of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1246–1291)
833:
831:
829:
827:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
444:
442:
440:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
752:
750:
748:
687:
685:
660:
658:
656:
654:
629:
627:
625:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
507:
505:
814:
812:
810:
391:
389:
107:
in late November 1111, but the defenders destroyed his
217:. It was initially placed under the governance of
877:The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374
221:, but in 1246 the Ibelin-backed regent, King
8:
357:Tyre is part of the royal domain (1284–1289)
334:Tyre is part of the royal domain (1192–1246)
315:Tyre is part of the royal domain (1131–1187)
304:Tyre is part of the royal domain (1124–1129)
256:, the crown would pay the Montforts 150,000
535:
523:
496:
431:
801:
604:
580:
568:
511:
472:
448:
419:
407:
395:
380:
373:
225:, formally placed it in the custody of
858:
837:
818:
789:
768:
756:
739:
727:
715:
703:
691:
676:
664:
645:
633:
616:
592:
556:
484:
460:
1004:Feudalism in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
23:was a semi-independent domain in the
7:
154:The Venetians and the Franks laid
14:
918:Crusading and the Crusader States
1014:Lordships of the Crusader states
219:Balian of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut
126:captured Baldwin I's successor,
901:. Routledge. pp. 181–194.
941:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
290:enfeoffed his younger brother
1:
879:. Cambridge University Press.
76:surrendered to them in 1101,
39:was an important port on the
143:Latin patriarch of Jerusalem
978:. Oxford University Press.
966:. Royal Numismatic Society.
1035:
916:Jotischky, Andrew (2017).
886:Thirteenth Century England
171:, most probably from King
875:Edbury, Peter W. (1993).
213:, Tyre was seized by the
137:. On behalf of the king,
1019:History of Tyre, Lebanon
286:In the late 1280s, King
72:during the next decade.
976:Crusader Institutions
248:married Philip's son
730:, pp. 181, 184.
351:Humphrey of Montfort
320:Conrad of Montferrat
232:In 1258, during the
209:In 1242, during the
139:Warmund of Picquigny
25:Kingdom of Jerusalem
742:, pp. 186–187.
706:, pp. 183–184.
619:, pp. 146–147.
538:, pp. 163–164.
526:, pp. 162–163.
463:, pp. 143–144.
362:Amalric of Lusignan
211:War of the Lombards
124:Nur al-Daulak Balak
27:from 1246 to 1291.
899:The Crusader World
410:, pp. 47, 89.
339:Philip of Montfort
241:Hugh III of Cyprus
234:War of Saint Sabas
227:Philip of Montfort
54:captured Jerusalem
951:978-0-86356-023-1
927:978-1-138-80806-5
908:978-0-415-82494-1
840:, pp. 97–98.
792:, pp. 25–26.
595:, pp. 85–86.
583:, pp. 96–97.
451:, pp. 80–81.
223:Henry I of Cyprus
205:Montfort lordship
156:siege to the town
97:king of Jerusalem
70:Mediterranean Sea
45:Fatimid Caliphate
1026:
989:
967:
955:
931:
912:
893:
880:
862:
856:
841:
835:
822:
816:
805:
799:
793:
787:
772:
766:
760:
754:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
680:
674:
668:
662:
649:
643:
637:
631:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
384:
378:
345:John of Montfort
135:Domenico Michiel
21:Lordship of Tyre
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1023:
994:
993:
992:
986:
970:
958:
952:
934:
928:
915:
909:
896:
883:
874:
870:
865:
857:
844:
836:
825:
817:
808:
800:
796:
788:
775:
767:
763:
755:
746:
738:
734:
726:
722:
714:
710:
702:
698:
690:
683:
675:
671:
663:
652:
644:
640:
632:
623:
615:
611:
603:
599:
591:
587:
579:
575:
567:
563:
555:
542:
534:
530:
522:
518:
510:
503:
495:
491:
483:
479:
471:
467:
459:
455:
447:
438:
430:
426:
418:
414:
406:
402:
394:
387:
379:
375:
371:
300:
258:Saracen bezants
207:
189:Qassimiye River
185:
161:Pactum Warmundi
148:Pactum Warmundi
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
996:
995:
991:
990:
984:
972:Prawer, Joshua
968:
960:Metcalf, D. M.
956:
950:
932:
926:
913:
907:
894:
881:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:
861:, p. 144.
842:
823:
806:
794:
773:
771:, p. 149.
761:
759:, p. 187.
744:
732:
720:
718:, p. 184.
708:
696:
694:, p. 148.
681:
679:, p. 146.
669:
667:, p. 145.
650:
648:, p. 188.
638:
636:, p. 186.
