792:, thereby endorsing the CPUSA's 1932 Presidential ticket. After the election, the League truncated its name to the League of Professional Groups and adopted a program written by Corey providing for ongoing political and educational activity. The Communist Party remained aloof from the organization, however, as the group sought to maintain financial and ideological autonomy from the party in order to better appeal to non-party left wing intellectuals. By the middle of 1933, lacking the CPUSA's publicity and financial support, the League had dissolved.
565:. Implausibilities in Peterson's testimony were ultimately highlighted and Fraina was able to provide a rock-solid alibi that he was not in the city of New York at the time of one of the three alleged "sightings" at Justice Department headquarters, and Fraina was exonerated of Peterson's allegations and allowed to travel to Soviet Russia again. A stenographic report of the Peterson-Fraina encounter was published by the CPA as a pamphlet as
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avoided the "flamboyant, hysterical" behavior characteristic of some
Mexican political gatherings. Fraina came to feel overwhelmed by the pressing demand of the few activists in the tiny CPM for immediate revolution, however — a vision that for a long time he had realistically dismissed — and he appealed to the Comintern for the dispatch of a veteran Russian militant to Mexico to guide the organization. Disaffection was to follow.
190:
582:
629:, a 70-year-old veteran of the Japanese and American socialist movements and Karlis Jansen (underground party name: "Charles Scott") a trusted figure in the Latvian-American radical movement. Also returning to Mexico was Charles Phillips, who had been at the 2nd World Congress as a representative of the Communist Party of Mexico and who was the only one of these top Comintern officials who spoke Spanish.
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358:
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Peterson offered direct testimony about reports he had been allowed to see bearing Louis Fraina's name, checks he had been allowed to see bearing Louis Fraina's signed endorsement, and details of three separate encounters with a person he had believed to be Louis Fraina in the halls of the
Department of Justice's New York headquarters.
341:, an urbane theoretical magazine launched by New York socialists in January a year previously. Fraina remained at the head of the editorial board of that publication until its termination early in 1916 owing to lack of funds. A few months later Fraina landed another position as a magazine editor, this time as the chief of
858:. The so-called Lovestoneites embraced the fundamental tenets of Marxism, but oriented themselves towards the American trade union movement and away from foreign domination of the International Communist movement and its centrally-determined obsession with advancing the foreign policy interests of the USSR. With
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communist. His father had come to the United States without obtaining naturalization papers and young Louis had decided against filing later due to his 1917 conviction as a conscientious objector. The case was tied up for years, and his application for a
Certificate of Lawful Entry was denied under the
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In retrospect, his biographer later observed, it seemed as though Corey was possessed by a "fervent desire to write his way back into the
Communist movement." Corey seems to have had no qualms about the political role of the Communist Party, eagerly signing the manifesto of the League of Professional
688:
Disillusioned with the incessant factionalism that seemed to render the fledgling communist movement impotent, Fraina and his wife and baby daughter returned to the United States from Mexico in 1923. The family settled in New York City where Fraina — temporarily adopting the pseudonym "Charles Joseph
679:
In
December 1921 Fraina and Gomez helped organize a convention to reestablish the Communist Party of Mexico — a gathering attended by 21 delegates, purportedly representing a party membership of 1,000. Fraina reported to the Comintern approvingly of the "sobriety and steadiness" of the delegates, who
616:
While Fraina and his views were widely respected among
Comintern delegates, he was not elected as an American representative to ECCI. In Moscow, American communist Charles Phillips later indicated his belief that the Comintern sought "a native-born and quintessentially American exemplar" such as Reed
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into the
American military. Ultimately, Corey's academic position was made permanent with the school and he became an assistant professor of economics there despite the fact that he had never himself studied in high school, let alone at the university level. Corey would remain at Antioch through the
572:
Finally allowed to depart for Moscow, Fraina arrived only to find that rumors of the espionage charge had not been dispelled. Two more hearings were held under the auspices of the
Comintern itself — one before the convening of the 2nd World Congress and the second one immediately after. The findings
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were employed by the CPA to aid with Fraina's travel arrangements and to accompany him abroad. Nosivitsky, believed to be an active and trustworthy member of the communist movement and an individual who had been used as a secret international courier, was in actuality a police spy working undercover
1027:
In 1952, on
Christmas Day, Corey received an announcement of an impending deportation order. The next month he was terminated from employment by the Butcher's Union, for whom he worked. Corey spent his last months traveling between New York City and Washington, working with lawyers in his effort to
525:
Back in
America, a scandal was brewing. A Finnish American former socialist newspaper editor with extensive linguistic abilities named Ferdinand Peterson was induced to join the Justice Department as an undercover informant after being discharged from the American Army in 1919. Peterson confided in
