122:
110:
98:
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323:
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509:
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673:. Despite his military skills, Faidherbe was never able to form an army strong enough to seriously worry the Prussians, as his army, composed of raw recruits, suffered immense supply difficulties and low morale in the freezing winter of 1870â1871. The Army of the North performed remarkably well by striking isolated enemy forces and then retreating behind the belt of fortresses around
87:
31:
694:
756:. He chose to represent Nord. However, he resigned on 26 August 1871 after voting against giving the Assembly the power to define a constitution, because he said the Assembly had given itself that right rather than receiving it from the electors. On 8 October 1871 he became a member of the departmental Council of Nord for the canton of Lille center.
473:(one of the provinces of Sine) and its surrounding villages to be burned to the ground. The French government in Paris criticised him for undertaking a military campaign without their authority. To answer his critics, Faidherbe claimed that he only occupied areas that belonged to France since 1679. Scholars like
519:
Faidherbe's large-scale projects included the building of bridges and provisioning of fresh drinking water. But Saint-Louis's place as a door of French trade into an
African interior began to wane with the expansion of direct colonial rule. Access to its port became increasingly awkward in the age of
568:
The first half-century of French colonialism in
Senegal produced neither solid political control nor economic gains. However, it established the basic principles for the later French advance. Senegal became the principal French base, not Guinea. French expansion was aimed towards the interior (which
609:
languages. On 15 February 1857, they had a son, Louis LĂ©on
Faidherbe. In 1858, when Faidherbe was 40, he married his 18-year-old niece, AngĂšle-Emilie Marie Sophie Faidherbe. She was the daughter of his older brother, Romain, who had died eight years earlier. The marriage produced three children:
763:, where he studied the monuments and inscriptions. On the same trip he visited Jerusalem and Italy. He ran for election to the senate in Nord as a republican on 30 January 1876 but was defeated. Faidherbe was elected on 5 January 1879 to the senate for the
747:
department in the elections of 8 February 1871, and was elected. He decided not to accept his election while retaining his military command in the north. After he resigned from the army he was reelected on 2 July 1871 as representative for the Somme, for
1928:
563:
When he resigned his post, French rule had been firmly established over a very considerable and fertile area and the foundation laid upon which his successors built up the position occupied after 1904 by France in West Africa.
441:, Faidherbe stemmed the Muslim advance. Striking an advantageous treaty with Umar in 1860, Faidherbe brought the French possessions into touch with the Niger. He also brought into subjection the country lying between the
2999:
649:
Army in the summer of 1870, colonial officers such as
Faidherbe were recalled to France and promoted to higher ranks to command new units and replace generals killed or captured in the war. Faidherbe was promoted to
2373:
1921:
2170:
1914:
661:
Faidherbe quickly proved himself to be the most able of the generals fighting
Prussian forces in the French provinces, and won several small victories against the Prussian First Army at the towns of
2984:
359:
trade from the interior. Faidherbe's push to build fortifications farther out, his conflicts with Protet, and his protests to Paris over Protet's inaction earned him the governorship in 1854.
2366:
1592:
520:
the steamship; and the completion of the Dakar-Saint Louis railroad in 1885 meant that up-country trade effectively circumvented its port. Large French firms, many from the city of
3009:
2163:
2359:
2994:
3004:
246:, and his wife, Sophie Monnier. His father died in 1826 when he was seven and he was brought up by his mother. In primary school, he displayed a talent for drawing and
1883:
2156:
3014:
935:
Vocabulaire d'environ 1,500 mots français avec leurs correspondants en ouslof de Saint-Louis, en poular, Toucoulor, du Fouta, en Soninké, Sarakhollé, de Bakel
497:. In 1857, the French seized the inland region between these two from the Lebu Republic, and rechristened their capital Ndakarou as the new colonial city of
1597:
2916:
2649:
2617:
2979:
466:
477:
note that
Faidherbe was merely playing with words and was making political decisions in Senegal without any authority whatsoever. Neither the
2989:
2851:
2292:
1809:
1671:
1652:
1252:
1227:
840:
901:
Vocabulaire d'environ 1,500 mots français les plus usuels avec leurs correspondants en ouolof de Saint-Louis, à l'usage des écoles indigÚnes
339:
Faidherbe's actions were not of his own creation, but were an implementation of "The Plan of 1854": a series of ministerial orders given to
1876:
255:
2795:
2333:
2182:
1771:
630:
2487:
1716:
362:
Within three months of his appointment as governor, he had begun work on the first in a series on inland forts up the Sénégal, at
2477:
2447:
1869:
593:
Soon after his arrival in Saint-Louis
Faidherbe took as a mistress, Diocounda Sidibe (Dionkhounda Siadibi), a fifteen-year-old
489:
Saint-Louis was placed under formal military control, and a telegraph and road link was set up to the other French colonies in
2497:
1736:
1327:
Diouf, Cheikh, "Fiscalité et
Domination Coloniale: l'exemple du Sine: 1859â1940", UniversitĂ© Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (2005).
