Louis XII - Knowledge (XXG)

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the crown be met by reducing royal pensions and the number of offices. All three of the estates were in agreement on the demand for an end to the sale of government offices. By 7 March 1484, the King announced that he was leaving Tours because of poor health. Five days later the deputies were told that there was no more money to pay their salaries, and the Estates General meekly concluded its business and went home. The Estates General of 1484 is called, by historians, the most important Estates General until the Estates General of 1789. Important as they were, many of the reforms suggested at the meeting of the Estates General were not immediately adopted. Rather the reforms would only be acted on when Louis XII came to the throne.

1086:. The French army plundered and raped Capua mercilessly. However, when news of the rape of Capua spread throughout southern Italy, resistance to the French vanished. Frederick fled and the French Army entered Naples unopposed. Louis XII claimed the throne of Naples and pursuant to the sharing agreement with Ferdinand II shared half the income of Naples with Spain. However, as Machiavelli had predicted, the agreement could not last and in early 1502 relations between France and Spain had gone sour. Negotiations were started between France and Spain over their disagreements about Naples. However, in April 1502, without waiting for the conclusion of these negotiations, Louis sent an army under the command of 1161:, on edifices, and on cannons. As it was common belief at the time that the porcupine could shoot its quills, the porcupine symbolized the offensive and defensive capabilities of the king. During his years of conquest, Louis portrayed his kingdom to the public as a porcupine – a supposedly invincible creature feared by all. However, by the second half of his reign, Louis began to relegate the aggressive porcupine into a simple heraldic symbol for identification. Seeking to paint himself as a pious and chivalrous king to the public, Louis adopted titles such as 1042:, he was forced to come to Italy himself . Not satisfied with having made the Church powerful and deprived himself of his friends, he went after the kingdom of Naples and divided it with the king of Spain (Ferdinand II). And where before he alone had been the arbiter of Italy, he brought in a rival to whom everyone in the kingdom who was ambitious on his own account or dissatisfied with Louis could have recourse. He could have left in Naples a caretaker king of his own, but he threw him out, and substituted a man capable of driving out Louis himself. 932:

Pisans put up such a determined resistance that Beaumont despaired of ever taking Pisa. On 11 July 1500, the French broke camp and retreated north. The diversion to Pisa and the failure there emboldened opponents of the French in Italy. Pursuing the claim to the Kingdom of Naples had become politically impossible until some of the opponents were neutralized. One opponent in particular was Spain. It was at this point, in 1500, that Louis XII pursued the claim of his immediate predecessor to the Kingdom of Naples with Ferdinand II, the

387: 977:. I don't mean to blame the king for his part in the scheme; he wanted a foothold in Italy, and not only had no friends in the province, but found all doors barred against him because of King Charles's behavior. Hence he had to take what friendships he could get; and if he had made no further mistakes in his other arrangements, he might have carried things off very successfully. By taking Lombardy, the king quickly regained the reputation lost by Charles. Genoa yielded, and the Florentines turned friendly, the 862:, the next fortified town on the road to the city of Milan. This time the massacre had the desired effect, as three more fortified towns surrendered without a fight. Marshall Trivulzio then brought the French Army up to the gates of town of Alessandro, and his batteries began battering the walls of the town on 25 August 1499. At first, a vigorous defense was mounted by the garrison, but on 29 August 1499, the city gave up and the garrison and the governor of the city slipped out of town before dawn. 741: 1360: 42: 1752: 1735: 1388: 927:

advisers were miffed at Florence because in the recent fight against Sforza, Florence had chosen to abandon France and remain strictly neutral. The French knew that they would need Florence in the coming campaign in the Kingdom of Naples – French troops would need to cross Florentine territory on their way to Naples and they would need Florentine agreement to do so. Accordingly, a French army including 600 knights and 6,000 Swiss infantrymen under the command of

611:". The Pragmatic Sanction had been first instituted by King Charles VII, the former King Charles VIII's grandfather. The Pragmatic Sanction excluded the papacy from the process of appointing bishops and abbots in France. Instead, these positions would be filled by appointment made by the cathedrals and monastery chapters themselves. All church prelates within France would be appointed by the King of France without reference to the pope. 895:

of the Swiss Confederation heard about the coming battle and forbade any Swiss soldier from fighting against a fellow Swiss, which effectively subtracted all the Swiss from both sides for this particular battle. These troops then started to march back home to Switzerland. This had a much more damaging effect on Sforza's army, because his army was composed of a larger proportion of Swiss than the French army under La Trémoille.

1184: 1252: 853:. Marshall Trivulzio had been in the service of the French throne since the reign of Louis XI, but he had been born and raised in Milan. The French army that Marshal Trivulzio now commanded consisted of 27,000 men of which 10,000 were mounted. The French army was also supplied with 5,000 Swiss mercenaries. In the campaign of 1499, the French army surrounded the fortified town of 1038:. And he never realized that by this decision he was weakening himself, driving away his friends and those who had flocked to him, while strengthening the Church by adding vast temporal power to the spiritual power which gives it so much authority. Having made this first mistake, he was forced into others. To limit the ambition of Alexander and keep him from becoming master of 1075:

the thus far secret Treaty of Grenada, signed 11 November 1500, which divided the Kingdom of Naples between France and Spain. The Pope was pleased and enthusiastically issued a bull naming the two kings – Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Spain – as the Pope's vassals in Naples. Indeed, the public announcement of the treaty in the Vatican was the first news that King

664: 1485:, France, on 9 October 1514. This represented a final attempt to produce an heir to his throne, for despite two previous marriages the king had no living sons. Louis died on 1 January 1515, less than three months after he married Mary, reputedly worn out by his exertions in the bedchamber, but more likely from the effects of 1821:, and concessions were made to the altered political landscape of the fictionalized series. The first season starts with Francis I already King of France, but in order to include Mary's short royal marriage and scandalous secret remarriage, the writers added a King of Portugal as her bridegroom, who bears no resemblance to 882:, heard about the surrender of Milan on 17 September 1499. He immediately left Lyon and on 6 October 1499, Louis XII made his triumphant entry into Milan. Marshal Trevulzio presented the key to the city to Louis, who in turn appointed Marshal Trivulzio as the temporary French governor of Milan. Later, Louis appointed 1196:. The King and Queen of France, identified as princes of Provence, are kneeling, the King has in his hands the crown that appears on the coins minted by the Mint of Milan. This is the only portrait, full-length, of a king of France, performed by a painter of the Italian Renaissance, who has come up to us. 899:"treasonous"), Louis XII was very generous to the city in victory. While Sforza had been in charge of Milan, the export of grain had been forbidden. Now the French reopened the trade in grain, setting off a decade of prosperity in Milan. Milan was to remain a French stronghold in Italy for twelve years. 675:

did in England. To meet his budget after having reduced taxes, Louis XII reduced the pensions for the nobility and for foreign princes. In religious policy, Louis XII reinstituted the Pragmatic Sanction, which established the Roman Catholic Church in France as a "Gallic Church" with most of the power

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King Louis XI died on 30 August 1483. He was succeeded to the throne of France by his thirteen-year-old son, Charles VIII. Nobody knew the direction which the new king (or more accurately his regent and oldest sister, Anne of France) would take in leading the kingdom. Accordingly, on 24 October 1483,

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The annulment, described as "one of the seamiest lawsuits of the age", was not simple. Louis did not, as one might have expected, argue the marriage to be void due to consanguinity (the general allowance for the dissolution of a marriage at that time). Though he could produce witnesses to claim that

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composed of 1,000 lances, 10,000 infantrymen including 5,000 Swiss troops to Naples in early June 1501. In May 1501, Louis had obtained free passage for his troops to march through Bologne on the way to Naples. As the army approached Rome, Spanish and French ambassadors notified Pope Alexander VI of

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Consider how easy it would have been for the king to maintain his position in Italy if he had observed the rules , and become the protector and defender of his new friends. They were many, they were weak, some of them were afraid of the Venetians, others of the Church, hence they were bound to stick

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in the western part of the Duchy of Milan. After five hours of bombardment by the French artillery batteries, the walls of Rocca di Arazzo were breached and the town was taken by the French. Louis XII had ordered his army to massacre the garrison and many civilians as a message to the other towns in