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in April 1917. This decision was bitterly opposed by the Socialist Party of America, which at its 1917 Emergency National Convention passed a militant document pledging continued opposition and resistance to the effort. Fraina rejoined the Socialist Party at this time and soon emerged as one of the
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Whether to reduce the factional drama between representative of the rival American organizations delegated to Moscow or to remove him altogether from American politics, Fraina was instead dispatched to Mexico to work on behalf of the Comintern there. Joining Fraina as a Comintern representative to
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The Justice Department seems to have been aware of Peterson's duplicity, but nevertheless kept him on the payroll. Peterson came to believe—or was led to believe—that Louis Fraina was also on the payroll of the Justice Department. This information was conveyed to Nuorteva, a factional opponent of
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Ironically, as Corey's politics turned against his Stalinist beliefs, he ran afoul of the federal prosecutors. In December 1950, Corey was served with a deportation warrant from the US Department of Justice charging that he had been in the country illegally almost his entire life and for being a
914:
Lewis Corey formally broke with circles that were supportive of the Russian way to communism in 1940, disillusioned with the atrocities committed by the regime headed by Joseph Stalin, by the CPUSA's sugarcoating and endorsing unpalatable Soviet realities, and by the organizational impotence and
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of the Socialist Party. As arguably the top English-speaking leader of the new organization, Fraina was elected temporary chairman at the opening of the Founding Convention of the Communist Party of America on September 1, 1919, and delivered the keynote address to that body. He was also elected
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when he was already en route, that leaving his new wife behind in Russia had been a mistake. Fraina requested permission from Moscow for the former Esther Nesvishskaya, a low level Comintern employee, to join him in Mexico — a request which was granted. Before making the trip to Mexico, Fraina,
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Fraina graduated from primary school in 1905 but his father died just five weeks later, forcing Louis to abandon school in order to get a full-time job. He was never able to attend high school or college — despite a lifetime career path that saw Fraina working as the education director of major
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existed in name only, with only party secretary José Allen and a small group organized as the Young Communist Federation remaining committed to the idea of building a revolutionary Marxist political party in the country. The Comintern representatives established an office as the Latin American
556:
in Moscow, these espionage allegations regarding Fraina came to a head and the RSGB declared the necessity of resolution of the question before Fraina would be permitted to travel. A "party trial" was held at the office of the RSGB in an attempt to determine the veracity of Peterson's charges.
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Within weeks of Corey assuming the post at Antioch, University administrators began receiving anonymous letters relating to Corey's communist past. Both the anti-communist right and Communist Party members and fellow travelers took aim at Corey, with leaflets circulated and a story run in the
771:, which documents the history, operations, and methods of J. P. Morgan & Co.'s finance banking and of its historical and political-economic context at the center of the creation of Wall Street finance capitalism -- forthright, unvarnished, well-documented. The early 1930s, marked by the
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Fraina made the case that Mexico (as well as the rest of Latin America) represented a colonial base of American capitalism, and that in the fight to overthrow the latter, communist revolutionary movements should be sponsored in the former. Reed, on the other hand, emphasized the nationalist
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Corey depicted a bifurcated world with collapsing capitalism pitted against the "aspiration" of Soviet communism to engage in the "creation of a new world." Corey expressed a renewed commitment to the latter, noting approvingly that planned economy functioned in the USSR only because "the
444:(1918–1919). Combined with his other speaking, writing, and organizational activities, this position as editor of the leading radical publications of the day helped make Fraina arguably the leading theoretical and political figure of the founding days of the American communist movement.
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on the second day of the proceedings. A raid by the authorities soon followed, during which many delegates were arrested before being ordered to leave the country or physically deported. Fraina and Nosovitsky were not detained, but rather made their way to the home of Dutch radical
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aspirations of the Mexican people and their potential to install a broad democratic government in the already existing political climate — a government which would nationalize significant portions of the country's natural resources, thereby hampering American capitalism there.
839:. Corey was looked upon by the party no longer as a disreputable political transgressor with a checkered past, but rather as a prestigious intellectual ally. This ideological proximity was emphasized when Corey was chosen to edit a special issue of the CPUSA literary monthly
330:, one of the pivotal events of the American labor movement of that decade. This strike, in which members of some two dozen nationalities stayed out for weeks to resist a wage reduction, facing violence and arrest, was deeply influential upon Fraina. It was there that the
959:. Corey regarded this as his "final detailed repudiation" of the Marxian edifice. By 1945, Corey had taken to calling his former comrades "political totalitarians" and accusing them of using "power politics and conspiratorial infiltration" to gain their unsavory ends.