823:
Faidherbe died on 29 September 1889, his body receiving a public funeral. Statues and monuments to his memory were erected at
2822:
1964:
1959:
655:
425:
To accomplish even the first part of his design, he had very inadequate resources, especially in view of the opposition from
288:
and appointed governor of the colony on
December 16. He held this post with one brief interval (1861â1863) until July 1865.
1837:
693:
502:
417:
and the Wolof peoples through what is now northern
Senegal, Faidherbe quickly came into direct conflict with these states.
2610:
2709:
2470:
2223:
682:
2790:
2465:
2452:
370:(1855). By 1860, Faidherbe had built a series of forts between MĂ©dine and Saint-Louis, launching missions against the
198:
2827:
2969:
2135:
458:
381:(north of the Sénégal river), who had previously collected taxes on goods coming to Saint-Louis from the interior.
2570:
1105:
Langues sénégalaises : wolof, arabe-hassania, soninké, sérÚre, notions grammaticales, vocabulaires et phrases
2714:
2575:
2338:
340:
701:
2974:
2603:
2557:
2056:
753:
634:
552:
1045:
Armée du nord. Réponse à la relation du général Von Goeben pour faire suite à la "Campagne de l'armée du nord"
999:"Collection complÚte des inscriptions numidiques (libyques), avec des aperçus ethnographiques sur les numides"
765:
434:
295:
constitutes his most enduring legacy. At that time France possessed in Senegal little else than the town of
2529:
2382:
2282:
2272:
2203:
2179:
1937:
1892:
815:
in 1879, and, in spite of failing health, continued to the last a close student of his favorite subjects.
642:
251:
223:
103:
772:
An enthusiastic geographer, historian, philologist and archaeologist, he wrote numerous works, including
185:
2689:
2419:
2213:
805:
127:
389:
French military forces had previously avoided conflicts with the most powerful states in the area, the
2964:
2959:
836:
832:
797:
578:
438:
363:
348:
327:
296:
115:
2885:
2704:
2208:
2041:
2002:
1946:
582:
548:
175:
1145:
A by-election was held to replace him in Pas-de-Calais on 7 January 1872 in which the Bonapartist
654:
in November 1870, and in December appointed as commander-in-chief of the Army of the North by the
352:
2550:
2460:
2409:
2315:
2302:
2233:
2031:
1982:
1974:
1631:
1623:
801:
744:
651:
646:
292:
157:
1402:
1017:
Campagne de l'armée du Nord en 1870-1871, avec une carte, des notes et des piÚces justificatives
322:
573:
In 1863 he became general of brigade. From 1867 to early 1870, he commanded the subdivision of
536:
401:
in the south. By sending emissaries to sign protectorates with weaker states (Bubakar Saada of
2837:
2832:
2780:
2719:
2524:
2507:
2130:
2125:
1824:
1805:
1786:
1767:
1712:
1667:
1648:
1367:
1248:
1223:
1108:
968:
955:
938:
904:
716:
During the course of his military career Faidherbe was decorated with the five degrees of the
706:
614:
390:
371:
284:
617:
in May 1861. At the time Aube was serving in Senegal. He would later be promoted to admiral.
299:
and a strip of coast. Explorers had, however, made known the riches and possibilities of the
2871:
2841:
2699:
2439:
2404:
2084:
1849:
1748:
1682:
1615:
1026:
998:
666:
606:
569:
also encouraged expansion south in Algeria), and Faidherbe's vision of empire was confirmed.
