663:
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686:. He also allowed enterprising nobles to engage in trade without losing their privileges of nobility. He eliminated offices within the government bureaucracy, and increased the demand on other offices within the government in order to promote efficiency. Louis spent a large part of his kingship on the road. Travelling from town to town in his kingdom, Louis would surprise local officials, investigate local governments, establish fairs, and promote trade regulations. Perhaps the most significant contribution of Louis XI to the organization of the modern state of France was his development of the system of royal postal roads in 1464. In this system, relays at instant service to the king operated on all the high roads of France; this communications network spread all across France and led to the king acquiring his nickname "Universal Spider".
461:
784:, but during the course of negotiations, they learned that the citizens of LiĂšge had again risen up against Charles and killed the Burgundian governor. Charles was furious. Philippe de Commines, at that time in the service of the duke of Burgundy, had to calm him down with the help of the duke's other advisors for fear that he might hit the king. Louis was forced into a humiliating treaty. He gave up many of the lands he had acquired from Philip the Good, turned on his erstwhile allies in LiĂšge and swore to help Charles put down the uprising in LiĂšge. Louis then witnessed a siege of LiĂšge in which hundreds were massacred.
561:. The 13-year-old Louis clearly looked more mature than his 11-year-old bride, who was said to resemble a beautiful doll and was treated as such by her in-laws. Charles wore "grey riding pants" and "did not even bother to remove his spurs". The Scottish guests were quickly hustled out after the wedding reception, as the French royal court was quite impoverished at this time. They simply could not afford an extravagant ceremony or to host their Scottish guests for any longer than they did. The Scots, however, saw this behaviour as an insult to their small but proud country.
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549:, the bride his father had chosen for diplomatic reasons. There are no direct accounts from Louis or his young bride of their first impressions of each other, and it is mere speculation whether they actually had negative feelings for each other. Several historians think that Louis had a predetermined attitude to hate his wife, but it is universally agreed that Louis entered the ceremony and the marriage itself dutifully, as evidenced by his formal embrace of Margaret upon their first meeting.
532:
601:
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1036:, and wanted to keep her territorial inheritance intact. However, the death of the Duke of Burgundy in 1477, which conclusively settled the issue of Burgundy's position under the French throne, the conclusion of the Treaty of Picquigny with England in 1475 and the peaceful resolution in 1482 of the disposition of the "Burgundian inheritance" left to Mary of Burgundy finally allowed Louis XI to turn his attention to Italy.
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591:, whose troops were in no condition to mount such a serious threat to royal authority. Louis was forced to retreat to Paris, but was "by no means trounced". In fact, before his final defeat, "...military strength, combined with antipathy of the masses for great lords, won him the support of the citizens of Paris." This was a great learning experience for Louis. James Cleugh notes:
710:. Louis was anxious to speed up everything, transform everything, and build his own new world. In recognition of all the changes that Louis XI made to the government of France, he has the reputation of a leading "civil reformer" in French history, and his reforms were in the interests of the rising trading and mercantile classes that would later become the bourgeoisie of France.
845:
480:(1380â1422), the Duchy of Burgundy was very much connected with the French throne, but because the central government lacked any real power, all the duchies of France tended to act independently. In its position of independence from the French throne, Burgundy had grown in size and power. By the reign of Louis's father Charles VII,
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Louis developed his kingdom by encouraging trade fairs and the building and maintenance of roads. Louis XI pursued the organization of the kingdom of France with the assistance of bourgeois officials. In some respects, Louis XI perfected the framework of the modern French
Government which was to last
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However, once out of
Charles's reach, Louis declared the treaty invalid, and set about building up his forces. His aim was to destroy Burgundy once and for all. Nothing was more odious to Louis' dream of a centralized monarchy than the existence of an over-mighty vassal such as the Duke of Burgundy.
