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1605:. Each of the provinces had its own laws, customs and political practices. The new policy, imposed from the outside, angered many inhabitants, who viewed their provinces as distinct entities. It and other monarchical acts, such as the creation of bishoprics and promulgation of laws against
1574:
would be the heirs. By streamlining the succession law in all
Seventeen Provinces and declaring that all of them would be inherited by one heir, Charles effectively united the Netherlands as one entity. After Charles' abdication in 1555, the Seventeen Provinces passed to his son,
248:
ruler; interaction with their ruler was regulated by a strict set of rules describing what the latter could and could not expect. All of the regions mainly depended on trade, manufacturing and the encouragement of the free flow of goods and craftsmen.
1658:
209:. Because of this, nowadays not only physically low-altitude areas, but also some hilly or elevated regions are considered part of the Low Countries, including Luxembourg and the south of Belgium. Within the
1697:
1281:(or "United Provinces") in the north, the term "Low Countries" continued to be used to refer collectively to the region. The region was temporarily united politically between 1815 and 1839, as the
1803:
of
Germany. It would also provide the basis for a long-term air and sea campaign against Britain. As much as possible of the border areas in northern France should be occupied. Germany's
1810:
All three countries were occupied from May 1940 until early 1945. During the occupation, their governments were forced into exiled in
Britain. In 1944, they signed the
1559:). He continued to rule the territories as a multitude of duchies and principalities until the Low Countries were eventually united into one indivisible territory, the
2742:
1145:
2552:
1240:
329:
1253:. After the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia, the Low Countries were brought under the rule of various lordships until they came to be in the hands of the
201:
Historically, the regions without access to the sea linked themselves politically and economically to those with access to form various unions of ports and
2087:
1777:
was quickly halted, causing a military stalemate for most of the war. In the end, a total of approximately 56,000 people were killed in the invasion.
2747:
1750:(1815–1830) temporarily united the Low Countries again before it split into the three modern countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.
404:
In Dutch, and to a lesser extent in
English, the Low Countries colloquially means the Netherlands and Belgium, sometimes the Netherlands and
391:(singular) is the normal Dutch name for the country of the Netherlands. However, in official use, the name of the Dutch kingdom is still
373:
has the same etymology and origin as the name for the region Low
Countries, due to "nether" meaning "low". In the Dutch language itself
1422:. While the further history the Low Countries can be seen as the object of a continual struggle between these two powers, the title of
460:
remained loyal to the
Spanish king. This divide laid the early foundation for the later modern states of Belgium and the Netherlands.
139:
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1864:, a collection of twenty five psalms that originated in the Moselle-Frankish region around the middle of the 9th century.
1713:
1664:
1641:
384:
1410:. Each tried to swallow the region and to merge it with their spheres of influence. Thus, the Low Countries consisted of
2597:
1913:
1457:
881:
401:(plural). This name derives from the 19th-century origins of the kingdom which originally included present-day Belgium.
2115:"The Elusive Netherlands. The question of national identity in the Early Modern Low Countries on the Eve of the Revolt"
2737:
2445:
773:
2377:
1792:. He ordered a conquest of the Low Countries with the shortest possible notice, to forestall the French, and prevent
1564:
392:
1452:. At the height of Burgundian influence, the Low Countries became the political, cultural, and economic centre of
2226:
1811:
1327:
tribes had entered this Roman region and came to run it increasingly independently. They came to be ruled by the
31:
2351:
1788:'s gaze turned his strategy west toward France, the Low Countries were an easy route around the imposing French
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1044:
876:
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1435:
1387:, and thereby also came to be referred to as "Lotharingia" or "Lorraine". Apart from the original coastal
1258:
928:
787:
360:. Today the term is typically fitted to modern political boundaries and used in the same way as the term
2669:
Cities of
Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650
2221:
1793:
1485:
1172:
1113:
433:
1985:"Low Countries – definition of Low Countries by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"
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1918:
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In the 14th and 15th century, separate fiefs came gradually to be ruled by a single family through
1358:
1328:
1270:
1121:
995:
958:
901:
453:
412:
1958:
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The
Pragmatic Sanction transformed the agglomeration of lands into a unified entity, of which the
328:, which were part of their realm but geographically disconnected from the Low Countries. Governor
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1576:
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1388:
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1246:
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643:
449:
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1491:
1285:, before this split into the three modern countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.
