1376:
1945, Berliet claimed in his defence that his company had produced fewer cars for the German occupiers than any other car producer: 2,239 cars for the
Germans vs. 6,548 for French customers. This is compared to Renault which had delivered 32,887 vehicles to the Germans and only 1,697 to French clients, a pattern followed by Citroen (32,248 produced for Germans and only 2,052 for French clients) (Aron, 1974). Managers at Renault claimed, for their part, that they had deliberately slowed down production, producing 7,677 fewer vehicles than the target of 41,909 vehicles imposed by the German occupiers. The argument, however, cut no ice with the
731:, a business history professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris and the author of a book on Renault said “It’s extremely difficult to say to what extent Louis Renault should be considered a collaborator, he ran the risk of complete dispossession if he resisted the Germans.” Scholar Monika Ostler Riess, who had studied French and German sources found no evidence that Mr. Renault collaborated any more than his peers. “He just tried to save what he had, what he had built. The alternative to cooperating with the occupiers was to see the Germans take over his company".
493:
33:
207:
398:
1380:(CVT), who maintained that the go-slow had been organized by the workers, not the management. Louis Renault may have been punished more for his attitudes than his actions, which were mirrored by those of many other employers. Robert Aron reports that when a Gaullist came seeking his support for the Free French, Renault is alleged to have replied "De Gaulle connaît pas!" (Aron, 1974, 234).
1443:
1212:
droit à l'indemnisation très partielle de Jean-Louis
Renault, unique héritier direct de Louis Renault vis à vis de biens personnels non industriels. Louis Renault est titulaire de la Grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur pour sa contribution exceptionnelle à la victoire de la Première Guerre mondiale en 1918. Il a été radié par le gouvernement de Vichy.
1310:
1318:
184:, he died while awaiting trial in liberated France toward the end of 1944 under uncertain circumstances. His company was seized and nationalized by the provisional government of France, although he died before he could be tried. His factories were the only ones permanently expropriated by the French government.
1375:
The activities of Louis
Renault led to the spectacular expropriation of his company by the State; what is less well known is that he died in prison awaiting trial, and therefore was never convicted. The car manufacturer Marius Berliet suffered the same fate of expropriation. At his trial in September
680:
reported that "according to eyewitness and family accounts, the previously wiry little 67-year-old had been tortured and beaten," and that "a nun at
Fresnes testified that she saw Renault collapse after being hit over the head by a jailer wielding a helmet. An X-ray organised by his family indicated
659:
was opened to reveal that he had left his company to his 40,000 employees. At the time the company was nationalized, Renault's wife
Christiane and her son Jean-Louis owned 95% of the company stock and had received nothing, while the other stockholders were in fact compensated. By 1956, "Renault now
578:
When
Renault's health quickly declined on 9 October 1944 he was again moved to a private nursing home at the clinic Saint-Jean-de-Dieu in the Rue Oudinot, Paris at the request of his family and supporters, having gone into a coma. He died on 24 October 1944, four weeks after his incarceration, still
1211:
En 1982, un résistant de l'OCM, et cadre de l'entreprise, Robert de
Longcamps, réclamera en vain la réhabilitation de Louis Renault "injustement accusé de collaboration avec l'ennemi", mais sa lettre au Garde des Sceaux, Robert Badinter, restera sans réponse. Le 29 juillet 1967 une loi a reconnu le
833:
Renault's were the only manufacturer whose plants were confiscated permanently by the state, and indeed the
Renault works, like the Berliet truck factory at Lyon, might have been returned to private hands, had M. Renault lived as long as M. Marius Berliet who built 2,330 trucks for the Germans but
565:
with Nazi
Germany. At the time of his arrest, Renault "denied that his firm had received $ 120,000,000 from the Germans for war materials, said that he had kept his huge, much-bombed plant going at the request of Vichy to keep its materials and equipment out of Nazi hands and to save workers from
508:
invaded France in 1940, Renault was in the U.S., having been sent by his government to ask for tanks. He returned to find the Franco-German armistice in place. Renault was faced with the choice of cooperating with the
Germans and possibly forestalling them from moving his factory and equipment to
193:
magazine described Renault as "rich, powerful and famous, cantankerous, brilliant, often brutal, the little Napoleon of an automaking empire — vulgar, loud, domineering, impatient, he was a terror to associates, a friend to practically none," adding that to the French working man, Renault became
688:
said Renault had "felt that his duty was to preserve France’s manufacturing base. Military and Daimler-Benz officials arrived at the gates of his Billancourt factory to assess it for removal into Germany, together with its workforce. Renault fended them off by agreeing to make vehicles for the
1405:
Nearly 70 years after the pioneering automaker Louis Renault died in a French prison, accused of collaborating with the Nazis, his grandchildren are seeking to restore his reputation — and gain compensation for what they say was the illegal confiscation of his car company by the
716:
said it could legally be argued that the Renault company, the "jewel in the country’s industrial crown" was procured by theft, and that "admission that Louis Renault and his company had received rough justice would raise the question of compensation – huge compensation."