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to aid Louis XI in his war against the League of Public Weal in 1465 at the head of a large army. Later, differences arose between France and Milan that caused Milan to seek ways of separating itself from dependence on the French. However, with the downfall of
Burgundy in 1477, France was seen in a
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by
Charles, as was traditional for the eldest son of the king. The beautiful and cultured Margaret was popular at the court of France, but her marriage to Louis was not a happy one, in part because of his strained relations with her father-in-law, who was very attached to her. She died childless at
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Following the ceremony, "doctors advised against consummation" because of the relative immaturity of the bride and bridegroom. Margaret continued her studies, and Louis went on tour with
Charles to loyal areas of the kingdom. Even at this time, Charles was taken aback by the intelligence and temper
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Louis pursued many of the same goals that his father had, such as limiting the powers of the dukes and barons of France, with consistently greater success. Among other initiatives, Louis instituted reforms to make the tax system more efficient. He suppressed many of his former co-conspirators, who
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When the Count of
Charolais became Duke of Burgundy in 1467 as Charles I ("the Bold"), he seriously considered declaring an independent kingdom of his own. However, Louis's progress toward a strong centralized government had advanced to the point where the dukes of Burgundy could no longer act as
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Both Louis XI and his father
Charles VII had been too busy with their struggles with Burgundy to pay much attention to political affairs smoldering in Italy. Additionally, Louis had his attention drawn away from Italy by disagreements with the rulers of England and his struggles with
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Like other strong-minded boys, he had found at last he could not carry all before him by mere bluster. Neither as prince nor as king did he ever forget his lesson. He never acted on pure impulse, without reflection, though to his lifeâs end he was constantly tempted to take such a
635:. Despite frequent summons by the king, the two would never meet again. In Dauphiné, Louis ruled as king in all but name, continuing his intrigues against his father. On 14 February 1451, Louis, who had been widowed for six years, made a strategic marriage to the eight-year-old
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began to seek a marriage alliance between the
Kingdom of Naples and France. Louis XI also opened new friendly relations with the Papal States, forgetting the past devotion of the popes for the Duke of Burgundy. In January 1478, he signed a favorable treaty with the
523:. Paris was recaptured after her death, and Louis and his father were able to ride in triumph into the city on 12 November 1437. Nevertheless, Louis grew up aware of the continuing weakness of France. He regarded his father as a weakling, and despised him for this.
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The marriage on 14 February 1451 between 28-year-old Louis and the 8-year-old
Charlotte of Savoy was the true beginning of French involvement in the affairs of Italy. The Italian peninsula was a compact and politically competitive space dominated by five powers:
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As king, Louis became extremely prudent fiscally, whereas he had previously been lavish and extravagant. He wore rough and simple clothes and mixed with ordinary people and merchants. A candid account of some of his activities is recorded by the courtier
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Louis's marriage with
Margaret resulted from the nature of medieval royal diplomacy and the precarious position of the French monarchy at the time. The wedding ceremonyâvery plain by the standards of the timeâtook place in the chapel of the
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Just as his father had done, Louis spent most of his reign dealing with political disputes with the reigning Duke of Burgundy, and for this purpose he employed the Swiss, whose military might was renowned. He had admired it himself at the
1004:. Beside these five great regional powers, there were about a dozen smaller states in Italy that were constantly changing policies and shifting alliances between and towards the various regional powers. The city/state of
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Viewed from the Italian states, the death of the Duke of Burgundy in 1477 and the resultant downfall of his duchy as a threat to the French throne signalled vast changes in the states' relationships with the kingdom of
587:, which sought to neutralize Charles and install Louis as regent of France. The uprising failed, and Louis was forced to submit to the king, who chose to forgive him. In this revolt, Louis came under the influence of
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Without direct foreign threats, Louis was able to eliminate his rebellious vassals, expand royal power, and strengthen the economic development of his country. He died in 1483, and was succeeded by his minor son
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War broke out between Charles and the Swiss after he invaded Switzerland. The invasion proved to be a tremendous mistake. On 2 March 1476, the Swiss attacked and defeated the Burgundians first at
682:
had thought him their friend, and he appointed to government service many men of no rank, but who had shown promising talent. He particularly favored the associates of the great French merchant
335:, then a province in southeastern France. Louis's ceaseless intrigues, however, led his father to banish him from court. From the Dauphiné, Louis led his own political establishment and married
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where he sought to reconquer territories of his future brother-in-law, Sigismund of Austria-Tyrol. He won only one victory before suing for peace. He failed to achieve his original objective.
753:(known as the Count of Charolais at the time of Louis's accession) was angry about this transaction, feeling that he was being deprived of his inheritance. He joined a rebellion called the
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in order to restore her husband Henry VI to the throne. The plan worked, and Edward was forced into exile in 1470, but he later returned to England in 1471. Warwick was then killed at the
358:
When Charles VII died in 1461, Louis left the Burgundian court to take possession of his kingdom. His taste for intrigue and his intense diplomatic activity earned him the nicknames "
1107:. His widow, Charlotte, died a few months later, and is interred with him. Louis XI was succeeded by his son Charles VIII, who was thirteen years of age. Louis' eldest daughter,
639:, without Charles' consent. This marriage was to have long-ranging effects on foreign policy as the beginning of French involvement in the affairs of the Italian peninsula.
