285:
8022:
3226:
529:, as being a contributor to Louisiana Creole's lexical base. Over the centuries, Louisiana Creole's negative associations with slavery stigmatized the language to the point where many speakers are reluctant to use it for fear of ridicule. In this way, the assignment of "high" variety (or H language) was allotted to standard Louisiana French and that of "low" variety (or L language) was given to Louisiana Creole and to Louisiana French.
208:
3240:
297:
479:
Francophones also identified their language as Créole, since they self-identified as
Louisiana Creoles. In Louisiana's case, self-identity has determined how locals identify the language they speak. This leads to linguistic confusion. To remedy this, language activists beginning in the 2010s began promoting the term Kouri-Vini, to avoid any linguistic ambiguity with Louisiana French.
536:. Americans and their government made it illegal for Francophones to speak their language. In 1921, the State of Louisiana mandated that public education take place in English only. Children and adults were often punished by corporal punishment, fines, and social degradation. By the 21st century, other methods were enforced. The promise of upward socioeconomic mobility and
587:
network linked to a user's
Facebook and Twitter accounts, allowing users to provide commentary in real time amongst multiple platforms. Aside from social media activism, Frank also created a creole music festival in 2012 called the "Creole Renaissance Festival", which acts a celebration of Creole culture.
560:
Today, Louisiana Creole is spoken by fewer than 6,000 people. Though national census data includes figures on language usage, these are often unreliable in
Louisiana due to respondents' tendencies to identify their language in line with their ethnic identity. For example, speakers of Louisiana Creole
610:
created by a team led by Adrien
Guillory-Chatman. A first language primer was released in 2017 and revised into a full-length language guide and accompanying website in 2020. 2022 saw the publication of an anthology of contemporary poetry in Louisiana Creole, the first book written completely in the
486:
by the U.S in 1803, the boundaries came to include most of the
Central United States, ranging from present-day Montana; parts of North Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado; all of South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas; part of Southeast Texas; all of Oklahoma; most of Missouri and Arkansas; as well as Louisiana.
509:
The importation of enslaved
Africans increased after France ceded the colony to Spain, in 1763, following France's defeat by Great Britain in the Seven Years' War in Europe. Some Spaniards immigrated to the colony, but it was dominated by French language and culture. Like South Carolina, Louisiana
494:
In an 1807 document, a grammatical description of the language is included in the experiences of an enslaved woman recorded by C.C. Robin. This was prior to arrival in
Louisiana of French-speaking colonists and enslaved Africans from Saint-Domingue; the whites and free people of color (also French
440:
may also have contributed to the
Africans' relative ancestral homogeneity. Because of this homogeneity, retention of the Africans' indigenous languages may have hindered the development of a Creole in Louisiana. In fact, the Pointe Coupee slave revolt in 1731 was organized by the Bambara who were
586:
has made efforts through the use of social media not only to promote his music, but preserve his Creole heritage and language as well, most notably through the use of
Twitter. Additionally, Frank developed a mobile application in 2012 titled the "ZydecoBoss App", which acts as a miniature social
478:
No standard name for the language has existed historically. In the language, community members in various areas of
Louisiana and elsewhere have referred to it by many expressions, though Kréyol/Kréyòl has been the most widespread. Until the rise of Cajunism in the 1970s and 1980s, many Louisiana
400:
around the mid-18th century. Colonists were large-scale planters, small-scale homesteaders, and cattle ranchers; the French needed laborers, as they found the climate very harsh. They began to import enslaved Africans, as they had done in their Caribbean island colonies. Two-thirds of the slaves
590:
A small number of community organizations focus on promoting Louisiana Creole, for example CREOLE, Inc. and the "Creole Table" founded by Velma Johnson. Northwestern State University developed the Creole Heritage Centre, designed to bring people of Louisiana Creole heritage together, as well as
524:
resulted between Louisiana Creole and Louisiana French. Michael Picone, a lexicographer, proposed the term "Plantation Society French" to describe a version of French which he associated with plantation owners, plantation overseers, small landowners, military officers/soldiers and bilingual,
464:
languages. Neither the French, the French-Canadians, nor the enslaved Africans were native to the area; this fact categorizes Louisiana Creole as a contact language that arose between exogenous ethnicities. Once the pidgin tongue was transmitted to the next generation as a
441:
purportedly speaking their ancestral languages to plan the coup. Ultimately, Louisiana Creole did develop, with West African languages becoming the substrates to a varied French lexifier. The importation of enslaved people by the French regime continued until 1743.
540:
did the rest of the work, prompting many speakers of Louisiana Creole to abandon their stigmatised language in favor of English. Additionally, the development of industry, technology and infrastructure in Louisiana reduced the isolation of Louisiana
7394:
7389:
7401:
7142:
490:
In 1978, researchers located a document from a murder trial in the colonial period that acknowledges the existence of Louisiana Creole. The documentation does not include any examples of orthography or structure.
708:
area. Natchitoches, being the oldest colonial settlement in Louisiana, proved to be predominantly creole since its inception. Native inhabitants of the local area Louisiana Creole speakers in California reside in
4401:
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2016). "Entre la Caraïbe et l'Amérique du Nord: le créole louisianais et son lexique à la lumière de ses contacts linguistiques et culturels". In Ette, Ottmar; Müller, Gesine (eds.).