745:
truck factory in Lyon remained in Marius Berliet's family possession, despite his having manufactured 2,330 trucks for the Germans. Marius Berliet, who died in 1949, had, however, "stubbornly refused to recognize legal actions against him after the war."
666:
In 1956, Renault's widow, Christiane Renault, claimed that Louis Renault was murdered and sought "to establish that Louis Renault was another of the more than 9,000 Frenchmen listed by the government as having been killed by "irregular executions" in the
671:, and Louis Renault's body was subsequently exhumed for autopsy. Madam Renault cited as evidence "a report showing Renault's urea content to be normal a week before his death, and an X-ray showing a fractured vertebra."
570:
being already seriously ill at the time. The records for the exact period of his incarceration at Fresnes would later turn out to be missing. Renault was moved on 5 October to a psychiatric hospital at Ville-Evrard in
712:." Suggestions that Renault management had slowed production for German occupiers was countered with the argument that workers rather than management had organized the production slow-downs. A 2005 article in
779:, which mandates just and preliminary compensation before expropriation, Louis Renault and his heirs were otherwise never officially compensated for their company. Renault returned to the private sector as a
624:, said at the time this was not a confiscation, rather "it was merely a step to get French industry back into production. Later a commission would examine the books, confiscate war profits, bring charges."
517:. Over a period of four years, Renault manufactured 34,232 vehicles for the Germans. Renault argued that "by continuing operations he had saved thousands of workers from being transported to Germany", but
421:
in his own factory. The resulting shells helped overcome the shortages, but as they had to be manufactured in two pieces they were inherently weak at the base thus sometimes letting hot gases detonate the
646:
Thus, the company Louis Renault had created was nationalized on the official case of collaboration. Renault was charged posthumously with "guilty enrichment obtained by those who worked for the enemy".
309:
company on 25 February 1899. Initially, business and administration was handled entirely by the elder brothers, with Louis dedicating himself to design and manufacturing. Marcel was killed in the 1903
772:
officials avoid mention of Louis Renault. For the centennial in 1999 of the original Renault Frères company, celebrated by Régie Renault, the company ignored the grandchildren of Louis Renault.
1032:
Ironically Renault had Jewish ancestry: Through his paternal great-grandmother, Victoire Angibau, herself, granddaughter of Marie Abraham, he descended from an old Alsatian Jewish family)
915:
473:
Renault remained in complete control of his company until 1942, dealing with its rapid expansion while designing several new inventions, most of which are still in use today, such as
1513:
776:
550:(RAF) and were ultimately severely damaged on 3 March 1942. Renault's health issues worsened, including his severely diminished renal function, and in late 1942, he suffered
409:, in August 1914, in response to the then acute shortage of artillery ammunition, Renault suggested that car factories such as Renault could manufacture 75mm shells using
1518:
177:
1323:
The casket of Louis Renault, prewar owner of France's largest automobile factory, was raised from the family tomb today to press his widow's claim that he was murdered.