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Corey suffered a traumatic cerebral hemorrhage at his desk on September 15, 1953, lapsed into a coma, and died the next day. Two days later, a Certificate of Lawful Entry posthumously arrived in the mail, along with a contract from a publisher for a projected book,
1405:
Charles Phillips, who was close to both Reed and Fraina in Moscow, indicates that he had explicitly "asked the ECCI to keep Louis away from American affairs after the congress," owing to suspicion generated by the widely circulated spy rumors. See: Shipman,
42:
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beginning to rage in the Soviet Union from 1936 onward, the Lovestone political organization's criticism of the USSR became increasingly harsh and its appreciation of American institutions more pronounced — a perspective which Corey himself shared.
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Defending Fraina's honor against the allegations of the admitted double-agent Peterson, bolstered by the testimony of Nuorteva, was the still-concealed Justice Department employee Jacob Nosovitsky together with Fraina himself and his attorney,
307:. He made streetcorner speeches in New York City every weekend in good weather, learning the art of public oratory in the trenches and mastering the loud and dramatic form of presentation needed to captivate strangers when speaking from a
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sympathetically, placing a large order for the party's book store network, but in the fall of 1934 it suddenly was made the object of intense criticism, including a harsh serialized critique in the October and November 1934 issues of
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The first international conclave attended by Fraina as representative of the CPA was a secret conference conducted by the short-lived Western European Bureau of the Communist International, slated to begin on February 10, 1920, in
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All creative originality was congealed into a system which had a "Marxist" explanation for everything..., which was unjust to Marx himself because the system denied his emphasis on the historical relativity of
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Corey's political path took another detour in the latter part of 1936, when he moved again away from the CPUSA's orbit and began an association with the dissident Communist movement around expelled party leader
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in August 1939 and the actual eruption of European war Fraina had a change of heart, however, and he resigned from the Keep America Out of War Committee and became supportive of the British war effort against
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at a conference held on the topic of post-war reconstruction. Corey impressed school officials with his knowledge and acumen and was asked to temporarily replace a young economics professor who had been
538:
consulate of Soviet Russia—of this assignment. Nuorteva helped Peterson provide a stream of uncontroversial and non-revelatory content for his daily reports throughout the summer and early fall of 1919.
431:, distributing official communications on behalf of the Soviet government, which was isolated by the European war and the object of sometimes imaginative vilification in the pages of the American press.
393:. The publication, which first saw print in May 1917, soon became a leading voice of the radical wing of the Socialist Party, individuals who congealed into an organized political faction called the
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of southern Italy. His father was a radical Republican and left Italy for America in 1897, to be joined by his wife and son a year later. Luigi's name was Americanized to "Louis" upon his arrival.
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and the political activity of Katayama and Fraina was driven underground. Katayama left the country in October 1921, although Phillips managed to secretly return under the alias "Manuel Gomez."
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that emerged early in 1919. Fraina was a delegate to the June 1919 National Council of the Left Wing held in New York City and was prominent in the effort of members of the party's suspended
505:
Although apparently not tipped off by Nosovitsky himself, Amsterdam police authorities were well aware of the Comintern's secret gathering in the city, and bugged the conference room with a
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Phillips was the first to arrive in Mexico, landing in January 1921, with the others arriving somewhat later. Fraina's arrival was delayed somewhat by his belated decision, made only in
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on October 17, 1920, Fraina was not selected to join the Comintern's directive body, perhaps owing to a residual aura of suspicion related to discredited espionage charges against him.
743:. He remained there through 1930, with his research channeled into a book on the rise to dominant position of the investment banking firm of J. P. Morgan and its operations called
940:
The bitter admission must be made that all variants of Marxism, "revolutionary" and "reformist," meeting the pragmatic test of history, have revealed fatal shortcomings....
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Katayama, and "Scott" made a stop in New York City, where they attempted without success to broker a unity agreement between the two feuding American communist Parties.
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1921 was marked by marching in the streets and the raising of a red flag above the city's central cathedral — provoking a reaction by the government of President
724:— Lewis Corey — a name formed by adapting his first name and middle initial. This pseudonym was later made permanent by the family through a legal name change.
711:. Fraina joined the International Typographers Union in association with these jobs in the printing industry and remained a member for the next twenty years.
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951:"The socialist system of collective ownership is compatible with totalitarianism,..." there is a totalitarian potential in the socialist economic system.
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Early in 1914, Fraina resigned from the Socialist Labor Party. He remained politically active, however, and in the fall of 1914 he became the editor of
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The allure of writing again began to call Fraina, however, and in May 1926 he published the first of a handful of articles in the liberal news weekly,
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with which Fraina was associated to form the American Bolshevik Bureau of Information. The body was joined by Soviet Russian official representative
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and the international crisis of world capitalism, was a time of renewed radical zeal for Corey. In the pages of the independent Marxist magazine
299:, a party which Fraina joined shortly after his departure from the SPA. Fraina was an enthusiastic convert to the SLP, making public speeches on
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As was the case for many inter-war era radicals, Corey was opposed to American intervention in a new European world war and was a member of the
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Fraina's CLP counterpart, John Reed, died in Moscow in October 1920. Reed's body lay in state before interment with honors in the Kremlin wall.