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The French army had been a potent force in 1494 when Charles VIII had first invaded Italy. However, during the remainder of Charles VIII's reign, the army had been allowed to deteriorate through neglect. Ever since becoming king, Louis XII had been rebuilding the French army. Now he could put it to

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On this occasion he tried to conquer the Duchy of Milan, weakened by an economic crisis, and on 11 June 1495 he occupied with his troops the city of Novara, which was given to him for treason. He was on the verge of subjugating the Moro, who proved unable to cope with the situation, but clashed with

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Louis married the reluctant queen dowager, Anne, in 1499. Still only 22, Anne, who had borne as many as seven stillborn or short-lived children during her previous marriage to King Charles, now bore a further four stillborn sons to the new king, but also two surviving daughters. The elder daughter,

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Moreover, Louis popularized the state portrait as a propaganda tool. He employed numerous artists to capture him and produce individualized, miniature portraits that can be found in manuscripts today. Furthermore, Louis's propaganda arsenal was greatly expanded with the addition of portrait coins –

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Faced with the return of the French and his own greatly reduced force, Sforza decided to slip out of Milan as he had done previously. This time, however, Sforza was captured and spent the rest of his life in a French prison. Despite Milan's openly warm welcome of Sforza (which Louis XII regarded as

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and sent him to recapture Milan. By the time Trémoille reached the forts west of Milan where Marshal Trivulzio and his force were holding out, the French army had swollen to 30,000 men by recruitment along the way. Many of these new recruits in the French army were Swiss mercenaries. The government

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Meanwhile, Ludovico Sforza had been gathering an army, mainly among the Swiss, to take Milan back. In mid-January 1500, his army crossed the border into the Duchy of Milan and marched toward the city of Milan. Upon hearing the news of Sforza's return, some of his partisans in the city rose up. On 1

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been a neutral party, Joan would likely have won, for Louis's case was exceedingly weak. Pope Alexander VI, however, had political reasons to grant the annulment, and ruled against Joan accordingly. He granted the annulment on the grounds that Louis did not freely marry, but was forced to marry by

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as an annual subsidy for simply allowing the French to recruit an unspecified number of troops in the Confederation. In exchange, Louis promised to protect the Confederation from any aggression from Maximillian and the Holy Roman Empire. Louis opened negotiations with the Duchy of Savoy and by May

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The deputies representing the Second Estate (the nobility) at the Estates General of 1484 wanted all foreigners to be prohibited from command positions in the military. The deputies of the Third Estate (the merchants and traders) wanted taxes to be drastically reduced and that the revenue needs of

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Louis XI, who had become king of France in 1461, became highly distrustful of the close relationship between the Orleanists and the Burgundians and began to oppose the idea of an Orleanist ever coming to the throne of France. However, Louis XI might have been more influenced in this opinion by his

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was codified and ratified by the royal proclamation of the Ordinance of Blois of 1499. The Ordinance of Lyon tightened up the tax collection system requiring, for instance, that tax collectors forward all money to the government within eight days after they collected it from the people. Fines and

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If France could have taken Naples with her own power, she should have done so; if she could not, she should not have split the kingdom with the Spaniards. The division of Lombardy that she made with the Venetians was excusable, since it gave Louis a foothold in Italy; the division of Naples with

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was sent to Pisa. On 29 June 1500, a combined French and Florentine force laid siege to Pisa and set up batteries around the town. Within a day of opening fire, the French batteries had knocked down 100 feet of the old medieval walls surrounding the city. Even with the breach in their walls, the

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commoners and the class of traders and merchants in France. Louis, the current Duke of Orleans and future Louis XII, attended as part of the Second Estate. Each estate brought its chief complaints to the Estates General in hopes to have some impact on the policies that the new King would pursue.

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Accordingly, Louis (much to the dismay of his wife) claimed that Joan was physically malformed (providing a rich variety of detail precisely how) and that he had therefore been unable to consummate the marriage. Joan, unsurprisingly, fought this uncertain charge fiercely, producing witnesses to

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but had been in constant revolt almost ever since. In 1494, the Pisans successfully overthrew the Florentine governors of the city. The Florentines requested aid from the French to recapture Pisa, as the city of Florence had long been an ally of France in Italian affairs. However, Louis and his

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The presence of several French garrisons in southern Italy, the remnants of Charles VIII's first invasion of Italy, provided Louis XII with a toehold in southern Italy from which he hoped to enforce his claim to the Kingdom of Naples. However, Louis first had to deal with a recurring problem in

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Under Louis's reign, the province of Brittany finally became a de facto permanent province of France – although this was not legally completed until 1547. At the end of his reign the crown deficit was no greater than it had been when he succeeded Charles VIII in 1498, despite several expensive

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between France and Scotland that had been in existence since King Philippe IV of France first recognised Robert the Bruce (1306–1329) as King of Scotland in 1309. In early 1499, the old alliance between Scotland and France was renewed and the attentions of England were drawn northwards towards

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began to arrive in Tours, France. The deputies represented three different "estates" in society. The First Estate was the Church; in France this meant the Roman Catholic Church. The Second Estate was composed of the nobility and the royalty of France. The Third Estate was generally composed of

810:. Ferdinand was so hostile to France that he had founded the anti-French League of Venice in 1495. In August 1498, Louis XII succeeded in signing a treaty with Spain that ignored all the territorial disputes between France and Spain and merely pledged mutual friendship and non-aggression. 1145:

and publicity for the French crown. Louis XII had numerous large ceremonies for the various marriages, funerals, and other events that occurred under his reign. These occasions provided Louis with opportunities to project royal power and elevate Louis, which was largely done through

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André Vauchez, Michael Lapidge, "Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages: A-J", pp. 776, 2000: "Infirm from birth, she was obliged by her father, Louis XI, to marry her cousin, Louis of Orleans. The king wished, by a union considered sterile, to extinguish this rival collateral

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As the Duke of Milan, Louis XII, he is portrayed in the painting of Alvise De Donati, Maria Maddalena, Marta, Lazarro and Maximino adored by the Prince and Princess of Provence, Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya Barcelona, originally in the church of San Bartolomeo in

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February 1500, Marshal Trivulzio decided that he could not hold the city, and the French retreated to the fortresses west of the city. Sforza was welcomed back into the city by a joyous crowd of his supporters on 5 February 1500. Louis XII raised another army under

1421:(fourteen) to marry: no one was certain when he had been born, with Louis claiming to have been twelve at the time, and others ranging in their estimates between eleven and thirteen. As there was no real proof, he had perforce to bring forward other arguments. 1102: 858:

the Duchy against resistance to the French army. The legal rationale for the massacre at Rocca di Arazzo was that defenders of the town were traitors because they had risen up in arms against their rightful lord, Louis XII. The French repeated the episode at

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faction, greatly contributing to the stability of French government. In the Ordinance of Blois of 1499 and the Ordinance of Lyon issued in June 1510 he extended the powers of royal judges and made efforts to curb corruption in the law. Highly complex French

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all sought him out with professions of friendship. At this point the Venetians began to see the folly of what they had done, since in order to gain for themselves a couple of districts in Lombardy, they had now made the king master of a third of Italy.

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on 6 July 1495. As a result, Louis had come to hate Ludovico Sforza. Accordingly, even before he became King of France, Louis began to claim the Duchy of Milan as his own inheritance, which should have come to his by right of his paternal grandmother

709:. At the time, the Duchy of Milan was one of the most prosperous regions of Europe. Louis, the current Duke of Orleans and future King Louis XII, joined Charles VIII on this campaign. The French Kingdom was responding to an appeal for assistance from 838:

1499 had hammered out an agreement that allowed French troops to cross Savoy to reach the Duchy of Milan. The agreement with Savoy also allowed France to purchase supplies and to recruit troops in Savoy. Finally, Louis was ready to march into Italy.

