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666:) their counter-clockwise (anticlockwise) circulation in the northern hemisphere (as the wind moves inward and is deflected right from the center of high pressure) and clockwise circulation in the southern hemisphere (as the wind moves inward and is deflected left from the center of high pressure). A tropical cyclone differs from a hurricane or typhoon based only on geographic location. A tropical cyclone is fundamentally different from a mid-latitude cyclone. A
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398:. In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat longer due to its higher specific heat. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling. Monsoons resemble
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to deflect winds blowing towards the low-pressure center and creating a circulation. Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On
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of at least 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) are needed down to a depth of at least 50 m (160 ft); waters of this temperature cause the overlying atmosphere to be unstable enough to sustain convection and thunderstorms. Another factor is rapid cooling with height, which allows the release of the
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can occur at various scales, from the microscale to the synoptic scale. Larger-scale troughs, also called Rossby waves, are synoptic in scale. Shortwave troughs embedded within the flow around larger scale troughs are smaller in scale, or mesoscale in nature. Both Rossby waves and shortwaves embedded
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suggests that approximately 234 significant extratropical cyclones form each winter. In Europe, particularly in the United
Kingdom and in the Netherlands, recurring extratropical low-pressure weather systems are typically known as depressions. These tend to bring wet weather throughout the year.
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a worldwide scale, May is the least active month while
September is the most active month. November is the only month that activity in all the tropical cyclone basins is possible. Nearly one-third of the world's tropical cyclones form within the western Pacific Ocean, making it the most active
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circulations are caused by thermal lows which form over large areas of land and their strength is driven by how land heats more quickly than the surrounding nearby ocean. This generates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. Similar
274:. Meteorologists use the term "cyclone" where circular pressure systems flow in the direction of the Earth's rotation, which normally coincides with areas of low pressure. The largest low-pressure systems are cold-core polar cyclones and extratropical cyclones which lie on the
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due to a passing by shortwave aloft or upper-level jet streak before occluding later in their life cycle as cold-core cyclones. Polar lows are small-scale, short-lived atmospheric low-pressure systems that occur over the ocean areas poleward of the main
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in
Australia during February. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure over the warmest part of the various continents. The large-scale thermal lows over
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in both the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They are part of the larger class of mesoscale weather-systems. Polar lows can be difficult to detect using conventional weather reports and are a hazard to high-latitude operations, such as shipping and
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located in both the
Northern and Southern hemispheres. All share one important aspect, that of upward vertical motion within the troposphere. Such upward motions decrease the mass of local atmospheric columns of air, which lowers surface pressure.
609:
Schematic representation of flow (represented in black) around a low-pressure area in the
Northern hemisphere. The pressure-gradient force is represented by blue arrows, the Coriolis acceleration (always perpendicular to the velocity) by red
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are needed, as high shear is disruptive to the storm's circulation. Lastly, a formative tropical cyclone needs a pre-existing system of disturbed weather, although without a circulation no cyclonic development will take place.
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circulations. In the southern hemisphere, the monsoon trough associated with the
Australian monsoon reaches its most southerly latitude in February, oriented along a west-northwest/east-southeast axis. Many of the world's
635:. Since stronger high-pressure systems contain cooler or drier air, the air mass is denser and flows towards areas that are warm or moist, which are in the vicinity of low-pressure areas in advance of their associated
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circulation. Monsoon troughing in the western
Pacific reaches its zenith in latitude during the late summer when the wintertime surface ridge in the opposite hemisphere is the strongest. It can reach as far as the
394:, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface. However the lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces
376:
can lead to intense, rapid solar heating of the lower layers of air. The hot air is less dense than surrounding cooler air. This, combined with the rising of the hot air, results in a low-pressure area called a
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form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity, and are warm-core with well-defined circulations. Certain criteria need to be met for their formation. In most situations,
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over deserts and other land masses. Since localized areas of warm air are less dense than their surroundings, this warmer air rises, which lowers atmospheric pressure near that portion of the
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below as air flows upwards away from the surface, which lowers surface pressures as this upward motion partially counteracts the force of gravity packing the air close to the ground.
174:. Monsoon troughs reach their northerly extent in August and their southerly extent in February. When a convective low acquires a well-hot circulation in the tropics it is termed a
89:
are associated with lighter winds and clear skies. Winds circle anti-clockwise around lows in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, due to opposing
2002:
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402:, terms usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale - also stronger and seasonal.
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is lower than that of surrounding locations. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with inclement weather (such as cloudy, windy, with possible rain or storms), while
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February position of the ITCZ and monsoon trough in the
Pacific Ocean, depicted by area of convergent streamlines offshore Australia and in the equatorial eastern Pacific
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shows the process which sustains low-pressure areas. Diverging winds aloft allow for lower pressure and convergence at the Earth's surface, which leads to upward motion.