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The fledgling Mexican communist movement began to suffer an exaggerated sense of its size and influence, however. A rally in Mexico City on
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807:(1935). During this interval Fraina remained a neo-Marxist, although standing outside the Communist Party. The CPUSA initially treated
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878:, remaining in that position for about six months. He left that post to assume the position of education director of Local 22 of the
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1971:
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Corey's search for a new social philosophy and program to replace the one he had discarded found expression in a 1942 book entitled
886:
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By 1910, Fraina was writing voluminously for the daily newspaper published by the SLP. According to Fraina's biographer, historian
653:(Communist Bulletin). A convention was held in February 1921 which established a new radical national trade union federation, the
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427:, ostensibly as the delegate of the "New York Section of Russian Bolsheviki." The Bureau served as a forerunner of the official
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in 1921 over the alleged misappropriation of funds, Fraina left the organized radical movement, emerging in 1926 as a left wing
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was regarded as a matter of importance to the Comintern and both Fraina for the Communist Party of America and his counterpart
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1998:
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Corey's public declaration of his alienation from Marxism came in a three part series published in the liberal news weekly
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of all committees were unanimous and the charges of espionage against Fraina were dismissed, albeit never fully dispelled.
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One Year of Revolution: Celebrating the First Anniversary of the Founding of the Russian Soviet Republic: November 7, 1918
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crushed the exploiters and prevents their reappearance," thereby allowing "socialization of the whole national economy."
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456:
389:
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A Dreamer's Paradise Lost: Louis C. Fraina/Lewis Corey (1892-1953) and the Decline of Radicalism in the United States
2017:
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A Dreamer's Paradise Lost: Louis C. Fraina/Lewis Corey (1892-1953) and the Decline of Radicalism in the United States
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era, deportation proceedings were initiated against Fraina-Corey. After a protracted legal battle, Corey died of a
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liberals in establishing the Union for Democratic Action (UDA) — an organization which later changed its name to
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of the rival CLP presented differing perspectives on the Mexican situation at the 2nd World Congress and at the
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1989:
1977:
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among its councils that gave him the advantage over Fraina in being named to ECCI. Even when Reed succumbed to
569:, in which it was broadly hinted that it was Nuorteva rather than Fraina who was guilty of espionage activity.
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657:(CGT). Comintern funds were also used to establish a publishing house, Biblioteca Internacional, which issued
522:, where several other delegates had assembled. They remained there a week before returning home to America.
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While his 1934 book was treated harshly by the CPUSA, the same can not be said about Corey's 1935 effort,
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The middle 1930s saw Corey producing two weighty works on contemporary economics for commercial publisher
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and others seeking to establish a new Communist Party of America (CPA) independent of the outcome of the
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Richard B. Spence, "Catching Louis Fraina: Loyal Communist, US Government Informant, or British Agent?"
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Fraina and the CPA, who levied these suspicions publicly in the pages of the Socialist Party daily, the
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249:, reading broadly. From an early age, Fraina was engrossed with the ideas of political radicalism and
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Skala" — took a job as a clerk in a dry good store for $ 12 a week, while his wife went to work in a
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to a new, more inclusive effort to build bridges with liberals and non-party radicals known as the
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Fraina was also the editor of two of the earliest proto-communist newspapers in the United States,
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in New York City. The collection includes 10 linear feet of material housed in 24 archival boxes.
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and working part-time as a newsboy from the age of 6. He later helped his mother in the making of
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1953:
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In 1918, Fraina was responsible for the first post-revolutionary collection of the writings of
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489:. As he was not a citizen of the United States, Fraina was forced to make this trip without a
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Cover of the Fraina "Party Trial" pamphlet published by the Communist Party of America in 1920
927:. Corey was named research director for that organization, ending his tenure with the ILGWU.
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772:
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Daniel Bell, "Editor's Note" to Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," pg. 103.
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Depiction of New York's Bowery district, circa 1910, where Louis Fraina spent his boyhood.
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Louis C. Fraina as he appeared in a grainy Bureau of Investigation identification photo.
2187:"Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953: A Bibliography with Autobiographical Notes,"
1104:"Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953: A Bibliography with Autobiographical Notes,"
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of the House Un-American Activities Committee, and the Cleveland League of Justice and
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898:. Coming on the heels of the 1937–1939 secret police terror, the apparent duplicity of
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253:, publishing his first essay, "Shelley, the Atheist Poet," in the agnostic journal
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The Impossible Triangle: Mexico, Soviet Russia, and the United States in the 1920s
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International Secretary by that body — the group's de facto first delegate to the
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882:(ILGWU), located in New York City. Corey would remain with the ILGWU until 1939.