849:, the French army crossed the border into the Duchy of Milan. Contrary to the wishes of the Second Estate (the nobles and royalty of France), expressed at the Estates General in 1484, this French army was being led by a foreigner, 1405:(his second cousin) to marry his daughter Joan of France. Charles VIII (son of Louis XI) succeeded to the throne of France in 1483, but died childless in 1498, when the throne passed to Louis XII. Charles had been married to 1681:

for a funeral mass. The next day, during the funeral procession, the cart carrying the coffin broke down and there was a dispute over which party would receive the gold cloth that covered the coffin. Louis was interred in

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opposition to the entire Orleanist faction of the royal family than by the actual facts of this paternity case. Despite any alleged doubts that King Louis XI had, the King, nevertheless, became "godfather" of the newborn.

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determined that it was useless to continue resisting the French. Accordingly, on the night of 2 September 1499, Sforza and a band of cavalry fled Milan, heading northward to the Holy Roman Empire. Louis XII, staying in

2353:"The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, Volume 33", pp. 42, 1854: "Louis XI compelled him to marry his deformed and sterile daughter Joan, threatening him with death by drowning, if he refused." 1208:

In spite of his military and diplomatic failures, Louis proved to be a popular king. Historians often attribute Louis's popularity to his tax reduction policies. While Francis I eventually raised taxes, Louis's

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Spain was an error, since there was no such necessity for it. depriving the Venetians of their power (who never would have let anyone else into Lombardy unless they were in control), he thus lost Lombardy.

787:" (1499–1504) or "King Louis XII's War". However, before initiating any war Louis XII needed to deal with the international threats that he faced. In August 1498, he signed a peace treaty with the Emperor 802:, the Infanta of Spain. Thus he needed to detach Spain from its close relations with England before he could deal with Henry VII. Furthermore, Spain was then a member of the anti-French League of Venice. 622:

was to serve as regent until Charles VIII became 20 years old. From 1485 through 1488, there was another war against the royal authority of France conducted by a collections of nobles. This war was the

3972: 914:, though the legal rationale for this claim was weaker than for his claim to Milan, stemming only from his position as the successor to Charles VIII. Nonetheless, Louis XII pursued the claim with vigor. 1413:

with the Kingdom of France. To sustain this union, Louis XII had his marriage to Joan annulled (December 1498) after he became king so that he could marry Charles VIII's widow, Anne of Brittany.

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the two were closely related due to various linking marriages, there was no documentary proof, merely the opinions of courtiers. Likewise, Louis could not argue that he had been below the legal

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army, allies of the Duchy of Milan, were crossing into the Duchy from the east in an attempt to aid the Milanese army before it was too late. Accordingly, Marshal Trivulzio marched his army to

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by him; and with their help, he could easily have protected himself against the remaining great powers. But no sooner was he established in Milan than he took exactly the wrong tack, helping

1806:. Despite his initial friendship with Cesare, their relations are strained by Cesare's conflicts with French interests, as well as Cesare's heavy-handed methods. After della Rovere becomes 1176:. In addition, Louis's personal colors were red and yellow (or gold). Thus, guard regiment uniforms, manuscript color schemes, flags, often adorned Louis's royal colors and his initial. 1082:

Being a stern disciplinarian, Lord Stuart held the troops of his army to strict decorum during most of the march to Naples. However, discipline fell apart when the army passed through

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Although he came late (and unexpectedly) to power, Louis acted with vigour, reforming the French legal system, reducing taxes, and improving the government much like his contemporary

1563:; however, he cites no primary source for this statement. If it is correct, the son in question must have been different from the one who was born 21 January who is shown below. 5038: 798:

With Maximillian I neutralized, Louis wanted to turn his attention to King Henry VII of England. However, Henry was then pursuing a marriage between his eldest son, Arthur, and

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Louis XII did not encroach on the power of local governments or the privileges of the nobility, in opposition with the long tradition of the French kings to attempt to impose

1458:, thereby insuring that Brittany would remain united with France. Anne opposed this marriage, which took place only after her death in 1514. Claude succeeded her mother in 650:, the most senior claimant as heir of Charles VIII. Thus, Louis, Duke of Orleans, succeeded to the throne on 7 April 1498 as Louis XII upon the death of King Charles VIII. 547: 1698:

The succession to the throne of France followed Salic Law, which did not allow women to inherit the throne. As a result, Louis XII was succeeded by Francis I. Born to

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of appointment in the hands of the king or other French officials. As noted above, these reforms had been proposed at the meeting of the Estates General in 1484.

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as the permanent governor of Milan. In an attempt to win popularity with the public in Milan, Louis lowered the old Sforza taxes by as much as one-third.

1715:). Anne of Brittany predeceased Louis XII. Thus, Anne's eldest daughter, Claude of France, inherited the Duchy of Brittany directly in her own right ( 1157:

as his personal badge and as a royal beast. As a result, the popularity of the now royal creature exploded, resulting in the placement of porcupines in

3934: 4020: 2008: 1489:. Their union produced no children, and the throne passed to Francis I of France, who was Louis's first cousin once removed, and also his son-in-law. 769: 1425:

Louis's boast of having "mounted my wife three or four times during the night". Louis also claimed that his sexual performance had been inhibited by

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in 1500 and pushed forward to the Kingdom of Naples, which fell to him in 1501. Proclaimed King of Naples, Louis faced a new coalition gathered by

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On 24 December 1514, Louis was reportedly suffering from a severe case of gout. In the early hours of 1 January 1515, he received the final

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Joan's father Louis XI. Outraged, Joan reluctantly submitted, saying that she would pray for her former husband. She became a nun; she was

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The succession to the ducal crown of Brittany followed semi-Salic tradition, allowing women to inherit the crown in their own right (

1585:”. The entry does not specify the year but follows an entry for 1502 and precedes one for 1507. Kerrebrouck dates the event to 1503 “ 1129:

of the League of Cambrai specifically to thwart the ambitions of France. The French were eventually driven from Milan in 1513 by the

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With the major powers preoccupied or pledged to peace with France, Louis XII could attend to two other neighbours on his border: the

1343: 873:, the last fortified town in the Duchy of Milan. With French troops already near Pavia, a short distance west of the city of Milan, 646:

permitted claims to the French throne only by male agnatic descendants of French kings. This made Louis, the great-grandson of King

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King Louis was brought into Italy by the ambition of the Venetians, who expected by his coming to get control of half the state of

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military campaigns in Italy. His fiscal reforms of 1504 and 1508 tightened and improved procedures for the collection of taxes.

763:(sometimes called the "Holy League"). This left Louis, the Duke of Orleans, in an awkward and inferior military position at the 4933: 4861: 4223: 4204: 4188: 3929: 3594: 1359: 4289: 4176: 3550: 3005: 1639:

excommunicated Louis XII for refusing to negotiate the liberation of the papal legate whom the French had captured after the

1277: 3924: 1703: 1225:") conferred upon him by the Estates in 1506. This was the first and only time that a French king was bestowed the specific 1087: 806:, king of the newly unified Spain, directed all relations between Spain and the French on behalf of himself and his queen, 713:, Duke of Milan. The invasion set off a series of wars that would last from 1494 until 1559 and would become known as the " 4146: 4013: 1644: 1447: 608: 57: 473: 4963: 3832: 2040: 1324: 1114: 628: 536: 501: 454: 332: 902:

Using Milan as his firmly established base, Louis XII began to turn his attention to other parts of Italy. The city of

4998: 4256: 1795: 1723:. This assured that Brittany would remain part of the Kingdom of France and the unity of the Kingdom would be upheld. 1474: 1393: 1296: 512: 290: 3879: 3874: 1946: 1888: 1262: 580: 407: 365: 5008: 4239: 4029: 3919: 3869: 3816: 3523: 1273: 587:. His father was almost seventy years old when Louis was born. Louis was only three years old when he succeeded as 438: 1450:

in 1501. But after Anne failed to produce a living son, Louis dissolved the betrothal and betrothed Claude to his

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and Cesare's downfall begins, Louis offers him exile in France, but Cesare's ambition refuses to consider defeat.