440:(1568–1648). The Low Countries were in that war divided in two parts. On one hand, the northern
279:
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2013:
2007:
1933:
1903:
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1419:
1369:
1312:
1298:
1262:
1261:. After the reign of the Valois Dukes ended, much of the Low Countries were controlled by the
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532:
321:
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1629:
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792:
636:
301:
229:
990:
945:
923:
805:
1928:
1724:
1453:
1445:
1423:
1320:
862:
751:
737:
732:
618:
254:
162:, which is singular). Geographically and historically, the area can also include parts of
111:
2480:"Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920"
1773:. It led to the German occupation of the two countries. However, the German advance into
1567:, while retaining existing customs, laws, and forms of government within the provinces.
1184:
1140:
232:. The Low Countries were the scene of the early independent trading centres that marked
47:
2675:
1923:
1758:
1621:
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By the end of the 8th century, the Low
Countries formed a core part of a much expanded
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768:
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135:
103:
2063:
Civilization and
Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Vol. III: The Perspective of the World
428:
separated in 1830 from the (northern) Netherlands. The new country took its name from
2726:
2538:
2479:
1881:
1807:
tactics rapidly overpowered the defences of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.
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551:
171:
30:
This article is about the region in Europe. For the region in the United States, see
2569:
Regionalism, Economic Integration and Security in Asia: A Political Economy Approach
1850:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1610:
1602:
1495:
1407:
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1392:
1304:
839:
683:
221:
1379:, Francia was divided in three parts among his three grandsons. The middle slice,
1218:
1167:
896:
75:
2153:
2135:
1984:
1402:
After the death of Lothair, the Low Countries were coveted by the rulers of both
2216:
2036:
The Statesman's Yearbook 2011: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World
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698:
497:
370:
271:
191:
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1684:
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The Pragmatic Sanction is said to be one example of the Habsburg contest with
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202:
151:
81:
61:
17:
1800:
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1532:
1460:, which is the work of artists who were active in the flourishing cities of
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1274:
1107:
653:
206:
857:
2709:
1571:
1535:. Charles V, who inherited the territory in 1506, was named ruler by the
1481:
1469:
1257:. Hence, a large part of the Low Countries came to be referred to as the
810:
511:
405:
2248:
2192:
Sparks of Reason: Vernacular Rationalism in the Low Countries, 1550–1670
224:, the region contained a militarised frontier and contact point between
90:
1835:
1815:
1766:
1741:
1704:
1645:
1477:
1395:, the rest of the Low Countries were within the lowland part of this, "
1354:
1203:
975:
504:
425:
362:
214:
183:
175:
147:
143:
127:
67:
2174:. Origin & meaning of Netherlands by Online Etymology Dictionary.
1834:
One of the Low Countries' earliest literary figures is the blind poet
1846:
1774:
1720:
1606:
1473:
1461:
1324:
1316:
717:
589:
486:
479:
187:
163:
131:
2009:
Re-imagining Western European Geography in English Renaissance Drama
1054:
2680:
The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands
1849:
and pagan verses. Bernlef is representative of the coexistence of
1465:
1332:
283:
Southern part of the Low Countries with bishopry towns and abbeys
278:
270:
241:
1411:
240:
as one of the most densely populated regions of Western Europe.
225:
194:, the Low Countries were divided into numerous semi-independent
1819:
1249:; more precisely, most of the people were within the Duchy of
213:, the region's political grouping is still referred to as the
1632:
under Spanish service and are therefore sometimes called the
236:
of Europe in the 12th century. In that period, they rivalled
2327:
Routledge Revivals: Medieval Germany (2001): An Encyclopedia
312:("the lands over here") for the Low Countries as opposed to
257:
dialects were the main languages used in secular city life.
2662:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
1823:
422:), is a sports event between Belgium and the Netherlands.
2413:
Heretic Queen: Queen Elizabeth I and the Wars of Religion
1488:
were highly sought by the leading classes of all Europe.