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tend to form east of climatological trough positions aloft near the east coast of continents, or west side of oceans. A study of extratropical cyclones in the
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circulations. Low-pressure areas can also form due to organized thunderstorm activity over warm water. When this occurs over the tropics in concert with the
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3195:
643:, between a high-pressure system and a low-pressure system, the stronger the wind. Thus, stronger areas of low pressure are associated with stronger winds.
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are often too small, and of too short duration, to be influenced by the
Coriolis force, but may be so-influenced when arising from a low-pressure system.
1973:
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216:, such as heat energy from the surface, allows for warmer night-time minimums in all seasons. The stronger the area of low pressure, the stronger the
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178:. Tropical cyclones can form during any month of the year globally but can occur in either the northern or southern hemisphere during December.
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S.K. Gulev; O. Zolina & S. Grigoriev (2001). "Winter Storms in the Northern Hemisphere (1958–1999) via the Internet Wayback Machine".
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Large polar cyclones help determine the steering of systems moving through the mid-latitudes, south of the Arctic and north of the
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694:. Friction with land slows down the wind flowing into low-pressure systems and causes wind to flow more inward, or flowing more
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270:. Cyclogenesis is an umbrella term for several different processes, all of which result in the development of some sort of
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493:, and Southeast Asia. The lows are most commonly located over the Tibetan plateau and in the lee of the Rocky mountains.
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1912:"Forcing of the Asian monsoon on the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from high-resolution ice core and tropical coral records"
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1390:"Frequently Asked Questions: Why do tropical cyclones require 80 °F (27 °C) ocean temperatures to form?"
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A climatology based on reanalysis of baroclinic developmental regions in the extratropical northern hemisphere.
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can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical
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image of typical extratropical cyclones over the ocean. Note the maximum winds on the poleward side of the
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317:. They are vigorous systems that have near-surface winds of at least 17 metres per second (38 mph).
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there are an average of 37 cyclones in existence during any 6-hour period. A separate study in the
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experienced in its vicinity. Globally, low-pressure systems are most frequently located over the
93:. Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the
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Tropical cyclones generally need to form more than 555 km (345 mi) or poleward of the
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is initially accelerated from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. This is due to
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262:, and has an anticyclonic (high-pressure system) equivalent which deals with the formation of
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832:. Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. National Snow and Ice Data Center. 2006. Archived from
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circulations, or low-pressure areas, within the atmosphere. Cyclogenesis is the opposite of
175:
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provides an index used to gauge the magnitude of this effect in the Northern Hemisphere.
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also occur during the summer over continental areas across the subtropics - such as the
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that powers a tropical cyclone. High humidity is needed, especially in the lower-to-mid
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1952:
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Carlyle H. Wash, Stacey H. Heikkinen, Chi-Sann Liou, and Wendell A. Nuss (1989).
140:
Diverging winds aloft, ahead of these troughs, cause atmospheric lift within the
30:"Weather system" redirects here. For a general discussion on pressure areas, see
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240:), recurring low-pressure weather systems are typically known as "low levels".
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2182:"What is a Hurricane, Typhoon, or Tropical Cyclone? | Precipitation Education"
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1673:"Variability of Southern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclone Behavior, 1958–97"
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CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes.
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as it rises, the cloudy skies typical of low-pressure areas act to dampen
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3729:
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1911:
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form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation.
198:
49:. The center of the spiral-shaped cloud system is also center of the low.
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2285:
2130:"What is the difference between a hurricane, a cyclone, and a typhoon?"
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683:
663:
659:
628:
542:
382:
271:
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163:
58:
1846:"Chapter-II Monsoon-2004: Onset, Advancement and Circulation Features"
654:'s rotation is what gives winds around low-pressure areas (such as in
486:
369:
2058:
1653:
L. de la Torre, Nieto R., Noguerol M., Añel J.A., Gimeno L. (2008).
2207:"Does the rotation of the Earth affect toilets and baseball games?"
1505:
National Centre for Environmental Science. Retrieved on 2009-04-04.
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671:
651:
594:
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97:(aloft). The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as
52:
1102:. Glossary of Meteorology. Allen Press. June 2000. Archived from
1069:. Glossary of Meteorology. Allen Press. June 2000. Archived from
1326:
1323:"Frequently Asked Questions: What is an extra-tropical cyclone?"
624:
372:, lack of ground and plant moisture that would normally provide
217:
132:
A second is an area where wind divergence aloft occurs ahead of
4150:
3914:
2759:
2523:
2258:
1445:"Using the WSR-88D to Predict East Central Florida Waterspouts"
550:
are associated with these climatological low-pressure systems.