282:. On 24 December 1898, he won a bet with his friends that his invention with an innovative crankshaft could beat a car with a bicycle-like chain drive up the slope of
561:
in 1944, Renault surrendered "on condition that he would not be jailed until indicted." He was arrested outside Paris on 22 September 1944, on charges of industrial
1563:
1528:
790:
In 2011, his heirs again sought to restore Renault's reputation and receive compensation for what they see as the illegal confiscation of his company by the state.
527:
749:
On 29 July 1967, Louis-Jean Renault, the only heir, received minor compensation, specifically for non-industrial, personal losses. In 1982, representatives of the
362:
632:
433:
after the war for the major contribution of his factories to the war effort. His factories' mass production in 1918 of the revolutionary and highly effective
1548:
1194:
1456:
1573:
757:, worked in vain for the rehabilitation of Louis Renault, saying he had been "wrongfully accused of collaboration with the enemy", their requests to
1224:
169:
his factories contributed massively to the war effort, notably so by the creation and manufacture of the first tank of modern configuration, the
1152:
313:, and in 1908, Louis Renault took overall control of the company after Fernand retired for health reasons. Fernand subsequently died in 1909.
1292:
1274:
1017:
867:
1508:
1473:
594:
No autopsy was performed and the exact cause of Renault's death remains unclear. An official report at the time gave the cause of death as
1335:
440:, which he had personally designed with Rodolphe Ernst-Metzmaier, was perhaps Renault's most significant contribution during that period.
356:. At Renault's request and expense, the small town hall of Herqueville was moved. Renault's personnel entered the residence via a tunnel.
708:
and sabotaged trucks. Dipsticks were marked low, for example, and engines dried and seized in action, an outcome much in evidence on the
1523:
1568:
1558:
1553:
1503:
1498:
1368:
834:
who stubbornly refused to recognize legal actions against him after the war. He died in 1949, and his firm remained in family hands.
826:
660:
France's largest nationalized company, employing 51,000 Frenchmen, making 200,000 automobiles and a profit of $ 11 million a year."
458:" ("the little Jew"), growing increasingly paranoid and reclusive at the same time, and deeply concerned about the rising power of
750:
321:
On 26 September 1918, Renault, then aged 40, married the 21-year-old Christiane Boullaire (1897–1979), sister of French painter
426:
inside the shell. Over 600 French 75mm guns were destroyed by premature explosions in 1915, and their crews killed or injured.
1543:
1096:
938:
1047:
663:
The director of the plant during the war obtained a judgment in 1949 stating that he and the plant had not collaborated.
762:
709:
1115:
1469:
509:
Germany, which would lead to an accusation of collaboration with the enemy. He put his factories at the service of
1198:
816:
1358:
620:
In October 1944, the provisional French government seized Louis Renault's company. The Minister of Information,
1533:
1447:
276:
with reverse, with the third gear in direct drive (which he patented a year later). Renault called his car the
741:, that the Renault factory might have been returned to Louis Renault and his family, had he lived longer. The
693:, Renault once said of the Germans "It is better to give them the butter, or they'll take the cows." The 2005
601:
Later, in 1956, his wife claimed that Renault died of beatings and torture at the hands of guards in prison.
1538:
1453:
656:
337:
165:
Renault built one of France's largest automobile manufacturing concerns, which still bears his name. During
584:
1225:"Torture Charged in Renault Death; Paris Car Maker Accused of Nazi Link Was Beaten by Guards, Widow Says"
430:
130:
76:
721:
322:
451:
workers at the Boulogne Billancourt plant. He pleaded for a necessary union between European nations.
1493:
1488:
668:
621:
558:
543:
245:
195:
1398:
1160:
1100:
492:
443:
During the interwar period, his right-wing opinions became well known, leading to various cases of
1296:
1278:
875:
1412:
1175:
943:
920:
784:
768:
Renault's were the only factories permanently expropriated by the French government. As of 2005,
705:
277:
587:
for exceptional contribution to the victory of the First World War, having been expunged by the
222:
1343:
1364:
1232:
1013:
822:
628:
609:
572:
535:
310:
1134:
701:: "But for his efforts, Renault factories and employees would have been shipped to Germany."