2531:
Yapou, Eliezer (1998). "Luxembourg: The Smallest Ally".
1860:
The earliest examples of written literature include the
1644:, what was left of the Spanish Netherlands was ceded to
436:
name for the Low Countries, as it was known during the
1609:, stoked resentments, which fired the eruption of the
244:
and councils governed most of the cities along with a
2566:
Park, Jehoon; Pempel, T. J.; Kim, Heungchong (2011).
408:—the Dutch-speaking north of Belgium. For example, a
1331:, under which dynasty the southern part (below the
383:(plural) is in use for the 16th century domains of
1620:of the seventeen declared their independence from
205:, stretching inland as far as parts of the German
1456:, noted for its crafts and luxury goods, notably
2631:. Palgrave Essential Histories Series New York:
1426:was coveted in the low countries for centuries.
2696:The Reformation and Revolt in the Low Countries
2671:(Princeton University Press, 2013) 293 pp.
2276:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 683.
1484:, all in present-day Belgium. Musicians of the
2591:
2589:
2066:. University of California Press. p. 98.
1245:The region politically had its origins in the
2090:(in Dutch). Vre.leidenuniv.nl. Archived from
1444:. This process culminated in the rule of the
1241:History of urban centers in the Low Countries
27:Coastal lowland region in northwestern Europe
8:
350:
342:
334:
314:
306:
217:(short for Belgium-Netherlands-Luxembourg).
2478:Great Britain. War Office (14 April 2018).
1544:
410:
396:
374:
2551:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2352:"History of Luxembourg: Primary Documents"
1414:whose sovereignty resided with either the
1357:and the Merovingians were replaced by the
467:
379:is the modern term for Low Countries, and
142:and consisting today of the three modern "
1814:, laying the foundation for the eventual
1769:in what has been come to be known as the
1361:. In 800, the Pope crowned and appointed
1490:
89:
2743:Historical geography of the Netherlands
2691:Early Modern Women in the Low Countries
2599:A literary history of the Low Countries
2572:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 96.
1950:
1654:
2544:
1527:in the area passed through an heiress—
348:("lands down here"), which evolved to
2303:. Abhinav Publications. p. 131.
2273:Concise Encyclopeida of World History
2249:"Lotharingia / Lorraine (Lothringen)"
1273:up to 1581. Even after the political
617:
7:
2646:J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds.
387:, the historic Low Countries, while
94:The Low Countries as seen from space
2450:. Infobase Publishing. p. 46.
2195:. Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 17.
2012:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105.
1303:The Low Countries were part of the
1265:. This area was referred to as the
275:The Low Countries from 1556 to 1648
2447:A Brief History of the Netherlands
1624:in 1581, the ten provinces of the
118:), historically also known as the
25:
2088:"1. De landen van herwaarts over"
1818:, an important forerunner of the
1748:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1738:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1283:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
320:("the lands over there") for the
2708:
2154:"Low Countries | region, Europe"
1888:
1874:
1712:
1696:
1676:
1657:
1217:
1197:
1183:
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1139:
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1085:
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1038:
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989:
974:
944:
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895:
875:
856:
838:
821:
804:
786:
767:
750:
731:
267:Terminology of the Low Countries
74:
60:
46:
2748:Historical geography of Belgium
2686:The Cinema of the Low Countries
2602:. Rochester, NY: Camden House.
2534:Governments in Exile, 1939–1945
2330:. Routledge. pp. 291–295.
2006:Matei-Chesnoiu, Monica (2012).
1799:from threatening the strategic
1667:defending the walls during the
369:The name of the country of the
2629:A History of the Low Countries
2270:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007).
1965:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
1323:. In the 4th and 5th century,
1:
2490:– via Internet Archive.
2297:Chopra, Hardev Singh (1974).
1839:
1761:invaded the Low Countries of
1665:Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer
1648:and thus became known as the
1642:War of the Spanish Succession
1448:, who were the rulers of the
624:
602:
579:
537:
523:
452:; on the other, the southern
284:
2648:History of the Low Countries
2482:. London H.M. Stationery Off
2300:De Gaulle and European Unity
1914:Early Netherlandish painting
1458:early Netherlandish painting
1269:, which was also called the
2596:Hermans, Theo, ed. (2009).
