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922:) and WTM (Wisconsin Tissue Mills). The local agencies sued were the City of Appleton and Neenah-Menasha Sewerage Commission. Several settlements ensured that the responsible parties paid for a large sum of the cleaning project costs and other restoration efforts. A settlement, reached in 2019, required that NCR Corporation, P.H. Glatfelter Company, and Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products LP cover the cost of all future cleaning efforts.
47:
68:
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344:
336:
828:. There are 24 paper and pulp mills along the Lower Fox River that produce more than five million tons of paper per year and employ around 50,000 people. The principal cities located in this valley are Green Bay, Appleton, Neenah, Menasha, De Pere, and Kaukauna. Although Oshkosh is a major city in the chain, active production of paper products is no longer located there.
1212:
784:
by making the Fox-Wisconsin
Waterway into the principal shipping route between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. This goal was never achieved, as the Upper Fox remained too shallow for significant shipping even after damming and dredging. In addition, the lakes that the narrow, winding stream
844:
byproducts of the paper mills. To repair the ecological damage from this toxic waste, there has been a widespread effort to clean the Fox River. Dredging of the chemicals in the river began on April 28, 2009 and capping started soon after during the summer of 2009. The cleaning project concluded in
925:
Since the late 19th century, dredging of river bottom sediments has been done to allow large ships to enter the Fox River. The contaminated sediment has been used since the 1960s to fill local wetlands, causing adverse effects on wildlife and plants. After 1978 it was used to develop an off-shore
1213:
https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/annual/?referred_module=sw&site_no=040851385&por_040851385_263834=1352840,00060,263834,1988,2021&year_type=W&format=html_table&date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&rdb_compression=file&submitted_form=parameter_selection_list
1103:
1466:
421:, and the Lower Fox River, flowing from Lake Winnebago northeasterly to lower Green Bay. Together, the two sections give the Fox River a length of 182 miles (293 km). Counting the distance through Lake Winnebago gives a total of 200 miles (322 km).
549:
drains an area of about 6,429 square miles (16,650 km). The Fox had an average annual discharge of 5,200 ft/s (150 m/s) into Green Bay. The highest recorded flow on the Fox near its mouth was 33,800 ft/s (957 m/s) on June 3, 1990.
876:), the river waters are slightly more contaminated than before 1972. As a result, debate over the river's contamination continues between environmentalists, the paper industry, Indian tribes, and elected officials at the federal, state, and local levels.
1135:
898:. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources explains that carbonless copy paper caused PCB pollution in the Fox River and Lake Michigan. The federal government banned PCBs in 1979 due to their environmental threat to humans and other wildlife.
700:
Prior to
European settlement in the late 17th century, the shores of the Fox River and Green Bay were home to roughly half the estimated 25,000 Native Americans who lived in what is today Wisconsin. The first Europeans to reach the Fox were
815:
The Volcan Street Plant on the Fox river in
Appleton was the first Edison hydroelectric station and one of the first in the world. It was put into service in 1882 within the building of the Appleton Paper and Pulp Company.
901:
The U.S. government and State of
Wisconsin filed suit on October 14, 2010, against nine paper companies and two municipalities for their failure to pay for PCB cleanup actions. The companies named in the suit were
840:. As such, the Fox River was an ideal location for constructing powerful sawmills that made the Fox River area famous for its paper industry. A negative side effect of this industrialization was the dumping of
1158:
930:, also known as Kidney Island. Renard Isle was capped in 2015 and its ownership was transferred to Brown County in 2017. There have been several proposed plans for the land, including turning it into a
800:, which processed the great amount of timber being harvested from the forests. The Lower Fox proved an ideal location for paper production, owing to its proximity to lumbering areas that could supply
513:
as it begins its 40-mile (64 km) course northeast towards Lake
Michigan. The river drops around 164 feet (50 m) over this short stretch. Prior to the construction of European-style
894:
or PCBs. The largest deposits of contaminated sediments are traceable to the local paper recycling mills. Beginning in the 1950s, many mills along to Fox River began producing and recycling
1775:
796:
were built along the river to harness its abundant water power. During the 1860s, as
Wisconsin's wheat production declined, these flour mills were replaced by a growing number of
983:. Biking, walking, jogging, and rollerblading are among the most popular activities on the trail. The trail also has a section of unpaved terrain that permits horseback riding.
