80:
95:
1279:
70:
51:
102:
568:
and small-scale entrepreneurship have replaced mining as sources of employment, but older miners have found it difficult to adapt. Despite the decline of the coal industry, the Lota community continues to identify with it. Compared to the 1960s and 1970s the city is very much depoliticized; evidence
529:, the shipping industry and trains, all of which were important buyers of coal, shifted to other energy sources. There had been concerns as early as the 1920s about the vulnerability of the coal-dependent local economy. One of the problems of Lota's coal industry was difficulty in
615:. The population fell by 2.3% (1167 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. In the last years of the 2000s the population fell below 40,000 meaning that the population had halved since the 1980s when it was about 80,000.
521:
were forbidden. People active in these organizations were persecuted, and in some instances killed by the military. Much of the local press was suppressed as it had links to either the trade unions or political parties.
541:
became more expensive, easily accessible coal beds were depleted and mining had to be done below the sea bed. The mines were closed in the 1990s after demand for Lota's coal resources diminished and cheaper
880:
Uno pudiera pensar que la ciudad de Lota, en Chile, lleva ese nombre puesto que de ahí se extraía la mayor porción de carbón, pero no es así. Es todo lo contrario. La ciudad toma ese nombre del mapudungun
1181:
455:
industry that started in the nineteenth century. The first coal seams to be exploited were easy to work because they lay almost at ground level. Coal mining started after the arrival of
1439:
1444:
1174:
1434:
514:
1089:
1094:
607:, Lota spans an area of 135.8 km (52 sq mi) and has 49,089 inhabitants (23,944 men and 25,145 women). Of these, 48,975 (99.8%) lived in
1167:
1128:
604:
995:
129:
1449:
636:
1123:
79:
848:. Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias,
624:
471:
in the mid-19th century into a large industrial hub that attracted immigrants from all over Chile well into the 20th century.
583:
510:
1133:
767:
1454:
1205:
498:
406:
190:
1315:
849:
655:
647:
643:
789:
1084:
1079:
915:
820:
1429:
691:
434:
551:
474:
Lota was established officially as a town on
January 5, 1875, and became a city on November 30, 1881. The name
988:
651:
502:
362:
161:
588:
1350:
1099:
390:
94:
37:
569:
of this is the fact some evangelical churches have more attendants than the offices of political parties.
1287:
69:
968:
526:
17:
1004:
946:
Francisco Solano Asta
Buruaga y Cienfuegos, Diccionario geográfico de la República de Chile, Pg 387-388
414:
467:
begun mining operations in Lota in 1852. Coal mining transformed Lota from being a sparsely populated
1213:
1194:
1018:
501:
struck the territory ending the strike. During much of the 20th century the city was a stronghold of
464:
430:
418:
343:
1253:
1197:
1033:
981:
936:
823:[Immigration and popular sectors in the coal mines of Lota and Coronel (Chile 1850-1900)].
413:, 39 kilometres south of Concepción, and is one of the ten cities (communes) that constitutes the
1115:
185:
1295:
463:. These steam ships, mostly from Britain, initially bought the coal very cheaply. Industrialist
444:
1325:
945:
628:
561:
394:
41:
844:
Davis, Eliodoro Martín (1990). "Breves recuerdos de algunas actividades mineras del carbón".
821:"Inmigración y sectores populares en las minas de carbón de Lota y Coronel (Chile 1850-1900)"
635:
who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde was
Patricio Marchant Ulloa (
50:
1383:
914:
Reyes
Herrera, Sonia E.; Rodríguez Torrent, Juan Carlos; Medina Hernández, Patricio (2014).
675:
578:
565:
557:
538:
410:
178:
173:
1370:
687:
534:
1190:
1305:
1228:
1218:
1143:
1053:
494:
402:
916:"El sufrimiento colectivo de una ciudad minera en declinación. El caso de Lota, Chile"
1423:
1403:
1378:
1300:
1148:
671:
663:
554:
closed the mines and sold the industrial equipment. Subsequently, the mines flooded.
530:
354:
333:
1278:
506:
221:
1398:
1393:
1345:
1310:
1258:
1223:
1028:
667:
659:
543:
452:
525:
In the late 20th century Lota's coal industry began to struggle for markets as
447:
on
October 12, 1662, but it did not survive long amidst the hostilities of the
1320:
1263:
1233:
1138:
1038:
1023:
612:
608:
479:
460:
448:
293:
282:
350:
329:
144:
131:
518:
456:
324:
793:
1408:
1388:
1340:
683:
679:
468:
513:, a move that was welcomed by miners. When Allende was overthrown and a
1355:
1335:
1330:
1268:
1238:
1063:
1048:
863:
632:
547:
229:
1360:
825:
600:
497:
demanding higher salaries. As protesters marched on
Concepción the
1248:
1043:
973:
398:
166:
1163:
977:
417:. The city is mostly known for being the traditional centre of
694:) as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Coast).
