Louis IV of France - Knowledge (XXG)

779:) who predicted the expulsion of Artald from Reims. Flothilde mentioned that the saints are alarmed about the disloyalty of the nobles against the King. This testimony was widely believed, especially among the population of Reims, who believed that the internal order and peace come from the oaths of loyalty to the King, while Artald was blamed for having forsaken divine service. Contemporary Christian tradition affirmed that Saint Martin attended the coronation of 936. Now the two royal patron saints, Saint Remi and Saint Denis, seem to have turned back to the King's rule. To soften the anger of the saints, in the middle of the siege of Reims by Hugh the Great and William I Longsword, Louis IV went to Saint Remi Basilica and promised to the saint to pay him a pound of silver every year. 657:) tried to halt the virtual regency of the Duke of the Franks; in the contemporary charters, Hugh the Great appears only as "count" as if the ducal title was taken from him by the king. But Louis IV hesitated about this move, because the ducal title was already given to Hugh the Great by Charles the Simple in 914. But a serious misconduct probably took place at that time, because Louis IV removed the title from him. For his part, Hugh the Great continued to claim to be the duke of the Franks. In a letter from 938 the pope called him duke of the Franks, three years later (941) he presided a meeting in Paris during which he raised personally, in the manner of a king, his viscounts to the rank of counts. Finally, Hugh the Great had the decisive respect of the entire episcopate of France. 933:(June 948) participated the apostolic legate, thirty German and Burgundian bishops and finally Artald and his suffragants of Laon among the Frankish clerics. Louis IV presented his claims against Hugh the Great at the synod. The surviving final acts determined: "Anybody had the right to undermine the royal power or treacherously revolted against their King. We therefore decide that Hugh was the invasor and abductor of Louis, and he will be struck with the sword of the excommunication unless he presents himself and give a satisfaction to us for his perversity". 865:. Herluin was killed, but Louis IV managed to escape to Rouen; where he was finally captured by the Normans. The kidnappers demanded from Queen Gerberga that she send her two sons Lothair and Charles as hostages in exchange for the release of her husband. The Queen only sent her youngest son Charles, with Bishop Guy of Soissons taking the place of Lothair, the eldest son and heir. Like his father, Louis IV was kept in captivity, then sent to Hugh the Great. On his orders, the king was placed under the custody of 1138:) of Louis IV. The Queen, from Ottonian descent, was constantly at the side of her husband, supporting him and being active in the defence of Laon (941) and of Reims (946), accompanied him on the military expeditions to Aquitaine (944) and Burgundy (949), and was also active during his period of imprisonment in 945-946. By France and Germany, the role of queens was different: the memorial mostly was a task of males. Written shortly after 956, perhaps by Adso of Montier-en-Der (according to 475:, came back to their country. Duke Hugh sent across the sea to summon Louis, son of Charles, to be received as king, and King Athelstan, his uncle, first taking oaths from the legates of the Franks, sent him to the Frankish kingdom with some of his bishops, and other followers. Hugh and the other nobles of the Franks went to meet him and committed themselves to him immediately he disembarked on the sands of Boulogne, as had been agreed on both sides. From there he was conducted by them to 2759: 898: 42: 3349: 3073: 467:

quibusdam episcopis et aliis fidelibus suis dirigit, cui Hugo et cetero Francorum proceres obviam profecti, mox navim egresso, in ipsis littoreis harenis apud Bononiam, sese committunt, ut erant utrinque depactum. Indeque ab ipsis Laudunum deductus ac regali benedictione didatus ungitur atque coronatur a domno Artoldo archiepiscopo, praesentibus regni principibus cum episcopis xx et amplius.

2892: 885:". This charter is the first official text who identified only the Western Frankish kingdom (sometimes called West Francia by some historians). This statement is consistent with the fact that the title of King of the Franks, used since 911 by Charles the Simple was thereafter continuously claimed by the Kings of the Western Kingdom after the 926:, Archbishop of Mainz take everyone by the hand" (Flodoard). A few months later, Louis IV joined the fight against Hugh the Great and his allies at the Battle of Rouen. In the spring of 947, Louis and his wife Gerberga spent the Easter holidays in Aachen at the court of Otto I, asking him for help in their war against Hugh the Great. 826:, where he received the homage from part of the Norman aristocracy and offered his protection to the young Richard I with the help of Hugh the Great. The regency of Normandy was entrusted to the faithful Herluin, Count of Montreuil (who was also a vassal of Hugh the Great), while Richard I was imprisoned first in Laon and then in 1207:, before 953). Guillaume de Jumièges records that a son of Louis IV hostage of the Normans after 13 July 945 to secure the release of his father, although it's unknown whether this son was Charles, who would have been a baby at the time, normally too young to have been used as a hostage according to then current practice. 423:, his uncle, after forcing the embassy to swear that the future king will have the homage of all his vassals, permitted him the return home with his mother Eadgifu, some bishops and faithful servants. After a few hours of sea journey, Louis received the homage of Hugh and some Frankish nobles on the beach of 1672:

In fact, in the kingdom of the Franks during the 9th century, there can be only one duke. If Hugh the Great proclaimed himself duke of all the Franks and over all the kingdoms (Burgundy and Aquitaine included) this means that he does not recognize the legitimacy of Hugh the Black as duke of Burgundy.

1031:

During the 950s, the royal power network was entrenched by construction of several palaces in the towns that were recovered by the King. Under Louis IV (and also during the reign of his son), there is a geographical tightening of royal lands around Compiègne, Laon and Reims which eventually gave Laon

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and decided to associate to the throne his eldest son and heir, the ten-year-old Lothair. During his stay, he received homage of Bishop Étienne II, brother of the viscount of Clermont. Louis IV recovered from his disease thanks to the care of his wife Gerberga, who during the reign of her husband had

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before his unsuccessful siege of Laon. In 941 the royal army, which tried to oppose Otto's invasion, was defeated and Artald was forced to submit to the rebels. Now Louis IV was surrendered in the only property that remained in his hands: the city of Laon. Otto I believed that the power Louis IV was

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dynasty had not achieved much; his uncle Odo had died after a few years of reign, abandoned by the nobles. Hugh's father, Robert I, was killed during the battle of Soissons after only months of reign and his brother-in-law Rudolph could not stop the troubles that multiplied in the Kingdom during his

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who probably would have challenged his election. But above all, it seems that he was shocked by the early death of his father. Richerus explains that Hugh the Great remembered his father who had died for his "pretentions" and this was the cause of his short and turbulent reign. It was then that "the