295:
within the flow around Rossby waves migrate equatorward of the
1599:
105:, atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two kinds of places:
45:
A clockwise spinning low-pressure area or cyclone of southern
1362:"Frequently Asked Questions: How do tropical cyclones form?"
1239:
Monthly Weather Review pp. 234–257. Retrieved on 2008-06-28.
1019:"A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes"
776:. Glossary of Meteorology. Allen Press. 2008. Archived from
212:
during the day. At night the absorptive effect of clouds on
1844:
National Centre for Medium Range Forecasting (2004-10-23).
1698:
10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0550:VOSHEC>2.0.CO;2
562:
A visible image of a powerful northern hemisphere cyclone,
1289:
Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions
2068:
British Wind Energy Association. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
2007:"Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?"
2087:
Southern Region Headquarters. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
1629:
Arctic Oscillation (AO) time series, 1899 – June 2002.
631:(or temperature and moisture) differences between two
2158:"COMPARE AND CONTRAST: MID-LAT CYCLONE AND HURRICANE"
254:
Cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of
2003:
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
1319:
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
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4825:
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3683:
3648:
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2496:
2487:
2476:
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2301:
1661:; vol. 1146: pp. 235–255. Retrieved on 2009-03-02.
109:The first is in the area on the east side of upper
2235:"Do Tornadoes Always Twist in the Same Direction?"
290:. Subtropical cyclones are of intermediate size.
27:Area with air pressures lower than adjacent areas
994:"Cyclone Phase Analysis and Forecast: Help Page"
686:occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a
278:. Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones,
150:form due to localized heating caused by greater
2011:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1910:Mary E. Davis & Lonnie G. Thompson (2005).
1820:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
1671:Ian Simmonds & Kevin Keay (February 2000).
1394:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1366:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1023:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
4717:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
3326:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
1953:"1.2 Pacific Ocean Surface Streamline Pattern"
1529:Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling.
1443:Choy, Barry K.; Scott M. Spratt (2003-05-13).
390:is caused by the moist ocean-air being lifted
4162:
3926:
2771:
2535:
2270:
1974:"Global Pattern of Surface Pressure and Wind"
1237:A Rapid Cyclogenesis Event during GALE IOP 9.
181:Atmospheric lift will also generally produce
8:
2005:, Hurricane Research Division (2009-02-06).
1527:Bart van den Hurk and Eleanor Blyth (2008).
1518:Physical Geography. Retrieved on 2009-01-01.
865:. Glossary of Meteorology. Allen Press. 2009
515:Elongated areas of low pressure form at the
639:. The stronger the pressure difference, or
541:help create pressure gradients which drive
303:Extratropical cyclones form as waves along
4822:
4169:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4028:
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3911:
3756:
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1471:
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158:'s surface. Large-scale thermal lows over
1935:
1696:
1042:
189:once the air temperature drops below the
3610:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
1649:
1647:
1497:
1495:
1285:E. A. Rasmussen & J. Turner (2003).
800:"What's happening inside highs and lows"
604:
40:
757:
2124:
2122:
2076:
2074:
1321:, Hurricane Research Division (2004).
1293:. Cambridge University Press. p.
129:that extends through the troposphere).
1569:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
1503:What causes the west African monsoon?
1124:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
908:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
883:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
7:
2359:Tropical cyclones and climate change
2059:Education and Careers: What is wind?
4783:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
3583:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
3576:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
3509:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
3392:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
1890:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1881:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3671:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
3617:Australian region tropical cyclone
2103:Wind Systems: Low Pressure Centers
1853:Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)
938:BBC Weather Glossary (July 2006).
136:, which are of smaller wavelength.
25:
2205:Horton, Jennifer (20 July 2009).
232:. In Europe (particularly in the
4225:
3892:
3878:
2834:
2099:"Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes)"
1475:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
1413:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
1212:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
1189:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
944:British Broadcasting Corporation
3631:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
3590:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
1916:Journal of Geophysical Research
1575:American Meteorological Society
1487:American Meteorological Society
1419:American Meteorological Society
1224:American Meteorological Society
1201:American Meteorological Society
1130:American Meteorological Society
1096:American Meteorological Society
1063:American Meteorological Society
914:American Meteorological Society
889:American Meteorological Society
859:American Meteorological Society
770:American Meteorological Society
690:occurs in the south Pacific or
532:in East Asia during August and
34:. For the opposite effect, see
4778:Continental North Asian storms
3624:South Pacific tropical cyclone
3387:Continental North Asian storms
1549:Meteorology at the Millennium.
1547:Robert Penrose Pearce (2002).
1538:KNMI. Retrieved on 2009-01-02.
969:"UCAR Glossary — Cyclone"
722:Intertropical Convergence Zone
521:Intertropical Convergence Zone
208:decreases, which causes lower
168:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1:
2097:Nelson, Stephen (Fall 2014).