449:, who was a force in the royal family for driving the English out of France, which was at a low point in its struggles. Just a few weeks after Louis's christening at the
741:. However, he needed funds to organize such an enterprise. Louis XI gave him 400,000 gold crowns for the Crusade in exchange for a number of territories, including
885:, after helping Edward attain his throne, Louis granted Warwick refuge in France. Through Louis's diplomacy, Warwick then formed an alliance with his bitter enemy
445:, the English held northern France, including the city of Paris, and Charles VII was restricted to the centre and south of the country. Louis was the grandson of
1055:, the Duke of Milan, who was a traditional enemy of Savoy. As a confirmation of the close relationship between Milan and the king of France, Sforza sent his son
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The Entry of Louis XI into Paris. â Facsimile of a Miniature in the "Chroniques" of Monstrelet, Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century (Imperial Library of Paris).
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Louis XI, having suffered from bouts of apoplexy and years of illness, died on 30 August 1483 and was interred in the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Cléry in
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could be said to be finally over. Louis bragged that although his father had driven the English out by force of arms, he had driven them out by force of
654:. King Charles was furious when Philip refused to hand over Louis and warned the duke that he was "giving shelter to a fox who will eat his chickens."
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Eager to obtain information about his enemies, Louis created, from 1464, a net of postal relays all over France, which was a precursor to the modern
1080:, the younger son of Francesco Sforza, that led to an invasion of Italy. This would become a significant turning point in Italian political history.
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He still quarreled with his father. His objectionable scheming, which included disrespectful behavior directed against his father's beloved mistress
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971:, were executed. The lands belonging to the Duchy of Burgundy as constituted by Louis's great-great-grandfather John II for the benefit of his son
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in 1477, the dynasty of the dukes of Burgundy died out. Louis took advantage of the situation to seize numerous Burgundian territories, including
761:. Although the rebels were largely unsuccessful in battle, Louis had no better luck. Louis XI fought an indecisive battle against the rebels at
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1149:, he had united France and laid the foundations of a strong monarchy. He was, however, a secretive, reclusive man, and few mourned his death.
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was lifted on 22 July 1472, and Charles finally sued for peace. Philippe de Commines was then welcomed into the service of King Louis.
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independently as they had in the past. The duchy now faced many problems and revolts in its territories, especially from the people of
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900:, by which the English army left France in return for a large sum of money. The English renounced their claim to French lands such as
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At the same time that France and Burgundy were fighting each other, England was experiencing a bitter civil conflict now known as the
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Slattery, Maureen. "King Louis XI-Chivalry's Villain or Anti-Hero: the Contrasting Historiography of Chastellain and Commynes."
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of the period. Louis made a habit of surrounding himself with valuable advisers of humble origins, such as Commines himself,
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Despite his connection by marriage to the royal house of Savoy, Louis XI continuously courted a strong relationship with
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was reigning as duke of Burgundy, and the duchy had expanded its borders to include all the territory in France from the
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Through wars and guile, Louis XI overcame France's mostly independent feudal lords, and at the time of his death in the
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until the French Revolution. Thus, Louis XI is one of the first modern kings of France who helped take it out of the
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in the east. During the Hundred Years War, the Burgundians allied themselves with England against the French crown.
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new light by Milan, which now hurriedly repaired its relationship with Louis XI. Likewise, France's old enemy King
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in 1440. The king forgave his rebellious vassals, including Louis, to whom he entrusted the management of the
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against the Duke of Burgundy. In the LiĂšge Wars, Louis XI allied himself at first with the people of LiĂšge.
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Louis XI also involved himself in the affairs of the Church in France. In October 1461, Louis abolished the
343:, against the will of his father. Charles VII sent an army to compel his son to his will, but Louis fled to
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against his rival Louis. However, Louis was able to isolate Charles from his English allies by signing the
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Philip III was the Duke of Burgundy at the time that Louis came to the throne, and was keen to initiate a
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Now the undisputed master of England, Edward invaded France in 1475, but Louis was able to negotiate the
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869:. Louis had an interest in this war, for the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, was allied with the
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to increase the prestige of the French royal court by the example of his chief political adversary.
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Louis was thus able to see the destruction of his sworn enemy. Those lords who still favored the
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French involvement in the affairs of Italy would be carried to new levels by Louis XI's son
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327:. Louis entered into open rebellion against his father in a short-lived revolt known as the
1944:"The 1444â5 expedition of the Dauphin Louis to the Upper Rhine in geopolitical perspective"
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Burgundian territories (orange/yellow) and limits of France (red) after the Burgundian War.
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Saenger, Paul. "Burgundy and the Inalienability of Appanages in the Reign of Louis XI."
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Letter by Louis XI as Dauphin to the Bishop of Grenoble; Montbeliard, December 30, 1444
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457:. Shortly thereafter, a combined Anglo-Burgundian army briefly raided Bourges itself.
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Images of Kingship in Early Modern France: Louis XI in Political Thought, 1560â1789
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and was forced to grant an unfavourable peace as a matter of political expediency.