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a call went out for a convocation of the Estates General of the French kingdom. In January 1484, deputies of the

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Louis of Orléans was one of the great feudal lords who opposed the French monarchy in the conflict known as the

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contains a plotline based loosely on Louis' final marriage. Mary is renamed Margaret, to avoid confusion with

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in 1488, Louis was captured, but Charles VIII pardoned him and released him. He subsequently took part in the

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All four children of Charles VIII by Anne of Brittany died in infancy. The French interpretation of the

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To assert his claim to his half of the Kingdom of Naples, Louis XII sent an army under the command of

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In 1495, Ludovico Sforza betrayed the French by changing sides in the war and joining the anti-French

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After becoming king in 1499, Louis XII pursued his ambition to claim Milan in what is known as the "

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on 28 July 1488 but was defeated and captured. Pardoned three years later, Louis joined his cousin

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Scheller, Robert (1983). "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII".

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Scheller, Robert (1983). "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII".

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Louis's failure to hold on to Naples prompted a commentary by Niccolò Machiavelli in his book,

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The Counts of Laval: Culture, Patronage and Religion in Fifteenth-and Sixteenth Century France

2224: 1920: 1818: 1757: 1740: 1126: 1031: 978: 911: 792: 764: 698: 497: 477: 446: 355: 311: 2997: 833:. In March 1499, Louis signed an agreement with the Swiss Confederation that promised 20,000 4855: 4808: 4736: 4612: 4478: 4213: 4098: 3949: 3617: 3258: 3077: 3042: 2985: 1778: 1526: 1503: 1451: 1443: 1410: 1379: 760: 680: 41: 4632: 4498: 4473: 4457: 3798: 3725: 3673: 3609: 3378: 3220: 3188: 3153: 3121: 3068:

Hochner, Nicole (2001). "Louis XII and the porcupine: Transformations of a royal emblem".

2188: 1783: 1699: 994: 982: 874: 854: 753: 710: 520: 442: 411: 375: 125: 1802:. He continues the claim on Naples by Charles VIII, and is also crowned Duke of Milan by 1169:

to highlight his commitment to justice and reform rather than simply military dominance.

780:, who forced him to a long and exhausting siege from which he finally came out defeated. 618:

Since Charles VIII was only thirteen years of age when he became king, his older sister

4543: 4404: 3707: 1807: 1791: 1643:. As the battle happened took place on 11 April 1512, Kerrebrouck's date is presumably 1636: 1418: 1317: 1122: 933: 830: 702: 619: 489: 481: 403: 399: 142: 52: 1825:. The marriage is still quite short, as 'Margaret' smothers her husband with a pillow. 4907: 4503: 4429: 4394: 4359: 4218: 3461:

Directory of characters related to the crown of France in the 14th and 15th centuries

3337:

Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 2, The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance

3202:

Scheller. "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII": 88.

3170:

Scheller. "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII": 82.

3135:

Scheller. "Ensigns of Authority: French Royal Symbolism in the Age of Louis XII": 80.

3089: 2993: 1803: 1121:

on 14 May 1509. However, things became much more difficult in 1510, when the army of

818: 685: 556: 493: 104: 3457:

Répertoire de personnages apparentés à la couronne de France aux XIVe et XVe siècles

2986: 563:. Inscribed (literally) "Louis XII of this name: it is made at the age of 36 years". 4881: 4424: 4414: 4409: 4389: 4384: 4329: 1183: 1173: 714: 576: 560: 469: 453:, the widow of Charles VIII. This marriage allowed Louis to reinforce the personal 17: 1559:” to Trentino to negotiate a marriage between his son and one of the daughters of 3518:] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. 3509: 3489:

The illuminated page: ten centuries of manuscript painting in the British Library

2677:

Bernardino Corio, L'Historia di Milano, Giorgio de' Cavalli, 1565, pp. 1095–1099.

1172:

Louis's initial of L was often decorated with an open royal crown and laced with

4817: 4797: 4493: 4467: 4419: 4374: 4364: 4349: 4339: 1720: 1654: 1251: 1147: 745: 445:. When Louis XII became king in 1498, he had his marriage with Joan annulled by 338: 3536: 4771: 4750: 4552: 4462: 4444: 4369: 4354: 4334: 3103:

Hochner. "Louis XII and the porcupine: Transformations of a royal emblem": 36.

1814: 1674: 1589:” but does not specify the primary source on which he bases this information. 1426: 1142: 1056: 986: 949: 1787:, where he is portrayed as attempting to break his marriage contract to Joan. 4765: 4755: 4399: 4379: 3081: 1482: 1435: 1226: 1214: 1210: 1154: 725: 663: 643: 1079:

had received about his fate and his betrayal by his own cousin, Ferdinand.

728:

emblem. Caliber: 172mm, length: 305 cm, weight: 1870kg. Recovered in

4791: 4760: 4666: 4448: 4324: 3317:

Les Valois (Nouvelle histoire généalogique de l'auguste Maison de France)

1711: 1706:. Francis would also marry Louis XII's eldest daughter Claude of France. 1677:

and died later that evening. On 11 January Louis's body was taken to the

1627:”, without dates or primary source citations. Kerrebrouck records a son “ 1459: 1014: 1010: 990: 974: 923: 814: 496:

after the second Italian War, was interested in further expansion in the

434: 679:

Louis was also skilled in managing his nobility, including the powerful

4344: 3270: 3054: 1662: 1039: 1035: 845:

On 10 August 1499, after marching across Savoy and through the town of

729: 624: 461: 350: 4248: 3998: 3288:

Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France

1799: 1446:(1499–1524), was betrothed by her mother's arrangement to the future 1430: 1091: 1006: 1002: 998: 866: 528: 3511:

Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France

3262: 3046: 813:

This allowed enough freedom for Louis XII to start negotiating with

3824: 3516:

Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France

1647:. This birth is not mentioned in the Journal de Louise de Savoie. 1182: 1101: 1083: 1022: 1018: 903: 870: 834: 817:

for an alliance. Actually, Louis was merely seeking to revive the

749: 739: 719: 662: 546: 414:, he succeeded his second cousin once removed and brother-in-law, 689:

loss of office were prescribed for violations of this ordinance.

3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 1486: 1193: 947:; Machiavelli's criticism of Louis XII is contained in his work 919: 879: 846: 4252: 4002: 3828: 3580: 425:

and was compelled to be married to his disabled and supposedly

1245: 421:

Before his accession to the throne of France, he was known as

3408: 3406: 3393: 3391: 3232: 3230: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2905: 2903: 2890: 2888: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2832: 2830: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2717: 2715: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 504:(1508–1516), which was marked by the military prowess of the 3971: 3385:, (Renouard, Libraire, rue-Saint-Andre-Des-arcs, 1815), 151. 3290:(in French). 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. 1066:

Military campaigns against the Kingdom of Naples (1501–1508)

822:

Scotland rather than southwards towards continental Europe.

2668:, Mancia del Commercio di M. Visentini, 1883, pp. 438, 441. 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 1462:

and became queen consort to Francis. The younger daughter,

939:

On 11 November 1500, Ferdinand II and Louis XII signed the

2709:, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965), p. 113. 2386: 2384: 639:

in campaigns in Italy, leading the vanguards of the army.