1251:"The Norwegian Cyclone Model"
4317:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
4257:Moray Firth fishing disaster
3885:Tropical cyclones portal
2926:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
2866:Moray Firth fishing disaster
2409:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
2162:www.theweatherprediction.com
1659:New York Academy of Sciences
411:Mid-latitudes and subtropics
195:diurnal temperature extremes
4710:List of European windstorms
4127:Pacific Northwest windstorm
3735:Mesoscale convective vortex
3717:Mesoscale convective system
3319:List of European windstorms
2736:Pacific Northwest windstorm
2038:James B Elsner, Kam-Biu Liu
1249:Shay Johnson (2001-09-25).
1165:, San Diego. Archived from
620:Precipitation (meteorology)
214:outgoing longwave radiation
57:A low-pressure system over
4922:
1641:. Retrieved on 2009-03-02.
1559:. Retrieved on 2009-01-02.
1489:. Retrieved on 2009-03-02.
1226:. Retrieved on 2009-03-02.
1203:. Retrieved on 2009-03-02.
1154:Joel Norris (2005-03-19).
1100:amsglossary.allenpress.com
1067:amsglossary.allenpress.com
1044:10.1175/1520-0477-56.5.527
992:Robert Hart (2003-02-18).
863:amsglossary.allenpress.com
774:amsglossary.allenpress.com
613:
569:
508:
429:
247:
134:embedded shortwave troughs
29:
4833:Australian east coast low
4373:1992 New Year's Day Storm
4223:
4146:
3872:
3499:Australian east coast Low
3442:Australian east coast low
2982:1992 New Year's Day Storm
2832:
2755:
2519:
2239:SCIENCE — Earth and Space
1951:U. S. Navy (1998-01-22).
1514:Michael Pidwirny (2008).
4886:Meteorological phenomena
4401:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
4394:Christmas Eve storm 1997
3010:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
3003:Christmas Eve storm 1997
2339:Annular tropical cyclone
2085:National Weather Service
1776:Retrieved on 2009-03-02.
1639:University of Washington
1163:University of California
998:Florida State University
732:Surface weather analysis
698:, toward their centers.
4629:Friederike (David) 2018
4622:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
4345:December 1981 windstorm
4303:North Sea flood of 1953
4216:Christmas Flood of 1717
3799:Multiple-vortex tornado
3238:Friederike (David) 2018
3231:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
2954:December 1981 windstorm
2912:North Sea flood of 1953
2825:Christmas Flood of 1717
2211:SCIENCE, EVERYDAY MYTHS
1814:Becca Hatheway (2008).
1787:"Understanding weather"
1551:Academic Press, p. 66.
798:Williams, Jack (2007).
566:, at its peak intensity
460:shows that between the
286:lie within the smaller
197:. Since clouds reflect
113:, which form half of a
4854:Southern Ocean cyclone
3942:Extratropical cyclones
3740:Line echo wave pattern
3694:Mesoscale ocean eddies
3463:Southern Ocean cyclone
2551:Extratropical cyclones
2344:Bar (tropical cyclone)
2334:Central dense overcast
2138:National Ocean Service
1627:Todd Mitchell (2004).
1602:Weather (2004-09-01).
885:"Cyclonic circulation"
727:North American Monsoon
611:
591:tropical cyclone basin
567:
506:
454:Extratropical cyclones
427:
329:
324:This depiction of the
81:is a region where the
62:
50:
4503:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
4366:Burns' Day storm 1990
4250:Night of the Big Wind
3971:Post-tropical cyclone
3112:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
2975:Burns' Day storm 1990
2859:Night of the Big Wind
2580:Post-tropical cyclone
2329:Rapid intensification
1978:Ohio State University
1742:10.1007/s003820000145
1501:Louisa Watts (2009).
608:
561:
504:
436:Extratropical cyclone
418:
323:
56:
44:
4906:Atmospheric pressure
4896:Atmospheric dynamics
4338:Gale of January 1976
3899:Tornadoes portal
3809:Anticyclonic tornado
3777:Low-topped supercell
3555:Cape Verde hurricane
2947:Gale of January 1976
2031:"Examining the ENSO"
1937:10.1029/2004JD004933
1767:Frontal Depressions.
1017:I. Orlanski (1975).