7406:
591:
preserve Louisiana Creole through their Creole Language Documentation Project. In addition, there is an active online community of language-learners and activists engaged in language revitalization, led by
7077:
5203:
545:
communities and resulted in the arrival of more English-speakers, resulting in further exposure to English. Because of this, Louisiana Creole exhibits more recent influence from English, including
506:
The term "Criollo" appears in legal court documents during the Spanish colonial period (1762–1803); the Spanish reference to the language stated that it was used among enslaved people and whites.
617:
highlighted revitalization efforts with the headline "Louisiana Creole is enjoying a modest revival," focusing in particular on language activists Jourdan Thibodeaux and Taalib Pierre-Auguste.
1387:, e.g. 'young', 'apple'. Unlike most varieties of Louisiana French, Louisiana Creole also exhibits progressive nasalization: vowels following a nasal consonant are nasalized, e.g. 'know'.
7927:
7922:
7471:
6203:
6060:
7734:
6191:
7606:
3680:
1652:, e.g. 'to eat'. Today, the language typically features two verb classes: verbs with only a single form ( 'to drink') and verbs with a 'long' or 'short' form (, 'to eat').
448:
of the lexifier language of Standard French and several substrate or adstrate languages from Africa. Prior to its establishment as a creole, the precursor was considered a
6301:
5196:
6890:
6025:
7384:
5865:
3807:
7932:
7172:
8001:
7976:
5824:
4758:
3504:
3195:
Catholic prayers are recited in French by speakers of Louisiana Creole. Today, some language activists and learners are leading efforts to translate the prayers.
3623:
3480:
Klinger, Thomas A.; Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2013). Michaelis, Susanne Maria; Maurer, Phillippe; Haspelmath, Martin; Huber, Magnus (eds.). "Louisiana Creole".
8072:
8067:
7986:
7981:
6913:
5189:
6361:
625:
Speakers of Louisiana Creole are mainly concentrated in south and southwest Louisiana, where the population of Creolophones is distributed across the region.
7702:
7538:
7247:
7237:
6895:
6885:
7744:
7516:
4855:
307:
4696:. Memoirs of the American Folklore Society. Vol. II. Boston and New York: Published for the American Folk-lore Society by Houghton, Mifflin, and Co.
8087:
7964:
6908:
6903:
1832:, the language has a small number of vocabulary items from west and central African languages. Much of this non-French vocabulary is shared with other
8062:
7623:
7127:
6236:
1006:
3535:
Dubois, Sylvie; Melançon, Megan (2000). "Creole is, Creole Ain't: Diachronic and Synchronic Attitudes Toward Creole Identity in Southern Louisiana".
7971:
7601:
7122:
6344:
6176:
4971:
3612:"Seven Years War." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Paul Lagasse, and Columbia University, Columbia University Press, 8th edition, 2018. Credo Reference,
482:
The boundaries of historical Louisiana were first shaped by the French, then, in statehood after 1812, took on its modern form. By the time of the
8057:
7937:
7897:
7739:
7643:
7572:
7177:
4027:
503:
in the western hemisphere. The statements collected from Robin showed linguistic features that are now known to be typical of Louisiana Creole.
7996:
7991:
7959:
7729:
7633:
7596:
7377:
674:
456:
language was the language found at the contact site. More often the lexifier is the language that arrives at the contact site belonging to the
6138:
6133:
7954:
7912:
7724:
6272:
6018:
4775:
4734:
4624:
4590:
4558:
4357:
4291:
4156:
346:
7902:
7887:
7751:
7660:
7655:
7589:
6050:
5858:
510:
had a "minority" population of Africans that greatly outnumbered the European settlers, including those white Creoles born in the colony.
7877:
7714:
7684:
7466:
7045:
6257:
1029:
7867:
7761:
7677:
7521:
7302:
7102:
6253:
6231:
5922:
5073:
4411:
3333:
8082:
8077:
8052:
8014:
6404:
6055:
4531:
3839:
718:
4860:
3662:
7942:
7907:
7892:
7650:
7252:
6496:
6466:
6282:
6011:
954:
875:
1085:
when between vowels, which results in the preceding vowel becoming nasalized. At the end of a word, it typically is replaced by
8092:
7949:
7872:
7667:
7543:
7511:
7242:
7107:
6812:
6451:
5851:
2626:
1891:
1184:
940:
654:
7719:
7613:
7528:
7132:
5885:
3971:
3783:
1214:
710:
565:
often label their language 'Cajun French', though on linguistic grounds their language would be considered Louisiana Creole.
82:
3301:
7756:
7689:
7672:
7618:
7567:
7506:
7411:
7372:
7312:
7112:
6501:
6481:
6288:
6267:
5955:
4980:
2677:
2657:
1833:
1191:
987:
912:
758:
726:
666:
542:
322:
178:
5740:
5106:
7579:
7555:
7550:
7533:
7501:
7444:
6557:
6506:
6339:
5992:
5960:
5950:
5890:
5648:
5601:
5090:
4964:
1456:
1309:
Speakers of the language may use rounded vowels , and where they occur in French. This is subject to a high degree of
1221:
1200:
973:
947:
714:
658:
634:
626:
257:
86:
78:
4841:
4340:
Klingler, Thomas A. (August 1, 2019). "The Louisiana Creole Language Today". In Dajko, Nathalie; Walton, Shana (eds.).