998:
Fishing was a huge aspect of life on the water as many fisheries were set up along the river. This remained large for a short period of time but also was soon limited by
2716:
2711:
846:
836:
In the section between Lake
Winnebago and Green Bay at Lake Michigan, the Fox River flows roughly south to north and descends through a height equal to that of
733:. It was likely long used by Native Americans prior to European encounter, as they had extensive cross-country trading routes related to the Mississippi River.
1369:
2721:
868:, pollution-tolerant worm counts), the Lower Fox River is much cleaner than it was before 1972. However, according to other measures of pollution (e.g.,
606:
417:
Hydrographers divide the Fox into two distinct sections, the Upper Fox River, flowing from its headwaters in south-central
Wisconsin northeasterly into
1800:
850:
1394:
1088:
525:. The Fox River complex is one of only a few north-flowing river systems in North America east of the Mississippi River; the only other one is the
1057:
864:
was passed in 1972. Much effort has since been put into cleaning the Fox, but problems still exist. According to some measures of pollution (e.g.
979:
Park System. The trailhead is in the city of Green Bay where 7 miles (11 km) of paved trail follow the Fox River south through the city of
788:
The Lower Fox was developed instead as a center of riverfront industry. During the mid-19th century, when
Wisconsin was a leading producer of
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1959:
1821:
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199:
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31:
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of the river. Public debate about this contamination began as early as 1923, but little was done to improve the river until the federal
737:
657:. Farther north along the Lower Fox River, from its outlet from Lake Winnebago and before its mouth at Lake Michigan, are the cities of
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1327:
1006:
130:
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1040:
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Before the 1950s parts of the Fox River were used for recreational purposes. This only lasted for a short period of time as the
1795:
1030:
1528:
673:; although they are in the Fox River Valley, this grouping of cities and villages does not refer to themselves as Fox Cities.
1770:
697:, forests, and water. Archaeologists have claimed that indigenous peoples lived in the Fox River area as early as 7000 BC.
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554:
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The Fox-Wisconsin
Waterway's importance continued into the 1850s, when the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement Company built
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1979:
1964:
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The high concentration of paper mills and other industry along the Lower Fox has historically been the source of much
1969:
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are the river's current environmental problem. One contaminant of special concern is a group of chemicals called
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522:
399:
181:
1402:
1373:
990:
runs concurrent with the Fox River from downtown Oshkosh to Lake Butte des Morts for about 4 miles (6 km).
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and the depleted amount of fish. Restrictions were placed on how many and what kind of fish could be caught.
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Wisconsin's Foundations: A Review of the State's Geology and Its Influence on Geography and Human Activity
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316:
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2004:
1994:
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1395:"Fox River Superfund Site PCB Sediment Removal, Phase 1 Remedial Action, Operable Units 2-5 Remediation"
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324:
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of the Red River of the North are classified as a distinct ethnicity because of their shared culture.
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2014:
1999:
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to make paper. Several well-known paper companies were founded in cities along the river, including
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1989:
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808:, Northern Paper Mills (makers of Quilted Northern), and the Hoberg Paper Company (manufacturer of
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375:
329:
58:
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2019:
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after 1850, the river had many sizable rapids. The Lower Fox ends after flowing through the
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1919:
883:
site, the Lower Fox River bottom has some sections contaminated with toxic chemicals. These
530:
1663:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Fox River (Green Bay tributary)
1345:
845:
2020 and cost an estimated $ 1 billion. The Fox River will continue to be monitored by the
466:
before turning north. However, the Fox River and the Wisconsin River are connected via the
370:
1894:
1884:
1423:
1303:
1199:
1164:
Taken from the International Space Station on June 17, 2022; north is oriented to the left
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903:
861:
777:
463:
366:
bridge over the Lake Butte Des Morts just north of the river's entry into Lake Winnebago
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86:
1191:
U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data.