742:Trough (meteorology)
400:sea and land breezes
392:upwards by mountains
342:heat of condensation
83:atmospheric pressure
4818:Southern Hemisphere
4773:Western Disturbance
4587:Thomas (Doris) 2017
4359:Great storm of 1987
4324:1968 Scotland storm
4264:Tay Bridge disaster
4243:Great Storm of 1824
4209:Great Storm of 1703
4179:European windstorms
4008:Northern Hemisphere
3601:Southern Hemisphere
3539:Northern Hemisphere
3427:Southern Hemisphere
3382:Western Disturbance
3196:Thomas (Doris) 2017
2968:Great storm of 1987
2933:1968 Scotland storm
2873:Tay Bridge disaster
2852:Great Storm of 1824
2818:Great Storm of 1703
2788:European windstorms
2617:Northern Hemisphere
2435:South Atlantic High
2423:Southern Hemisphere
2399:North American High
2377:Northern Hemisphere
1928:2005JGRD..110.4101D
1734:2001ClDy...17..795G
1689:2000JCli...13..550S
1604:"The Asian Monsoon"
1214:Upper-Level Trough.
1035:1975BAMS...56..527.
674:that occurs in the
470:Northern Hemisphere
458:Southern Hemisphere
374:evaporative cooling
264:high-pressure areas
170:, it is known as a
87:high-pressure areas
18:Low pressure system
3956:Anticyclonic storm
3548:Atlantic hurricane
3504:Lake Huron cyclone
2565:Anticyclonic storm
2440:South Pacific High
2404:North Pacific High
2319:High-pressure area
2309:Anticyclonic storm
2080:JetStream (2008).
2064:2011-03-04 at the
1801:"KNMI - Depressie"
1772:2009-02-24 at the
1677:Journal of Climate
1634:2003-12-12 at the
1610:on August 31, 2007
1534:2009-02-25 at the
1482:2008-05-22 at the
1219:2009-06-09 at the
1196:2009-06-09 at the
717:High-pressure area
712:East Asian Monsoon
612:
601:Associated weather
582:5th parallel south
578:5th parallel north
568:
507:
450:Arctic oscillation
432:Arctic oscillation
428:
337:water temperatures
330:
315:offshore platforms
63:
51:
36:High-pressure area
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4812:
4811:
4756:
4755:
4726:
4725:
4271:Eyemouth disaster
4187:14th-18th century
4135:
4134:
4095:
4094:
3976:Low-pressure area
3908:
3907:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3804:Satellite tornado
3679:
3678:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3564:Pacific hurricane
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3421:
3420:
3365:
3364:
3335:
3334:
2880:Eyemouth disaster
2796:14th-18th century
2744:
2743:
2704:
2703:
2585:Low-pressure area
2463:
2462:
2455:Subtropical ridge
2414:Subtropical ridge
2324:Low-pressure area
2294:Centers of action
2107:Tulane University
1557:978-0-12-548035-2
1304:978-0-521-62430-5
678:and northeastern
641:pressure gradient
333:Tropical cyclones
187:adiabatic cooling
71:low-pressure area
16:(Redirected from
4913:
4891:Types of cyclone
4838:Black nor'easter
4823:
4819:
4738:Black Sea storms
4719:
4712:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4380:Braer Storm 1993
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4229:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4181:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4148:
4144:
4088:
4081:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4029:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4009:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3912:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3757:
3690:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3566:
3557:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3447:Black nor'easter
3432:
3428:
3347:Black Sea storms
3328:
3321:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2989:Braer Storm 1993
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2838:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2790:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2753:
2697:
2690:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2430:South Polar High
2384:North Polar High
2374:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2094:
2088:
2078:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1980:. Archived from
1972:Hobgood (2008).
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1855:. Archived from
1850:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1822:. Archived from
1811:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1722:Climate Dynamics
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1642:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1606:. Archived from
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1577:. Archived from
1566:
1560:
1545:
1539:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1451:. Archived from
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1421:. Archived from
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1354:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1292:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1260:. Archived from
1255:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1210:
1204:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1132:. Archived from
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
946:. Archived from
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
916:. Archived from
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
822:
816:
815:
813:
812:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
762:
696:ageostrophically
688:tropical cyclone
616:Geostrophic wind
572:Tropical cyclone
554:Tropical cyclone
268:anticyclogenesis
176:tropical cyclone
21:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4863:
4842:
4817:
4808:
4787:
4752:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4230:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4202:Burchardi flood
4200:
4195:Grote Mandrenke
4193:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4131:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4066:
4059:
4054:Great basin low
4052:
4045:
4040:Alberta clipper
4038:
4016:
4007:
4002:
3944:
3939:
3909:
3904:
3893:
3891:
3879:
3877:
3856:
3825:
3746:
3711:
3675:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3562:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3526:
3518:
3472:
3451:
3426:
3417:
3396:
3361:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2839:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2811:Burchardi flood
2809:
2804:Grote Mandrenke
2802:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2740:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2675:
2668:
2663:Great basin low
2661:
2654:
2649:Alberta clipper
2647:
2625:
2616:
2611:
2553:
2548:
2515:
2511:South Polar low
2506:North Polar low
2488:
2477:
2459:
2450:Australian High
2418:
2363:
2297:
2283:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2082:Origin of Wind.