690:
by Victor Pérez Varela (UDI) and
Mariano Ruiz -Esquide Jara (
658:) as part of the 46th electoral district, (comprising Lota,
546:
arrived on the market, plunging the residents of Lota into
533:
as the coal beds were thin in nature and displaced by many
819:
Vivallos
Espinoza, Carlos; Brito Peña, Alejandra (2010).
738:
713:
960:
375:
1369:
1286:
1204:
1159:
1108:
1072:
1011:
517:established, Lota's political parties and powerful
371:
361:
340:
323:
315:
307:
302:
291:
280:
272:
264:
259:
251:
243:
238:
227:
217:
212:
204:
196:
184:
172:
160:
28:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
1175:
989:
84:Location of Lota commune in the Biobío Region
8:
493:In 1960 miners and their families started a
814:
812:
810:
686:). The commune has been represented in the
439:The first Spanish settlement at this site,
1182:
1168:
1160:
996:
982:
974:
733:
731:
25:
1445:1667 establishments in the Spanish Empire
708:
706:
1440:Populated places in Concepción Province
714:"Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades"
702:
370:
360:
322:
301:
258:
250:
237:
211:
195:
159:
124:
59:
47:
762:
760:
758:
756:
339:
314:
306:
290:
279:
271:
263:
242:
226:
216:
203:
183:
171:
7:
1435:Populated places established in 1667
623:As a commune, Lota is a third-level
421:, albeit mining ended in the 1990s.
247:135.8 km (52.4 sq mi)
646:, Lota has been represented in the
451:. The modern city is linked to the
937:Carbón mantiene su sitial en Chile
478:is thought to be derived from the
14:
23:City and Commune in Biobío, Chile
1277:
625:administrative division of Chile
100:
93:
78:
68:
49:
1193:Communes and municipalities in
768:"National Statistics Institute"
1124:C.D. Universidad de Concepción
584:Chivilingo Hydroelectric Plant
405:(in Spanish), in the southern
1:
605:National Statistics Institute
505:. The city's coal mines were
234:Patricio Marchant Ulloa (PDC)
885:(pequeña porción de tierra).
644:electoral divisions of Chile
550:. The end came in 1997 when
443:was founded by the governor
415:Concepción metropolitan area
101:
552:Empresa Nacional del Carbón
1471:
537:. Costs also increased as
499:1960 Concepción earthquake
435:History of mining in Chile
428:
15:
1275:
920:Horizontes Antropológicos
850:Universidad de Concepción
441:Santa Maria de Guadalupe,
397:located in the center of
125:
60:
48:
35:
1080:University of Concepción
208:Santa María de Guadalupe
1450:Coasts of Biobío Region
1100:University of Los Lagos
654:) and Iván Norambuena (
276:350/km (900/sq mi)
255:82 m (269 ft)
739:"Municipality of Lota"
599:According to the 2002
539:wooden mining supports
1085:University of Bío-Bío
589:El Chiflón del Diablo
515:military dictatorship
342: • Summer (
1455:Port cities in Chile
1109:Culture & Sports
961:Municipality of Lota
868:Etimologías de Chile
864:"Etimología de LOTA"
790:"Código postal Lota"
650:by Manuel Monsalve (
503:pro-Soviet communism
431:Coal mining in Chile
419:coal mining in Chile
273: • Density
16:For other uses, see
1254:San Pedro de la Paz
1134:Deportes Concepción
1034:San Pedro de la Paz
852:. pp. 189–203.
648:Chamber of Deputies
488:small piece of land
407:Concepción Province
141: /
627:administered by a
611:and 114 (0.2%) in
573:Points of interest
316: • Women
265: • Total
244: • Total
1430:Communes of Chile
1417:
1416:
1157:
1156:
629:municipal council
535:geological faults
384:
383:
218: • Type
145:37.083°S 73.167°W
114:Location in Chile
1462:
1281:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1161:
998:
991:
984:
975:
967:
959:
939:
934:
928:
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888:
887:
877:
875:
860:
854:
853:
841:
835:
834:
816:
805:
804:
802:
801:
792:. Archived from
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780:
779:
777:
775:
764:
751:
750:
748:
746:
735:
726:
725:
723:
721:
710:
579:Playa de Colcura
511:Salvador Allende
380:
376:Official website
347:
308: • Men
156:
155:
153:
152:
151:
150:-37.083; -73.167
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
104:
103:
97:
82:
72:
53:
26:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
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1461:
1460:
1459:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1365:
1282:
1273:
1200:
1188:
1158:
1153:
1104:
1068:
1007:
1005:Gran Concepción
1002:
965:
957:
954:
942:
935:
931:
913:
912:
891:
873:
871:
862:
861:
857:
843:
842:
838:
818:
817:
808:
799:
797:
788:
787:
783:
773:
771:
766:
765:
754:
744:
742:
737:
736:
729:
719:
717:
712:
711:
704:
700:
631:, headed by an
621:
597:
575:
566:artisan fishing
459:at the port of
445:Ángel de Peredo
437:
427:
378:
341:
149:
147:
143:
140:
135:
132:
130:
128:
127:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
105:
87:
86:
85:
76:
75:
65:
56:
44:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1195:Bío Bío Region
1189:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:Fernández Vial
1126:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
978:
972:
971:
963:
953:
952:External links
950:
949:
948:
941:
940:
929:
922:(in Spanish).