512:
344:
1695:
1077:"Dictionnaire de la langue poul, par le général Faidherbe, augmenté par le Docteur Quintin"
1054:
625:
613:
Another of Faidherbe's nieces, his wife's older sister Clarence, married the naval officer
539:
system of seasonal labor migration, first in Cayor, then spreading along the rail lines to
508:
2890:
2861:
2626:
2519:
2502:
2036:
2014:
1737:"The merchants and General Faidherbe. Aspects of French expansion in Sénégal in the 1850s"
1268:
1076:
1015:
981:
917:
872:
812:
793:
717:
478:
474:
314:
304:
214:
1093:
889:
855:
490:
1121:
1095:
Grammaire et vocabulaire de la langue poul : Ă l'usage des voyageurs dans le Soudan
952:
Chapitre de géographie sur le Nord-Ouest de l'Afrique à l'usage des écoles de Sénégambie
2877:
2817:
2811:
2414:
2265:
2256:
2218:
2094:
2019:
1987:
1954:
1799:
1170:
1146:
602:
598:
594:
402:
367:
263:
2953:
2866:
2772:
2739:
2659:
2514:
2107:
2024:
1997:
1761:
1635:
1588:
1583:
749:
678:
674:
670:
442:
307:. He even dreamed of creating a French African empire stretching from Senegal to the
219:
91:
535:
cultivation near the fort systems, and then along the rail lines. This created the
433:
ruler of the countries of the middle Niger. By advancing the French outposts on the
2545:
2399:
2391:
2079:
2074:
2069:
1992:
610:
Gaston, Mathilde and Wilhem. AngĂšle also helped care for Louis, the son of Sidibe.
462:
1043:
250:. He was a hard-working student and later received his military education at the
2729:
2277:
2064:
1065:
760:
544:
394:
247:
139:
891:
Notice sur la colonie du Sénégal et sur les pays qui sont en relation avec elle
2928:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2251:
2190:
1067:
Le Zénaga des tribus sénégalaises: contribution à l'étude de la langue berbÚre
759:
Between October 1871 and May 1872 Faidherbe undertook a scientific mission to
662:
356:
267:
942:
908:
839:. Numerous streets are named after him, and also the subway station in Paris
743:
Faidherbe was named as candidate for the legislature on several lists in the
2934:
1752:
1709:
Le SĂ©nĂ©gal sous le second Empire: Naissance d'un empire colonial (1850â1871)
1702:(in French). Vol. 3: LAV-PLA. Paris: Edgar Bourloton. pp. 147â148.
1689:(in French). Vol. 2: CAY-FES. Paris: Edgar Bourloton. pp. 590â592.
982:"Résumé historique et géographique du voyage de MM. Mage et Quintin à Ségou"
959:
426:
414:
30:
2112:
1828:
1790:
1606:
Barrows, Leland C. (1976). "Faidherbe and Senegal: a critical discussion".
1403:"Commentary on "The Conquest of the Western Sudan" by A. S. Kanya-Forstner"
1112:
524:, took over the new commercial networks of the interior, marginalizing the
1853:
1031:
Mémoires de la Société des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts de Lille
1003:
Mémoires de la Société des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts de Lille
303:
regions, and Faidherbe formed the design of adding those countries to the
2424:
2261:
2241:
1861:
1838:"La construction de l'altérité ethnique peule dans l'oeuvre de Faidherbe"
1664:
The Conquest of the Western Sudan: A Study in French Military Imperialism
1245:
Lingua Franca and Français Tirailleur: From Sea Jargon to Military Order?
525:
521:
494:
986:
Annales des voyages, de la géographie, de l'histoire et de l'archéologie
2922:
2674:
2310:
2246:
2102:
2046:
828:
531:
Faidherbe also placed under direct French control large-scale seasonal
308:
279:
227:
1823:(in French). Paris: Ăditions de l'EncyclopĂ©die de l'Empire francÌais.
1627:
2287:
2198:
2007:
574:
532:
470:
446:
430:
410:
243:
86:
57:
1171:"Louis Faidherbe | French Colonial Governor of Senegal | Britannica"
769:
of Nord. He resigned his seat prior to the end of his term in 1888.
1619:
551:. This would be a pattern spread throughout French West Africa and
2429:
2320:
1582:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
824:
710:
700:
692:
681:
to attack the Prussians â Faidherbe rushed into an open battle at
624:
507:
498:
406:
398:
378:
374:
321:
313:
300:
239:
73:
53:
528:
traders who had always been the middle men of upstream commerce.
677:. Ultimately, however, Faidherbe was ordered by Minister of War
540:
351:. The plan specified in detail the creation of forts along the
259:
2760:
2637:
2599:
2355:
2152:
1910:
1865:
505:, as well as a rail line along the Senegal into the interior.