2537:. Jerusalem. Archived from
2511:"Directive No. 6 Full Text"
1753:During the early months of
1691:(Flemish Regiments) in 1579
1146:Princip. of the Netherlands
2769:
2379:The Dutch Revolt 1559–1648
1845:, who sang both Christian
1771:German invasion of Belgium
1735:
1586:
1565:Pragmatic Sanction of 1549
1516:
1433:
1346:
1292:
1238:
1190:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1159:Kingdom of the Netherlands
398:Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
393:Kingdom of the Netherlands
332:used both the expressions
300:arose at the Court of the
264:
29:
2674:J. A. Kossmann-Putto and
2227:Columbia University Press
2060:Braudel, Fernand (1992).
2039:. Springer. p. 908.
1812:London Customs Convention
1628:remained occupied by the
1315:. They were inhabited by
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1212:
1196:
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1165:
1157:
1152:
1138:
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140:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
32:South Carolina Lowcountry
1601:that contributed to the
1255:Valois Dukes of Burgundy
1045:United States of Belgium
2444:State, Paul F. (2008).
2158:Encyclopedia Britannica
1963:Encyclopædia Britannica
1554:Lord of the Netherlands
706:Duchy of Lower Lorraine
450:Philip II of Spain
326:Free County of Burgundy
130:region in Northwestern
2416:. St. Martin's Press.
2410:Ronald, Susan (2012).
2324:Jeep, John M. (2017).
2033:Turner, Barry (2010).
1909:Burgundian Netherlands
1816:Benelux Economic Union
1618:Seven United Provinces
1539:and styled himself as
1509:
1436:Burgundian Netherlands
1368:of the re-established
1259:Burgundian Netherlands
929:Burgundian Netherlands
699:Kingdom of Lotharingia
448:rebelled against King
411:
397:
375:
351:
343:
335:
315:
307:
290:
276:
159:
123:
115:
107:
95:
2753:History of Luxembourg
2635:, 2006. 298 pp.
2222:Columbia Encyclopedia
2140:TheFreeDictionary.com
1857:in this time period.
1703:Siege and capture of
1636:. In 1713, under the
1494:
1486:Franco-Flemish School
1114:French First Republic
442:Federated Netherlands
420:Derby der Lage Landen
282:
274:
93:
2717:at Wikimedia Commons
2500:Frieser 2005, p. 74.
2189:Buys, Ruben (2015).
1650:Austrian Netherlands
1626:Southern Netherlands
1541:Heer der Nederlanden
1519:Habsburg Netherlands
1267:Habsburg Netherlands
1021:Austrian Netherlands
951:Habsburg Netherlands
336:les pays de par deça
316:les pays de par delà
308:les pays de par deçà
304:, who used the term
2541:on 23 October 2012.
1919:Greater Netherlands
1862:Wachtendonck Psalms
1855:Germanic polytheism
1757:(around 1914), the
1634:Spanish Netherlands
1616:After the northern
1593:Spanish Netherlands
1561:Seventeen Provinces
1525:Burgundian holdings
1513:Seventeen Provinces
1442:royal intermarriage
1391:, which was within
1375:After the death of
1359:Carolingian dynasty
1329:Merovingian dynasty
1271:Seventeen Provinces
1122:First French Empire
996:Spanish Netherlands
959:Seventeen Provinces
413:Low Countries derby
2738:Historical regions
2667:Oscar Gelderblom.
2655:Belgium: A History
2633:Palgrave Macmillan
2251:. 5 September 2013
1689:Tercios de Flandes
1577:Philip II of Spain
1510:
1501:Arnolfini Portrait
1389:County of Flanders
1277:of the autonomous
1247:Carolingian empire
1204:Kingdom of Belgium
1099:Kingdom of Holland
644:Carolingian Empire
291:
288: 7th century
277:
134:forming the lower
96:
2713:Media related to
2660:Jonathan Israel.
2376:Limm, P. (2014).