562:
504:, and by 1939 he had become an important supplier for the French army. At the time Hitler's
418:
352:. The Chateau fronted more than 3 km of the Seine, the entire grounds comprising 4,000
265:
1257:
994:
977:
726:
327:
1460:
1424:
758:
676:
547:
519:
477:
410:
406:
298:
189:
146:
120:
580:
567:
294:
262:
116:
72:
704:
Subsequent studies have shown that while Renault had collaborated, "he also hived off
697:
report said Renault attempted to save his company from displacement and absorption by
32:
1482:
1156:
734:
539:
444:
151:
655:
In 1944, after the expropriation of his company and his subsequent death, Renault's
206:
698:
588:
531:
510:
501:
397:
290:. As well as winning the bet, Renault received 13 definite orders for the vehicle.
181:
1465:
627:
On 1 January 1945, four months after Louis Renault's death, an order of General
466:, eventually retreating to his country estate, a castle on the river Seine near
463:
423:
333:
226:
166:
1051:
481:
434:
287:
269:
170:
159:
1236:
963:
377:
364:
332:. They had a son, Jean-Louis (24 January 1920 – 1982). They kept homes at 90
1119:
505:
474:
459:
283:
237:
234:
230:
218:
401:
Share of the SA des Usines Renault, issued 1. January 1932 to Louis Renault
293:
Seeing the commercial potential, he teamed up with his two older brothers,
1442:
251:
He built his first car in 1898, hiring a pair of workmen to modify a used
1339:
336:(formerly Avenue du Bois-de-Boulogne) in Paris and a country estate near
302:
95:
534:
in key positions. Renault himself became unpopular among members of the
301:, who had business experience from working in their father's button and
769:
742:
551:
353:
273:
241:
155:
106:
595:
221:
Parisian family of Alfred and Berthe Renault, Louis Renault attended
1277:. Foreign News: FRANCE, First Step. October 8, 1944. Archived from
530:
the company was under the control of the Germans, with people from
514:
491:
467:
414:
396:
341:
205:
53:
1400:
To Restore Reputation of a Renault Founder, Family Goes to Court
437:
345:
546:
had become top priority targets for the British bombers of the
523:
in 1942 described him as a "notorious Paris collaborationist".
916:"Renault Pins Its Survival on a Global Gamble, John Tagliabue"
787:) in 1996 when the French government sold 80% of the company.
454:
Louis Renault competed fiercely with Citroën, whom he called "
348:, called the Chateau de la Batellerie à Herqueville or simply
579:
awaiting trial and having claimed to have been mistreated in
1454:
Association RENAULT HISTOIRE – Un peu d'histoire (in French)
818:
Vichy France: old guard and new order: 1940–1944, p. 343
429:
Louis Renault was decorated with the Grand Cross of the
244:
engines in the tool shed of the family's second home in
1050:. National Inventors Hall of Fame. 2007. Archived from
1357:
Wright, Sue; Hantrais, Linda; Howorth, Jolyon (1974).
1116:"The History and Development of the Renault Caravelle"
777:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
268:which featured a revolutionary universally jointed
150:; 12 February 1877 – 24 October 1944) was a French
126:
112:
101:
91:
83:
61:
39:
23:
1295:. Time Magazine. December 18, 1944. Archived from
1397:Jolly, David; Saltmarsh, Matthew (May 19, 2011).
1342:, Indro Montanelli. July 24, 2008. Archived from
821:. Morningside Edition, Robert O. Paxton. 2001 .