343:
that originated in petitions from the powerful Bordeaux-based
318:
The Senegal River valley upon the arrival of Faidherbe (1853).
975:. Saint-Louis, SĂ©negal: Imprimerie du Gouvernement: 173â245.
873:"Populations noires des bassins du Sénégal et du Haut Niger"
242:. He was the fifth child of Louis CĂ©sar Joseph Faidherde, a
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
3000:
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
1694:
Robert, Adolphe; Bourloton, Edgar; Cougny, Gaston (1891).
1426:
1424:
1354:
Islam and Imperialism in Senegal â Sine-Saloum, 1847â1914
1338:
Islam and Imperialism in Senegal â Sine-Saloum, 1847â1914
469:(King of Sine). After his victory, he gave the order for
1763:
Rulers of Empire: the French Colonial Service in Africa
282:
as sub-director of engineers, and in 1854 was promoted
238:
Faidherbe was born into a lower-middle-class family in
1801:
African Proconsuls : European Governors in Africa
481:
nor any of its provinces had ever belonged to France.
1521:
16:
French general and colonial administrator (1818â1889)
2985:
French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
1700:
Dictionnaire des Parlementaires français (1789â1889)
1687:
Dictionnaire des Parlementaires français (1789â1889)
954:. Saint-Louis, Senegal: Imprimerie du gouvernement.
937:. Saint-Louis, Senegal: Imprimerie du Gouvernement.
903:. Saint-Louis, Senegal: Imprimerie du Gouvernement.
222:
general and colonial administrator. He created the
2850:
2789:
2771:
2728:
2688:
2648:
2592:
2538:
2486:
2438:
2390:
2301:
2232:
2189:
2093:
2055:
1973:
1945:
1899:
191:
181:
171:
163:
153:
145:
133:
80:
63:
40:
21:
1766:. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press.
1645:Faidherbe, 1818â1889: du SĂ©nĂ©gal Ă l'ArmĂ©e du Nord
1056:Essai sur la langue poul, grammaire et vocabulaire
461:(18 May 1859), Faidherbe launched war against the
1391:. Trans. Pica Press (1971) pp. 14, 46â47, 244â47.
856:"Les BerbÚres et les Arabes des bords du Sénégal"
1220:African Proconsuls: European Governors in Africa
1123:Le Sénégal: la France dans l'Afrique occidentale
1389:French Colonialism in Tropical Africa 1900â1945
218:; 3 June 1818 – 29 September 1889) was a
1356:, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, pp. 57â58.
1315:
697:French stamp issued in 1906 honoring Faidherbe
2611:
2367:
2164:
1922:
1877:
1348:
1346:
8:
1601:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1509:
1466:
1454:
1193:
877:Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris)
860:Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris)
3010:Recipients of the Ordre du Nichan El-Anouar
1075:———; Quintin, L. (1881).
437:, and particularly by breaking Umar Tall's
2803:
2768:
2757:
2645:
2634:
2618:
2604:
2596:
2374:
2360:
2352:
2171:
2157:
2149:
1929:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1884:
1870:
1862:
1340:, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. 55.
413:) and by completing the "pacification" of
347:company, the largest shipping interest in
270:, and again from 1849 to 1852 in Algeria.
29:
18:
3005:Grand Chancellors of the Legion of Honour
1666:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
969:"Ătude sur la langue KĂ©guem ou SĂ©rĂš-Sine"
597:girl. She helped him in his study of the
1681:Robert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston (1890).
1557:
1545:
1533:
1490:
1478:
1442:
1430:
1205:
1798:Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter (1978).
1415:
1303:
1291:
1162:
1138:
1741:Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer
1269:"Louis Faidherbe | Chemins de mémoire"
774:Collection des inscriptions numidiques
467:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
213:
7:
3015:Senators of Nord (French department)
2995:Colonial governors of French Sénégal
1368:"Histoire de Saint-Louis du Sénégal"
1081:Bulletin de la Société de géographie
645:and his French Imperial Army by the
581:division at the commencement of the
2334:French colonization of the Americas
1522:Robert, Bourloton & Cougny 1891
577:in Algeria, and was commanding the
335:Direct control of the Senegal River
186:Grand Cross of the LĂ©gion d'honneur
973:Annuaire de Sénegal et dépendances
705:Equestrian statue of Faidherbe by
14:
918:"L'avenir du Sahara et du Soudan"
790:Le Zénaga des tribus sénégalaises
262:. From 1843 to 1847 he served in
1707:Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean (1989).