343:
1211:
US Geological Survey, USGS 040851385 FOX RIVER AT OIL TANK DEPOT AT GREEN BAY, WI,
1010:
942:
714:
706:
534:
501:
The Lower Fox begins at the north end of Lake Winnebago, where it flows north past
30:"Fox River (Wisconsin)" redirects here. For another river partly in Wisconsin, see
780:
at Portage. The company was hoping to establish Green Bay as a port city to rival
1614:
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471:
440:. A particular set of cities on the lower Fox River identify themselves as the "
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176:
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17:
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in the 17th century. The river was part of the famous 1673–74 expedition of
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132:
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1876:
1866:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1703:
1465:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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857:
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793:
694:
686:
436:, in which they went on to become the first Europeans to traverse the upper
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cultures of their mothers and identified with the tribes. In Canada, the
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809:
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The river's name is the English translation of the French name for the
1668:
919:
744:. French-Canadian men who established homes on the Fox River married
702:
789:
721:
from the Fox to the Wisconsin River and then canoed on toward the
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342:
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717:
canoed up the river as far as Portage. Here they made the short
1672:
1601:
693:
cultures, and has been important for its fisheries, waterfowl,
1578:"Green Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve - UW-Green Bay"
963:
that benefited from the rich soil and plentiful water supply.
514:
498:. The Upper Fox flows for a total of 142 miles (229 km).
937:
Among the wildlife in the Fox River Valley are birds such as
617:
Along the banks is a chain of cities and villages, including
853:
for many years following the cleaning project's completion.
785:
flows through were frozen solid for five months every year.
410:, one of the first European settlements in the interior of
1529:"Companies Agree to Cover All Costs for Fox River Cleanup"
649:. Except for Oshkosh, located on the Upper Fox River near
454:
The Upper Fox River begins as a small stream northeast of
557:, Wolf River, White River, Mecan River, Grand River, and
1278:. New York: J. J. Little & Ives Company. p. 11.
725:. They established an important water route between the
1511:"$ 1B Fox River PCB cleanup: How will money be spent?"
956:
deteriorated, and the water was considered unhealthy.
2303:
2243:
2053:
1978:
1943:
1875:
1809:
1722:
1370:"Fox River Cleanup Project > Project Milestones"
414:, is on the river at its mouth on lower Green Bay.
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230:
191:
175:
161:
122:
111:
102:
92:
82:
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39:
1322:, pp. 128-29. The University of Wisconsin Press.
752:descendants who were generally raised within the
553:Tributaries of the Fox River include East River,
1492:"Feds, Wis. file lawsuit over Fox River cleanup"
1121:south into the mouth of the Fox River under the
1255:The Encyclopedia of HoÄŤÄ…k (Winnebago) Mythology
339:Looking east at the Upper Fox River in Montello
1684:
1063:Facing east across the Fox River to downtown
585:because it went through the territory of the
8:
653:, these cities and villages identify as the
599:Ho-Chunk language (Winnebago, HoocÄ…k, HocÄ…k)
462:and comes within 2 miles (3 km) of the
402:, and via the Bay, the largest tributary of
1295:Clean Water Action Council. Green Bay, WI.
959:The Fox River region has been dominated by
665:(located at the lake), and the villages of
470:, which was the first waterway between the
1691:
1677:
1669:
1442:"FOX RIVER NRDA/PCB RELEASES Site Profile"
879:While not officially designated as a U.S.
482:, the river goes northeast until reaching
66:
1314:
1312:
1297:"History of the Fox River and Green Bay."
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
851:Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
609:, it was also called the Kakaling River.
589:people, called Renards in French. In the
1276:The Wisconsin: River of a Thousand Isles
605:. According to a member of the party of
597:, which means "Red Earth River". In the
274:4,132 cu ft/s (117.0 m/s)
1177:
1053:
824:The Lower Fox remains a major area for
729:and the Mississippi River known as the
1346:"Project Background | | Wisconsin DNR"
1149:on the Fox River. It is listed on the
1009:in fishing. Currently the records for
689:, the Fox River has supported several
252:6,429 sq mi (16,650 km)
36:
2717:Rivers of Outagamie County, Wisconsin
2712:Rivers of Winnebago County, Wisconsin
1602:"Fox River State Recreational Trail."