1697:
7844:
7836:
7779:
7694:
7182:
7087:
6943:
6925:
6827:
6486:
6456:
6181:
6101:
6080:
5400:
5005:
3634:
1228:
1154:
670:
662:
638:
98:
94:
90:
1661:
284:
7862:
7799:
7789:
7339:
7097:
7057:
6414:
6108:
5494:
5479:
4897:
4881:
1290:
868:
861:
646:
8047:
7771:
7584:
7416:
6977:
6476:
6314:
6121:
5987:
5874:
5642:
3903:""On A Mission": Preserving Creole Culture One Tweet at a Time. Keith Frank, Zydeco, and the Use of Social Media"
1408:
1313:
with the same region, sociolinguistic group, and even within the same speaker. Examples of this process include:
1161:
1082:
980:
734:
730:
4284:
The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages
3482:
The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages Volume II: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages
598:
These efforts have resulted in the creation of a popular orthography, a digitalized version of Valdman et al.'s
7461:
7025:
6938:
6582:
6371:
6186:
6126:
6116:
6042:
5927:
4077:
1857:
1802:
1620:
1170:
642:
269:
3594:
Wendte, N.A (2018). "Language and Identity Among Louisiana Creoles in Southeast Texas: Initial Observations".
369:
do not speak the Louisiana Creole language and may instead use French or English as their everyday languages.
275:
4904:
7794:
7344:
6998:
6967:
6747:
6687:
6552:
6295:
5937:
5895:
5442:
5260:
5255:
5212:
5036:
5031:
4957:
3253:
1490:
1310:
905:
898:
882:
742:
738:
650:
569:
471:(who were considered the first native speakers of the new grammar), it could effectively be classified as a
445:
366:
354:
145:
137:
7709:
7439:
6677:
6471:
6461:
6399:
6209:
6148:
5706:
5631:
5430:
5068:
5010:
2781:
2767:
2753:
2739:
2710:
2705:
2690:
2685:
2670:
2665:
2650:
2645:
2604:
2597:
2582:
2571:
2556:
2549:
2534:
2527:
2512:
2501:
2486:
2479:
2464:
2457:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2395:
2388:
2373:
2366:
2351:
2347:
2323:
2308:
2301:
2286:
2279:
2264:
2257:
2242:
2235:
2220:
2213:
2198:
2191:
2176:
2172:
2148:
2133:
2126:
2111:
2104:
2089:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2035:
2020:
2013:
1998:
1991:
1976:
1969:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1913:
1364:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1273:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1051:
1047:
795:
722:
4949:
7784:
7297:
7162:
7117:
6933:
6652:
6617:
6436:
6419:
6226:
6143:
5982:
5830:
5717:
5606:
5513:
4995:
820:
813:
500:
461:
457:
342:
5932:
452:
language. The social situation that gave rise to the Louisiana Creole language was unique, in that the
4436:
8026:
7434:
7197:
7008:
6960:
6832:
6722:
6627:
6394:
6384:
6356:
6221:
6075:
5797:
5727:
5700:
5596:
5337:
5078:
3231:
919:
827:
526:
385:
4238:
Marshall, Margaret (1991). "The Creole of Mon Louis Island, Alabama, and the Louisiana Connection".
4172:
7814:
7809:
7167:
7082:
6562:
6351:
6241:
6171:
5977:
5912:
5786:
5616:
5474:
5436:
5265:
5051:
4045:
Landry, Christophe; St. Laurent, Cliford; Gisclair, Michael; Gaither, Eric; Mayeux, Oliver (2016).
1415:
are non-specific. As for specific nouns, if the noun is presupposed it took a definite determiner (
1396:
927:
373:
114:
5238:
4725:
Guillory-Chatman, Adrien; Mayeux, Oliver; Wendte, Nathan; Wiltz, Nathan; Mayers, Jonathan (2020).
3499:
7882:
7819:
7562:
7020:
6787:
6767:
6672:
6597:
6424:
6329:
6319:
6307:
6198:
6095:
6070:
5759:
5415:
5377:
5308:
5275:
5152:
5122:
4752:
4678:
4496:
4371:
4363:
3928:
3801:
3776:
If I could turn my tongue like that : the Creole language of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana
3727:
3552:
3493:
3491:
1724:
1487:
1483:
834:
790:
697:
537:
533:
496:
483:
4768:
Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century
1301:
The table above shows the oral and nasal vowels of Louisiana Creole as identified by linguists.