650:, where he was granted refuge by Duke Philip the Good and settled in the castle of
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on the afternoon of 25 June 1436, and was presided over by Renaud of Chartres, the
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2605:] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.
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Finally, in August 1456, Charles sent an army to Dauphiné under the command of
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Le Saint-Denis des Dauphins: histoire de la collégiale Saint-André de Grenoble
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Letter by Louis XI to the Dowager Duchess and Duke of Milan; July 31, 1466
823:. In both cases, a French king appears to have been motivated to found an
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on 4 July 1423, the French army suffered a crushing defeat by the English
378:), as his enemies accused him of spinning webs of plots and conspiracies.
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Pious Memories: The Wall-Mounted Memorial in the Burgundian Netherlands
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Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France
1203:(23 April 1464 â 4 February 1505), married Louis XII, King of France
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Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France
1016:, were examples of these lesser powers in northern Italy. Even the
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and other towns. However, these sieges proved unsuccessful; the
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In 1461, Louis learned that his father was dying. He hurried to
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Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350â1550
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From Gibbon to Auden : Essays on the Classical Tradition
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that his father had instituted in 1438 to establish a French
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Visages d'antan : le Recueil d'Arras (XIVeâXVIe siĂšcle)
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Louis XI was very superstitious and surrounded himself with
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and then again a few months later, on 22 June that year, at
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Chant Royal The Life of King Louis XI of France (1423â1483)
807:, founded by Charles' father Philip the Good, just as King
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In 1440, Louis, aged 16, took part in an uprising known as
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Despite Louis XI's political acumen and overall policy of
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of 1454âwas constantly undergoing internal realignments.
612:" (bands of mercenary soldiers) against the Swiss at the
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Joachim (15 July 1459 – 29 November 1459)
2737:. Vol. 5: Triumph and Illusion. Faber & Faber.
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on 5 January 1477, an event that marked the end of the
511:, fresh from her first victory over the English at the
468:, Louis's father Charles VII is depicted as one of the
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in 1471. King Henry VI was soon murdered afterwards.
803:, probably in imitation of the prestigious Burgundian
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The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media
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788:War broke out in 1472. Duke Charles laid siege to
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575:of his son. During this tour, Louis was named
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1182:Louis (18 October 1458 – 1460)
8:
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1032:, who married the heir of Charles the Bold,
401:. With the death of Charles the Bold at the
323:from 1461 to 1483. He succeeded his father,
2636:Hoyt, Robert S.; Chodorow, Stanley (1976).
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2556:ChĂątelet, Albert; Paviot, Jacques (2007).
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381:In 1472, the subsequent Duke of Burgundy,
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1206:Louis (born and died on 4 December 1466)
1160:criticized him harshly in Chapter 13 of
924:Outcome of rivalry with Charles the Bold
476:During the reign of Louis's grandfather
311:(3 July 1423 â 30 August 1483), called "
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2522:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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1111:, became regent on Charles' behalf.
749:. However, Philip's son, the future
674:to be crowned, in case his brother,
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969:Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours
853:Obverse: Medieval image of Louis XI
1219:(3 September 1472 â November 1473)
1178:Louis and Charlotte of Savoy had:
838:Coin of Louis XI, struck ca. 1470
780:In 1468, Louis and Charles met at
14:
2677:Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel (1987).
2662:. W.W. Norton & Company Inc.
975:reverted to the crown of France.
3778:People of the Hundred Years' War
3647:
2679:The Royal French State 1460â1610
2614:. University of Michigan Press.
2579:. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
1012:, which centered on the city of
843:
433:on 3 July 1423, the son of King
397:. The treaty formally ended the
298:
16:King of France from 1461 to 1483
939:Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs
881:fell out with the Yorkist King
614:Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs
608:In 1444, Louis led an army of "
211:
181:
2660:Louis XI: The Universal Spider
1188:Louise (born and died in 1460)
150:Notre-Dame de Cléry Basilica,
1:
2746:. Stanford University Press.
2696:Moreau, Gilles-Marie (2010).
1212:(30 June 1470 â 8 April 1498)
952:. The duke was killed at the
233:
72:22 July 1461 â 30 August 1483
44:
3753:15th-century kings of France
1960:10.1080/03044181.2012.697051
1377:Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria
1147:ChĂąteau de Plessis-lez-Tours
811:had founded the now defunct
721:free of the controls of the
254:Charles VIII, King of France
137:ChĂąteau de Plessis-lez-Tours
2733:Sumption, Jonathan (2023).
2499:Bakos, Adrianna E. (1997).
1948:Journal of Medieval History
1142:for a gallstone operation.
799:In 1469, Louis founded the
751:Charles I, Duke of Burgundy
541:On 24 June 1436, Louis met
355:, Charles' greatest enemy.
3804:
2761:Tyrell, Joseph M. (1980).