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Flodoard recalled indeed that in 938 Louis IV had captured Corbeny in extreme brutality and without respecting the donations to the monks made by his father. Thus God could punish the King and his descendants with the curse of the wolf as a "plague". According to Flodoard Louis reportedly died from

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The last step in the emancipation of Louis IV shows that his reign wasn't entirely negative. In 949 he entered Laon, where by command of Hugh the Great, Theobald I of Blois surrendered to him the fortress he had built a few months earlier. The King recovered, at the expense of Herbert II's vassals,

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According to contemporary sources (Dudon of Saint-Quentin and Flodoard of Reims), the murder was an act of revenge of the Count of Flanders who had just lost in favor of William I the city of Montreuil because the count of the Normans had approached King Louis IV to the detriment of Arnold and his

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Hugh the Great's response to the King's alliances approximating Herbert II of Vermandois, a very present ruler in minor France: it possessed a tower, called château Gaillot in the city of Laon. The following year, the King seized the tower but Herbert II conquered the fortresses of Reims. Flodoard

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King Charles died miserably. If my father and us, we hurt your Majesty by some of our actions, we must use all our efforts to erase the trace. Although following your unanimous desire my father committed a great crime reigning, since only one had the right to rule and was alive, he deserved to be

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and also was holding a sceptre who ended with a pine cone. The throne of Louis IV was similar to a bench placed on a pedestal of the same material. The seat had a back that was above the royal head he was home with a gable roof, three arches decorated the underside of the roof. The base on which

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proposes to Queen Gerberga to build a church destined to be burial place of members of the Carolingian dynasty: the Abbey of Saint-Remi; moreover in a charter dated 955, King Lothair, following the desires of his mother, confirmed the immunity of Saint-Remi as the place of coronations and royal

1154:. At that time, the two tombs of Louis IV and his son Lothair were in the centre of the Abbey, the side of the Epistle reserved to Louis IV and the side of the gospel to Lothair. Both remains were moved in the middle of the 18th century and transported to the right and left of the mausoleum of 466:

Brittones a transmarinis regionibus, Alstani regis praesidio, revertentes terram suam repetunt. Hugo comes trans mare mittit pro accersiendo ad apicem regni suscipiendum Ludowico, Karoli filio, quem rex Alstanus avunculus ipsius, accepto prius jurejurando a Francorum legatis, in Franciam cum

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During the ritual, Hugh the Great acted as squire bearing the King's arms. Almost nothing is known about the coronation ceremony of Louis IV. It seems certain that the King would wear the crown and sceptre of his predecessor. He must have promised before the bishops of France to respect the

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Then the Duke hastily brought a horse decorated with the royal insignia. By the time he wanted to put the King in the saddle, the horse ran in all directions; but Louis, an agile young man, jumped suddenly, without stirrups, and tamed the animal. This pleased all those presented and caused

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Hugh was the only one who would decide if Louis IV could be restored or deposed. In return for the release of the King, he demanded the surrender of Laon, which was entrusted to his vassal Thibaud. The Carolingian kinship was in the abyss, because it no longer held or controlled anything.

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In fact, until the 10th century, the Catalan nobles go to the royal palace in Laon to confirm privileges for their churches and ensure their loyalty to the King. And Wilfred, brother of the Count of Barcelona, received a charter from Louis IV renewing his rights in the

960:, who ordained Hugh of Vermandois, must repent, while Thibaud of Amiens and Yves of Senlis, who both consecrated Hugh, were excommunicated. The King, with the help of Arnold, deposed Thibaud from the seat of Amiens and placed the faithful Raimbaud in his place (949). 547:

of Wessex, sister of Queen Eadgifu, who also did not bear him any children. In addition, the marriage with Eadhild, actively promoted by Eadgifu, was made in order to sever an eventual dangerous link between families of Hugh and Count Heribert II of Vermandois.

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an incontestable primacy. Thus, through the charters issued by the Royal Chancery, can be followed the stays of Louis IV. The King spent mostly of his time in the palaces of Reims (21% of the charters), Laon (15%), Compiègne and Soissons (2% for each of them).

690:. Nevertheless, the support for the young king was still limited, until the Pope clearly favored him after he forced the French nobles to renew their homage to the king in 942. The King's power in the south was symbolic since the death of the last Count of the 869:

for several months. The ambush and capture of the King were probably ordered by Hugh the Great, who wanted to permanently end his attempts of political independence. Ultimately, probably by the pressure of the Frankish nobles and Kings Otto I and

747:(end 939), without the consent of her brother King Otto I. The wedding did not stop Otto I who, after alliance with Hugh the Great, Herbert II of Vermandois and William I Longsword, resumed his invasion of Lotharingia and advanced towards Reims. 1418:

The daughter of King Edward the Elder, Eadgifu became the second wife of the beleaguered Carolingian King of West Frankia, Charles the Simple. In September 920 or 921 she gave birth to Louis, the future Louis IV, called 'd'Outremer' on

1098:. Urgently carried to Reims, he eventually died from his injuries on 10 September. For the Reims canons, the wolf whom the king tried to hunt was not an animal but a fantastic creature, a divine supernatural intervention. 515:

Historians have wondered why the powerful Hugh the Great called the young Carolingian prince to throne instead of taking it himself, as his father had done fifteen years earlier. First, he had many rivals, especially

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Immediately after Louis IV died, his widow Gerberga was forced to obtain the approval of Hugh the Great for the coronation of her son Lothair, which took place on 12 November 954 at the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims.

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in 948 allowed the excommunication of Hugh the Great and released Louis from his long tutelage. From 950 Louis gradually imposed his rule in the northeast of the kingdom, building many alliances (especially with the

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reign. Finally, Hugh did not have a legitimate male heir: his first wife Judith (daughter of Count Roger of Maine and Princess Rothilde) died in 925 after eleven years of childless union; in 926 he married Princess

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in the middle of his passage dealing with 948. She must have been born in the previous year, or very early in the same year, if the timing of the birth of King Louis's son Louis is correctly dated to the end of

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Gauls, anxious to appear free to elect their King, assembled under the leadership of Hugh to deliberate about the choice of a new King". According to Richerus, Hugh the Great delivered the following speech:

615:. We know that king had the power to appoint the suffragants of the Archbishopric of Reims. During this time Laon became the centre of the small Carolingian heartland, compared with the possessions in the 704:

But Louis, called by the archbishop Artaud returned and besieged Laon where a new citadel was built by Herbert. He undermines and overthrows many machines walls and finally took it with great difficulty.