1141:

Under Louis XII, there was an unprecedented explosion of

1555:

Père Anselme records that in 1501 King Louis XII sent “

3251:

Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art

3035:

Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art

2928:. A Norton Critical Edition. New York: 1977. pp. 9–11. 607:

The First Estate (the Church) wanted a return to the "

3567:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 3530:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 4871: 4845: 4807: 4781: 4735: 4710: 4631: 4542: 4438: 4314: 3982: 3862: 1777:As Duke of Orleans, he is a recurring character in 627:(1485–1488), Louis's war against Anne. Allied with 398:(27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515) was 381: 371: 361: 349: 310: 225: 211: 195: 183: 179: 169: 159: 148: 141: 131: 121: 110: 103: 93: 83: 73: 65: 51: 34: 936:and with Queen Isabel of Castile, ruler of Spain. 3463:]. Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 145. 2924:by Niccolò Machiavelli. Translated and edited by 1702:, on 12 September 1494, Francis I was the son of 1217:were longer-lasting. He duly earned the title of 1661:, from 1505, who died in 1511 and was buried in 1107:Litterae super abrogatione pragmatice sanctionis 567:Louis d'Orléans was born on 27 June 1462 in the 551:Louis kneeling in prayer, with saints, from the 437:. By doing so, Louis XI hoped to extinguish the 971: 2378:, (University of California Press, 2004), 105. 1577:The Journal de Louise de Savoie records that “ 4264: 4014: 3840: 3573:Louis XII: Les dérèglements de l’image royale 8: 3482: 3480: 1764: : Last Grand Master and Knight of the 865:Marshal Trivulzio now became aware that the 3412: 3397: 3361: 3236: 3020: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2909: 2894: 2879: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2764: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2693: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2496: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2426: 2390: 2362: 1280:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4271: 4257: 4249: 4021: 4007: 3999: 3847: 3833: 3825: 3600: 3439: 3339:, (Cambridge University Press, 1978), 776. 3282: 3280: 1843: 1834: 1396:during her brief period as Queen of France 40: 31: 3450: 3448: 2376:The Lost Tapestries of the City of Ladies 1499: 1344:Learn how and when to remove this message 631:, Louis confronted the royal army at the 3348:Michaud & Poujoulat (1838), Tome V, 3299:Michaud & Poujoulat (1838), Tome V, 1629:mort-né au château de Blois janvier 1512 1496: 1409:, in order to unite the quasi-sovereign 527:) for his reduction of the tax known as 515:. A popular king, Louis was proclaimed " 5039:People of the Italian Wars of 1499–1504 3528:Great Britain to 1688: A Modern History 3311: 3309: 2414: 2402: 2336: 1355: 280: 1499; died 1514) 5044:People of the Italian War of 1494–1495 4979:Heirs presumptive to the French throne 4949:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 3286:Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). 3216: 3205: 3184: 3173: 3149: 3138: 3117: 3106: 2204: 2084: 2080: 2070: 1962: 1852: 1848: 1688:Tomb of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany 697:The French Kingdom under Charles VIII 591:upon the death of his father in 1465. 4989:Knights of the Order of the Porcupine 3165: 3163: 2666:La spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia 2487:, (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2007), 37. 2280: 2270: 2266: 2254: 2248: 2238: 2222: 2212: 2208: 2192: 2186: 2176: 2160: 2150: 2146: 2134: 2128: 2118: 2102: 2092: 2088: 2064: 2054: 2038: 2028: 2024: 2012: 2006: 1996: 1980: 1970: 1966: 1950: 1944: 1934: 1918: 1908: 1904: 1892: 1886: 1876: 1860: 1856: 1581:” gave birth at Blois 21 January to “ 1213:of law codes and the creation of new 1165:and compared himself to figures like 1113:Louis's greatest success came in the 918:northern Italy. In 1406, the city of 539:cadet branch of the House of Valois. 7: 4994:Military leaders of the Italian Wars 4892:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 1790:Louis is portrayed by English actor 1278:adding citations to reliable sources 1653:Louis XII had an illegitimate son, 1623:Père Anselme records a second son “ 1187:Chateau de Blois, Louis's Porcupine 1473:After Anne's death, Louis married 1125:intervened. Julius II founded the 1088:Louis d' Armagnac, Duke of Nemours 776:the fierce opposition of his wife 25: 3535:Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1996). 1823:the King of Portugal at that time 724:Bronze cannon of Louis XII, with 571:, Touraine (in the modern French 488:and was forced to cede Naples to 3595:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1750: 1733: 1386: 1372: 1358: 1250: 1180:first minted in France in 1514. 633:Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier 466:Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier 385: 252: 27:King of France from 1498 to 1515 4939:16th-century monarchs of Naples 3610:House of Valois, Orléans branch 1583:un fils...il avoit faute de vie 299: 277: 248: 5029:16th-century dukes of Brittany 5024:15th-century dukes of Brittany 3658:7 April 1498 – 1 January 1515 3591:Louis XI: The Universal Spider 1401:In 1476 he was forced by King 989:(of Bologna), the countess of 957:As portrayed in Machiavelli's 464:. At the royal victory in the 418:, who died childless in 1498. 406:from 1501 to 1504. The son of 1: 3383:De la maison royale de France 2105:Adolph III, Count of the Mark 906:agreed to the appointment of 492:in 1504. Louis, who remained 339:Michel, Archbishop of Bourges 69:7 April 1498 – 1 January 1515 5019:16th-century peers of France 5014:15th-century peers of France 5004:French patrons of literature 4929:16th-century kings of France 4924:15th-century kings of France 3315:Kerrebrouck, P. van (1990). 1686:. He is commemorated by the 1587:à l’issue d’un voyage à Lyon 1115:War of the League of Cambrai 1098:War of the League of Cambrai 629:Francis II, Duke of Brittany 455:Union of Brittany and France 4974:Military governors of Paris 3350:Journal de Louise de Savoye 3326:, pp. 167, 175 footnote 44. 3301:Journal de Louise de Savoye 1704:Charles, Count of Angoulême 1541:on 18 May 1514; had issue. 667:Louis XII on a coin of 1514 513:absolute monarchy in France 433:by his second cousin, King 5060: 2198: 2082: 1956: 1850: 1819:her niece of the same name 1609:in April 1528; had issue. 956: 317: 4890: 4284: 4236: 4036: 3969: 3805: 3796: 3778: 3769: 3748: 3739: 3731: 3724: 3714: 3705: 3697: 3687: 3678: 3670: 3660: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3603: 3487:Backhouse, Janet (1997). 2268: 2260: 2232: 2225:John II, Duke of Burgundy 2210: 2206: 2170: 2148: 2140: 2112: 2090: 2086: 2048: 2026: 2018: 1990: 1968: 1964: 1928: 1906: 1898: 1870: 1854: 1468:Duke Ercole II of Ferrara 1407:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 1072:Bernard Stuart of Aubigny 451:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 333:Renée, Duchess of Ferrara 266:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 39: 3810:Merged into royal domain 3783:Merged into royal domain 3565:France: A Modern History 3455:Ornato, Monique (1981). 