739:Vichy France: old guard and new order: 1940–1944
639:and its nationalization, giving it the new name
417:operations. Identical methods were also used by
413:rather than with the usual longer and costlier
1311:"Renault's Body Exhumed In Murder Clue Search"
1042:
1040:
1038:
900:
898:
566:deportation." He was incarcerated in Paris's
513:, which meant that he was also assisting the
393:World War I, interwar period and developments
8:
604:Louis Renault is buried at his country home
1514:French founders of automobile manufacturers
1392:
1390:
1388:
1189:
1187:
1185:
689:Wehrmacht." According to Anthony Rhodes's
31:
20:
1360:Language, politics, and society, p. 46-47
1197:. Mfr.pschitt.info. 2001 . Archived from
1097:"Louis Renault and the shame of a nation"
1091:
1089:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
641:Régie Nationale des Usines Renault (RNUR)
233:from an early age and spent hours in the
217:The fourth of six children born into the
1519:French people who died in prison custody
1269:
1267:
1133:deRochemont, Richard (August 24, 1942).
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1466:Newspaper clippings about Louis Renault
862:
799:
1564:Prisoners who died in French detention
1529:French collaborators with Nazi Germany
1420:
1410:
1293:"Foreign News: The Cares of Ownership"
958:
956:
954:
933:
931:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
753:and their counterparts at the company
496:Louis Renault in Washington, June 1940
1012:. London: Pocket books. p. 167.
145:
7:
1176:"Louis Renault (excerpt), in German"
554:, and was unable to speak or write.
1549:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
1317:. February 12, 1956. Archived from
888:Yates, Brock. "10 Best Moguls", in
874:. February 6, 1956. Archived from
637:Société Anonyme des Usines Renault
359:Locations of Chateau Herqueville:
14:
1378:Confederation Generale du Travail
1174:Emanual Chadeau (March 1, 1998).
1159:. October 2, 1944. Archived from
1048:"Inventor Profile: Louis Renault"
1574:Nazis who died in prison custody
1441:
1275:"Foreign News: Was He Murdered?"
914:Tagliabue, John (July 2, 2000).
868:"Foreign News: Was He Murdered?"
751:Organisation civile et militaire
16:French industrialist (1877–1944)
1336:"Christine Renaults "J'accuse""
240:workshop or tinkering with old
488:World War II, arrest and death
1:
1258:"Louis Renault's burial tomb"
939:"Obituary: Ferdinand Renault"
484:and compressed gas ignition.
1195:"Louis Renault (industriel)"
947:. March 24, 1909. p. 9.
737:suggested in his 1972 book,
1509:French automotive engineers
1470:20th Century Press Archives
1103:, Ian Morton. May 14, 2005.
635:decreed the dissolution of
538:. The Renault factories on
1590:
1524:French automotive pioneers
1114:H. DeWayne Ashmead, Ph.D.
964:"Biography: Louis Renault"
763:French Minister of Justice
691:Louis Renault: A Biography
1569:Racing drivers from Paris
1559:Automotive businesspeople
1504:Businesspeople from Paris
1499:Burials at Passy Cemetery
1459:February 5, 2018, at the
681:a broken neck vertebra."
669:post-Liberation vengeance
651:Aftermath and controversy
500:In 1938, Renault visited
154:, one of the founders of
30:
1363:. Multilingual Matters.
1135:"The French Underground"
378:49.2421278°N 1.2568194°E
180:with the Germans during
657:last will and testament
610:Herqueville dans l'Eure
449:proletarian avant-garde
344:, in the department of
338:Saint-Pierre-du-Vauvray
311:Paris-Madrid motor race
225:. He was fascinated by
158:, and a pioneer of the
1554:Lycée Condorcet alumni
1008:Strachan, Hew (2006).
633:provisional government
585:French Legion of Honor
497:
402:
305:firm. They formed the
261: hp (560 W)
214:
194:known as "the ogre of
1544:French racing drivers
1321:on February 1, 2013.
1281:on December 15, 2008.
878:on December 14, 2008.
495:
400:
383:49.2421278; 1.2568194
209:
202:Early life and career
143:French pronunciation:
1450:at Wikimedia Commons
1231:. January 21, 1956.
1163:on November 5, 2012.