2079:
2072:
2066:Wayback Machine
2056:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1922:(D4): 1 of 13.
1909:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1774:Wayback Machine
1761:
1757:
1728:(10): 795–809.
1719:
1718:
1714:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1652:
1645:
1636:Wayback Machine
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1546:
1542:
1536:Wayback Machine
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1493:
1484:Wayback Machine
1474:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1356:
1355:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1221:Wayback Machine
1211:
1207:
1198:Wayback Machine
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
991:
990:
986:
977:
975:
967:
966:
962:
953:
951:
937:
936:
932:
923:
921:
907:
906:
902:
893:
891:
882:
881:
877:
868:
866:
853:
852:
848:
839:
837:
824:
823:
819:
810:
808:
797:
796:
792:
783:
781:
764:
763:
759:
755:
708:
622:
603:
586:Coriolis effect
584:, allowing the
574:
556:
523:as part of the
513:
499:
483:Mexican plateau
442:
413:
408:
252:
246:
230:Rocky Mountains
222:Tibetan Plateau
206:solar radiation
152:solar incidence
91:Coriolis forces
39:
32:Pressure system
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4559:Christina 2014
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4331:Quimburga 1972
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4079:Panhandle hook
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3888:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3763:
3761:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3168:Christina 2014
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2940:Quimburga 1972
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2688:Panhandle hook
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2479:Synoptic scale
2471:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2292:of the world (
2284:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2241:. WONDEROPOLIS
2226:
2197:
2173:
2149:
2118:
2089:
2070:
2050:
2022:
1994:
1964:
1943:
1902:
1883:(1999-08-11).
1872:
1836:
1806:
1792:
1778:
1755:
1712:
1683:(3): 550–561.
1663:
1657:Annals of the
1643:
1620:
1591:
1561:
1540:
1520:
1507:
1491:
1465:
1435:
1405:
1388:(2004-08-13).
1377:
1360:(2009-02-06).
1338:
1310:
1303:
1277:
1258:weather.ou.edu
1241:
1228:
1205:
1182:
1146:
1126:"Polar vortex"
1116:
1083:
1050:
1029:(5): 527–530.
1009:
984:
973:meted.ucar.edu
960:
930:
900:
875:
855:"Cyclogenesis"
846:
826:"Cyclogenesis"
817:
790:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
707:
704:
676:Atlantic Ocean
650:caused by the
648:Coriolis force
602:
599:
555:
552:
517:monsoon trough
511:Monsoon trough
498:
497:Monsoon trough
495:
479:Sonoran Desert
466:70th parallels
424:occluded front
412:
409:
407:
404:
305:weather fronts
297:polar cyclones
276:synoptic scale
248:Main article:
245:
242:
172:monsoon trough
138:
137:
130:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4918:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4874:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Icelandic Low
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4087:
4086:November gale
4083:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4017:North America
4014:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3901:
3900:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:Catalina eddy
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Cold-core low
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Icelandic Low
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2696:
2695:November gale
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:North America
2623:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:Surface-based
2486:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Kalahari High
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Siberian High
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2216:
2215:HowStuffWorks
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:BWEA (2007).
2054:
2051:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1984:on 2009-03-18
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1862:on 2011-07-21
1858:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1826:on 2012-05-26
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:"Hadley Cell"
1810:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1581:on 2011-05-05
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1455:on 2008-06-17
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1425:on 2006-07-09
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:"Mesocyclone"
1409:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:Chris Landsea
1381:
1378:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Chris Landsea
1353:
1351:
1349:
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1278:
1267:on 2006-09-01
1263:
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1218:
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1199:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1172:on 2010-06-26
1168:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1136:on 2011-01-09
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1106:on 2011-05-14
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1073:on 2010-12-31
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:"Rossby wave"
1054:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
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999:
995:
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950:on 2006-08-29
949:
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920:on 2008-10-04
919:
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847:
836:on 2006-08-30
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794:
791:
780:on 2008-10-04
779:
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771:
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748:
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743:
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738:
737:Tropical wave
735:
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723:
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715:
713:
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681:
680:Pacific Ocean
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534:20th parallel
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491:South America
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68:
60:
55:
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37:
33:
19:
4873:
4615:Herwart 2017
4608:Ophelia 2017
4531:St Jude 2013
4510:Joachim 2011
4489:Xynthia 2010
4447:Jeanett 2002
4432:21st century
4352:Charley 1986
4289:Ulysses 1903
4281:20th century
4235:19th century
4112:Hatteras low
4107:Aleutian Low
4047:Colorado low
3981:Weather bomb
3975:
3890:
3876:
3789:Funnel cloud
3707:Haida Eddies
3666:Polar vortex
3224:Herwart 2017
3217:Ophelia 2017
3140:St Jude 2013
3119:Joachim 2011
3098:Xynthia 2010
3056:Jeanett 2002
3041:21st century
2961:Charley 1986
2898:Ulysses 1903
2890:20th century
2844:19th century
2721:Hatteras low
2716:Aleutian Low
2656:Colorado low
2590:Weather bomb
2584:
2323:
2290:anticyclones
2243:. Retrieved
2238:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2210:
2200:
2189:. Retrieved
2186:pmm.nasa.gov
2185:
2176:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2152:
2141:. Retrieved
2133:
2110:. Retrieved
2102:
2092:
2053:
2042:. Retrieved
2040:. 2003-10-08
2037:
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
1997:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1967:
1956:. Retrieved
1946:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1888:
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1864:. Retrieved
1857:the original
1839:
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1824:the original
1809:
1795:
1781:
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1725:
1721:
1715:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1623:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1571:"Gust Front"
1564:
1543:
1523:
1510:
1477:Thermal Low.