2742:Thompson, John B. (1995).
2700:(in French). L'Harmattan.
1840:ChĂątelet & Paviot 2007
1592:
1476:
1350:
1244:
805:Order of the Golden Fleece
759:Charles, the Duke of Berry
729:Feud with Charles the Bold
589:Charles I, Duke of Bourbon
492:in the south and from the
3645:
3509:
2903:
2850:
2840:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2783:
2727:Fifteenth Century Studies
2716:French Historical Studies
2638:Europe in the Middle Ages
1662:
1654:
1626:
1604:
1600:
1564:
1542:
1534:
1506:
1484:
1480:
1442:
1420:
1412:
1384:
1362:
1358:
1322:
1300:
1292:
1264:
1248:
1105:Arrondissement of Orléans
842:
837:
757:, led by Louis's brother
755:League of the Public Weal
347:, where he was hosted by
28:
2681:. Blackwell Publishers.
2612:France: A Modern History
2610:Guérard, Albert (1959).
2390:Hoyt & Chodorow 1976
1008:and the rising state of
451:Cathedral of St. Ătienne
244:Anne, Duchess of Bourbon
2924:List of French monarchs
2537:Brine, Douglas (2015).
2518:Bowersock, G W (2009).
1525:Louis II, Duke of Anjou
704:Louis Tristan L'Hermite
580:the age of 20 in 1445.
375:
367:
3430:(1814â1815; 1815â1830)
2919:List of Frankish kings
2914:Simplified family tree
2627:Hand, Joni M. (2013).
2575:Cleugh, James (1970).
1942:Hardy, Duncan (2012).
1499:Louis I, Duke of Anjou
1210:Charles VIII of France
1096:
1048:
933:
858:Reverse: Fleurs-de-lis
676:Charles, Duke of Berry
667:
605:
598:
571:
538:
473:
316:
41:Order of Saint Michael
2861:Annexation by France
2765:. Twayne Publishers.
2735:The Hundred Years War
2631:. Ashgate Publishing.
1341:Charles VII of France
1232:Ancestors of Louis XI
1121:French postal service
1091:
1062:Ferdinand I of Naples
1057:Galeazzo Maria Sforza
1046:
1030:Maximilian of Austria
931:
831:Dealings with England
821:Edward III of England
665:
633:tour de la Trésorerie
627:. He lived mainly in
603:
567:
534:
463:
441:. At the time of the
435:Charles VII of France
279:Charles VII of France
249:Joan, Queen of France
35:Louis XI wearing his
3768:Dauphins of Viennois
2909:Detailed family tree
2795:Cadet branch of the
2656:Kendall, Paul Murray
1842:, pp. 401, 410.
1283:Charles VI of France
815:in imitation of the
801:Order of St. Michael
773:, who conducted the
692:Philippe de Commines
644:Antoine de Chabannes
536:Margaret of Scotland
488:in the north to the
464:In this painting by
395:Edward IV of England
376:l'universelle aragne
372:the Universal Spider
341:Louis, Duke of Savoy
188:; died
170:Margaret of Scotland
3783:People from Bourges
3345:Henry VI of England
2853:Dauphin of Viennois
2560:. Ăditions du Gui.
2485:, pp. 111â114.
2470:, pp. 109â110.
2356:, pp. 117â118.
2214:, pp. 222â223.
2178:, pp. 158â168.
1925:Le Roy Ladurie 1987
1257:Charles V of France
1158:NiccolĂČ Machiavelli
979:Italian connections
898:Treaty of Picquigny
817:Order of the Garter
559:Archbishop of Reims
547:James I of Scotland
545:, daughter of King
507:in the presence of
496:in the west to the
391:Treaty of Picquigny
3773:Dauphins of France
3554:Dauphins of France
3492:House of Bonaparte
3402:House of Bonaparte
3332:House of Lancaster
2898:Monarchs of France
2718:10.1 (1977): 1â26
2593:de Gibours, Anselm
1461:Louis XI of France
1403:Isabeau of Bavaria
1097:
1067:Republic of Venice
1053:Francesco I Sforza
1049:
934:
906:Hundred Years' War
715:Pragmatic Sanction
668:
637:Charlotte of Savoy
606:
572:
569:Charlotte of Savoy
539:
474:
429:Louis was born in
399:Hundred Years' War
374:" (Middle French:
337:Charlotte of Savoy
203:Charlotte of Savoy
3730:
3729:
3520:
3519:
3481:Louis Philippe II
3404:(1804â1814; 1815)
2866:
2865:
2841:Succeeded by
2772:978-0-8057-7728-4
2753:978-0-7456-5674-8
2707:978-2-2961-3062-3
2688:978-0-6311-7027-3
2669:978-1-8421-2411-6
2647:978-0-1552-4713-0
2567:978-2-9517-4176-8
2548:978-9-0042-8832-4
2529:978-0-1997-0407-1
2510:978-0-4151-5478-9
1991:, pp. 65â67.