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first under the first arch of the collateral nave towards the sacristy of Saint-Remi Abbey. The statues placed on the original graves were left there. Both statues were painted and the golden

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until 965, marking the Ottonian influence over France during all the second half of the 10th century. Thus, the end of Louis IV's reign and the beginning of the rule of Lothair, wasn't the "

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Louis became the heir to the western branch of the Carolingian dynasty after the death of his captive father in 929, and in 936, at the age of 15, was recalled from Wessex by the powerful

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During the summer of 945 Louis IV went to Normandy after being called by his faithful Herluin, who was a victim of a serious revolt. While the two were riding, they were ambushed near

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a key role. The royal couple had seven children, of whom only three survived infancy: Lothair, the eldest son and future King – that Flodoard cites not to be confused with the son of

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The rivalries between the nobility appeared as the only hope for the Louis IV to free himself from the regency of Hugh the Great. In 937 Louis IV began to rely more on his Chancellor

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sufficiently diminished and proposed a reconciliation with the Duke of the Franks and the Count of Vermandois. From that point on, Otto I was the new arbitrator in the West Francia.

889:, including the non-Carolingians ones. Among the Kings of the East, sometimes called Germanic Kings, this claim was occasional and disappeared completely after the 11th century. 1663:

It's understood that the duke of the Franks is now the first person in the kingdom after the king. Charter of Louis IV, n° 4, 26 December 936. Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 170.

5185: 5190: 479:, and, endowed with the royal benediction, he was anointed and crowned by the lord Archbishop Artold, in the presence of the chief men of his kingdom, with 20 bishops." 929:

Between late 947 and late 948, four imperial synods were held by Otto I between Meuse and Rhine to settle the fate of the Archbishopric of Reims and Hugh the Great. In

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Otto I was not satisfied with the growing power of Hugh the Great who, although not accepted by the whole kingdom, respected the division of powers. In 946 Otto I and

850:(as Count of Saint-Quentin). Albert of Vermandois took the side of the King and paid homage to him, while the Abbey of Saint-Crépin in Soissons was finally given to 1090:

At the end of the summer of 954, Louis IV went riding with his companions on the road from Laon to Reims. As he crossed the forest of Voas (near to his palace in

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Thus the royal edicts of the second half of 936 confirm the pervasiveness of Hugh the Great: it is said that Duke of the Franks "in all but reigned over us".

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since the death of his father Robert in 923. Territorially, Louis IV was quite helpless since he possessed few lands around the ancient Carolingian domains (

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These are the same Franks who want this King, who crossed the sea at their request, the same ones who sworn loyalty to him and lied to God and that King?

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fundamentals of the universe. In consequence, the Frankish King could continue his reign without fear, because Heaven was the door of legitimacy.

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died in 987 from injuries received when falling from his horse while hunting, a few months after he besieged Reims for the trial of archbishop

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Louis was born to King Charles III and his second wife Eadgifu, in the heartlands of West Francia's Carolingian lands between

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In 940 the East Frankish invaders finally conquered the city of Reims, where archbishop Artald was expelled and replaced by

564:. He knew nothing about his new kingdom. Hugh the Great, after negotiating with the most powerful nobles of the Kingdom – ( 4810: 4452: 4430: 4371: 4366: 2947: 2872: 1718: 989: 953: 178: 5160: 4877: 4356: 4193: 3423: 3404: 2608: 4995: 4715: 4589: 4579: 4327: 4168: 4116: 3454: 1025: 919: 881:

In June 946, a royal charter called optimistically the "eleventh year of the reign of Louis when he had recovered the

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which his father had given to Saint-Remi of Reims and also authorized archbishop Artald to mint coins in his city.

941: 866: 687: 819:, the ten-year-old son of William born from his Breton concubine, while Herbert II left as heirs four adult sons. 5086: 4842: 4757: 4730: 4647: 4574: 4442: 4287: 2575: 782:

Meanwhile, Hugh the Great and his vassals had sworn allegiance to Otto I, who moved to the Carolingian Palace of

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The regency of the Kingdom was held firstly by Hugh the Great, and after his death in 956 by Gerberga's brother

4667: 4637: 4242: 4033: 2742: 569: 314: 1094:), he saw a wolf and attempted to capture it. Flodoard, from whom these details are known, said that the King 452:, perhaps at the request of the King since it was a symbolic Carolingian town and he was probably born there. 4923: 4752: 4698: 4652: 4341: 3502: 3428: 2582: 1095: 945: 59: 508:) and the purple robe with precious stones and gold incrustations also used by Odo in 888) and his own son 5028: 4990: 4948: 4933: 4725: 4547: 4447: 4109: 3869: 3497: 2680: 1245: 1166:. Louis IV was shown seated on a throne with a double-dossier. He was depicted as full-bearded, wearing a 1072: 743:. Louis IV used this opportunity to strengthen his domain over Lotharingia by marrying Giselbert's widow, 727:

of East Francia and offered the crown to Louis IV, who received homage of the Lotharingian aristocracy in

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in 952, Hugh the Great captured his half of Burgundy. Louis IV, now allied with Arnulf I of Flanders and

333:(king of East Anglia), an ancestor of his maternal family who had heroically fought against the Vikings. 4953: 4943: 4735: 4559: 4467: 4402: 3859: 3160: 2657:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II. 2387:

Empress Adelheid and Countess Matilda: Medieval Female Rulership and the Foundations of European Society

2322:. Collection des textes pour servir à l'étude et à l'enseignement de l'histoire 39. Paris, Picard, 1905. 2147: 1277: 1163: 1139: 816: 2064:. In: Timothy Reuter. The New Cambridge Medieval History III. Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 384. 1633: 387:, Louis tried to conquer his lands, but was captured by the Normans and handed over to Hugh the Great. 759:, younger son of Herbert II, who also seized the patrimony of Saint-Remi. About this, Flodoard wrote: 532:

imprisoned. This, believe me, wasn't the will of God. Also I never had to take the place of my father.