1647:(in French). Paris: Tallandier.
1575:
792:(1877), the last a study of the
120:
108:
96:
85:
2828:French domains of the Holy Land
1735:Barrows, Leland Conley (1974).
1247:. Springer Nature. p. 20.
631:Charles Ădouard Armand-Dumaresq
2823:French domains of Saint Helena
1940:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
1711:(in French). Paris: Karthala.
1683:"Faidherbe (Louis-LĂ©on-CĂ©sar)"
1120:——— (1889).
1103:——— (1887).
1092:——— (1882).
1064:——— (1877).
1053:——— (1875).
1042:——— (1873).
1025:——— (1872).
1014:——— (1871).
997:——— (1870).
980:——— (1866).
967:——— (1865).
950:——— (1864).
933:——— (1864).
916:——— (1863).
899:——— (1859).
888:——— (1859).
871:——— (1856).
778:La Campagne de l'armée du Nord
656:Government of National Defence
355:to end African control of the
278:In 1852 he was transferred to
1:
1662:Kanya-Forstner, A.S. (1969).
689:Political life and retirement
465:of Sine, during the reign of
2990:People of French West Africa
2558:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
1273:www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr
1243:Nolan, Joanna (2023-07-03).
685:and his army was destroyed.
559:Legacy in French colonialism
555:well into the 20th century.
291:The work he accomplished in
215:[lwileÉÌsezaÊfedÉÊb]
2798: and Antarctic Lands
1842:Cahiers d'Ă©tudes africaines
1696:"Levert (Charles Alphonse)"
1593:Faidherbe, Louis LĂ©on CĂ©sar
922:Revue maritime et coloniale
547:, and eventually along the
3031:
2980:Ăcole Polytechnique alumni
1785:(in French). Paris: Plon.
1760:Cohen, William B. (1971).
1405:. West Chester University.
1222:. Free Press. p. 52.
207:Louis LĂ©on CĂ©sar Faidherbe
35:Louis LĂ©on CĂ©sar Faidherbe
2911:
2806:
2767:
2756:
2715:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2644:
2633:
2576:French East India Company
2566:
2351:
2339:French West India Company
2329:
2148:
2121:
1906:
1836:Pondopoulo, Anna (1996).
633:showing Faidherbe at the
503:DakarâSaint-Louis railway
453:War with the Serer people
28:
2854: the Indian Ocean
1804:. New York: Free Press.
1781:Demaison, André (1932).
1643:Coursier, Alain (1989).
1510:Robert & Cougny 1890
1027:"Ăpigraphie phĂ©nicienne"
786:Essai sur la langue poul
553:French Equatorial Africa
501:. Work was begun on the
385:Conflict in the interior
226:when he was governor of
2762:Uninhabited territories
2273:Saint Kitts & Nevis
1753:10.3406/outre.1974.1757
1598:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1218:Gann, Lewis H. (1978).
796:. He also wrote on the
459:the Battle of LogandĂšme
421:War with the Toucouleur
266:, then for one year in
2692: collectivities
2530:Sanjak of Alexandretta
2383:Former French colonies
2180:Former French colonies
1938:Former French colonies
1893:French overseas empire
1819:Hardy, George (1947).
1608:African Studies Review
854:Faidherbe, L. (1854).
782:Epigraphie phenicienne
713:
698:
638:
571:
516:
331:
319:
224:Senegalese Tirailleurs
104:French Second Republic
2639:Inhabited territories
2571:FranceâAsia relations
2126:Somaliland (Djibouti)
1854:10.3406/cea.1996.1423
1098:. Paris: Maisonneuve.
1059:. Paris: Maisonneuve.
894:. Paris: A. Bertrand.
704:
696:
628:
566:
511:
325:
317:
211:French pronunciation:
146:Years of service
128:French Third Republic
2917:overseas departments
2852:Scattered Islands in
2733: collectivity
2191:French North America
1481:, pp. 190, 214.
1107:. Paris: E. Leroux.
841:(Faidherbe-Chaligny)
837:Saint-Louis, Senegal
641:After the defeat of
439:siege of Medina Fort
116:Second French Empire
2886:Juan de Nova Island
2773:North Pacific Ocean
2385:in Asia and Oceania
1536:, pp. 188â189.