889:
855:
836:
829:(in Spanish).
806:
781:
752:
727:
701:
699:
696:
620:
619:Administration
617:
596:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
574:
571:
544:Colombian coal
495:general strike
465:Matías Cousiño
426:
423:
403:Gulf of Arauco
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381:
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365:
359:
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338:
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1359:
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1351:Santa Bárbara
1349:
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1334:
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1329:
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1196:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1150:
1149:Lota Schwager
1147:
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1142:
1140:
1137:
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1127:
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964:
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938:
933:
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925:
921:
917:
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906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
884:
869:
865:
859:
856:
851:
847:
840:
837:
832:
828:
827:
822:
815:
813:
811:
807:
796:on 2016-09-04
795:
791:
785:
782:
769:
763:
761:
759:
757:
753:
740:
734:
732:
728:
715:
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523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:frontier zone
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
436:
432:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
411:Biobío Region
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
377:
374:
366:
364:
356:
352:
349:
345:
335:
331:
328:
326:
318:
310:
297:
295:
292: •
286:
284:
281: •
275:
267:
254:
246:
233:
231:
228: •
223:
220:
207:
199:
192:
189:
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177:
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168:
165:
163:
154:
126:Coordinates:
96:
81:
71:
66:
52:
43:
39:
34:
27:
19:
1296:Alto Bío Bío
1243:
1118:
1073:Universities
1058:
969:fair of Lota
966:(in Spanish)
958:(in Spanish)
932:
923:
919:
882:
879:
872:. Retrieved
870:(in Spanish)
867:
858:
845:
839:
830:
824:
798:. Retrieved
794:the original
784:
772:. Retrieved
770:(in Spanish)
743:. Retrieved
741:(in Spanish)
718:. Retrieved
716:(in Spanish)
641:
622:
598:
595:Demographics
556:
524:
519:trade unions
507:nationalized
492:
487:
483:
475:
473:
440:
438:
386:
385:
379:(in Spanish)
222:Municipality
74:Coat of arms
64:
55:Dusk in Lota
1394:Curanilahue
1346:San Rosendo
1316:Los Ángeles
1259:Santa Juana
1224:Chiguayante
1029:Chiguayante
874:January 27,
774:13 December
745:23 February
720:23 February
668:Curanilahue
642:Within the
613:rural areas
609:urban areas
531:mechanizing
509:in 1971 by
453:coal mining
148: /
1424:Categories
1404:Los Álamos
1326:Nacimiento
1264:Talcahuano
1214:Concepción
1206:Concepción
1139:Huachipato
1024:Talcahuano
1019:Concepción
800:2016-08-31
698:References
672:Los Álamos
480:Mapudungun
461:Talcahuano
457:steamships
449:Arauco War
429:See also:
260:Population
213:Government
205:Founded as
191:Concepción
1119:newspaper
363:Area code
325:Time zone
252:Elevation
1389:Contulmo
1341:Quilleco
833:: 73–94.
680:Contulmo
562:forestry
527:furnaces
486:meaning
186:Province
1356:Tucapel
1336:Quilaco
1331:Negrete
1321:Mulchén
1306:Cabrero
1288:Bío Bío
1239:Hualqui
1234:Hualpén
1229:Florida
1219:Coronel
1064:Hualqui
1054:Coronel
1039:Hualpén
633:alcalde
603:of the
558:Tourism
548:poverty
425:History
409:of the
401:on the
395:commune
372:Website
367:56 + 41
230:Alcalde
197:Founded
162:Country
136:73°10′W
133:37°05′S
42:Commune
1384:Cañete
1379:Arauco
1371:Arauco
1361:Yumbel
1301:Antuco
1116:El Sur
1012:Cities
826:Atenea
688:Senate
676:Cañete
664:Arauco
601:census
319:25,145
311:23,944
287:48,975
268:47,339
179:Biobío
174:Region
1409:Tirúa
1249:Penco
1144:Naval
1090:UTFSM
1044:Penco
926:(42).
883:louta
846:Actas
684:Tirúa
484:Louta
482:word
399:Chile
389:is a
351:UTC−3
330:UTC−4
294:Rural
283:Urban
167:Chile
1399:Lebu
1311:Laja
1269:Tomé
1244:Lota
1198:>
1191:<
1095:UCSC
1059:Lota
1049:Tomé
876:2017
776:2010
747:2011
722:2011
682:and
660:Lebu
476:Lota
433:and
393:and
391:city
387:Lota
355:CLST
239:Area
200:1662
108:Lota
40:and
38:City
30:Lota
18:Lota
831:501
692:PDC
656:UDI
639:).
637:PDC
344:DST
334:CLT
303:Sex
298:114
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924:20
918:.
892:^
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866:.
809:^
755:^
730:^
705:^
678:,
674:,
670:,
666:,
662:,
652:PS
564:,
560:,
490:.
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1169:v
997:e
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778:.
749:.
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