674:In 2005, the London
606:Chateau Herqueville,
559:France was liberated
528:occupation of France
405:At the start of the
1315:The Washington Post
1201:on November 8, 2017
1101:The Daily Telegraph
1010:The First World War
996:Chateau Herqueville
980:Chateau Herqueville
775:Despite the French
755:Robert de Longcamps
714:The Daily Telegraph
706:strategic materials
686:The Daily Telegraph
374: /
350:Chateau Herqueville
1299:on April 21, 2008.
1229:The New York Times
1122:on April 10, 2010.
944:The New York Times
921:The New York Times
557:Three weeks after
498:
403:
272:and a three-speed
215:
210:Advertisement for
1446:Media related to
1346:on March 5, 2016.
1019:978-1-84739-678-5
722:Patrick Fridenson
629:Charles de Gaulle
573:Neuilly-sur-Marne
536:French resistance
411:hydraulic presses
323:Jacques Boullaire
147:[lwiʁəno]
136:
135:
1581:
1445:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1118:. Archived from
1111:
1105:
1104:
1093:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1054:on July 14, 2007
1044:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1005:
999:
992:
986:
985:
974:
968:
967:
960:
949:
948:
935:
926:
925:
911:
905:
902:
893:
886:
880:
879:
864:
837:
836:
813:
730:
583:, with his 1918
431:Légion d'honneur
389:
388:
386:
385:
384:
379:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
331:
260:
259:
255:
149:
144:
68:
50:12 February 1877
49:
47:
35:
21:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1534:French fascists
1479:
1478:
1461:Wayback Machine
1438:
1433:
1432:
1419:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1371:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
993:
989:
976:
975:
971:
962:
961:
952:
937:
936:
929:
913:
912:
908:
903:
896:
887:
883:
866:
865:
840:
829:
815:
814:
801:
796:
781:Société Anonyme
759:Robert Badinter
724:
695:Daily Telegraph
677:Daily Telegraph
653:
618:
548:Royal Air Force
490:
478:shock absorbers
407:First World War
395:
382:
380:
376:
373:
368:
365:
363:
361:
360:
325:
319:
257:
253:
252:
223:Lycée Condorcet
204:
142:
131:Legion of Honor
121:Fernand Renault
79:
77:Fresnes, France
70:
66:
65:24 October 1944
57:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1587:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:Renault people
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1463:
1451:
1437:
1436:External links
1434:
1431:
1430:
1384:
1369:
1349:
1327:
1302:
1284:
1263:
1249:
1216:
1181:
1166:
1153:"People, p. 3"
1144:
1125:
1106:
1065:
1034:
1025:
1018:
1000:
987:
969:
966:. Answers.com.
950:
927:
906:
894:
890:Car and Driver
881:
838:
827:
798:
797:
795:
792:
652:
649:
617:
614:
581:Fresnes Prison
568:Fresnes Prison
489:
486:
394:
391:
318:
315:
307:Renault Frères
263:De Dion-Bouton
212:Renault Frères
203:
200:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
117:Marcel Renault
114:
110:
109:
105:co-founder of
103:
102:Known for
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
73:Fresnes Prison
71:
69:(aged 67)
63:
59:
58:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1586:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:Louis Renault
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1372:
1370:9781853594878
1366:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1157:Time Magazine
1154:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1058:September 19,
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
991:
988:
983:
981:
973:
970:
965:
959:
957:
955:
951:
946:
945:
940:
934:
932:
928:
923:
922:
917:
910:
907:
901:
899:
895:
892:, 1/88, p.47.