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
486:. Here it is joined by the tributary
458:. It flows west by southwest towards
7:
1424:"Lower Fox River and Green Bay Site"
1340:
1338:
1336:
1226:"Menominee Place Names in Wisconsin"
1151:National Register of Historic Places
1005:The Fox River has produced multiple
740:, this route was used frequently by
328:Looking west toward Buffalo Lake in
32:Fox River (Illinois River tributary)
1021:have all been caught in the river.
932:National Estuarine Research Reserve
738:French colonization of the Americas
398:. It is the principal tributary of
973:Fox River State Recreational Trail
872:, estrogenic compounds, discarded
374:The bed of the Lower Fox River in
347:The Upper Fox River emptying into
25:
2722:Rivers of Brown County, Wisconsin
490:before entering the west side of
27:River in Wisconsin, United States
2680:
1157:
1134:
1102:
1087:
1072:
1056:
1041:Kaukauna Locks Historic District
906:, Appleton Papers, CBC Coating,
45:
1533:Wisconsin Department of Justice
1031:Environmental issues with paper
926:engineered holding area called
847:Environmental Protection Agency
569:The name is the translation of
521:and into Lake Michigan through
193: • coordinates
124: • coordinates
72:Map of the Fox River watershed
1:
1970:Twin Cities metropolitan area
1490:Richmond, Todd (2010-10-14).
103:Physical characteristics
1202:, accessed December 19, 2011
1097:ducks in Montello, Wisconsin
772:and dams on the Fox and the
232: • elevation
163: • elevation
57:over the Lower Fox River in
1965:Milwaukee metropolitan area
1910:Eastern Ridges and Lowlands
1640:"Hook and Line Record Fish"
1509:Walter, Tony (2010-10-17).
709:in 1634. In 1673 explorers
681:Since the recession of the
2738:
705:, beginning with explorer
685:that once covered much of
270: • average
29:
2676:
1960:Madison metropolitan area
1955:Chicago metropolitan area
1710:
1318:Schultz, Gwen M. (2004).
1230:The Menominee Clans Story
1123:Leo Frigo Memorial Bridge
971:The 25-mile (40 km)
892:Polychlorinated biphenyls
545:Altogether, the Fox-Wolf
278:
256:
244:200 mi (320 km)
171:
107:
65:
44:
1945:Major metropolitan areas
1822:Administrative divisions
1274:Derleth, August (1942).
1036:List of Wisconsin rivers
601:, Fox River is known as
593:, the river is known as
236:577 ft (176 m)
167:890 ft (270 m)
2058:(pop. 15,000 to 50,000)
1515:Green Bay Press-Gazette
910:, Menasha Corporation,
312: • left
1615:"Wiouwash State Trail"
731:Fox–Wisconsin Waterway
577:), given by explorers
386:is a river in eastern
379:
367:
355:
340:
332:
1925:Lake Superior Lowland
1471:oceanservice.noaa.gov
896:carbonless copy paper
776:to connect it to the
764:Industrial Revolution
478:. After flowing past
378:during bridge repairs
373:
361:
346:
338:
327:
2687:Wisconsin portal
1604:Accessed 2010-10-17.
1306:Accessed 2010-10-17.
1127:Green Bay, Wisconsin
988:Wiouwash State Trail
918:, U.S. Paper Mills (
832:Environmental issues
484:Lake Butte des Morts
2707:Rivers of Wisconsin
1948:(pop. over 500,000)
1801:Tourist attractions
1600:FoxRiverTrail.com.
1249:Dieterle, Richard.
1143:Tayco Street Bridge
1141:The museum for the
1081:Montello, Wisconsin
945:, and fish such as
912:NewPage Corporation
571:Rivière aux Renards
283:Basin features
211: /
142: /
2248:(pop. over 15,000)
1983:(pop. over 50,000)
1430:. 29 January 2013.