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in the radical movement and reporting on the activities of its principals to the
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369:
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Louis C. Fraina was born as Luigi Carlo Fraina on October 7, 1892, in the Galdo
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had their day in the sun — and the revolutionary possibilities seemed endless.
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1861:, Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University, collection MS#0282.
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moved Corey away from the communist movement for a second time — permanently.
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2199:. 2nd ed. New Brunswick (USA) & London (UK): Transaction Publishers, 2003
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Early in 1918, five radical Russian groups united with the English-speaking
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and spurred the desire for emulation on the part of many American radicals.
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1884:. With Nikolai Lenin and Leon Trotzky. New York: The Communist Press, 1918.
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Fraina was the editor of the newspaper of the Socialist Propaganda League,
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in 1909. Fraina seems to have been greatly influenced by the writings of
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69:
412:, gave English-speaking readers their first glimpse at the ideas of the
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as a youth, later stating that he had joined (and quickly departed) the
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Corey's papers are housed in the Rare Book & Manuscript section of
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Just as Fraina was preparing to depart for Europe again to attend the
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Quoted in Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," pg. 118.
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entitled "Red Teaching at Antioch." Further attacks were launched by
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that served as the fundamental theoretical document of the organized
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factionalism of the non-Communist left. In that year he joined with
152:(October 7, 1892 – September 15, 1953) was a founding member of the
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322:. Fraina's most important journalistic task while on the staff of
318:, "No one, not even DeLeon by this time, wrote more regularly for
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Fraina and his two Comintern associates soon discovered that the
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Mexico as part of a new "Pan-American Agency" was the venerable
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1906:
The House of Morgan: A Social Biography of the Masters of Money
1809:
Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892–1953," pp. 120-121.
747:, published in 1931. That same year Fraina was hired to assist
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American Labor Dynamics in the Light of Post-War Developments
759:. He remained with the project until its completion in 1934.
1941:
Meat and Man: A Study of Monopoly, Unionism, and Food Policy
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Revolutionary Socialism: A Study in Socialist Reconstruction
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Lewis Corey, "National Economic Planning and the Liberals,"
1974:. New York: League of Conscientious Objectors, c. May 1917.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892–1953," pg. 121.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," pg. 120.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," pg. 118.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," pg. 117.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892–1953," pg. 115.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," pg. 113.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," pg. 114.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," pg. 112.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892–1953," pg. 107.
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Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," pg. 106.
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headquarters of the Profintern and founded two newspapers,
1935:
The Unfinished Task: Economic Reconstruction for Democracy
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New York: Greenwood Reprint Corporation, 1968; pp. i - ii.
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Martin Glaberman and George P. Rawick, "Introduction" to
1122:. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1995. Page 2.
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The establishment of a functioning communist movement in
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to be published in the United States. The book, entitled
720:. Fraina marked his comeback with the adoption of a new
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The precocious and brilliant Fraina pursued the path of
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and plied his trade on the streets as a shoe shine boy.
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It Had to Be Revolution: Memoirs of an American Radical
2106:"Revolutions, Old and New," in S. Schmalhausen (ed.),
2099:"Bigger and Better Panics," in S. Schmalhausen (ed.),
1338:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993; pg. 107.
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before the action against him was formally abandoned.
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Stenographic Report of the "Trial" of Louis C. Fraina
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Stenographic Report of the "Trial" of Louis C. Fraina
271:, flagship newspaper of the newspaper chain owned by
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followed, catching the attention of newspaper editor
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and worked part-time as a substitute proofreader at
265:, who offered Fraina a job as a cub reporter at the
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2023:. Brooklyn, NY: The Class Struggle, 1918; pp. 3–6.
1354:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999; pg. 44.
1309:. London: John Lane the Bodley Head, 1941; pg. 87.
2173:. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1995.
2071:"The New Capitalism," in J. B. S. Hardman (ed.),
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1837:
1613:, vol. 4 (Summer 1932), pg. 89. Cited in Buhle,
672:. Charles Phillips was arrested and deported to
2257:Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America
1928:. New York: Union for Democratic Action, 1941.
2014:, vol. 2, no. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1918), pp. 29 – 67.
1218:, Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/
1983:, vol. 1, no. 2 (July-Aug. 1917), pp. 75–99.
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2075:. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1928.
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1011:of its professor in spite of these attacks.
880:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
845:thematically focused upon the middle class.
816:, the party's monthly theoretical magazine.