891:
885:
882:
877:
873:
869:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:9780231124690
824:
820:
819:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
800:
793:
791:
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
736:
735:Robert Paxton
732:
728:
723:
718:
715:
711:
710:Russian Front
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
682:
679:
678:
672:
670:
664:
661:
658:
650:
648:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
622:Henri Teitgen
616:Expropriation
615:
613:
611:
607:
602:
599:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
576:
574:
569:
564:
563:collaboration
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
521:
516:
512:
507:
503:
494:
487:
485:
483:
480:, the modern
479:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:le petit Juif
452:
450:
446:
445:labour unrest
441:
439:
436:
432:
427:
425:
420:
419:Andre Citroën
416:
412:
408:
399:
392:
390:
387:
366:49°14′31.66″N
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
329:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
267:
264:
249:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
213:
208:
201:
199:
197:
192:
191:
185:
183:
179:
178:collaborating
174:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
152:industrialist
148:
140:
139:Louis Renault
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:
60:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
25:Louis Renault
22:
19:
1404:
1399:
1377:
1374:
1359:
1352:
1344:the original
1330:
1322:
1319:the original
1314:
1305:
1297:the original
1287:
1279:the original
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1210:
1203:. Retrieved
1199:the original
1169:
1161:the original
1147:
1138:
1128:
1120:the original
1109:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1028:
1009:
1003:
995:
990:
979:
972:
942:
919:
909:
904:Yates, p.47.
889:
884:
876:the original
871:
832:
817:
789:
780:
774:
767:
765:, unheeded.
754:
748:
738:
733:
719:
713:
703:
699:Daimler-Benz
694:
690:
685:
683:
675:
673:
665:
662:
654:
645:
640:
636:
626:
619:
605:
603:
600:
593:
589:Vichy régime
577:
556:
532:Daimler-Benz
525:
518:
511:Vichy France
502:Adolf Hitler
499:
472:
464:labor unions
455:
453:
448:
442:
428:
404:
369:1°15′24.55″E
358:
349:
320:
306:
292:
278:
250:
216:
211:
188:
186:
182:World War II
175:
164:
138:
137:
67:(1944-10-24)
18:
1494:1944 deaths
1489:1877 births
1421:|work=
1242:October 31,
725: [
544:Billancourt
526:During the
381: /
334:Avenue Foch
326: [
246:Billancourt
227:engineering
196:Billancourt
176:Accused of
167:World War I
84:Nationality
1483:Categories
1205:August 20,
1099:. London:
794:References
540:Île Seguin
482:drum brake
435:Renault FT
288:Montmartre
279:Voiturette
270:driveshaft
171:Renault FT
162:industry.
160:automobile
92:Occupation
46:1877-02-12
1423:ignored (
1413:cite book
1237:0362-4331
720:In 2011,
684:In 2005,
506:Wehrmacht
475:hydraulic
460:Communism
284:Rue Lepic
238:steam car
235:Serpollet
231:mechanics
219:bourgeois
187:In 1956,
113:Relatives
1457:Archived
424:melinite
354:hectares
317:Marriage
303:textiles
96:Business
56:, France
1472:of the
1468:in the
770:Renault
743:Berliet
552:aphasia
299:Fernand
274:gearbox
256:⁄
242:Panhard
156:Renault
107:Renault
1406:state.
1367:
1235:
1016:
825:
596:uremia
295:Marcel
173:tank.
127:Awards
87:French
729:]
515:Nazis
468:Rouen
447:with
415:lathe
342:Rouen
330:]
266:cycle
54:Paris
1425:help
1365:ISBN
1340:Zeit
1244:2021
1233:ISSN
1207:2010
1139:LIFE
1060:2009
1014:ISBN
872:Time
823:ISBN
520:Life
462:and
438:tank
346:Eure
297:and
229:and
190:Time
119:and
62:Died
40:Born
1474:ZBW
785:S.A
631:'s
608:in
542:in
286:in
198:."
1485::
1417::
1415:}}
1411:{{
1403:.
1387:^
1373:.
1338:.
1313:.
1266:^
1227:.
1209:.
1184:^
1155:.
1137:.
1068:^
1037:^
953:^
941:.
930:^
918:.
897:^
870:.
841:^
831:.
802:^
761:,
727:fr
643:.
612:.
598:.
591:.
575:.
470:.
340:,
328:fr
248:.
75:,
1427:)
1260:.
1246:.
1178:.
1141:.
1062:.
1022:.
984:.
982:"
978:"
924:.
783:(
258:4
254:3
141:(
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