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privileges of the Church. Maybe he received the ring (a religious symbol), the sword and the stick of

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Michel Sot: "Hérédité royale et pouvoir sacré avant 987", Annales ESC, n° 43, 1988, pp. 705–733

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sent an embassy to Wessex inviting Louis to "come and take the head of the kingdom" (Flodoard). King

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in Reims. The Synod of Trier (September 948) decided to excommunicate him for his actions. Guy I,

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Having arrived on the continent, Louis IV was a young man of fifteen, who spoke neither Latin nor

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England and the Continent in the Tenth Century: Studies in Honour of Wilhelm Levison (1876–1947)

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was the second most powerful man after the King. In 939, the young monarch attempted to conquer

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on each of the Kings' capes was easily visible. A graphic description of the tombs was made by

897: 317:, queen Eadgifu and her infant son took refuge in Wessex (for this he received the nickname of 5119: 5101: 5096: 5081: 5066: 5005: 4968: 4882: 4815: 4805: 4793: 4774: 4642: 4569: 4392: 4292: 4178: 4158: 4135: 3844: 3805: 3760: 3731: 3726: 3716: 3399: 3390: 3366: 3265: 3207: 3115: 3006: 2592: 2509:

Annie Renoux: "Palais capétiens et normands à la fin du xe siècle et au début du xie siècle",

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It seems that Richard I was returned to the Normans at the same time. Dudon of Saint-Quentin,

1400: 1394: 1193: 1187: 1167: 1151: 1115: 1013: 993: 957: 812: 783: 509: 349: 330: 267: 259: 223: 188: 162: 100: 90: 2552: 1369:] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. p. 36. 1360: 427:, who kissed his hands. Chronicler Richerus gives us an anecdote about this first encounter: 313:

After the dethronement and capture of Charles the Simple in 923, following his defeat at the

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Henry (summer 953 – died shortly after his baptism). Flodoard records the birth of twins to

901:

The actual size of West Francia and Carolingian controlled lands (in yellow) in 10th century

886: 682:, all enemies of Hugh the Great. He also received the homage of other important nobles like 608: 495: 424: 384: 303: 263: 2083: 1439: 1055:) confiscated the Abbey of Notre Dame from his mother and donated it to his wife Gerberga ( 1039:), who since her return with her son to France retired to the Abbey of Notre Dame in Laon ( 5128: 5091: 5076: 5071: 5013: 4928: 4488: 4229: 3830: 3696: 3671: 3655: 3225: 3217: 3194: 3189: 3123: 3081: 2934: 2800: 2672: 1904: 1625: 1273: 1005: 949: 851: 831: 691: 671: 638:(territorial prince). This title was for the first time formalized by the Royal Chancery. 445: 4474: 2600: 444:

where the coronation ceremony was to take place. Louis IV was crowned king by Archbishop

1079:(The birth and era of the Antichrist). Adso reassured the Queen that the arrival of the 321:) at the court of her father King Edward, and after Edward's death, of her brother King 5051: 5046: 5038: 4862: 4820: 4397: 3741: 3602: 3213: 3096: 3043: 3001: 2929: 2786: 2703: 2530:

Michel Sot: "Les élévations royales de 888 à 987 dans l'historiographie du xe siècle",

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Gerberga, a dynamic and devoted wife, supported the burial of her late husband at the

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Louis IV took advantage of the internal disorder in the Duchy of Normandy and entered

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indicate that he was fifteen in 936 and that he was born in the region of Laon-Reims.

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would not take place before the end of the Kingdoms of France and Germany, the two

940:, Reims and profaned dozens of churches. In the meanwhile, his vassal and relative 616: 404: 372: 326: 247: 584: 420: 322: 2544: 2450:

Alexandre Bruel: "Études sur la chronologie des rois de France et de Bourgogne",

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Guy Lanoë: "Les ordines de couronnement (930-1050) : retour au manuscrit",

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rested his feet was decorated at the corners with figures of children or lions.

1068: 716: 630:) that Louis IV repeatedly confirmed in 936, 943 and 954; and his rule over the 561: 364: 299: 251: 203: 2891: 2478:

Anne Lombard-Jourdan: "L'Invention du "roi fondateur" à Paris au xiie siècle",

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The Normans had never accepted the regency of Herluin. Dudo of Saint-Quentin,

1805: 1503:, Transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 256. 1155: 1080: 557: 539: 448:

on Sunday, 19 June 936, probably at the Abbey of Notre-Dame and Saint-Jean in

345: 1399:. Routledge history online. Taylor & Francis Books Limited. p. 147. 936:

But the Duke of the Franks, not paying attention to the sentence, devastated

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Pouvoirs, Église et société. France, Bourgogne et Germanie (888-XIIe siècle)

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This quarrel ended in 936-937 when the two enemies agreed to share Burgundy.

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unus Karolus, later Heinricus, sed Henricus mox post baptismum defunctus est

854:. In 943, during the homage given to the King, Hugh the Great recovered the 804: 356: 307: 651:

From the beginning of 937 Louis IV, called by some "The King of the Duke" (

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court until his teens. During this time he enjoyed legendary stories about

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Laurent Ripart: "Le royaume de Bourgogne de 888 au début du xiie siècle",

2416:

L'Héritage des Charles, De la mort de Charlemagne aux environs de l'an mil

1134:. Unusually for the Carolingians, she took care of the dynastic memorial ( 976:

In 950 Louis IV and Hugh the Great finally reconciled. After the death of

918:. They invaded Reims with a large army, according to Flodoard. Archbishop 579:

The young king quickly became a puppet of Hugh the Great, who had reigned

471:"The Bretons, returning from the lands across the sea with the support of 3989: 3958: 3864: 3646: 3522: 3128: 2311: 1343: 1324: 1000: 937: 871: 600: 592: 491: 456: 400: 279: 271: 2502:: "Le capétien thaumaturge : genèse populaire d'un miracle royal", 4275: 4143: 3542: 1171: 1091: 970: 588: 544: 504: 198: 603:), and some abbeys (Saint-Jean in Laon, Saint-Corneille in Compiègne, 4564: 4132: 3446: 2464:

Robert Delort: "France, Occident, monde à la charnière de l'an Mil",

2426: 2351:

Pouvoirs, Église et société. France, Bourgogne et Germanie (888-1120)

1312: 1111: 915: 862: 732: 728: 724: 719:, the land of his ancestors and began attempts to conquer it. In 939 648:

thought he had acquired after the death of his brother King Rudolph.

604: 368: 367:; however, the expedition was a failure and his brother-in-law, King 51: 1362:

Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France

1367:

Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France

2654: 1307: 1302: 1204: 985: 922:

escaped and Artald was restored. "Robert, Archbishop of Trier and

896: 823: 736: 612: 376: 295: 143: 128: 739:

while escaping from the forces of Otto I after the defeat at the

644:

Hugh also denied the rights to the principality of Burgundy that

4837: 4247: 4101: 1529:

that Louis IV was crowned in the Abbey of Saint-Vincent in Laon.