4473:
7329:
7050:
6712:
6682:
6277:
6034:
5751:
5586:
5454:
5405:
5298:
5288:
5142:
5132:
5046:
5041:
4815:
4798:
4781:
4771:
4740:
4730:
4713:
4705:
4670:
4630:
4620:
4596:
4586:
4564:
4554:
4537:
4527:
4417:
4407:
4353:
4287:
4220:
4152:
3920:
3835:
3789:
3779:
3719:
3672:
3329:
1853:
1816:
The vocabulary of Louisiana Creole is primarily of French origin, as French is the language's
1793:
1436:
1020:
966:
891:
842:
603:
592:
393:
338:
761:. In comparison to most of these languages, however, Louisiana Creole diverges less from the
7456:
7451:
7349:
7317:
7290:
7015:
6632:
6602:
6592:
6587:
6154:
5900:
5792:
5746:
5722:
5671:
5654:
5531:
5459:
5303:
5293:
5247:
5147:
5137:
5026:
4850:
4697:
4662:
4519:
4345:
4319:
4247:
4210:
3910:
3711:
3544:
3258:
3245:
1837:
1829:
1468:
1452:
1376:
1055:
785:
766:
762:
746:
701:
358:
20:
3522:
If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That: The Creole Language of Pointe Coupee parish, Louisiana
7480:
7307:
7217:
7212:
6993:
6948:
6802:
6792:
6772:
6757:
6657:
6532:
6522:
6161:
5780:
5712:
5682:
5581:
5504:
5484:
5464:
5410:
5318:
5227:
4845:
1709:
1384:
1178:
800:
689:
685:
472:
362:
334:
173:
165:
5372:
3879:
1798:"an action or state that began before, and continued up to, a subsequent point in time"
7917:
7322:
7285:
7275:
7035:
7030:
6972:
6807:
6737:
6667:
6662:
6166:
6090:
5817:
5636:
5626:
5541:
5469:
5420:
5367:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5327:
5283:
5181:
5127:
5058:
4282:. In Susanne Maria Michaelis; Philippe Maurer; Martin Haspelmath; Magnus Huber (eds.).
3902:
3263:
3126:
Compère Tortue va doucement, mais il arrive au bût pendant que Compère Chevreuil dort.
1836:
of North America, and Louisiana Creole shares all but a handful of its vocabulary with
1476:
1360:
1208:
997:
745:). Historically, there were Creole-speaking communities in Mississippi and Alabama (on
693:
550:
422:
418:
4313:
629:
forms the heart of the Creole-speaking region. Other sizeable communities exist along
249:
8041:
6875:
6857:
6847:
6817:
6762:
6717:
6702:
6647:
6637:
6622:
6572:
6567:
6537:
6334:
6262:
6085:
5970:
5621:
5448:
5382:
5362:
4375:
3932:
3731:
3667:
3556:
1115:
933:
854:
613:
467:
102:
67:
4682:
3322:
Guillory-Chatman, Adrien; Mayeux, Oliver; Wendte, Nathan; Wiltz, Herbert J. (2020).
7187:
6955:
6880:
6852:
6837:
6822:
6777:
6752:
6732:
6642:
6612:
6607:
6577:
6527:
6379:
6065:
5965:
5917:
5611:
5489:
5425:
4146:
4120:"Ti Liv Kréyòl: A Louisiana Creole Primer – Louisiana Historic and Cultural Vistas"
4119:
3129:
Compé Torti va doucement, mais li rivé coté bite pendant Compé Chivreil apé dormi.
2718:
2697:
2637:
1764:
1746:
1701:
1380:
1237:
574:
410:
372:
Due to the rapidly shrinking number of speakers, Louisiana Creole is considered an
3979:
3832:
Le créole de Breaux Bridge, Louisiane: étude morphosyntaxique, textes, vocabulaire
3273:
7143:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
4640:
4574:
4029:“New Speaker Language: The Morphosyntax of New Speakers of Endangered Languages.”
262:
7207:
7192:
7040:
7003:
6842:
6797:
6782:
6547:
6542:
6389:
5734:
5546:
5536:
5170:
4928:
4002:
3915:
3856:
1648:
Older forms of Louisiana Creole featured only one form of each verb without any
1472:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1110:
630:
583:
296:
106:
3239:
3123:
Tortoise goes slowly, but he arrives at the barrel while Roe Deer is sleeping.
6742:
6727:
6697:
6692:
6441:
6409:
6248:
6216:
5945:
5694:
5565:
5559:
5552:
4891:
4886:
4875:
4870:
4744:
4717:
4666:
4600:
4523:
4488:
4455:
3715:
3548:
3221:
1821:
1705:
1691:
1649:
1494:
1412:
1262:
1120:
1043:
The table above shows the consonant sounds of Louisiana Creole, not including
807:
681:
126:
110:
4819:
4802:
4709:
4701:
4674:
4634:
4541:
4421:
4224:
3924:
3793:
3723:
3676:
3350:
7356:
7202:
6707:
6491:
6429:
6324:
5525:
4865:
4785:
4568:
3702:
Brown, Becky (1993). "The social consequences of writing Louisiana French".