2217:Louis Fraina (Lewis Corey) Internet Archive
1968:, vol. 17, no. 9 (March 1917), pp. 556–557.
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1007:. The Antioch administration supported the
966:, a private liberal arts school located at
1995:, vol. 1, no. 4 (Nov.-Dec. 1917), pp. 1–5.
1266:Revolutionary Age: Volumes 1–2, 1918–1919.
1260:
1258:
661:and books by prominent European radicals.
353:Pioneer communist theoretician (1917–1919)
234:unions, assuming a place as an author and
40:
29:
2262:Members of the Socialist Party of America
2206:, vol. 11, no. 1 (April 2012), pp. 81–97.
1898:. Boston: The Revolutionary Age, 1919. —
1441:. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1962; pp. 46-47.
1439:The First Ten Years of American Communism
1197:See his "Report on the Lawrence Strike,"
823:, which was received warmly. By now, the
373:leaders of the organization's left wing.
2092:"Dividends are Insured, Why Not Wages?"
1959:, vol. 14, no. 1 (July 1913), pp. 25–28.
1680:
1678:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1535:
1533:
1252:. New York: Viking Press, 1957; pg. 107.
1228:
1226:
1224:
509:machine—a device discovered by delegate
453:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
395:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
2004:, vol. 11, no. 4 (Jan. 5, 1918), pg. 7.
1276:
1274:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
295:, editor of the newspaper of the rival
2043:"Is Income More Equally Distributed?"
2033:, v. 2, no. 1 (July 5, 1919), pp. 4–5.
1999:"The Bolsheviki — Socialism in Action!
1963:"Mass Action and Industrial Unionism,"
1954:"Syndicalism and Industrial Unionism,"
1892:. New York: The Communist Press, 1918.
1605:
1603:
767:In 1930, Corey publish his history of
731:drew notice and in 1929 he received a
242:at the university level for a decade.
2182:. : Communist Party of America, 1920.
2008:The Proletarian Revolution in Russia"
1908:. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1930.
735:at the Institute of Economics of the
655:Confederación General de Trabajadores
493:and legal visas. The services of one
7:
2192:, vol. 4 (Spring 1963), pp. 103-131.
2103:New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1930.
1881:The Proletarian Revolution in Russia
1028:stave off deportation to his native
976:end of the 1950–1951 academic year.
866:In 1937, Corey worked briefly as an
410:The Proletarian Revolution in Russia
156:in 1919. After running afoul of the
2027:"The National Left Wing Conference"
827:had changed from the ultra-radical
757:Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
599:Congress of the Peoples of the East
554:2nd World Congress of the Comintern
2297:American people of Italian descent
2267:Members of the Communist Party USA
1913:The Decline of American Capitalism
1859:"Lewis Corey papers, ca.1910-1953"
1038:Toward an Understanding of America
809:The Decline of American Capitalism
801:The Decline of American Capitalism
461:1919 Emergency National Convention
25:
2302:American political party founders
910:Breaking with Marxism (1940–1953)
902:in negotiating a peace pact with
887:Keep America Out of War Committee
755:in the production of a 12 volume
577:The Mexican interlude (1921–1923)
305:revolutionary industrial unionism
2159:, Feb. 17, 24 and March 2, 1940.
2110:. New York: Covici-Friede, 1933.
2057:"Who Owns the Nation's Wealth?"
2036:"How is Ownership Distributed?"
1922:. New York: Covici-Friede, 1935.
1916:. New York: Covici-Friede, 1934.
1896:The Social Revolution in Germany
1109:, vol. 4 (Spring 1963), pg. 105.
532:Russian Soviet Government Bureau
429:Russian Soviet Government Bureau
297:Socialist Labor Party of America
123:Socialist Labor Party of America
2197:The Roots of American Communism
2152:, vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1939).
1978:"Socialists and War: A Debate,"
1291:The Roots of American Communism
1250:The Roots of American Communism
925:Americans for Democratic Action
849:Communist dissident (1936–1939)
782:dictatorship of the proletariat
502:as its special employee N-100.
472:1919–1920 espionage controversy
332:Industrial Workers of the World
279:Left wing socialist (1909-1916)
2113:"Crisis of the Middle Class,"
2085:"Wall Street and Hard Times,"
1966:International Socialist Review
1957:International Socialist Review
1948:Selected articles and leaflets
1920:The Crisis of the Middle Class
1900:Collection of journal articles
874:with the federal government's
821:The Crisis of the Middle Class
805:The Crisis of the Middle Class
530:, now a leading member of the
1:
2223:. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
2141:"The Problem of Prosperity,"
876:Works Progress Administration
703:Street and Smith Publications
693:. He later landed a job as a
684:Return to America (1923–1930)
447:Fraina was the author of the
2176:Communist Party of America,
2127:"American Class Relations,"
2117:, Aug. 14, 21, and 28, 1935.