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1645:Yolande of Aragon
1315:Joanna of Bourbon
1168:Swiss mercenaries
1101:Cléry-Saint-André
1094:Cléry-Saint-André
1002:Kingdom of Naples
887:Margaret of Anjou
873:who opposed King
867:Wars of the Roses
863:
862:
859:
854:
825:order of chivalry
813:Order of the Star
809:John II of France
794:Siege of Beauvais
577:Dauphin of France
517:Battle of Jargeau
447:Yolande of Aragon
443:Hundred Years War
313:Louis the Prudent
306:
305:
152:Cléry-Saint-André
3795:
3686:Le Petit Dauphin
3678:Le Grand Dauphin
3658:House of Bourbon
3651:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3524:
3475:Louis Philippe I
3466:House of Orléans
3428:House of Bourbon
3356:House of Bourbon
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2824:Preceded by
2814:
2807:
2798:Capetian dynasty
2781:
2776:
2757:
2738:
2711:
2692:
2673:
2651:
2632:
2623:
2606:
2588:
2571:
2552:
2533:
2514:
2486:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1619:John I of Aragon
1238:
1229:
1196:Peter of Beaujeu
1034:Mary of Burgundy
891:Battle of Barnet
857:
852:
847:
835:
834:
646:. Louis fled to
513:Siege of Orléans
383:Charles the Bold
353:Duke of Burgundy
302:
237:
219:
217:
213:
193:
191:
187:
183:
147:6 September 1483
133:
82:15 August 1461,
49:
46:
33:
21:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3763:House of Valois
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3652:
3643:
3618:Charles Orlando
3562:House of Valois
3556:
3551:
3521:
3516:
3505:
3486:
3460:
3422:
3396:
3350:
3325:
3252:House of Valois
3246:
3157:
3118:Charles the Fat
3077:Pepin the Short
3062:
3053:
2929:
2928:
2899:
2896:
2856:
2846:
2837:
2829:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2790:House of Valois
2786:
2779:
2773:
2760:
2754:
2741:
2732:
2729:23 (1997): 49+.
2708:
2695:
2689:
2676:
2670:
2654:
2648:
2635:
2626:
2609:
2591:
2574:
2568:
2555:
2549:
2536:
2530:
2517:
2511:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1435:Taddea Visconti
1226:
1176:
1117:
1092:1622 effigy in
1086:
1078:Ludovico Sforza
981:
973:Philip the Bold
958:Burgundian Wars
954:Battle of Nancy
926:
879:Earl of Warwick
833:
731:
719:Gallican Church
700:Olivier Le Daim
660:
555:castle of Tours
529:
521:Battle of Patay
482:Philip the Good
427:
403:Battle of Nancy
349:Philip the Good
258:
231:
230:
222:
221:
209:
205:
195:
179:
175:
172:
154:
148:
135:
131:
122:, Berry, France
118:
64:
50:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3163:House of Capet
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:Childebert III
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2834:King of France
2830:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2819:Regnal titles
2816:
2815:
2813:30 August 1483
2794:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2758:
2752:
2739:
2730:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2693:
2687:
2674:
2668:
2652:
2646:
2633:
2624:
2607:
2589:
2572:
2566:
2553:
2547:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2472:
2457:
2455:, p. 385.
2442:
2430:
2426:Bowersock 2009
2418:
2406:
2394:
2392:, p. 619.
2382:
2380:, p. 147.
2370:
2368:, p. 323.
2358:
2346:
2344:, p. 334.
2327:
2325:, p. 333.
2315:
2313:, p. 314.
2303:
2301:, p. 305.
2291:
2289:, p. 300.
2279:
2277:, p. 298.
2267:
2265:, p. 117.
2255:
2253:, p. 276.
2243:
2241:, p. 241.
2228:
2226:, p. 250.
2216:
2204:
2202:, p. 214.
2192:
2190:, p. 169.
2180:
2168:
2166:, p. 142.
2156:
2154:, p. 121.
2144:
2142:, p. 117.
2132:
2130:, p. 116.
2113:
2098:
2096:, p. 118.
2086:
2084:, p. 115.
2074:
2072:, p. 116.
2053:
2051:, p. 107.
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1954:(3): 358â387.
1929:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1875:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1805:
1793:
1791:, p. 105.
1781:
1769:
1754:
1752:, p. 552.