1342:

The precise date of birth of Louis IV is unknown. The Annals of

1051:), who married her shortly after; the King, furious about this ( 476: 449: 441: 291: 116: 80: 4105: 3450: 2604: 2443:

Xavier Barral i Altet: "Le paysage architectural de l'an Mil",

1210:

Daughter (947 / early 948 – died young). Flodoard records that

1110:); in 986 his son Lothair died by a "plague" after he besieged 355:

Once he took the throne, Louis wanted to free himself from the

2225:

and Timothy Reuter, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 342.

622:

Hugh the Great's power came from the extraordinary title of

2429:, coll. "Biographies historiques", 14 January 1987, 364 p. 1043:), where she became the Abbess, was abducted from there by 1024:– who was invested as Duke of Lower Lorraine by his cousin 2219:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024

1593:

Dynastic Strategies: The West Saxon Royal Family in Europe

952:

in Laon to humiliate the king, and seized the lordship of

1467:(Hambledon Continuum, London & New York, 2007), p. 40 1454:(Hambledon Continuum, London & New York, 2007), p. 16 1067:

In the early 950s, Queen Gerberga developed an increased

996:

were the last kings to venture south of the river Loire.

874:

of England, Hugh the Great decided to release Louis IV.

3314:

from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.

992:

for their loyalty. For a long time Louis IV and his son

1739:

The minor France is the region between Loire and Meuse.

2518:

Pouvoirs, Église et société (888-début du xiie siècle)

2276:, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica Scriptorum III, p. 402. 2263:, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica Scriptorum III, p. 398. 2250:, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica Scriptorum III, p. 397. 2051:, Monumenta Germaniæ Historica Scriptorum III, p. 401. 1595:. In: David Rollason, Conrad Leyser, Hannah Williams: 2457:

André Chédeville: "Le paysage urbain vers l'an Mil",

1075:; being highly educated, she commissioned to him the 1297:

Louis IV's youngest surviving son Charles, known as

1222:

Louis (December 948 – before 10 September 954). The

1150:

The tomb of Louis IV was later destroyed during the

999:

In 951 Louis IV fell seriously ill during a stay in

858:(Duchy of France) title and the rule over Burgundy. 494:). Finally, the new King (perhaps like his ancestor 270:. His reign is mostly known thanks to the Annals of 5004: 4905: 4792: 4685: 4614: 4535: 4416: 4385: 4308: 4261: 4228: 4207: 4151: 4142: 4069: 4043: 4005: 3979: 3933: 3908: 3829: 3740: 3636: 3512: 3413: 3389: 3356: 3319: 3297: 3235: 3169: 3150: 3105: 3080: 3042: 3022: 2991: 2959: 2909: 2899: 2871: 2851: 2825: 2785: 2766: 2729: 2689: 2662: 1934:

La symbolique royale française, ve ‑ xviiie siècles

1921:

La symbolique royale française, ve ‑ xviiie siècles

984:, exercised real authority only north of the river 219: 209: 197: 161: 151: 134: 122: 110: 106: 96: 86: 73: 65: 58: 34: 2511:Le Roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil 2494:Le Roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil 2473:Le Roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil 2395:Le Roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil 1440:"Louis IV, King of the Franks", The British Museum 611:) and collected the revenues from the province of 2368:Pouvoirs et institutions dans la France médiévale 1956:Femmes, pouvoir et société dans le haut Moyen Âge 1190:(end 941 – 2 March 986), successor of his father. 686:(who also spent part of his life in England) and 1800:lord Otto I of Germany. Dudon of Saint-Quentin: 1525:The chroniclers Aimon de Fleury recorded in his 1196:(end 943 – 981-990/992), married in 964 to King 2237:(Du Chesne, 1619), Book IV, chap. VIII, p. 243. 1236:regi Ludowico filius...patris ei nomen imponens 914:raised an army and tried to take Laon and then 2165:Les sépultures de l'église Saint-Remi de Reims 1871: 1869: 1867: 1703: 1701: 4117: 3462: 2616: 2555:De Moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum 2402:Les Carolingiens, une famille qui fit l'Europ 1802:De Moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum 1248:by Emperor Otto II in May 977 at Diedenhofen. 8: 4493: 4472: 4332: 2193:, éd. Patrick Van Kerrebrouck, 1993, p. 330. 2180:, ed. Patrick Van Kerrebrouck, 1993, p. 327. 1607: 1605: 1063:Death of Louis IV and the Legend of the Wolf 1035:Flodoard records in 951 that Queen Eadgifu ( 944:(nicknamed "the Trickster") who had married 661:Difficulties during the early years, 938–945 652: 576:) – was appointed guardian of the new king. 2085:Histoire de son temps – La mort de Lothaire 1915: 1913: 988:. He also rewarded Liétald II of Mâcon and 440:Louis and his court then began the trip to 4911: 4798: 4691: 4620: 4148: 4124: 4110: 4102: 3469: 3455: 3447: 3305: 3089: 3030: 2906: 2859: 2695: 2623: 2609: 2601: 2569: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1383:, (Manchester University Press, 1991), 286 1292:the last century of the Carolingian Europe 1183:Louis IV and Gerberga had seven children: 771:Flodoard also publishes at the end of his 359:of Hugh the Great, who, with his title of 298:in 920 or 921. He was descended both from 40: 31: 5186:Deaths by horse-riding accident in France 1756: 1754: 1381:Carolingian Renewal: Sources and Heritage 1238:at the end of his passage concerning 948. 1228:Hlotharium Karolum Ludovicum et Mathildim 375:counterattacked and besieged the city of 5191:Burials at the Royal Abbey of Saint-Remi 2534:, Paris, Picard, 1992, pp. 145–150. 2513:, Paris, Picard, 1992, pp. 179–191. 2461:, Paris, Picard, 1990, pp. 157–163. 2118: 2116: 1768: 1766: 1553:English Historical Documents c. 500–1042 1465:The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1328 1396:A Historical Dictionary of British Women 1244:(summer 953 – 12 June 991), invested as 775:the testimony of a girl from Reims (the 502:with cosmic allusions (referring to the 310:(d. 917) he had six older half-sisters. 306:. From his father's first marriage with 2506:, Paris, Seuil, 1990, pp. 282–308. 2492:: "Les insignes du roi vers l'an mil", 2447:, Paris, Seuil, 1990, pp. 169–183. 2152:Les monuments de la monarchie française 2108:The Capetians: Kings of France 987-1328 1335: 735:. On 2 October 939, Gilbert drowned in 379:in 940. In 945, following the death of 2532:Religion et culture autour de l'an Mil 2496:, Paris, Picard, 1992, pp. 73–88. 2475:, Paris, Picard, 1992, pp. 65–72. 2423:Hugues Capet: Naissance d'une dynastie 2379:Religion et culture autour de l'an Mil 246:("From overseas"), reigned as King of 50:from the reign of Louis IV, minted at 3310:West Francia was in the hands of the 254:dynasty, he was the only son of king 234:(920/921 – 10 September 954), called 7: 4090:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 2520:, Paris, CNED, 2008, pp. 72–98. 2468:, Paris, Seuil, 1990, pp. 7–26. 2202: 1037:Ottogeba regina mater Ludowici regis 811:died of natural causes. The heir of 666:Louis IV and his supporters, 938–939 27:King of West Francia from 936 to 954 2480:Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes 2452:Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes 1682:Quote of Laurent Theis. C. Bonnet, 5166:10th-century kings of West Francia 2344:Les îles Britanniques au Moyen Âge 2110:, (Hambledon Continuum, 2007), 41. 1695:Guillot, Sassier 2003, pp. 170-171 799:was ambushed and killed by men of 751:Crisis of the royal power, 940–941 399:) and under the protection of the 25: 2482:, n° 155, 1997, pp. 485–542 2459:Le Roi et son royaume en l'an Mil 2409:Royauté et idéologie au Moyen Âge 1012:(infant Lothair, son of Louis)–, 791:Intervention in Normandy, 943–946 250:from 936 to 954. A member of the 3347: 3071: 2890: 2757: 2217:, Constance Brittain Bourchard, 1234:. Flodoard records the birth of 906:Trial of Hugh the Great, 948–949 325:. Young Louis was raised in the 2372:Des origines à l'époque féodale 2366:Olivier Guillot, Yves Sassier: 2334:Charlemagne et les Carolingiens 2215:Burgundy and Provence, 879-1032 1555:. 2nd ed. London, 1979. p. 344. 1311:of Brabant, where he erected a 1041:abbatiam sanctæ Mariæ...Lauduni 1010:Lotharius puer, filius Ludowici 982:Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois 838:(as Count of Château-Thierry), 809:Herbert II, Count of Vermandois 698:related the events as follows: 522:Herbert II, Count of Vermandois 498:) used a blue silk coat called 459:records the events as follows: 184:Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine 4463:Government of National Defense 2547:Histoire de l'Église de Rheims 2285:Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 173. 1835:Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 172. 1707:Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 171. 1645:Guillot, Sassier 2003, p. 170. 1301:, settled on an island in the 1077:De ortu et tempore antichristi 512:during his coronation in 954. 1: 4372:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 4367:War of the Spanish Succession 2235:Willelmi Gemmetencis Historiæ 2027:Histoire de l'Église de Reims 2005:Histoire de l'Église de Reims 1895:Gallica Histoire de son temps 1719:Abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa 1286:dark century of iron and lead 1232:Hludovicum ex regina Gerberga 1049:Heriberti...Adalberti fratris 990:Charles Constantine of Vienne 538:Hugh the Great knew that the 520:(King Rudolph's brother) and 490:(referring to the baptism of 179:Lothair, King of West Francia 168: 126:10 September 954 (aged 33–34) 2191:La Préhistoire des Capétiens 2178:La Préhistoire des Capétiens 1126:Dynastic memorial and burial 1047:, Count of Château-Thierry ( 721:Gilbert, Duke of Lotharingia 715:Louis IV then looked to the 2133:Clovis, histoire et mémoire 1686:Paris, Colin, 2001, p. 214. 1684:Les Carolingiens (741-987), 1224:Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis 1114:, and finally his grandson 1071:fear, and began to consult 801:Arnulf I, Count of Flanders 672:Artald, Archbishop of Reims 5207: 4853:French subdivisions by GDP 4600:2022 presidential election 4585:2017 presidential election 3057:Pepin, Count of Vermandois 2336:, Paris, Tallandier, 2002. 2325:Geneviève Bührer-Thierry: 2073:Sassier 2002, pp. 188-189. 1582:Depreux 2002, pp. 136-137. 