2131:Adolph I, Duke of Cleves 1947:Charles, Duke of Orléans 1889:Louis I, Duke of Orléans 705:from the threats of the 581:Charles, Duke of Orléans 408:Charles, Duke of Orléans 366:Charles, Duke of Orléans 4984:House of Valois-Orléans 4305:List of French monarchs 3575:, collection "Époques" 3082:10.1111/1477-4658.00354 2707:Spain: A Modern History 1159:illuminated manuscripts 1090:against the Spanish in 476:for the control of the 474:second Italian campaign 328:Claude, Queen of France 4934:French Roman Catholics 4811:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 4300:List of Frankish kings 4295:Simplified family tree 3976: 3215:Cite journal requires 3183:Cite journal requires 3148:Cite journal requires 3116:Cite journal requires 1983:Gian Galeazzo Visconti 1838:Ancestors of Louis XII 1766:Order of the Porcupine 1745:Order of Saint Michael 1743:– Grand Master of the 1380:Queen Anne of Brittany 1188: 1110: 1048: 851:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio 756: 737: 668: 564: 524: 486:Ferdinand II of Aragon 480:. Louis conquered the 402:from 1498 to 1515 and 4199:Parthenopean Republic 3975: 3945:Louis Philippe Joseph 3579:: Champ Vallon, 2006 3335:C. W. Previté-Orton, 1659:Archbishop of Bourges 1633:grossesse tourne mal 1557:le cardinal d’Amboise 1479:Henry VIII of England 1466:(1510–1575), married 1186: 1105: 892:Louis de La Trémoille 808:Isabella I of Castile 743: 723: 699:invaded Italy in 1494 666: 550: 4290:Detailed family tree 3615:Cadet branch of the 3587:Kendall, Paul Murray 2982:Norwich, John Julius 1813:The first season of 1721:in right of his wife 1684:Saint Denis Basilica 1631:”, commenting that “ 1579:Anne reine de France 1549:late 1500/early 1501 1456:Francis of Angoulême 1366:Queen Joan of France 1274:improve this section 1231:Father of the People 1219:Father of the People 1163:Father of the People 1017:, and the people of 517:Father of the People 449:and instead married 441:cadet branch of the 251: 1476; 219:Saint Denis Basilica 206:Hôtel des Tournelles 4726:Henry VI of England 3691:Massimiliano Sforza 3442:, pp. 205–208. 3070:Renaissance Studies 2988:A History of Venice 2971:, pp. 125–126. 2851:, pp. 116–117. 2824:, pp. 115–116. 2595:, pp. 202–204. 2547:, pp. 100–101. 2283:Margaret of Bavaria 2067:Louis XII of France 1863:Charles V of France 1561:Philip I of Castile 1539:Francis I of France 1119:Battle of Agnadello 1077:Frederick of Naples 1052:Niccolò Machiavelli 945:Niccolò Machiavelli 827:Swiss Confederation 804:Ferdinand of Aragon 800:Catherine of Aragon 506:Chevalier de Bayard 136:Massimiliano Sforza 114:6 September 1499 – 18:Louis XII of France 4999:Monarchs of Naples 4873:House of Bonaparte 4783:House of Bonaparte 4713:House of Lancaster 4279:Monarchs of France 4030:Monarchs of Naples 3977: 3955:Ferdinand Philippe 3905:Charles Maximilian 3813:Title next held by 3786:Title next held by 3759:Title next held by 3543:St. Martin's Press 3506:de Gibours, Anselm 3092:– via JSTOR. 2705:Rhea Marsh Smith, 2163:Margaret of Jülich 2041:Isabella of Valois 2009:Valentina Visconti 1800:Borgia (TV series) 1189: 1153:Louis adopted the 1111: 884:Georges d' Amboise 770:Valentina Visconti 757: 744:Louis XII leaving 738: 707:Republic of Venice 669: 609:Pragmatic Sanction 565: 553:Hours of Louis XII 5009:People from Blois 4901: 4900: 4862:Louis Philippe II 4785:(1804–1814; 1815) 4246: 4245: 4240:Monarch of Sicily 4229: 4210: 4194: 4090: 4077: 4061: 3996: 3995: 3983:Current claimants 3910:Alexandre Édouard 3823: 3822: 3715:Succeeded by 3688:Succeeded by 3661:Succeeded by 3571:Hochner, Nicole, 2607:, pp. 95–97. 2559:, pp. 84–87. 2535:, pp. 88–90. 2511:, pp. 51–56. 2499:, pp. 39–49. 2474:, pp. 27–31. 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 1921:Joanna of Bourbon 1758:Kingdom of France 1741:Kingdom of France 1651: 1650: 1641:Battle of Ravenna 1448:Emperor Charles V 1411:Duchy of Brittany 1354: 1353: 1346: 1328: 1223:Le Père du Peuple 979:Marquis of Mantua 941:Treaty of Granada 922:was conquered by 912:Kingdom of Naples 793:Holy Roman Empire 785:Great Italian War 765:Battle of Fornovo 637:King Charles VIII 525:Le Père du Peuple 502:third Italian War 498:Italian Peninsula 478:Kingdom of Naples 447:Pope Alexander VI 393: 392: 46:Louis XII in 1514 16:(Redirected from 5051: 4964:Dukes of Orléans 4856:Louis Philippe I 4847:House of Orléans 4809:House of Bourbon 4737:House of Bourbon 4273: 4266: 4259: 4250: 4227: 4208: 4192: 4088: 4075: 4059: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4000: 3863:Dukes of Orléans 3856:Dukes of Orléans 3849: 3842: 3835: 3826: 3732:Preceded by 3698:Preceded by 3671:Preceded by 3644:Preceded by 3634: 3627: 3618:Capetian dynasty 3601: 3597: 3568: 3556: 3531: 3519: 3493: 3492: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3416: 3413:Baumgartner 1996 3410: 3401: 3398:Baumgartner 1996 3395: 3386: 3371: 3365: 3362:Baumgartner 1996 3359: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3313: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3275: 3274: 3246: 3240: 3237:Baumgartner 1996 3234: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3030: 3024: 3021:Baumgartner 1996 3018: 3012: 3011: 2991: 2978: 2972: 2969:Baumgartner 1996 2966: 2960: 2957:Baumgartner 1996 2954: 2948: 2945:Baumgartner 1996 2942: 2929: 2919: 2913: 2910:Baumgartner 1996 2907: 2898: 2895:Baumgartner 1996 2892: 2883: 2880:Baumgartner 1996 2877: 2864: 2861:Baumgartner 1996 2858: 2852: 2849:Baumgartner 1996 2846: 2840: 2837:Baumgartner 1996 2834: 2825: 2822:Baumgartner 1996 2819: 2813: 2810:Baumgartner 1996 2807: 2801: 2798:Baumgartner 1996 2795: 2789: 2786:Baumgartner 1996 2783: 2768: 2765:Baumgartner 1996 2762: 2749: 2746:Baumgartner 1996 2743: 2737: 2734:Baumgartner 1996 2731: 2725: 2722:Baumgartner 1996 2719: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2694:Baumgartner 1996 2691: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2653:Baumgartner 1996 2650: 2644: 2641:Baumgartner 1996 2638: 2632: 2629:Baumgartner 1996 2626: 2620: 2617:Baumgartner 1996 2614: 2608: 2605:Baumgartner 1996 2602: 2596: 2593:Baumgartner 1996 2590: 2584: 2581:Baumgartner 1996 2578: 2572: 2569:Baumgartner 1996 2566: 2560: 2557:Baumgartner 1996 2554: 2548: 2545:Baumgartner 1996 2542: 2536: 2533:Baumgartner 1996 2530: 2524: 2521:Baumgartner 1996 2518: 2512: 2509:Baumgartner 1996 2506: 2500: 2497:Baumgartner 1996 2494: 2488: 2483:Malcolm Walsby, 2481: 2475: 2472:Baumgartner 1996 2469: 2463: 2460:Baumgartner 1996 2457: 2451: 2448:Baumgartner 1996 2445: 2430: 2427:Baumgartner 1996 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2391:Baumgartner 1996 2388: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2363:Baumgartner 1996 2360: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2341: 2251:Mary of Burgundy 1844: 1835: 1779:Sir Walter Scott 1762:Duchy of Orléans 1756: 1754: 1753: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1607:Ercole II d'Este 1527:Claude of France 1504:Anne of Brittany 1497: 1477:, the sister of 1452:heir presumptive 1390: 1376: 1362: 1349: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1286: 1254: 1246: 1061: 997:), the lords of 929:Sire de Beaumont 908:Philip of Cleves 761:League of Venice 734:Musée de l'Armée 569:Château de Blois 423:Louis of Orléans 389: 342: 321: 303: 301: 281: 279: 256: 254: 250: 202: 190:Château de Blois 155: 152:2 August 1501 – 117: 44: 32: 21: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5048: 4969:Dukes of Valois 4954:Counts of Blois 4904: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4886: 4867: 4841: 4803: 4777: 4731: 4706: 4633:House of Valois 4627: 4538: 4499:Charles the Fat 4458:Pepin the Short 4443: 4434: 4310: 4309: 4280: 4277: 4247: 4242: 4232: 4032: 4027: 3997: 3992: 3978: 3967: 3858: 3853: 3814: 3811: 3802: 3787: 3784: 3775: 3760: 3757: 3745: 3742:Duke of Orléans 3737: 3726:French nobility 3720: 3711: 3703: 3693: 3684: 3676: 3674:Ludovico Sforza 3666: 3657: 3649: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3606: 3585: 3561:Guérard, Albert 3559: 3553: 3534: 3524:Ashley, Maurice 3522: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3440:de Gibours 1726 3438: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3389: 3379:Gabriel Peignot 