1302:2008-10-11 at the
1198:2012-03-29 at the
1147:Menasha, Wisconsin
1095:Anas platyrhynchos
1019:Northern hogsucker
842:hazardous material
591:Menominee language
575:River of the Foxes
380:
368:
356:
341:
333:
296:St. Lawrence River
53:Wisconsin Route 47
2694:
2693:
1930:Northern Highland
1558:Port of Green Bay
1350:dnr.wisconsin.gov
748:women, producing
723:Mississippi River
711:Jacques Marquette
595:Meskwahkīw-Sīpiah
583:Jacques Marquette
555:Fond du Lac River
519:city of Green Bay
476:Mississippi River
438:Mississippi River
322:
321:
146:43.615°N 89.068°W
16:(Redirected from
2729:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2295:Pleasant Prairie
2245:Largest villages
2235:Wisconsin Rapids
1920:Great River Road
1915:Fox River Valley
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1467:"What are PCBs?"
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1401:. Archived from
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1372:. Archived from
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1193:The National Map
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866:dissolved oxygen
826:paper production
531:Upstate New York
313:
292:
271:
226:
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216:
215:44.54°N 88.005°W
212:
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2285:Menomonee Falls
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2195:South Milwaukee
2057:
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1982:
1974:
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1939:
1895:Chippewa Valley
1885:Apostle Islands
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1554:"Renard Island"
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1496:Chicago Tribune
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406:. The city of
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1416:
1405:on 2013-02-16
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1376:on 2011-11-30
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1007:state records
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774:Portage Canal
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579:Louis Jolliet
576:
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527:Genesee River
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468:Portage Canal
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412:North America
409:
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404:Lake Michigan
401:
397:
396:United States
393:
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364:Interstate 41
360:
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186:Lake Michigan
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127:
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87:United States
85:
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60:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2678:
2270:Fox Crossing
1914:
1842:Demographics
1712:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1582:www.uwgb.edu
1581:
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1535:. 2019-03-15
1532:
1523:
1514:
1504:
1495:
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1460:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:the original
1399:sevenson.com
1398:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:the original
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:
1319:
1275:
1269:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
1244:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1219:
1207:
1114:
1011:Striped bass
1004:
997:
985:
977:Brown County
970:
958:
951:
943:Canada geese
936:
924:
900:
885:contaminated
878:
855:
835:
823:
814:
787:
767:
746:First Nation
735:
715:Louis Joliet
707:Jean Nicolet
699:
680:
635:Little Chute
616:
613:Demographics
602:
594:
574:
573:(French for
570:
568:
552:
544:
535:Pennsylvania
500:
453:
441:
423:
416:
383:
381:
290:River system
2618:Trempealeau
2408:Fond du Lac
2255:Ashwaubenon
2205:Sun Prairie
2185:River Falls
2095:Fond du Lac
1862:LGBT rights
1776:Delegations
1737:Agriculture
1649:30 December
1624:12 December
1117:sails from