1934:Union of Brussels
1904:Burgundian Circle
1638:Treaty of Utrecht
1563:, covered by the
1450:Duchy of Burgundy
1430:Duchy of Burgundy
1420:Holy Roman Empire
1416:Kingdom of France
1313:Germania Inferior
1299:Germania Inferior
1263:House of Habsburg
1251:Lower Lotharingia
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1092:Batavian Republic
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533:Germania Inferior
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454:Royal Netherlands
446:Belgica Foederata
438:Eighty Years' War
322:Duchy of Burgundy
302:Dukes of Burgundy
40:The Low Countries
16:(Redirected from
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2627:Paul Arblaster.
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1896:Geography portal
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1669:Siege of Haarlem
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1630:Army of Flanders
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1529:Mary of Burgundy
1506:National Gallery
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2539:the original
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2446:
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2359:. Retrieved
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2108:
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2092:the original
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2008:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
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1851:Christianity
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1809:
1790:Maginot Line
1786:Adolf Hitler
1782:World War II
1779:
1752:
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1611:Dutch Revolt
1603:Dutch Revolt
1596:
1569:
1540:
1523:In 1477 the
1522:
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1496:Jan van Eyck
1439:
1408:East Francia
1404:West Francia
1401:
1393:West Francia
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1370:Roman Empire
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800:(1183–1430)
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371:Netherlands
261:Terminology
220:During the
192:Middle Ages
180:East Frisia
178:regions of
156:Netherlands
120:Netherlands
54:Netherlands
2727:Categories
2641:1403948283
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2255:1 February
2233:1 February
1991:26 January
1969:26 January
1940:References
1843: 800
1830:Literature
1805:Blitzkrieg
1763:Luxembourg
1736:See also:
1685:Maastricht
1587:See also:
1517:See also:
1434:See also:
1347:See also:
1293:See also:
1239:See also:
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962:after 1543
890:(980–1794)
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702:(855– 959)
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606: 5th
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541: 5th
527: 5th
246:figurehead
203:hinterland
174:) and the
154:, and the
152:Luxembourg
82:Luxembourg
2547:cite book
2120:1 January
2098:1 January
1945:Citations
1801:Ruhr Area
1797:air power
1572:Habsburgs
1533:Habsburgs
1385:Lothair I
1335:) was re-
1275:secession
863:County of
845:County of
828:County of
757:County of
679:(843–855)
657:(511–687)
654:Austrasia
647:(800–843)
640:(481–843)
434:Latinised
389:Nederland
385:Charles V
295:the term
207:Rhineland
166:(such as
160:Nederland
2486:14 April
2356:EuroDocs
2217:"Franks"
1868:See also
1683:Sack of
1583:Division
1531:—to the
1508:, London
1504:, 1434,
1482:Brussels
1470:Mechelen
1325:Frankish
1224:Gr D. of
1173:Gr D. L.
1120:part of
1060:R. Liège
902:Duchy of
884:of Liège
882:P.-Bish.
830:Flanders
813:Guelders
811:Duchy of
793:Duchy of
746:century)
744:(11–16th
513:Tubantes
406:Flanders
352:Pays-Bas
324:and the
184:Guelders
158:(Dutch:
122:(Dutch:
2621:Sources
1838:, from
1836:Bernlef
1784:, when
1780:During
1767:Belgium
1742:Benelux
1719:Map of
1705:Tournai
1687:by the
1646:Austria
1548:
1478:Tournai
1418:or the
1366:Emperor
1355:Francia
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1207:(1830–)
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1134:
1131:
1080:
1077:
1072:
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1004:
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847:Hainaut
795:Brabant
778:Utrecht
759:Holland
740:Freedom
738:Frisian
686:Francia
522:(55 BC–
506:Chamavi
500:nefates
464:History
430:Belgica
426:Belgium
363:Benelux
215:Benelux
148:Belgium
144:Benelux
138:of the
128:lowland
68:Belgium
2682:(1987)
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2657:(2002)
2650:(1999)
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2576:
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2334:
2307:
2280:
2229:. 2013
2199:
2070:
2043:
2016:
1847:psalms
1794:Allied
1775:France
1721:Ostend
1707:(1581)
1607:heresy
1498:, The
1474:Leuven
1462:Bruges
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