1742:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:Violant of Bar
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:Marie of Anjou
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:Marie of Blois
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
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1473:
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1437:
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1427:
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1407:
1405:
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1385:
1383:
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1379:
1373:
1370:
1369:
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1365:
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1359:
1357:
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1351:
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1337:
1334:
1333:
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1329:
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1324:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
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1297:
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1285:
1279:
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1275:
1272:
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1260:
1259:
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1245:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1175:
1172:
1116:
1113:
1085:
1082:
1022:Treaty of Lodi
980:
977:
925:
922:
861:
860:
855:
849:
848:
840:
839:
832:
829:
739:Ottoman Empire
730:
727:
659:
656:
528:
525:
490:Jura Mountains
439:Marie of Anjou
426:
423:
339:, daughter of
321:King of France
304:
303:
296:
292:
291:
289:Marie of Anjou
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
271:
266:
260:
259:
257:
256:
251:
246:
240:
238:
224:
223:
207:
201:
200:
199:
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177:
173:
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
160:
156:
155:
149:
145:
141:
140:
134:(aged 60)
130:30 August 1483
128:
124:
123:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
80:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
58:
56:King of France
52:
51:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3800:
3789:
3788:Sons of kings
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Ancien RĂ©gime
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3049:Childeric III
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Theuderic III
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Childebert II
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:. Routledge.
2502:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2440:, p. 26.
2439:
2434:
2431:
2428:, p. 64.
2427:
2422:
2419:
2416:, p. 68.
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:, p. 64.
2110:
2109:Thompson 1995
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2039:, p. 86.
2038:
2033:
2030:
2027:, p. 75.
2026:
2021:
2018:
2015:, p. 69.
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:, p. ??.
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1927:, p. ??.
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:, p. 48.
1911:
1906:
1903:
1900:, p. 50.
1899:
1894:
1891:
1888:, p. ??.
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1873:, p. ??.
1872:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1854:, p. 43.
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1830:, p. 46.
1829:
1824:
1821:
1818:, p. 42.
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:, p. 84.
1802:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1779:, p. 60.
1778:
1777:Sumption 2023
1773:
1770:
1767:, p. 34.
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1740:, p. 33.
1739:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1217:Duke of Berry
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:Italic League
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
978:
976:
974:
970:
966:
965:feudal system
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
930:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
856:
851:
850:
846:
841:
836:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
785:
783:
778:
776:
772:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
685:
684:Jacques Coeur
679:
677:
673:
664:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
602:
597:
592:
590:
586:
585:the Praguerie
581:
578:
570:
566:
562:
560:
556:
550:
548:
544:
537:
533:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
498:Moselle River
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
471:
467:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
420:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:Middle French
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
301:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
280:
277:
273:
270:
267:
265:
261:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
239:
236:
235:
229:
225:
204:
197:
196:
171:
164:
163:
161:
157:
153:
146:
142:
138:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
57:
53:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3712:Louis Joseph
3685:
3677:
3613:Charles VIII
3604:
3512:
3501:Napoleon III
3479:
3453:
3446:
3415:
3389:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3291:Charles VIII
3285:
3059:Carolingians
3044:Theuderic IV
3034:Chilperic II
3029:Dagobert III
3009:Childeric II
3004:Chlothar III
2949:Childebert I
2935:Merovingians
2860:
2851:
2844:Charles VIII
2832:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2762:
2743:
2734:
2726:
2715:
2697:
2678:
2659:
2637:
2628:
2611:
2602:
2597:
2576:
2557:
2538:
2519:
2500:
2453:Kendall 1971
2433:
2421:
2409:
2404:, p. 9.