2078:"Who Gains By Speculation?"
2050:"Employee Stock-Ownership,"
457:foreign language federations
376:In 1917, Fraina joined with
2108:Recovery Through Revolution
2064:"Concentration of Income,"
421:Socialist Propaganda League
257:in 1909. Other articles in
27:American communist activist
2318:
2204:American Communist History
2120:"Challenge to Economics,"
1133:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost,
1069:, Fraina was portrayed by
919:, Murray Gross, and other
368:The United States entered
303:and the SLP's ideas about
289:Socialist Party of America
2272:American Comintern people
2247:American anti-capitalists
2221:Marxists Internet Archive
2018:"Lenin: An Appreciation,"
1972:"Conscientious Objectors"
1943:. New York: Viking, 1950.
1937:. New York: Viking, 1942.
1847:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1829:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1798:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1726:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1713:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1700:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1670:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1657:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1641:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1628:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1615:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1595:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1553:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1186:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1173:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
1160:A Dreamer's Paradise Lost
642:Communist Party of Mexico
526:his former party comrade
39:
2282:Italian anti-capitalists
2155:"Marxism Reconsidered,"
1985:—Reissued as a pamphlet.
962:In 1942, Corey spoke at
936:, in which he declared:
500:US Department of Justice
268:New York Evening Journal
2148:"The Cultural Crisis,"
1926:A Program for Americans
1525:The Impossible Triangle
1509:The Impossible Triangle
1496:The Impossible Triangle
1483:The Impossible Triangle
1470:The Impossible Triangle
1452:The Impossible Triangle
1426:The Impossible Triangle
1408:It Had to Be Revolution
1394:It Had to Be Revolution
1381:The Impossible Triangle
1365:The Impossible Triangle
1201:, February 16–25, 1912.
891:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
534:(RSGB) in New York—the
466:Communist International
414:Russian Communist Party
328:Lawrence Textile Strike
301:revolutionary socialism
273:William Randolph Hearst
158:Communist International
2134:"Veblen and Marxism,"
980:Federal investigations
953:
889:. With signing of the
788:Groups for Foster and
586:
481:
365:
363:The New International.
326:was covering the 1913
214:Fraina grew up in the
194:
2031:The Revolutionary Age
938:
763:Left turn (1930–1936)
737:Brookings Institution
584:
479:
441:The Revolutionary Age
436:The New International
360:
192:
968:Yellow Springs, Ohio
860:secret police terror
749:Edwin R. A. Seligman
378:Marxist theoretician
2252:American communists
1874:Books and pamphlets
1049:Columbia University
957:The Unfinished Task
769:The House of Morgan
745:The House of Morgan
609:in September 1920.
449:Left Wing Manifesto
236:public intellectual
209:Province of Salerno
174:cerebral hemorrhage
162:public intellectual
154:Communist Party USA
143:Esther Nesvishskaya
2292:Italian communists
2287:Italian socialists
2012:The Class Struggle
1993:The Class Struggle
1981:The Class Struggle
1005:Gerald L. K. Smith
708:The New York Times
587:
482:
390:The Class Struggle
383:as a co-editor of
366:
195:
81:September 16, 1953
56:Luigi Carlo Fraina
2277:American Marxists
2195:Theodore Draper,
2143:Marxist Quarterly
2136:Marxist Quarterly
2129:Marxist Quarterly
2089:, March 26, 1930.
2082:, April 17, 1929.
1986:
1931:
1437:James P. Cannon,
1350:Daniela Spenser,
1334:Charles Shipman,
1248:Theodore Draper,
1212:"Introduction to
777:Modern Quarterly,
697:for magazine and
651:Boletín Comunista
649:(The Worker) and
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
2309:
2096:, Nov. 26, 1930.
2087:The New Republic
2080:The New Republic
2066:The New Republic
2061:, Aug. 10, 1927.
2059:The New Republic
2052:The New Republic
2047:, Jan. 26, 1927.
2045:The New Republic
2038:The New Republic
2002:The Evening Call
1990:"The IWW Trial,"
1984:
1929:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1796:Cited in Buhle,
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1611:Modern Quarterly
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1100:
1023:Death and legacy
1009:academic freedom
917:Reinhold Niebuhr
872:Washington, D.C.
773:Great Depression
729:The New Republic
727:Corey's work in
717:The New Republic
528:Santeri Nuorteva
495:Jacob Nosovitsky
324:The Daily People
320:The Daily People
259:The Truth Seeker
255:The Truth Seeker
134:Social Democracy
101:Other names
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2169:Paul M. Buhle,
2166:
2164:Further reading
2138:, January 1937.
2131:, January 1937.