1016:– who in 964 married King 954:Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique 942:Theobald I, Count of Blois 893:Ottonian hegemony, 946–954 867:Theobald I, Count of Blois 688:Sunyer, Count of Barcelona 189:Matilda, Queen of Burgundy 5114: 4914: 4801: 4694: 4623: 4357:Second Hundred Years' War 4199:Liberalism and radicalism 4088: 3482: 3345: 3308: 3092: 3069: 3033: 2976: 2888: 2862: 2755: 2698: 2642: 2589: 2580: 2572: 2062:West Francia: The Kingdom 2038:Renoux 1992, p. 181, 191. 1903:27 September 2015 at the 1573:Pinoteau 1992, pp. 76-80. 1551:Dorothy Whitelock (tr.), 1299:Charles of Lower Lorraine 1045:Herbert III of Vermandois 684:Alan II, Duke of Brittany 552:Regency of Hugh the Great 39: 4628:Administrative divisions 2647:Legend: → ≡ "father of", 2553:Dudon de Saint-Quentin: 2404:e, Paris, Hachette, 1999 2016:Isaïa 2009, pp. 190-191. 1985:Theis 1990, p. 177, 200. 1967:Theis 1990, pp. 174-175. 1772:Theis 1990, pp. 171-172. 1730:Theis 1990, pp. 155-157. 1599:. Brepols, 2010, p. 246. 570:Herbert II of Vermandois 4848:Franc (former currency) 4453:Coup of 2 December 1851 4426:Long nineteenth century 3503:List of French monarchs 2385:Nash, Penelope (2017). 2353:, Paris, Atlande, 2009. 2346:, Paris, Hachette, 2005 2320:Les Annales de Flodoard 2097:Poly 1990, pp. 292-294. 1305:river in the primitive 1203:Charles (January 945 – 946:Luitgarde of Vermandois 807:and on 23 February 943 4868:Science and technology 4525:Provisional Government 4494: 4473: 4333: 4009:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 3498:List of Frankish kings 3493:Simplified family tree 2865:Sons of Charles Martel 2681:Childebert the Adopted 2397:, Paris, Picard, 1992. 2381:, Paris, Picard, 1990. 2377:Dominique Iogna-Prat: 2318:, ed. Philippe Lauer, 1514:La Champagne médiévale 1246:Duke of Lower Lorraine 1073:Adso of Montier-en-Der 902: 723:rebelled against King 653: 634:, where he reigned as 518:Hugh, Duke of Burgundy 18:Louis d'Outre-Mer 2632:Pippinids, Arnulfings 2504:La France de l'an Mil 2466:La France de l'an Mil 2445:La France de l'an Mil 2418:, Paris, Seuil, 1990. 2411:, Paris, Colin, 2002. 2389:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2374:, Paris, Colin, 2003. 2363:, Paris, Seuil, 1990. 2361:La France de l'an Mil 2189:Christian Settipani: 2176:Christian Settipani: 2148:Bernard de Montfaucon 1994:Sassier 1987, p. 118. 1945:Sassier 1987, p. 117. 1875:Sassier 1987, p. 116. 1323:, which later became 1278:Archbishop of Cologne 1216:filiam Ludowici regis 1164:Bernard de Montfaucon 1140:Karl Ferdinand Werner 964:Return of the balance 900: 560:, but probably spoke 434:recognition from all. 4673:World Heritage Sites 4590:Coronavirus pandemic 3488:Detailed family tree 3062:Counts of Vermandois 2583:King of West Francia 2349:Marie-Céline Isaïa: 2329:, Paris, CNED, 2008. 2223:Rosamond McKitterick 1808:, Caen, 1865, p. 84. 1630:mayors of the Palace 1393:Hartley, C. (2003). 1379:Donald A. Bullough, 1198:Conrad I of Burgundy 1053:rex Ludowicus iratus 1018:Conrad I of Burgundy 912:Conrad I of Burgundy 777:Visions of Flothilde 711:War over Lotharingia 397:counts of Vermandois 342:margrave of Neustria 258:and his second wife 60:King of West Francia 5161:Carolingian dynasty 4811:Automotive industry 4595:2021 labor protests 4352:Peace of Westphalia 4220:History of Normandy 4215:History of Brittany 3924:Henry VI of England 3415:Charles of Lorraine 3378:Charles of Lorraine 3248:Louis the Stammerer 3036:Sons of Charlemagne 2925:Charles the Younger 2920:Pepin the Hunchback 2340:Jean-Philippe Genet 2294:Riché 1999, p. 279. 2088:, Book III, p. 137. 1976:Theis 1990, p. 176. 1826:Theis 1990, p. 173. 1817:Riché 1999, p. 287. 1790:Isaïa 2009, p. 317. 1760:Theis 1990, p. 172. 1748:Theis 1990, p. 171. 1654:Theis 1990, p. 170. 1611:Theis 1990, p. 169. 1564:Isaïa 2009, p. 131. 1315:in the town called 1282:Duke of Lotharingia 1170:and dressed with a 1132:Abbey of Saint-Remi 1096:fell from his horse 797:William I Longsword 795:On 17 December 942 741:Battle of Andernach 680:William I Longsword 632:Marches of Neustria 619:of the Robertians. 566:William I Longsword 411:Assumption of crown 381:William I Longsword 262:, daughter of King 4878:Telecommunications 4580:2015 Paris attacks 4443:Revolution of 1848 4271:Visigothic Kingdom 4071:House of Bonaparte 3981:House of Bonaparte 3911:House of Lancaster 3477:Monarchs of France 3321:Charles the Simple 3262:Charles the Simple 2332:Philippe Depreux: 2122:Isaïa 2009, p. 271 1884:Theis 1990, p. 174 1781:Isaïa 2009, p. 49. 1542:936, ed. P. Lauer. 1430:Poly 1990, p. 296. 1136:mémoire dynastique 1057:Gerbergæ uxori suæ 931:Synod of Ingelheim 920:Hugh of Vermandois 903: 757:Hugh of Vermandois 745:Gerberga of Saxony 628:duke of the Franks 574:Arnulf of Flanders 392:Synod of Ingelheim 361:duke of the Franks 315:Battle of Soissons 256:Charles the Simple 214:Charles the Simple 156:Gerberga of Saxony 5171:Frankish warriors 5148: 5147: 5110: 5109: 4901: 4900: 4788: 4787: 4780:Political parties 4716:Foreign relations 4681: 4680: 4610: 4609: 4393:French Revolution 4347:Thirty Years' War 4328:Absolute monarchy 4293:Kingdom of France 4189:Foreign relations 4169:Political history 4099: 4098: 4060:Louis Philippe II 3983:(1804–1814; 1815) 3444: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3266:Charles the Child 3208:Louis the Younger 3116:Louis II of Italy 3018: 3017: 2987: 2986: 2847: 2846: 2743:Hugh of Champagne 2599: 2598: 2590:Succeeded by 2561:Richer de Reims: 2154:, vol. I, p. 346. 2082:Richer de Reims: 1893:Richer de Reims: 1634:Merovingian kings 1476:Sot 1988, p. 724. 1406:978-1-85743-228-2 1357:Anselm de Gibours 1226:names (in order) 1152:French Revolution 958:Count of Soissons 813:Duchy of Normandy 483: 482: 415:In spring of 936 344:, to succeed the 331:Edmund the Martyr 260:Eadgifu of Wessex 229: 228: 224:Eadgifu of Wessex 16:(Redirected from 5198: 4912: 4828:Economic history 4799: 4692: 4621: 4499: 4478: 4377:Seven Years' War 4342:Wars of Religion 4338: 4323:House of Bourbon 4318:Early modern era 4298:Fundamental laws 4174:Military history 4149: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4103: 4054:Louis Philippe I 4045:House of Orléans 4007:House of Bourbon 3935:House of Bourbon 3471: 3464: 3457: 3448: 3351: 3306: 3273:Lothair the Lame 3237:Charles the Bald 3171:Louis the German 3090: 3075: 3031: 2907: 2894: 2860: 2761: 2708:Chlodulf of Metz 2696: 2650:* ≡ "brother of" 2625: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2573:Preceded by 2570: 2500:Jean-Pierre Poly 2393:Michel Parisse: 2390: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2161: 2155: 2145: 2139: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2111: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2058: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1932:Hervé Pinoteau: 1930: 1924: 1919:Hervé Pinoteau: 1917: 1908: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1862: 1855: 1849: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1761: 1758: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1600: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1549: 1543: 1536: 1530: 1527:Gestis francorum 1523: 1517: 1510: 1504: 1501:The Carolingians 1497: 1491: 1490:Sot 1988, p. 727 1488: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1390: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1353: 1347: 1340: 1144:Life of Clotilde 1108:pesta elephantis 887:Treaty of Verdun 856:ducatus Franciae 828:Château de Coucy 656: 609:Fleury-sur-Loire 597:Ver-lès-Chartres 496:Charles the Bald 462: 461: 385:duke of Normandy 304:Alfred the Great 264:Edward the Elder 172: 140:Saint-Remi Abbey 44: 32: 21: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5124: 5106: 5087:Public holidays 5000: 4959:Life expectancy 4897: 4784: 4677: 4606: 4575:Great Recession 4548:Fourth Republic 4543:1900 to present 4531: 4448:Second Republic 4412: 4381: 4304: 4257: 4224: 4203: 4138: 4130: 4100: 4095: 4084: 4065: 4039: 4001: 3975: 3929: 3904: 3831:House of Valois 3825: 3736: 3697:Charles the Fat 3656:Pepin the Short 3641: 3632: 3508: 3507: 3478: 3475: 3445: 3436: 3409: 3385: 3352: 3343: 3315: 3300: 3285: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3240: 3231: 3224: 3218:Charles the Fat 3216: 3206: 3190:Louis the Child 3174: 3165: 3146: 3140: 3132: 3124:Louis the Blind 3101: 3085: 3082:Louis the Pious 3076: 3067: 3038: 3025: 3014: 2983: 2972: 2955: 2935:Louis the Pious 2895: 2886: 2867: 2853: 2843: 2821: 2781: 2762: 2753: 2725: 2685: 2658: 2653: 2638: 2629: 2595: 2586: 2578: 2541: 2454:, n° 141, 1880. 