2397:
2385:
2378:Kendall 1971
2373:
2366:Kendall 1971
2361:
2354:Guérard 1959
2349:
2342:Kendall 1971
2323:Kendall 1971
2318:
2311:Kendall 1971
2306:
2299:Kendall 1971
2294:
2287:Kendall 1971
2282:
2275:Kendall 1971
2270:
2263:Guérard 1959
2258:
2251:Kendall 1971
2246:
2239:Kendall 1971
2224:Kendall 1971
2219:
2212:Kendall 1971
2207:
2200:Kendall 1971
2195:
2188:Kendall 1971
2183:
2176:Kendall 1971
2171:
2164:Kendall 1971
2159:
2152:Kendall 1971
2147:
2140:Kendall 1971
2135:
2128:Guérard 1959
2094:Kendall 1971
2089:
2082:Kendall 1971
2077:
2070:Kendall 1971
2049:Kendall 1971
2044:
2037:Kendall 1971
2032:
2025:Kendall 1971
2020:
2013:Kendall 1971
2008:
1996:
1989:Kendall 1971
1984:
1951:
1947:
1910:Kendall 1971
1905:
1898:Kendall 1971
1893:
1852:Kendall 1971
1847:
1835:
1828:Kendall 1971
1823:
1816:Kendall 1971
1801:Kendall 1971
1796:
1789:Guérard 1959
1784:
1772:
1765:Kendall 1971
1750:Guérard 1959
1745:
1738:Kendall 1971
1733:
1460:
1177:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1133:
1125:
1118:
1098:
1074:Charles VIII
1071:
1050:
1038:
1026:
982:
962:
943:
935:
895:
864:
798:
786:
779:
767:
737:against the
732:
712:
688:
680:
669:
641:
632:
618:
607:
594:
582:
573:
551:
540:
502:
475:
466:Jean Fouquet
428:
419:Charles VIII
415:
393:(1475) with
387:took up arms
380:
371:
359:
357:
312:
308:
307:
232:
132:(1483-08-30)
104:Charles VIII
18:
3748:1483 deaths
3743:1423 births
3600:Charles VII
3494:(1852â1870)
3468:(1830â1848)
3437:Louis XVIII
3417:Napoleon II
3358:(1589â1792)
3336:(1422â1453)
3281:Charles VII
3254:(1328â1589)
3128:Charles III
3113:Carloman II
3089:(Charles I)
3087:Charlemagne
3039:Chlothar IV
2994:Sigebert II
2984:Chlothar II
2969:Chilperic I
2959:Charibert I
2827:Charles VII
2806:3 July 1423
2483:Anselm 1726
2468:Anselm 1726
2001:Moreau 2010
1886:Tyrell 1980
1871:Cleugh 1970
1154:Realpolitik
1136:astrologers
1129:Middle Ages
918:French wine
916:, and good
877:. When the
621:AgnĂšs Sorel
509:Joan of Arc
494:Somme River
409:itself and
360:the Cunning
325:Charles VII
315:" (French:
117:3 July 1423
94:Charles VII
90:Predecessor
48: 1469
3737:Categories
3717:Louis XVII
3666:Louis XIII
3639:Francis II
3575:Charles VI
3411:Napoleon I
3391:Louis XVII
3370:Louis XIII
3316:Charles IX
3311:Francis II
3276:Charles VI
3242:Charles IV
3217:Philip III
3207:Louis VIII
3172:Hugh Capet
3165:(987â1328)
3098:Charles II
3082:Carloman I
3064:Robertians
2989:Dagobert I
2974:Sigebert I
2954:Chlothar I
2857:1423â1461
2838:1461â1483
2620:B00G0N283I
2585:B000NX3VVY
2414:Brine 2015
2402:Bakos 1997
1726:References
1163:The Prince
1140:guinea pig
1000:, and the
904:, and the
775:LiĂšge Wars
708:Jean Balue
610:Ă©corcheurs
478:Charles VI
470:three magi
455:at Cravant
317:le Prudent
78:Coronation
3722:Louis XIX
3707:Louis XVI
3671:Louis XIV
3570:Charles V
3448:Louis XIX
3442:Charles X
3385:Louis XVI
3375:Louis XIV
3321:Henry III
3301:Francis I
3296:Louis XII
3271:Charles V
3261:Philip VI
3222:Philip IV
3202:Philip II
3197:Louis VII
3177:Robert II
3108:Louis III
3070:(751â987)
3019:Clovis IV
2999:Clovis II
2937:(509â751)
2785:Louis XI
2541:. Brill.
2438:Hand 2013
1976:154109619
1968:0304-4181
1215:Francis,
883:Edward IV
763:Montlhéry
725:in Rome.
658:Accession
631:, in the
527:Marriages
486:North Sea
425:Childhood
329:Praguerie
295:Signature
100:Successor
3697:Louis XV
3634:Henry II
3629:François
3625:François
3609:François
3605:Louis XI
3380:Louis XV
3365:Henry IV
3306:Henry II
3286:Louis XI
3237:Philip V
3212:Louis IX
3192:Louis VI
3187:Philip I
3143:Louis IV
3133:Robert I
3103:Louis II
3068:Bosonids
2944:Clovis I
2763:Louis XI
2658:(1971).
2595:(1726).
1224:Ancestry
1174:Children
994:Florence
946:Grandson
902:Normandy
875:Henry VI
871:Yorkists
819:of King
790:Beauvais
648:Burgundy
629:Grenoble
625:Dauphiné
543:Margaret
519:and the
407:Burgundy
345:Burgundy
333:Dauphiné
309:Louis XI
139:, France
39:of the
24:Louis XI
3684:Louis,
3676:Louis,
3622:Charles
3585:Charles
3580:Charles
3513:italics
3455:Henry V
3266:John II
3227:Louis X
3182:Henry I
3153:Louis V
3148:Lothair
3138:Rudolph
3093:Louis I
2964:Guntram
2492:Sources
1103:in the
1040:France.
914:venison
782:PĂ©ronne
743:Picardy
735:Crusade
696:memoirs
694:in his
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