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3314: 3307: 3298: 3294: 3285: 3278: 3263:10.2307/3780504 3248: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3214: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3182: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3147: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3115: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3047:10.2307/3780504 3032: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2932: 2926:Robert M. Adams 2920: 2916: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2771: 2763: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2382: 2374:Susan G. Bell, 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2189:Marie of Cleves 1832: 1784:Quentin Durward 1774: 1751: 1749: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1700:Louise of Savoy 1696: 1671: 1625:mort en bas âge 1599:25 October 1510 1595:Renée of France 1531:14 October 1499 1495: 1397: 1391: 1382: 1377: 1368: 1363: 1350: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1287: 1285: 1271: 1255: 1244: 1239: 1202: 1139: 1100: 1068: 1063: 1050: 995:Caterina Sforza 983:Duke of Ferrara 962: 875:Lodovico Sforza 855:Rocca di Arazzo 778:Beatrice d'Este 754:Jean Bourdichon 711:Ludovico Sforza 701:to protect the 695: 661: 656: 601:Estates General 589:Duke of Orléans 585:Marie of Cleves 555:, his personal 545: 500:and launched a 472:, initiating a 443:House of Valois 412:Marie of Cleves 376:Marie of Cleves 345: 337: 315: 314: 306: 305: 302: 1514) 297: 293: 283: 275: 271: 268: 258: 255: 1498) 246: 242: 239: 221: 216: 204: 200: 188: 154:31 January 1504 153: 126:Ludovico Sforza 115: 61: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5057: 5055: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4959:Dukes of Milan 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4721: 4719: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4544:House of Capet 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405:Childebert III 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4202: 4195: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4083: 4078: 4070: 4065: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3950:Louis Philippe 3947: 3942: 3940:Louis Philippe 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3829: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3799:Count of Blois 3794: 3793: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3772:Duke of Valois 3767: 3766: 3758: 3752: 3747: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3708:King of Naples 3704: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3654:King of France 3650: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3639:Regnal titles 3636: 3635: 3633:1 January 1515 3614: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3583: 3569: 3557: 3551: 3532: 3520: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3491:. p. 166. 3476: 3470:978-2859444426 3469: 3444: 3417: 3415:, p. 244. 3402: 3400:, p. 243. 3387: 3366: 3364:, p. 175. 3354: 3341: 3328: 3324:978-2950150929 3305: 3292: 3276: 3241: 3239:, p. 246. 3226: 3217:|journal= 3194: 3185:|journal= 3159: 3150:|journal= 3127: 3118:|journal= 3095: 3060: 3025: 3023:, p. 249. 3013: 3006: 2973: 2961: 2959:, p. 125. 2949: 2947:, p. 123. 2930: 2914: 2912:, p. 122. 2899: 2897:, p. 120. 2884: 2882:, p. 119. 2865: 2863:, p. 118. 2853: 2841: 2839:, p. 116. 2826: 2814: 2812:, p. 115. 2802: 2800:, p. 117. 2790: 2788:, p. 114. 2769: 2767:, p. 113. 2750: 2748:, p. 109. 2738: 2736:, p. 108. 2726: 2724:, p. 107. 2711: 2698: 2696:, p. 106. 2679: 2670: 2664:Marin Sanudo, 2657: 2655:, p. 105. 2645: 2633: 2621: 2619:, p. 203. 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2571:, p. 102. 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2431: 2419: 2417:, p. 373. 2407: 2405:, p. 368. 2395: 2380: 2367: 2355: 2346: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1811: 1808:Pope Julius II 1792:Joseph Beattie 1788: 1781:'s 1823 novel 1773: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1747: 1728: 1725: 1695: 1692: 1670: 1667: 1649: 1648: 1637:Pope Julius II 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1494: 1491: 1419:age of consent 1399: 1398: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1258: 1256: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1201: 1198: 1138: 1135: 1123:Pope Julius II 1099: 1096: 1067: 1064: 1034:to occupy the 1032:Pope Alexander 970: 961: 955: 934:King of Aragon 831:Duchy of Savoy 703:Duchy of Milan 694: 691: 660: 657: 655: 652: 579:). The son of 544: 541: 482:Duchy of Milan 404:King of Naples 400:King of France 391: 390: 383: 379: 378: 373: 369: 368: 363: 359: 358: 356:Valois-Orléans 353: 347: 346: 344: 343: 335: 330: 324: 322: 308: 307: 295: 289: 288: 287: 286: 273: 269: 264: 263: 262: 261: 244: 240: 237:Joan of France 235: 234: 233: 232: 229: 227: 223: 222: 217: 215:4 January 1515 213: 209: 208: 203:(aged 52) 199:1 January 1515 197: 193: 192: 185: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 150: 146: 145: 143:King of Naples 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 112: 108: 107: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 77: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 55: 53:King of France 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5056: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4944:Ancien Régime 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4430:Childeric III 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4395:Theuderic III 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4360:Childebert II 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4241: 4235: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4135:Ferdinand III 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3915:Nicolas Henri 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3781: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3718:Ferdinand III 3710: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3681:Duke of Milan 3675: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3611: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3209: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3177: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3142: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3110: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994:Vintage Books 2990: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2643:, p. 46. 2642: 2637: 2634: 2631:, p. 40. 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2583:, p. 95. 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2523:, p. 56. 2522: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2462:, p. 23. 2461: 2456: 2453: 2450:, p. 22. 2449: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2429:, p. 21. 2428: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2144: 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III 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 151: 147: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 127: 124: 120: 113: 109: 106: 105:Duke of Milan 102: 99: 96: 92: 89: 86: 82: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 59: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4893: 4882:Napoleon III 4860: 4834: 4827: 4796: 4770: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4676: 4672:Charles VIII 4440:Carolingians 4425:Theuderic IV 4415:Chilperic II 4410:Dagobert III 4390:Childeric II 4385:Chlothar III 4330:Childebert I 4316:Merovingians 4224:Ferdinand IV 4205:Ferdinand IV 4197: 4189:Ferdinand IV 4129: 4120:Ferdinand II 3884: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3755:royal domain 3753:Merged into 3749: 3740: 3706: 3679: 3652: 3647:Charles VIII 3630: 3626:27 June 1462 3623: 3616: 3608: 3593:. New York: 3590: 3572: 3564: 3541:. New York: 3537: 3527: 3515: 3510: 3499:Bibliography 3488: 3460: 3456: 3382: 3374: 3369: 3357: 3349: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3316: 3300: 3295: 3287: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3208:cite journal 3197: 3176:cite journal 3141:cite journal 3130: 3109:cite journal 3098: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3016: 2992:. New York: 2987: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2921: 2917: 2856: 2844: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2741: 2729: 2706: 2701: 2673: 2665: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2484: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2422: 2415:Kendall 1971 2410: 2403:Kendall 1971 2398: 2393:, p. 3. 