2124:, Aug. 1, 1936.
2101:Behold America!
2054:, May 11, 1927.
1950:
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1055:Popular culture
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988:Chicago Tribune
982:
964:Antioch College
948:
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511:Michael Borodin
474:
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283:Fraina came to
281:
263:Arthur Brisbane
238:, and teaching
203:of the town of
187:
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164:by the name of
150:Louis C. Fraina
119:Political party
96:
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66:October 7, 1892
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2211:External links
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2185:Esther Corey,
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993:J. B. Matthews
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2011:
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1992:
1980:
1965:
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1511:, pp. 48-49.
1508:
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1495:
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1485:, pp. 47-48.
1482:
1477:
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1454:, pp. 46-47.
1451:
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1438:
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1425:
1407:
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1393:
1388:
1380:
1367:, pp. 44-45.
1364:
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1335:
1319:
1314:
1307:New Horizons
1306:
1290:
1285:
1265:
1249:
1216:(1913–1916)"
1213:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1180:
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1132:
1127:
1119:
1114:
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1071:Paul Sorvino
1065:
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1034:
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1017:McCarran Act
1013:
986:
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956:
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950:
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939:
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904:Adolf Hitler
884:
865:
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829:Third Period
820:
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794:
786:
776:
768:
766:
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744:
739:, a liberal
728:
726:
715:
713:
706:
699:pulp fiction
687:
678:
663:
650:
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631:
627:Sen Katayama
623:
615:
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588:
571:
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563:Louis Boudin
559:
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166:Lewis Corey.
165:
149:
148:
83:(1953-09-16)
18:Louis Fraina
2242:1953 deaths
2237:1892 births
803:(1934) and
695:proofreader
468:in Moscow.
438:(1918) and
385:Ludwig Lore
370:World War I
251:freethought
185:Early years
168:During the
125:(1919-1921)
109:Citizenship
104:Lewis Corey
2231:Categories
2157:The Nation
2122:The Nation
2115:The Nation
2094:The Nation
1930:—Unsigned.
1849:, pg. 177.
1831:, pg. 176.
1800:, pg. 169.
1728:, pg. 150.
1715:, pg. 149.
1702:, pg. 138.
1672:, pg. 135.
1659:, pg. 134.
1643:, pg. 133.
1630:, pg. 132.
1617:, pg. 132.
1597:, pg. 131.
1555:, pg. 104.
1410:, pg. 123.
1396:, pg. 123.
1293:, pg. 227.
1199:The People
933:The Nation
825:party line
741:think tank
733:fellowship
701:publisher
607:Azerbaijan
520:Amersfoort
507:dictaphone
316:Paul Buhle
62:1892-10-07
1527:, pg. 49.
1523:Spenser,
1507:Spenser,
1498:, pg. 48.
1494:Spenser,
1481:Spenser,
1472:, pg. 47.
1468:Spenser,
1450:Spenser,
1428:, pg. 46.
1424:Spenser,
1392:Shipman,
1383:, pg. 45.
1379:Spenser,
1363:Spenser,
1188:, pg. 11.
1175:, pg. 10.
1077:Footnotes
999:in 1942,
946:ideas....
868:economist
691:sweatshop
674:Guatemala
659:pamphlets
595:John Reed
487:Amsterdam
397:in 1919.
285:socialism
240:economics
207:, in the
180:Biography
1318:Murphy,
1289:Draper,
1162:, pg. 4.
1063:'s film
835:against
722:pen name
601:held in
536:de facto
491:passport
205:Campagna
200:frazione
170:McCarthy
130:Movement
113:American
93:New York
70:Campagna
1845:Buhle,
1827:Buhle,
1724:Buhle,
1711:Buhle,
1698:Buhle,
1668:Buhle,
1655:Buhle,
1639:Buhle,
1626:Buhle,
1593:Buhle,
1551:Buhle,
1322:pg. 88.
1184:Buhle,
1171:Buhle,
1158:Buhle,
1131:Buhle,
995:of the
973:drafted
837:fascism
666:May Day
309:soapbox
222:in the
72:, Italy
1135:pg. 3.
896:Nazism
634:Berlin
619:typhus
591:Mexico
228:cigars
224:Bowery
140:Spouse
95:, U.S.
2219:, at
1869:Works
1030:Italy
216:slums
1066:Reds
790:Ford
751:and
603:Baku
404:and
78:Died
52:Born
1059:In
1047:at
870:in
518:in
345:'s
218:of
2233::
2029:,
2010:,
1836:^
1765:^
1751:^
1733:^
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1085:^
1073:.
1040:.
1032:.
1019:.
799:—
605:,
349:.
311:.
275:.
91:,
1902:.
548:.
64:)
60:(
20:)
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