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1438:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1408:
1397:. Retrieved
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1330:. Retrieved
1313:
1288:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1262:the original
1257:
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1231:
1208:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1167:the original
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1099:
1092:"Short wave"
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1066:
1053:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
987:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
952:. Retrieved
948:the original
933:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
903:
892:. Retrieved
878:
867:. Retrieved
862:
849:
838:. Retrieved
834:the original
829:
820:
809:. Retrieved
803:
793:
782:. Retrieved
778:the original
773:
760:
692:Indian Ocean
645:
623:
575:
514:
475:Thermal lows
474:
443:
396:condensation
367:
355:Mesocyclones
331:
302:
292:Cyclogenesis
291:
280:mesocyclones
253:
250:Cyclogenesis
210:temperatures
180:
148:Thermal lows
146:
139:
99:cyclogenesis
78:
74:
70:
64:
4847:Other areas
4792:Other areas
4768:Asiatic Low
4692:Ciarán 2023
4678:Larisa 2023
4671:Eunice 2022
4657:Aurore 2021
4650:Dennis 2020
4636:Adrian 2018
4601:Xavier 2017
4573:Niklas 2015
4524:Andrea 2012
4517:Dagmar 2011
4468:Kyrill 2007
4454:Gudrun 2005
4440:Oratia 2000
4422:Martin 1999
4415:Lothar 1999
4408:Anatol 1999
4310:Debbie 1961
4296:Iberia 1941
4061:Bighorn Low
4032:Lee Cyclone
4025:Continental
3847:Steam devil
3767:Mesocyclone
3661:Cut-off low
3649:Upper level
3486:Subtropical
3456:Other areas
3401:Other areas
3377:Asiatic Low
3301:Ciarán 2023
3287:Larisa 2023
3280:Eunice 2022
3266:Aurore 2021
3259:Dennis 2020
3245:Adrian 2018
3210:Xavier 2017
3182:Niklas 2015
3133:Andrea 2012
3126:Dagmar 2011
3077:Kyrill 2007
3063:Gudrun 2005
3049:Oratia 2000
3031:Martin 1999
3024:Lothar 1999
3017:Anatol 1999
2919:Debbie 1961
2905:Iberia 1941
2670:Bighorn Low
2641:Lee Cyclone
2634:Continental
2394:Azores High
2369:Anticyclone
2134:OCEAN FACTS
1191:Short Wave.
802:. Weather.