1387:Jean Suret-Canele.
1316:Kanya-Forstner 1969
1070:. Paris: E. Leroux.
621:Franco-Prussian War
589:Marriage and family
583:Franco-Prussian War
549:Thies-Kayes railway
256:Ăcole d'Application
252:Ăcole Polytechnique
195:Governor of Senegal
176:Franco-Prussian War
158:Général de Division
2791:Overseas territory
2316:France Antarctique
2303:Equinoctial France
2266:Dominican Republic
1352:Klein, Martin A.,
1336:Klein, Martin A.,
1175:www.britannica.com
1126:. Paris: Hachette.
1020:. Paris: E. Dentu.
802:history of Senegal
714:
699:
652:divisional general
639:
517:
332:
320:
293:French West Africa
2970:People from Lille
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2842:Amsterdam Islands
2833:Kerguelen Islands
2781:Clipperton Island
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2720:Wallis and Futuna
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2488:Mandate for Syria
2478:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
2440:Indochinese Union
2347:
2346:
2144:
2143:
2057:Equatorial Africa
1811:978-0-02-911190-1
1673:978-0-521-10372-5
1654:978-2-235-01888-3
1467:Saint-Martin 1989
1455:Saint-Martin 1989
1254:978-3-031-30555-9
1229:978-0-02-911190-1
1194:Saint-Martin 1989
1048:. Paris: E.Dentu.
811:He was elected a
635:Battle of Bapaume
427:El Hadj Umar Tall
391:Toucouleur empire
285:chef de bataillon
204:
203:
199:National Assembly
167:Army of the North
92:Kingdom of France
67:29 September 1889
3022:
2872:Glorioso Islands
2853:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2769:
2758:
2732:
2705:Saint Barthélemy
2700:French Polynesia
2691:
2651:
2646:
2635:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2597:
2405:Coromandel Coast
2376:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2234:French Caribbean
2214:Terre Neuve
2173:
2166:
2159:
2150:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1848:(143): 421â441.
1832:
1815:
1794:
1777:
1756:
1747:(223): 236â283.
1722:
1703:
1690:
1677:
1658:
1639:
1602:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1167:
1150:
1143:
1127:
1116:
1099:
1088:
1071:
1060:
1049:
1038:
1021:
1010:
993:
976:
963:
946:
929:
912:
895:
884:
867:
736:in 1871 and the
513:Faidherbe Bridge
305:French dominions
254:and then at the
217:
212:
135:
126:
124:
123:
114:
112:
111:
102:
100:
99:
90:
89:
70:
50:
48:
33:
19:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:
2975:French generals
2950:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2921:Claimed by the
2895:
2891:Tromelin Island
2862:Bassas da India
2846:
2796:French Southern
2785:
2763:
2744:
2724:
2684:
2652: regions
2640:
2629:
2627:Overseas France
2624:
2580:
2562:
2534:
2520:Greater Lebanon
2490:and the Lebanon
2489:
2482:
2434:
2386:
2380:
2343:
2325:
2297:
2228:
2185:
2183:in the Americas
2177:
2140:
2117:
2089:
2051:
1969:
1941:
1935:
1895:
1890:
1860:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1797:
1780:
1774:
1773:978-081791951-1
1759:
1734:
1730:
1728:Further reading
1725:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1680:
1674:
1661:
1655:
1642:
1605:
1591:, ed. (1911). "
1587:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1119:
1102:
1091:
1074:
1063:
1052:
1041:
1024:
1013:
996:
979:
966:
949:
932:
915:
898:
887:
870:
853:
849:
821:
794:Berber language
718:Legion of Honor
691:
623:
591:
561:
487:
479:Kingdom of Sine
475:Martin A. Klein
455:
423:
387:
366:just below the
345:Maurel and Prom
341:Governor Protet
337:
276:
236:
210:
196:
192:Other work
121:
119:
118:
109:
107:
106:
97:
95:
94:
84:
72:
68:
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
23:Louis Faidherbe
17:
12:
11:
5:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2915:Also known as
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:Banc du Geyser
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Crozet Islands
2815:
2807:
2801:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2525:Jabal al-Druze
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2498:State of Syria
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2293:Virgin Islands
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2257:Saint-Domingue
2254:
2252:The Grenadines
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2219:French Florida
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2136:Isle de France
2133:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1833:
1816:
1810:
1795:
1778:
1772:
1757:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1672:
1659:
1653:
1640:
1620:10.2307/523854
1603:
1589:Chisholm, Hugh
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:, p. 201.