2440: 2414:Laurent Theis: 2384: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2171: 2163:Prosper Tarbé: 2162: 2158: 2146: 2142: 2138:, 1997, p. 147. 2131:Michel Rouche: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2059: 2055: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1954:Régine Le Jan: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1911: 1905:Wayback Machine 1898:Book II, p. 203 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1628:when they were 1626:Pepin the Short 1619: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1533: 1524: 1520: 1516:, 2005, p. 657. 1511: 1507: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1462: 1458: 1450:Crouch, David. 1449: 1445: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1274:Bruno the Great 1266: 1253:Gerberga regina 1230:as children of 1212:Chonradus...dux 1181: 1128: 1065: 1026:Emperor Otto II 1006:Louis the Pious 969:the château of 966: 908: 895: 852:Renaud of Roucy 832:Count of Amiens 793: 753: 713: 668: 663: 554: 455:The chronicler 446:Artald of Reims 413: 288: 193: 166: 165: 147: 127: 115: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5204: 5202: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5043:Cultural icons 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4863:Stock exchange 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4663:National parks 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4638:Climate change 4635: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4560:Fifth Republic 4557: 4556: 4555: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4468:Third Republic 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4403:First Republic 4400: 4398:Napoleonic era 4395: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4243:Greek colonies 4240: 4234: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3917: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3742:House of Capet 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3603:Childebert III 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3259: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3192: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3112: 3110: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3097:Arnulf of Sens 3093: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3049: 3047: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2904: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2787:Charles Martel 2783: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2711: 2704:Arnulf of Metz 2699: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2668: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2558: 2550: 2540: 2539:External links 2537: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2497: 2490:Hervé Pinoteau 2487: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2421:Yves Sassier: 2419: 2412: 2407:Yves Sassier: 2405: 2400:Pierre Riché: 2398: 2391: 2382: 2375: 2364: 2354: 2347: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2265: 2252: 2239: 2227: 2207: 2205:, p. xvi. 2195: 2182: 2169: 2156: 2140: 2124: 2112: 2106:Jim Bradbury, 2099: 2090: 2075: 2066: 2053: 2040: 2031: 2018: 2009: 2007:, pp. 548-549. 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1958:, 2001, p. 35. 1947: 1938: 1936:, PSR, p. 159. 1925: 1923:, PSR, p. 115. 1909: 1886: 1877: 1863: 1850: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1810: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1709: 1697: 1688: 1675: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1638: 1622:Charles Martel 1620:Title held by 1613: 1601: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1544: 1531: 1518: 1505: 1499:Pierre Riche, 1492: 1478: 1469: 1463:Bradbury, Jim. 1456: 1443: 1432: 1423: 1405: 1385: 1372: 1348: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1249: 1239: 1220: 1208: 1201: 1191: 1180: 1177: 1127: 1124: 1069:eschatological 1064: 1061: 978:Hugh the Black 965: 962: 907: 904: 894: 891: 844:Count of Meaux 792: 789: 769: 768: 767: 766: 752: 749: 731:on his way to 712: 709: 708: 707: 706: 705: 676:Hugh the Black 667: 664: 662: 659: 646:Hugh the Black 553: 550: 536: 535: 534: 533: 500:Orbis Terrarum 488:Saint Remigius 481: 480: 473:King Athelstan 469: 438: 437: 436: 435: 417:Hugh the Great 412: 409: 352:who had died. 338:Hugh the Great 287: 284: 274:and the later 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 195: 194: 192: 191: 186: 181: 175: 173: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 138: 136: 132: 131: 124: 120: 119: 112: 108: 107: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 77: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 56: 55: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5203: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4924:Birth control 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4699:Constitutions 4697: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4496:Années folles 4492: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4458:Second Empire 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4436:July Monarchy 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335:Ancien Régime 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3628:Childeric III 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3593:Theuderic III 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558:Childebert II 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3296: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3021: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2840: 2839: 2835:Nibelung I → 2834: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827:Childebrand I 2824: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2357:Robert Delort 2355: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2060:Jean nDunba: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1632:for the last 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1436: 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748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 710: 703: 702: 701: 700: 699: 695: 693: 692:Spanish March 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 665: 660: 658: 655: 654:le roi du duc 649: 647: 642: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 624:dux Francorum 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 568:of Normandy, 567: 563: 559: 551: 549: 546: 541: 530: 529: 528: 527: 526: 523: 519: 513: 511: 507: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 478: 474: 470: 468: 464: 463: 460: 458: 453: 451: 447: 443: 432: 431: 430: 429: 428: 426: 422: 418: 410: 408: 406: 402: 398: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 285: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 244: 239: 238: 233: 225: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 205: 202: 200: 196: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 174: 171: 170: 164: 160: 157: 154: 150: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 125: 121: 118: 113: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 57: 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