3381:
3268:
1873:
1660:
Like other creole languages, Louisiana Creole features preverbal markers of
1044:
847:
520:
437:
326:
242:
226:
213:
4838:
4691:
4367:
4349:
4251:
4215:
4199:"Colonial Natchitoches: A Creole Community on the Louisiana-Texas Frontier"
4173:
A Linguistic and Cultural Comparison of Haitian Creole and Louisiana Creole
3431:
1407:
In 19th-century sources, determiners in Louisiana Creole appear related to
4315:
Rethinking decreolization: Language contact and change in Louisiana Creole
3406:
532:
The social status of Louisiana Creole further declined as a result of the
233:
7829:
7824:
7334:
5843:
4404:
New Orleans and the global South : Caribbean, Creolization, carnival
1849:
1825:
1817:
757:
The phonology of Louisiana Creole has much in common with those of other
546:
453:
444:
The language developed in 18th-century Louisiana from interactions among
389:
325:
language spoken by fewer than 10,000 people, mostly in the U.S. state of
118:
3857:"Language labels and language use among Cajuns and Creoles in Louisiana"
3302:"Rediscovering America: Kouri-Vini: The return of the US' lost language"
6446:
5519:
4323:
4198:
4032:
MPhil dissertation, Cambridge, United Kingdom: University of Cambridge.
1497:
705:
607:
433:
426:
402:
7078:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
4861:
Centenary University Bibliothèque Tintamarre Texts in Louisiana Creole
4279:
1467:
for the plural. This variation is but one example of the influence of
7280:
5907:
5688:
5676:
5659:
5393:
5085:
5000:
4649:
4617:
French, Cajun, Creole, Houma : a primer on francophone Louisiana
579:
562:
554:
449:
414:
406:
397:
304:
141:
6003:
4877:
Cajun French (Creole dialect): "C'est Sophie Guidry" by: Emily Lopez
4151:(in Louisiana Creole). Shreveport, L.A.: Les Cahiers du Tintamarre.
4103:
4046:
3907:
Transatlantica. Revue d'études américaines. American Studies Journal
1820:. Some local vocabulary, such as topography, animals, plants are of
401:
brought to Louisiana originated in the Senegambian region, speaking
4912:
4856:
Brian J. Costello – La Language Créole de la Paroisse Pointe Coupée
4833:
3323:
7093:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
7092:
5591:
5388:
5332:
1482:
Some speakers of that variety display a highly variable system of
350:
122:
3946:
749:); however, it is likely that no speakers remain in these areas.
684:
and sizable communities of Louisiana Creole-speakers in adjacent
7137:
3880:"A Linguistic Comparison of Haitian Creole and Louisiana Creole"
2576:
2506:
2358:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2293:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
1983:
1939:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1471:
on Louisiana Creole, especially in the variety spoken along the
6007:
5847:
5185:
4953:
3574:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 48–50.
3500:
https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/view/375/813
4693:
Louisiana Folk-Tales in French Dialect and English Translation
1623:
is shown by noun-noun possessum-possessor constructions (e.g.
4944:
4939:
3357:, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
303:
Louisiana Creole is classified as Severely Endangered by the
1363:
may lowered to the near-open vowel when followed by , e.g.
333:, it is spoken today by people who may racially identify as
4727:
Ti liv Kréyòl : a learner's guide to Louisiana Creole
3093:
Dites moi qui vous aimez, et je vous dirai qui vous êtes.
2589:
2563:
2541:
2519:
2493:
2471:
2449:
2402:
2380:
2315:
2271:
2249:
2227:
2205:
2183:
2140:
2118:
2096:
2074:
2027:
2005:
1961:
1905:
1869:
1865:
1861:
432:
Also, the monopoly held by the Company of Indies in both
3861:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
4795:
Learn to speak Louisiana French Creole: an introduction
4278:
Klingler, Thomas A.; Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2013).
3524:. Louisiana: Louisiana State University. pp. 3–92.
3349:
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid; Klingler, Thomas A. (2013),
3115:
Couper les oreilles du mulet, n'en fait pas un cheval.
680:
There once were Creolophones in Natchitoches Parish on
4145:
Mayers, Jonathan Joseph; Mayeux, Oliver, eds. (2022).
4102:
Wendte, N. A.; Mayeux, Oliver; Wiltz, Herbert (2017).
4060:
4058:
357:. It should not be confused with its sister language,
55:
49:
43:
3355:
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online
3137:
Le cochon sait bien sur quel bois il va se frotter.
3112:
Cutting off the mule's ears doesn't make it a horse.
3090:
Tell me who you love, and I'll tell you who you are.
1627:'house (of) my grandfather') or with the preposition
1544:
mô (singular); (mâ (singular feminine), mê (plural))
3325:
Ti Liv Kréyòl: A Learner's Guide to Louisiana Creole
7855:
7770:
7494:
7427:
7365:
7265:
7226:
7151:
7066:
6986:
6924:
6866:
6515:
6370:
6041:
5773:
5574:
5503:
5317:
5274:
5246:
5237:
5220:
5163:
5115:
5099:
5019:
4988:
4650:"Creoles and Cajuns: A Portrait in Black and White"
4647:Dubois, Sylvie; Horvath, Barbara M. (May 1, 2003).
3104:Crachez dans l'air, il vous en tombera sur le nez.
268:
256:
240:
224:
219:
199:
194:
162:
152:
133:
73:
63:
30:
4648:
4489:"Nouzòt Popá (The Our Father in Louisiana Creole)"
3148:Celui qui rit le vendredi va pleurer le dimanche.
3096:Di moin qui vous laimein, ma di vous qui vous yé.