2375: 2370: 2365:, p. 1. 2358: 2349: 2339: 2066: 1782: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1697: 1672: 1652: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1602:12 June 1574 1586: 1582: 1578: 1556: 1534:20 July 1524 1501: 1500: 1472: 1440: 1423: 1415: 1400: 1340: 1334:January 2024 1331: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1300: 1288: 1272:Please help 1260: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1207: 1203: 1190: 1178: 1171: 1162: 1152: 1140: 1112: 1106: 1081: 1069: 1055: 1049: 1044: 1028: 1021:, Pisa, and 972: 965: 963: 958: 948: 938: 916: 901: 897: 888: 864: 844: 840: 824: 812: 797: 782: 774: 758: 715:Italian Wars 696: 678: 670: 641: 617: 613: 606: 597: 593: 577:Loir-et-Cher 566: 561:Getty Museum 516: 510: 470:Italian Wars 459: 422: 420: 416:Charles VIII 395: 394: 316: 201:(1515-01-01) 187:27 June 1462 116:16 June 1512 88:Charles VIII 29: 4919:1515 deaths 4914:1462 births 4875:(1852–1870) 4849:(1830–1848) 4818:Louis XVIII 4798:Napoleon II 4739:(1589–1792) 4717:(1422–1453) 4662:Charles VII 4635:(1328–1589) 4509:Charles III 4494:Carloman II 4470:(Charles I) 4468:Charlemagne 4420:Chlothar IV 4375:Sigebert II 4365:Chlothar II 4350:Chilperic I 4340:Charibert I 4228:(3rd reign) 4209:(2nd reign) 4193:(1st reign) 4183:Charles VII 4110:Ferdinand I 4089:(2nd reign) 4076:(1st reign) 4068:Charles III 1655:Michel Bucy 1614:Unnamed son 1574:21 January 1571:21 January 1568:Unnamed son 1546:Unnamed son 1293:"Louis XII" 1148:iconography 1127:Holy League 746:Alessandria 559:, 1498–99, 160:Predecessor 122:Predecessor 84:Predecessor 79:27 May 1498 4908:Categories 4792:Napoleon I 4772:Louis XVII 4751:Louis XIII 4697:Charles IX 4692:Francis II 4657:Charles VI 4623:Charles IV 4598:Philip III 4588:Louis VIII 4553:Hugh Capet 4546:(987–1328) 4479:Charles II 4463:Carloman I 4445:Robertians 4370:Dagobert I 4355:Sigebert I 4335:Chlothar I 4177:Charles VI 4165:Philip III 4147:Charles IV 4141:Joanna III 4115:Alfonso II 4047:Charles II 3803:1465–1498 3776:1465–1498 3746:1465–1498 3712:1501–1504 3685:1499–1512 3605:Louis XII 3552:0312120729 3007:0679721975 2996:. p. 2922:The Prince 2332:References 1815:The Tudors 1694:Succession 1679:Notre-Dame 1675:sacraments 1552:died young 1475:Mary Tudor 1427:witchcraft 1394:Mary Tudor 1304:newspapers 1215:parlements 1143:propaganda 1137:Propaganda 1057:The Prince 987:Bentivogli 966:The Prince 959:The Prince 950:The Prince 748:to attack 693:Early wars 659:Governance 573:department 543:Early life 291:Mary Tudor 75:Coronation 5034:Annulment 4829:Louis XIX 4823:Charles X 4766:Louis XVI 4756:Louis XIV 4702:Henry III 4682:Francis I 4677:Louis XII 4652:Charles V 4642:Philip VI 4603:Philip IV 4583:Philip II 4578:Louis VII 4558:Robert II 4489:Louis III 4451:(751–987) 4400:Clovis IV 4380:Clovis II 4318:(509–751) 4219:Joachim I 4171:Charles V 4159:Philip II 4130:Louis III 4125:Frederick 4104:Alfonso I 4094:Joanna II 4086:Ladislaus 4073:Ladislaus 4041:Charles I 3735:Charles I 3701:Frederick 3664:Francis I 3538:Louis XII 3257:(2): 95. 3090:159885190 3076:(1): 19. 3041:(2): 79. 2344:dynasty." 1645:Old Style 1483:Abbeville 1438:in 1950. 1436:canonized 1261:does not 1242:Marriages 1227:honorific 1211:redaction 1167:St. Louis 1155:porcupine 732:in 1830. 726:porcupine 673:Henry VII 648:Charles V 644:Salic Law 537:Angoulême 535:from the 533:Francis I 396:Louis XII 382:Signature 170:Successor 164:Frederick 132:Successor 98:Francis I 94:Successor 35:Louis XII 4761:Louis XV 4746:Henry IV 4687:Henry II 4667:Louis XI 4618:Philip V 4593:Louis IX 4573:Louis VI 4568:Philip I 4524:Louis IV 4514:Robert I 4484:Louis II 4449:Bosonids 4325:Clovis I 4214:Joseph I 4153:Philip I 4081:Louis II 4057:Joanna I 3964:François 3960:Philippe 3930:Philippe 3925:Philippe 3870:Philippe 3589:(1971). 3563:(1959). 3526:(1961). 3508:(1726). 3352:, p. 89. 3303:, p. 87. 2984:(1989). 1830:Ancestry 1717:suo jure 1712:suo jure 1635:” after 1620:January 1617:January 1605:Married 1537:Married 1460:Brittany 1403:Louis XI 1015:Piombino 1011:Camerino 975:Lombardy 924:Florence 867:Venetian 829:and the 815:Scotland 435:Louis XI 4894:italics 4836:Henry V 4647:John II 4608:Louis X 4563:Henry I 4534:Louis V 4529:Lothair 4519:Rudolph 4474:Louis I 4345:Guntram 4063:Louis I 3989:Jacques 3895:Charles 3880:Charles 3790:Francis 3581:Accueil 3577:Seyssel 3271:3780504 3055:3780504 1798:series 1794:in the 1727:Honours 1663:Bourges 1318:scholar 1282:removed 1267:sources 1194:Caspano 1040:Tuscany 1036:Romagna 791:of the 730:Algiers 681:Bourbon 625:Mad War 462:Mad War 439:Orléans 429:cousin 427:sterile 318:more... 304: 296: 282: 274: 270: 257: 245: 241: 226:Spouses 58:more... 4613:John I 4238:*Also 4099:René I 4052:Robert 3920:Gaston 3817:Gaston 3807:Vacant 3780:Vacant 3750:Vacant 3629: 3549: 3467: 3322: 3269: 3088: 3053: 3004: 1796:Canal+ 1755: 1738: 1521:Notes 1444:Claude 1431:Papacy 1320: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1291: 1237:Family 1200:Legacy 1109:, 1512 1092:Apulia 1007:Rimini 1003:Pesaro 999:Faenza 985:, the 981:, the 860:Annone 835:francs 583:, and 529:taille 521:French 410:, and 372:Mother 362:Father 341:(ill.) 212:Burial 3935:Louis 3900:Louis 3890:Henri 3885:Louis 3875:Louis 3763:Henry 3631:Died: 3624:Born: 3514:[ 3459:[ 3267:JSTOR 3086:S2CID 3051:JSTOR 1772:Media 1669:Death 1518:Death 1515:Birth 1493:Issue 1481:, in 1464:Renée 1325:JSTOR 1311:books 1131:Swiss 1084:Capua 1023:Siena 1019:Lucca 991:Forlì 904:Genoa 871:Pavia 842:use. 752:, by 750:Genoa 654:Reign 490:Spain 351:House 312:Issue 298:( 294: 276:( 272: 247:( 243: 149:Reign 111:Reign 66:Reign 4447:and 4060:with 3547:ISBN 3465:ISBN 3320:ISBN 3221:help 3189:help 3154:help 3122:help 3002:ISBN 2281:15. 2223:14. 2161:13. 2103:12. 2039:11. 1981:10. 1512:Name 1487:gout 1297:news 1265:any 1263:cite 920:Pisa 880:Lyon 847:Asti 620:Anne 431:Joan 253:ann. 196:Died 184:Born 4504:Odo 3259:doi 3078:doi 3043:doi 2998:415 2249:7. 2187:3. 2129:6. 2065:1. 2007:5. 1945:2. 1919:9. 1887:4. 1861:8. 1502:By 1276:by 1229:of 717:". 575:of 519:" ( 4910:: 4226:* 4207:* 4191:* 3545:. 3479:^ 3447:^ 3420:^ 3405:^ 3390:^ 3381:, 3377:) 3375:FR 3308:^ 3279:^ 3265:. 3255:13 3253:. 3229:^ 3212:: 3210:}} 3206:{{ 3180:: 3178:}} 3174:{{ 3162:^ 3145:: 3143:}} 3139:{{ 3113:: 3111:}} 3107:{{ 3084:. 3074:15 3072:. 3049:. 3039:13 3037:. 3000:. 2933:^ 2902:^ 2887:^ 2868:^ 2829:^ 2772:^ 2753:^ 2714:^ 2682:^ 2434:^ 2383:^ 1760:– 1690:. 1665:. 1657:, 1470:. 1454:, 1233:. 1221:(" 1133:. 1094:. 1054:, 1013:, 1009:, 1005:, 1001:, 968:: 953:. 795:. 772:. 523:: 508:. 457:. 300:m. 278:m. 249:m. 60:) 4896:. 4442:, 4272:e 4265:t 4258:v 4185:* 4179:* 4173:* 4167:* 4161:* 4155:* 4149:* 4143:* 4137:* 4106:* 4043:* 4022:e 4015:t 4008:v 3848:e 3841:t 3834:v 3555:. 3473:. 3373:( 3273:. 3261:: 3223:) 3219:( 3191:) 3187:( 3156:) 3152:( 3124:) 3120:( 3080:: 3057:. 3045:: 3010:. 1347:) 1341:( 1336:) 1332:( 1322:· 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