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1495:
1493:, p. 215.
1483:
1471:
1469:, p. 271.
1459:
1457:, p. 471.
1447:
1445:, p. 102.
1435:
1433:, p. 101.
1420:
1408:
1393:
1380:
1366:Graëff, Eddy.
1358:
1342:
1329:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1260:
1253:
1235:
1228:
1210:
1198:
1196:, p. 234.
1186:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:Charles Levert
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1100:
1089:
1083:. 7th Series.
1072:
1061:
1050:
1039:
1033:. 3rd Series.
1022:
1011:
1005:. 3rd Series.
994:
977:
964:
947:
930:
913:
896:
885:
879:. 4th series.
868:
862:. 4th series.
850:
848:
845:
820:
817:
734:Grand Officier
707:Antonin Mercié
690:
687:
622:
619:
615:Théophile Aube
590:
587:
560:
557:
515:in Saint-Louis
486:
483:
454:
451:
422:
419:
386:
383:
336:
333:
275:
272:
235:
232:
202:
201:
197:Deputy of the
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
82:
78:
77:
71:(aged 71)
65:
61:
60:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3027:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Europa Island
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2741:
2740:New Caledonia
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:French Guiana
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Alawite State
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Saint Vincent
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Grande Comore
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:Four Communes
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:Arguin Island
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:CĂŽte d'Ivoire
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:(in French).
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1718:2-86537-201-4
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:(1): 95â117.
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1584:public domain
1573:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1558:Coursier 1989
1554:
1551:
1548:, p. 12.
1547:
1546:Coursier 1989
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:Coursier 1989
1530:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:Coursier 1989
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:Coursier 1989
1475:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:Coursier 1989
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:Coursier 1989
1427:
1425:
1421:
1418:, p. 99.
1417:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1306:, p. 95.
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:, p. 97.
1293:
1288:
1285:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1208:, p. 15.
1207:
1206:Coursier 1989
1202:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1149:was elected.
1148:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
974:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
893:
892:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
851:
846:
844:
842:
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834:
833:Saint-Quentin
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799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
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768:
767:
762:
757:
755:
751:
750:Pas-de-Calais
746:
741:
739:
735:
732:in 1861, the
731:
728:in 1855, the
727:
724:in 1852, the
723:
719:
712:
708:
703:
695:
688:
686:
684:
680:
679:Leon Gambetta
676:
675:Pas-de-Calais
672:
671:Pont-Noyelles
668:
664:
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443:Senegal river
440:
436:
435:upper Senegal
432:
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384:
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353:Sénégal River
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66:
62:
59:
55:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2876:
2810:
2710:Saint Martin
2546:New Hebrides
2400:Chandernagor
2392:French India
2224:French Texas
2080:Ubangi-Shari
2075:Middle Congo
2042:James Island
1947:North Africa
1845:
1841:
1820:
1800:
1782:
1762:
1744:
1740:
1708:
1699:
1686:
1663:
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1611:
1607:
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1553:
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1517:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1416:Barrows 1976
1411:
1401:Jones, Jim.
1396:
1388:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1361:
1353:
1337:
1332:
1323:
1311:
1304:Barrows 1976
1299:
1292:Barrows 1976
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1244:
1238:
1219:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
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921:
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859:
822:
810:
789:
788:(1875), and
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
764:
758:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
715:
660:
643:Napoleon III
640:
629:Painting by
612:
592:
572:
567:
562:
530:
518:
491:Gorée Island
488:
463:Serer people
456:
424:
388:
361:
338:
330:in the 1860s
290:
283:
277:
237:
206:
205:
172:Battles/wars
69:(1889-09-29)
2965:1889 deaths
2960:1818 births
2933:Claimed by
2927:Claimed by
2812:Adélie Land
2730:Sui generis
2461:Cochinchina
2278:Saint Lucia
2032:Upper Volta
1975:West Africa
766:département
761:Upper Egypt
738:Grand Croix
579:Constantine
545:Sine-Saloum
395:Niger River
368:FĂ©lou Falls
349:Saint-Louis
328:Saint-Louis
297:Saint-Louis
274:West Africa
248:mathematics
140:French Army
51:3 June 1818
2954:Categories
2929:Madagascar
2838:Saint Paul
2670:Martinique
2665:Guadeloupe
2420:Pondichéry
2131:Madagascar
2003:Mauritania
1278:2024-05-29
1180:2024-05-29
1157:References
1087:: 334â354.