1475:which has been characterized by some linguists as
425:, who spoke mutually intelligible dialects of the
4770:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
4619:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
3778:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
3633:. University of California, Davis. Archived from
1371:Regressive and progressive nasalization of vowels
7128:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
4887:"Allons Manger" Cajun French with Creole dialect
3181:Le bouc fait le gombo ; le lapin le mange.
3101:Spit in the air, and it will fall on your nose.
7173:Black players in professional American football
7123:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4797:. Natchitoches, LA, US: Gumbo People Products.
4553:. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.
4514:Valdman, Albert (1997). Valdman, Albert (ed.).
4344:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 95.
3663:"Louisiana Creole is enjoying a modest revival"
3624:"Language Attrition in Louisiana Creole French"
3380:Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid; Klingler, Thomas A.
3134:The pig knows well on which wood it will rub.
514:Language shift, endangerment and revitalization
4814:. New Orleans, LA, US: Gumbo People Products.
3178:The goat makes the gumbo; the rabbit eats it.
3107:Craché nen laire, li va tombé enhaut vou nez.
6019:
5859:
5197:
4965:
4583:Creole - a Louisiana label in a Texas Context
3145:Whoever laughs on Friday will cry on Sunday.
8:
6886:Historically black colleges and universities
4945:louisiana creole – English Glosbe dictionary
4940:English – Louisiana creole Glosbe dictionary
4342:Language in Louisiana: Community and Culture
3806:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3317:
3315:
572:French in Louisiana have placed emphasis on
421:. The largest group from Senegambia was the
5825:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
4175:, postcolonial.org, Accessed March 11, 2014
1102:Oral and nasal vowels of Louisiana Creole
661:, and along the lower Mississippi River in
649:Parishes. There are smaller communities on
7155:
6026:
6012:
6004:
5866:
5852:
5844:
5243:
5204:
5190:
5182:
4972:
4958:
4950:
4757:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3212:lê moun ki fé nouzòt sikombé tentasyon-la,
3151:Cila qui rit vendredi va pleuré dimanche.
1781:Actions or states which might take place.
1423:, plural) or by an indefinite determiner (
295:
283:
27:
7103:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
4214:
4051:. Louisiana Historic and Cultural Vistas.
3914:
3710:(1). Cambridge University Press: 67–101.
606:course for learning vocabulary hosted on
4105:Ti Liv Kréyòl: A Louisiana Creole Primer
4078:"Kouri-Vini (Louisiana Creole Language)"
3382:"Structure dataset 53: Louisiana Creole"
3140:Cochon conné sir qui bois l'apé frotté.
3064:
2934:
2802:
2615:
1880:
1666:
1518:
1100:
776:
308:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4499:from the original on December 22, 2021.
4474:"Guide to Louisiana Creole Orthography"
4388:
4318:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
4064:
4048:A Guide to Louisiana Creole Orthography
3744:
3572:Pidgins, Creoles, & Mixed Languages
3503:was invoked but never defined (see the
3285:
1479:, though this notion is controversial.
1278:
1260:
1234:
1206:
1176:
1141:
8002:Topics related to the African diaspora
7108:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
4750:
4240:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
4184:
4124:Louisiana Historic and Cultural Vistas
3799:
3683:from the original on February 29, 2024
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3484:. UK: Oxford University Press: 229–40.
3475:
3473:
3210:é pardon nouzòt péshé paréy nou pardon
7982:Landmark African-American legislation
4893:Oral History Forum I Raphaël Confiant
4661:(2). Duke University Press: 192–207.
4456:"Louisiana Creole Alphabet (Updated)"
4335:
4333:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4040:
4038:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3657:
3655:
3515:
3513:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
1439:in Louisiana Creole vary between the
1106:
721:counties and in Northern California (
611:language. A December 2023 article in
289:Creole-speaking parishes in Louisiana
7:
8073:French language in the United States
8068:French-American culture in Louisiana
7113:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
4839:Louisiana Creole Dictionary – Online
4585:. New Orleans, LA: Lulu Press, Inc.
4435:Louisiana Creole Dictionary (2014).
4406:. Hildesheim: Georg-Olms-Verlag AG.
3375:
3373:
3371:
3351:"Louisiana Creole structure dataset"
3079:The water always goes to the river.
7467:African-American Vernacular English
4810:Kein, Sybil; Forsloff, Del (2006).
3496:
518:In the case of Louisiana Creole, a
7385:U.S. cities with large populations
7088:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
5829:Languages between parentheses are
3878:Squint, Kirstin L. (May 4, 2005).
3184:Bouki fait gombo; lapin mangé li.
3118:Coupé zoré milet fait pas chewal.
2977:Komen ça va? / Komen ç'apé kouri?
1872:) and several special letters and
380:Origins and historical development
14:
8088:Languages of the African diaspora
6258:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
6254:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
6061:African American founding fathers
4909:KnowLA: Encyclopedia of Louisiana
4851:Learn Pointe-Coupée Parish Creole
3208:Donné-nou jordi dipin tou-lé-jou,
3167:The burnt cat is afraid of fire.
1289:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1199:
1190:
1183:
1169:
1160:
1153:
1028:
1005:
986:
979:
972:
953:
946:
939:
918:
911:
904:
897:
881:
874:
867:
860:
833:
826:
819:
812:
495:speaking) were refugees from the
8063:French-based pidgins and creoles
8020:
7138:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
6283:Nadir of American race relations
4933:The Endangered Languages Project
4312:Mayeux, Oliver (July 19, 2019).