961:dairy farms
928:Renard Isle
798:paper mills
794:flour mills
754:matrilineal
742:fur traders
736:During the
727:Great Lakes
667:Ashwaubenon
472:Great Lakes
456:Pardeeville
392:Great Lakes
303:Tributaries
218: /
149: /
2701:Categories
2643:Washington
2428:Green Lake
2398:Eau Claire
2275:Germantown
2175:Oconomowoc
2165:New Berlin
2130:Marshfield
2105:Greenfield
2075:Brookfield
2065:Beaver Dam
2045:West Allis
2005:Janesville
1995:Eau Claire
1587:2024-04-05
1563:2024-04-05
1539:2024-04-04
1476:2024-04-05
1451:2024-04-05
1409:2013-01-13
1380:2011-06-30
1355:2024-04-05
1260:2019-01-23
1235:2018-10-05
1173:References
967:Recreation
916:Glatfelter
870:phosphorus
792:, several
750:mixed-race
655:Fox Cities
488:Wolf River
443:Fox Cities
317:Wolf River
249:Basin size
206:88°00′18″W
203:44°32′24″N
137:89°04′05″W
134:43°36′54″N
2663:Winnebago
2608:St. Croix
2603:Sheboygan
2533:Outagamie
2513:Milwaukee
2508:Menominee
2503:Marquette
2498:Marinette
2488:Manitowoc
2473:Lafayette
2468:La Crosse
2448:Jefferson
2265:Caledonia
2230:West Bend
2225:Wauwatosa
2215:Watertown
2190:Sheboygan
2170:Oak Creek
2150:Middleton
2140:Menomonie
2125:Manitowoc
2090:Fitchburg
2025:Milwaukee
2015:La Crosse
2000:Green Bay
1852:Education
1771:Governors
1754:Geography
1717:(capital)
1704:Wisconsin
1119:Green Bay
1111:tall ship
1065:Green Bay
888:sediments
881:Superfund
858:pollution
802:wood pulp
695:wild rice
687:Wisconsin
663:Green Bay
603:Nionigera
547:watershed
541:Hydrology
523:Green Bay
434:Marquette
408:Green Bay
400:Green Bay
388:Wisconsin
384:Fox River
261:Discharge
182:Green Bay
117:Friesland
97:Wisconsin
40:Fox River
2658:Waushara
2648:Waukesha
2638:Washburn
2633:Walworth
2573:Richland
2493:Marathon
2478:Langlade
2463:Kewaunee
2403:Florence
2368:Crawford
2363:Columbia
2353:Chippewa
2328:Bayfield
2305:Counties
2260:Bellevue
2210:Superior
2180:Onalaska
2120:Kaukauna
2110:Hartford
2100:Franklin
2040:Waukesha
1990:Appleton
1867:Politics
1857:Gun laws
1827:Cannabis
1817:Abortion
1300:Archived
1196:Archived
1115:Windy II
1025:See also
683:glaciers
647:Kaukauna
639:Kimberly
631:Appleton
607:La Salle
587:Meskwaki
511:Appleton
480:Montello
474:and the
376:Appleton
330:Montello
78:Location
59:Appleton
2653:Waupaca
2598:Shawano
2558:Portage
2538:Ozaukee
2483:Lincoln
2458:Kenosha
2443:Jackson
2388:Douglas
2348:Calumet
2343:Burnett
2338:Buffalo
2318:Ashland
2155:Muskego
2135:Menasha
2085:De Pere
2030:Oshkosh
2020:Madison
2010:Kenosha
1877:Regions
1847:Economy
1837:Culture
1810:Society
1796:Symbols
1781:History
1759:Islands
1732:Outline
1714:Madison
1428:epa.gov
994:Fishing
981:De Pere
947:walleye
810:Charmin
782:Chicago
719:portage
677:History
671:Allouez
659:De Pere
627:Menasha
619:Oshkosh
507:Menasha
496:Oshkosh
460:Portage
430:Jolliet
390:in the
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83:Country
2623:Vernon
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2593:Sawyer
2568:Racine
2548:Pierce
2528:Oneida
2523:Oconto
2518:Monroe
2453:Juneau
2413:Forest
2323:Barron
2280:Howard
2220:Wausau
2160:Neenah
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2080:Cudahy
2070:Beloit
2035:Racine
1791:Sports
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645:, and
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509:, and
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450:Course
306:
298:system
264:
241:Length
112:Source
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2628:Vilas
2563:Price
2543:Pepin
2423:Green
2418:Grant
2378:Dodge
2358:Clark
2333:Brown
2313:Adams
1832:Crime
1764:Lakes
1700:State
790:wheat
770:locks
758:Metis
177:Mouth
115:Near
93:State
2668:Wood
2588:Sauk
2583:Rusk
2578:Rock
2553:Polk
2438:Iron
2433:Iowa
2393:Dunn
2383:Door
2373:Dane
1651:2020
1626:2020
1324:ISBN
1109:The
1017:and
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941:and
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713:and
669:and
661:and
581:and
565:Name
533:and
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432:and
382:The
362:The
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529:of
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