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
561:
559:, p. 183.
540:
536:Jotischky 2017
528:
524:Jotischky 2017
516:
501:
497:Jotischky 2017
489:
487:, p. 182.
477:
465:
453:
436:
432:Jotischky 2017
424:
412:
400:
385:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
359:
354:
348:
342:
336:
331:
317:
312:
306:
299:
296:
239:In 1268, King
215:Ibelin faction
206:
203:
184:
181:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1031:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:Lords of Tyre
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
987:
985:0-19-822536-9
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
943:
942:
937:
936:Maalouf, Amin
933:
929:
923:
920:. Routledge.
919:
914:
910:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
882:
878:
873:
872:
867:
860:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
830:
828:
824:
821:, p. 91.
820:
815:
813:
811:
807:
804:, p. 96.
803:
798:
795:
791:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
762:
758:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
736:
733:
729:
724:
721:
717:
712:
709:
705:
700:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
673:
670:
666:
661:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
639:
635:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
613:
610:
607:, p. 97.
606:
601:
598:
594:
589:
586:
582:
577:
574:
571:, p. 96.
570:
565:
562:
558:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
532:
529:
525:
520:
517:
514:, p. 95.
513:
508:
506:
502:
499:, p. 79.
498:
493:
490:
486:
481:
478:
475:, p. 90.
474:
469:
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
445:
443:
441:
437:
434:, p. 67.
433:
428:
425:
422:, p. 50.
421:
416:
413:
409:
404:
401:
398:, p. 89.
397:
392:
390:
386:
383:, p. 47.
382:
377:
374:
368:
363:
360:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
335:
332:
329:
326:(1187–1190),
325:
321:
318:
316:
313:
310:
309:Fulk of Anjou
307:
305:
302:
301:
298:Lords of Tyre
297:
295:
293:
289:
284:
282:
277:
275:
271:
266:
265:D. M. Metcalf
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
237:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
202:
199:
193:
190:
182:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
152:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
105:siege to Tyre
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
84:in 1109, and
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
43:coast of the
42:
38:
30:
28:
26:
22:
975:
963:
939:
917:
898:
889:
885:
876:
802:Metcalf 1995
797:
764:
735:
723:
711:
699:
672:
641:
612:
605:Maalouf 1984
600:
588:
581:Maalouf 1984
576:
569:Maalouf 1984
564:
531:
519:
512:Maalouf 1984
492:
480:
473:Maalouf 1984
468:
456:
449:Maalouf 1984
427:
420:Maalouf 1984
415:
408:Maalouf 1984
403:
396:Maalouf 1984
381:Maalouf 1984
376:
356:
333:
327:
323:
314:
303:
285:
278:
262:
238:
231:
208:
194:
186:
177:
169:caravanserai
160:
153:
146:
117:
94:
35:The town of
34:
20:
18:
859:Prawer 1998
838:Edbury 1993
819:Edbury 1993
790:Edbury 2001
769:Prawer 1998
757:Jacoby 2016
740:Jacoby 2016
728:Jacoby 2016
716:Jacoby 2016
704:Jacoby 2016
692:Prawer 1998
677:Prawer 1998
665:Prawer 1998
646:Jacoby 2016
634:Jacoby 2016
617:Prawer 1998
593:Prawer 1998
557:Jacoby 2016
485:Jacoby 2016
461:Prawer 1998
364:(1289–1291)
353:(1283–1284)
347:(1269–1283)
341:(1246–1269)
330:(1190–1192)
311:(1129–1131)
111:using iron
109:siege tower
41:Palestinian
998:Categories
369:References
128:Baldwin II
95:The first
31:Background
198:Contarini
183:Territory
175:in 1168.
101:Baldwin I
92:in 1110.
80:in 1104,
49:crusaders
974:(1998).
962:(1995).
944:. SAQI.
938:(1984).
892:: 23–32.
324:de facto
288:Henry II
281:Humphrey
246:Margaret
113:grapnels
74:Caesarea
66:Venetian
868:Sources
328:de jure
292:Amalric
274:Baybars
272:sultan
254:escheat
173:Amalric
120:Artuqid
82:Tripoli
62:Genoese
982:
948:
924:
905:
270:Mamluk
141:, the
122:ruler
86:Beirut
90:Sidon
58:Pisan
980:ISBN
946:ISBN
922:ISBN
903:ISBN
250:John
165:fief
132:Doge
118:The
88:and
78:Acre
64:and
37:Tyre
19:The
1000::
888:.
845:^
826:^
809:^
776:^
747:^
684:^
653:^
624:^
543:^
504:^
439:^
388:^
322:,
99:,
60:,
56:.
988:.
954:.
930:.
911:.
890:8
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