3834:. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
3497:Cite error: The named reference
3238:
3224:
3159:Le chien qui jappe ne mord pas.
3082:L'eau va toujours à la rivière.
206:
16:French-based creole in Louisiana
6144:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
6134:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
3901:Demars, Marie (April 8, 2015).
3596:Southern Journal of Linguistics
1736:is only used in Pointe Coupée.
1451:, placed before the noun as in
778:Consonants of Louisiana Creole
103:Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana
8058:Endangered pidgins and creoles
7133:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
6139:Civil right movement 1896–1954
5833:of the language on their left.
4766:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo (1992).
4551:Dictionary of Louisiana Creole
4516:French and Creole in Louisiana
3206:t'olé dan syèl; parèy si latær
3156:The barking dog doesn't bite.
1664:as listed in the table below
1379:, Louisiana Creole vowels are
578:, to the exclusion of Creole.
388:beginning in 1699, as well as
1:
7313:Cherokee freedmen controversy
6289:The Negro Motorist Green Book
4981:French-based creole languages
4441:louisianacreoledictionary.com
4007:Northwestern State University
3774:A., Klingler, Thomas (2003).
3300:Teo, Tracey (March 1, 2023).
3170:Le chat brûlé a peur du feu.
3085:Dilo toujou couri larivière.
1848:The current Louisiana Creole
1834:French-based creole languages
759:French-based creole languages
4203:Western Historical Quarterly
4197:Din, Gilbert C. (May 2009).
3855:Klingler, Thomas A. (2003).
1635:'house of my grandfather').
1058:, Louisiana Creole features
1018:
995:
925:
840:
805:
499:, which had established the
7183:Black players in ice hockey
7118:National Urban League (NUL)
6944:American Society of Muslims
6182:Selma to Montgomery marches
6102:Brown v. Board of Education
4871:Le bijou sur le Bayou Teche
4844:September 29, 2019, at the
4615:Brasseaux, Carl A. (2005).
4286:. Oxford University Press.
3916:10.4000/transatlantica.7586
3570:Velupillai, Viveka (2015).
3520:Klinger, Thomas A. (2003).
3198:Nouzòt Popá, ki dan syèl-la
1712:past of non-stative verbs.
1077:‘mouth’. The nasal palatal
600:Louisiana Creole Dictionary
8109:
7340:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
7098:Nashville Student Movement
6109:Children of the plantation
4518:. New York: Plenum Press.
4487:Christophe Landry (2012).
4454:Christophe Landry (2014).
3976:www.louisianacreoleinc.org
3204:rwayonm arivé, é n'a fé ça
3173:Chatte brilé pair di feu.
3162:Chien jappô li pas morde.
1395:Louisiana Creole exhibits
18:
8010:
7977:Index of related articles
7158:
6978:Doctrine of Father Divine
6362:Women's suffrage movement
6315:Reconstruction Amendments
6122:Voting Rights Act of 1965
5881:
5808:
4812:Maw-Maw's Creole ABC book
4667:10.1215/00031283-78-2-192
4524:10.1007/978-1-4757-5278-6
3716:10.1017/s0047404500016924
3549:10.1017/S0047404500002037
3214:Mé délivré nou depi mal.
3018:Prenez soin de vous/toi.
1852:consists of twenty-three
1745:
1261:
1235:
1207:
1196:
1147:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1083:nasal palatal approximant
1019:
996:
926:
841:
806:
782:
294:
282:
201:Official language in
77:Louisiana, (particularly
42:
35:
8083:African-American English
8078:African-American culture
8053:Louisiana Creole culture
8027:United States portal
7462:African-American English
6891:Inventors and scientists
6583:George Washington Carver
6187:Chicago Freedom Movement
4983:and pidgins by continent
4866:Christophe Landry, Ph.D.
4549:Valdman, Albert (1998).
4003:"Creole Heritage Center"
3830:Neumann, Ingrid (1985).
3622:Carlisle, Aimee Jeanne.
1858:ISO basic Latin alphabet
1803:African-American English
1801:Likely a borrowing from
1344:'mouth', compare French
19:Not to be confused with
7950:African-American firsts
6999:Back-to-Africa movement
6968:Black Hebrew Israelites
6748:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
6296:Partus sequitur ventrem
5213:Gallo-Romance languages
4720:– via HathiTrust.
4690:Fortier, Alcée (1895).
3631:linguistics.ucdavis.edu
3254:Louisiana Creole people
3200:Tokin nom, li sinkifyè,
2632:Phoneme correspondence
1900:Phoneme correspondence
1824:origin. In the domains
1463:for the singular, and -
1320:'rice', compare French
1060:postalveolar affricates
621:Geographic distribution
386:colonized by the French
56:
50:
44:
8093:Languages of Louisiana
7918:Spingarn Medal winners
7407:States and territories
7178:Black NFL quarterbacks
6678:Martin Luther King Jr.
6210:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6149:Montgomery bus boycott
5875:Ethnicity in Louisiana
4834:Learn Louisiana Creole
4581:Wendte, N. A. (2020).