1037:: 293â299.
1009:: 361â425.
992:: 223â270.
928:: 221â248.
883:: 281â300.
730:Commandeur
683:St Quentin
397:, and the
393:along the
357:acacia gum
268:Guadeloupe
234:Early life
81:Allegiance
47:1818-06-03
2935:Mauritius
2794: (
2204:Louisiana
2085:Cameroons
1821:Faidherbe
1783:Faidherbe
1636:143877276
943:559326045
909:249063491
866:: 89â112.
798:geography
740:in 1880.
722:Chevalier
537:navétanes
533:groundnut
485:Economics
415:Casamance
149:1840â1879
2690:Overseas
2650:Overseas
2508:Damascus
2457:Vietnam
2448:Cambodia
2425:Karaikal
2242:Dominica
2037:Togoland
1373:10 April
960:82569267
804:and the
784:(1873),
780:(1871),
776:(1870),
752:and for
726:Officier
647:Prussian
607:Sarakolé
595:Sarakolé
522:Bordeaux
495:Rufisque
326:View of
164:Commands
134:Service/
76:, France
2923:Comoros
2680:RĂ©union
2675:Mayotte
2593:Present
2551:Vanuatu
2539:Oceania
2311:Berbice
2247:Grenada
2103:Anjouan
2095:Comoros
2047:Albreda
2020:Senegal
1988:Dahomey
1965:Tunisia
1960:Morocco
1955:Algeria
1829:5215519
1791:5752225
1586::
1568:Sources
1113:6967898
829:Bapaume
813:senator
405:, King
309:Red Sea
280:Senegal
264:Algeria
228:Senegal
2503:Aleppo
2471:Tonkin
2430:Yanaon
2410:Madras
2288:Tobago
2209:Canada
2199:Acadia
2113:Mohéli
1998:Guinea
1900:Former
1827:
1808:
1789:
1770:
1715:
1670:
1651:
1634:
1628:523854
1626:
1580:
1251:
1226:
1111:
958:
941:
907:
806:Sahara
720:: the
669:, and
667:Hallue
605:, and
471:Fatick
447:Gambia
431:Muslim
429:, the
411:Khasso
372:Trarza
364:MĂ©dine
244:hosier
220:French
182:Awards
136:branch
125:
113:
101:
58:France
2466:Annam
2321:Inini
2262:HaĂŻti
2070:Gabon
2015:Niger
1993:Sudan
1632:S2CID
1624:JSTOR
1133:Notes
847:Works
825:Lille
819:Death
745:Somme
711:Lille
603:Pular
599:Wolof
526:MĂ©tis
499:Dakar
407:Samba
403:Bundu
399:Cayor
379:Waalo
375:Moors
301:Niger
240:Lille
74:Paris
54:Lille
2840:and
2453:Laos
2415:Mahé
2065:Chad
1825:OCLC
1806:ISBN
1787:OCLC
1768:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1375:2015
1249:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1109:OCLC
956:OCLC
939:OCLC
905:OCLC
835:and
800:and
754:Nord
575:Bona
543:and
541:Baol
493:and
445:and
260:Metz
154:Rank
64:Died
41:Born
1850:doi
1749:doi
1616:doi
1595:".
709:in
663:Ham
457:At
409:of
377:in
258:in
2956::
2264:,
1846:36
1840:.
1745:61
1743:.
1739:.
1698:.
1685:.
1630:.
1622:.
1612:19
1610:.
1498:^
1423:^
1345:^
1271:.
1173:.
1079:.
1035:10
1029:.
1001:.
988:.
984:.
971:.
924:.
920:.
881:11
875:.
858:.
843:.
831:,
827:,
808:.
665:,
658:.
601:,
585:.
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230:.
56:,
2800:)
2619:e
2612:t
2605:v
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2172:e
2165:t
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1930:e
1923:t
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1878:t
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1856:.
1852::
1831:.
1814:.
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1755:.
1751::
1721:.
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1638:.
1618::
1524:.
1512:.
1377:.
1318:.
1281:.
1257:.
1232:.
1183:.
1115:.
1085:2
1007:8
990:4
962:.
945:.
926:8
911:.
864:7
637:.
209:(
49:)
45:(
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