747:Weather map
637:cold fronts
548:rainforests
525:Hadley cell
440:Thermal low
406:Climatology
379:thermal low
359:Waterspouts
346:troposphere
326:Hadley cell
310:polar front
238:Netherlands
224:and in the
201:, incoming
183:cloud cover
162:help drive
142:troposphere
125:with large
117:within the
115:Rossby wave
103:meteorology
67:meteorology
4880:Categories
4804:Kona storm
4685:Babet 2023
4664:Malik 2022
4643:Ciara 2020
4538:Xaver 2013
4496:Berit 2011
4482:Klaus 2009
4117:Nor'easter
3852:Fire whirl
3842:Dust devil
3821:Waterspout
3782:Wall cloud
3494:Kona storm
3413:Kona storm
3294:Babet 2023
3273:Malik 2022
3252:Ciara 2020
3147:Xaver 2013
3105:Berit 2011
3091:Klaus 2009
2726:Nor'easter
2349:Superstorm
2245:2016-12-25
2220:2016-12-25
2191:2020-02-24
2167:2020-02-24
2143:2016-12-24
2112:2016-12-24
2044:2007-08-18
2016:2009-12-24
1988:2009-03-08
1958:2006-11-26
1896:2008-05-03
1866:2008-05-03
1830:2009-02-16
1763:Met Office
1614:2008-05-22
1585:2008-07-09
1459:2009-12-26
1429:2006-12-07
1399:2006-07-25
1371:2009-12-31
1332:2007-03-23
1271:2006-10-11
1176:2009-10-26
1156:"QG Notes"
1140:2009-12-24
1110:2009-11-06
1077:2009-11-06
1003:2006-10-03
978:2006-10-24
954:2006-10-24
924:2008-09-17
894:2008-09-17
869:2009-02-21
840:2009-02-21
811:2009-02-16
784:2009-03-02
753:References
656:hurricanes
633:air masses
614:See also:
570:See also:
539:continents
509:See also:
430:See also:
363:wind shear
350:wind shear
284:polar lows
260:cyclolysis
160:continents
127:wavelength
119:Westerlies
95:atmosphere
4859:Sudestada
4826:Australia
4748:Genoa low
4594:Zeus 2017
4580:Egon 2017
4566:Tini 2014
4552:Anne 2014
4545:Dirk 2013
4475:Emma 2008
4387:Lili 1996
3986:Sting jet
3816:Landspout
3772:Supercell
3752:Whirlwind
3685:Mesoscale
3468:Sudestada
3435:Australia
3357:Genoa low
3203:Zeus 2017
3189:Egon 2017
3175:Tini 2014
3161:Anne 2014
3154:Dirk 2013
3084:Emma 2008
2996:Lili 1996
2595:Sting jet
2354:Hypercane
1885:"Monsoon"
1750:129364159
1707:1520-0442
940:"Cyclone"
910:"Cyclone"
830:nsidc.org
805:USA Today
766:"Cyclone"
700:Tornadoes
668:hurricane
446:Antarctic
288:mesoscale
244:Formation
203:shortwave
191:dew point
75:low area
47:Australia
4901:Vortices
4702:See also
4461:Per 2007
4122:Gulf low
3998:Rainband
3949:Concepts
3837:Gustnado
3730:Mesohigh
3725:Wake Low
3524:Tropical
3311:See also
3070:Per 2007
2731:Gulf low
2607:Rainband
2558:Concepts
2302:Concepts
2286:Cyclones
2062:Archived
1770:Archived
1765:(2009).
1632:Archived
1532:Archived
1480:Archived
1217:Archived
1194:Archived
706:See also
664:typhoons
660:cyclones
420:QuikSCAT
388:rainfall
256:cyclonic
199:sunlight
185:through
4100:Oceanic
3966:Cyclone
3794:Tornado
3570:Typhoon
3529:Outline
3514:Thermal
2709:Oceanic
2575:Cyclone
2469:Cyclone
1924:Bibcode
1730:Bibcode
1685:Bibcode
1031:Bibcode
684:typhoon
629:density
610:arrows.
543:monsoon
383:Monsoon
370:deserts
272:cyclone
228:of the
164:monsoon
111:troughs
59:Iceland
4799:Arctic
4140:Europe
3408:Arctic
2749:Europe
1748:
1705:
1555:
1301:
662:, and
487:Sahara
485:, the
481:, the
448:. The
438:, and
282:, and
123:trough
4731:Other
4071:Other
3961:Storm
3830:Minor
3760:Major
3340:Other
2680:Other
2570:Storm
2498:Polar
2314:Storm
2034:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1746:S2CID
1265:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
672:storm
670:is a
652:Earth
595:Earth
218:winds
156:Earth
101:. In
4761:Asia
3991:List
3370:Asia
2600:List
2288:and
1703:ISSN
1553:ISBN
1449:NOAA
1327:NOAA
1299:ISBN
682:, a
646:The
625:Wind
618:and
580:and
564:Megi
464:and
462:30th
236:and
69:, a
1932:doi
1920:110
1738:doi
1693:doi
1600:BBC
1295:612
1039:doi
593:on
519:or
368:In
226:lee
121:(a
79:low
77:or
65:In
4882::
2237:.
2213:.
2209:.
2184:.
2160:.
2136:.
2132:.
2121:^
2105:.
2101:.
2073:^
2036:.
2009:.
1976:.
1930:.
1918:.
1914:.
1887:.
1851:.
1818:.
1744:.
1736:.
1726:17
1724:.
1701:.
1691:.
1681:13
1679:.
1675:.
1646:^
1573:.
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1468:^
1447:.
1417:.
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1364:.
1341:^
1325:.
1297:.
1256:.
1161:.
1128:.
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1037:.
1027:56
1025:.
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857:.
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2248:.
2223:.
2194:.
2170:.
2146:.
2115:.
2047:.
2019:.
1991:.
1961:.
1940:.
1934::
1926::
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266:—
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20:)
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