4350:10.2307/j.ctvkwnnm1.14
4252:10.1075/jpcl.6.1.05mar
4026:Mayeux, Oliver. 2015.
3328:. New Orleans: TSÒHK.
3190:
3021:Swènn-twa / swiñ-twa.
1662:tense, aspect and mood
1459:definite determiners -
1332:'old', compare French
723:San Francisco Bay Area
158:<10,000 (2023)
7228:Athletic associations
7163:Negro league baseball
6934:African-American Jews
6653:Ketanji Brown Jackson
6618:Henry Highland Garnet
6477:Negro National Anthem
6227:George Floyd protests
6192:Post–civil rights era
5923:Hispanics and Latinos
5823:A star (*) indicates
5718:Poitevin-Saintongeais
5649:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
3671:. December 20, 2023.
3640:on September 10, 2016
2985:Je vais bien, merci.
2974:Comment ça va ?
2963:Comment ça va ?
1594:vouzòt, ouzòt, zòt zo
1383:where they precede a
7435:Afro-Seminole Creole
6961:Azusa Street Revival
6833:Booker T. Washington
6357:Underground Railroad
6222:Free people of color
6076:Atlantic slave trade
4793:Kein, Sybil (2005).
4216:10.1093/whq/40.2.220
3232:United States portal
675:St. John the Baptist
655:Pointe-Coupée Parish
595:Christophe Landry.
527:free people of color
7830:Trinidad and Tobago
7445:Black American Sign
7272:By African descent
7266:Ethnic subdivisions
7253:Southwestern (SWAC)
7168:Baseball color line
7083:Black Panther Party
6987:Political movements
6904:in computer science
6563:Carol Moseley Braun
6352:Tulsa race massacre
6345:Treatment of slaves
6177:March on Washington
6172:Birmingham movement
5276:Bourbonnais Creoles
4915:on January 18, 2016
4639:Partial preview at
4573:Partial preview at
3982:on November 7, 2017
3704:Language in Society
3537:Language in Society
3032:Bonjou / Bonmatin.
2971:How are you doing?
1668:
1656:Tense, aspect, mood
1397:subject-verb-object
1103:
779:
763:phonology of French
374:endangered language
361:, a dialect of the
323:French-based creole
115:Southern California
83:Natchitoches Parish
7928:US representatives
7923:US cabinet members
7815:Dominican Republic
7402:Metropolitan areas
7243:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
7068:Civic and economic
7046:Self-determination
6867:Education, science
6788:Fred Shuttlesworth
6768:A. Philip Randolph
6673:Coretta Scott King
6598:Frederick Douglass
6425:Harlem Renaissance
6330:Separate but equal
6320:Reconstruction era
6308:Plessy v. Ferguson
6199:Cornerstone Speech
6113:Civil Rights Acts
6096:Black Lives Matter
6071:American Civil War
4929:"Louisiana Creole"
4476:. January 5, 2016.
4324:10.17863/cam.41629
4280:"Louisiana Creole"
3438:. December 7, 2020
3407:"Louisiana Creole"
2982:I'm good, thanks.
1700:of adjectives and
1667:
1493:, as evidenced in
1435:, plural). Today,
1399:(SVO) word order.
1101:
1081:usually becomes a
1073:‘weak coffee’ and
777:
667:St. Charles Parish
555:syntactic calquing
534:Louisiana Purchase
497:Haitian Revolution
484:Louisiana Purchase
8035:
8034:
7863:African Americans
7735:Dallas–Fort Worth
7330:Black Southerners
7261:
7260:
6713:Thurgood Marshall
6683:Bernard Lafayette
6278:Million Man March
6035:African Americans
6001:
6000:
5942:Native Americans
5886:African Americans
5841:
5840:
5818:extinct languages
5774:Francoprovencalic
5769:
5768:
5752:Wisconsin Walloon
5179:
5178:
4777:978-0-585-32916-1
4736:978-1-5272-7102-9
4702:2027/uc1.b3501893
4626:978-0-8071-4778-8
4592:978-1-716-64756-7
4560:978-0-253-33451-0
4359:978-1-4968-2386-1
4293:978-0-19-967770-2
4158:978-1-7353605-4-6
4126:. August 14, 2017
3909:(in French) (1).
3884:Postcolonial Text
3202:N'ap spéré pou to
3191:The Lord's Prayer
3188:
3187:
3074:Louisiana Creole
3058:
3057:
3054:Bonnwi / Bonswa.
2999:Wa (twa) plitar.
2966:Konmen lêz afær?
2944:Louisiana Creole
2926:
2925:
2812:Louisiana Creole
2787:
2786:
2610:
2609:
1809:
1808:
1729:Ongoing actions.
1644:Verbal morphology
1633:lamézon a mô papa
1618:
1617:
1504:Personal pronouns
1437:definite articles
1299:
1298:
1282:
1240:
1150:
1138:
1131:
1054:. In common with
1041:
1040:
969:
936:
894:
857:
727:Sacramento County
659:Terrebonne Parish
627:St. Martin Parish
604:spaced repetition
593:language activist
367:Louisiana Creoles
316:
315:
87:St. Landry Parish
79:St. Martin Parish
8100:
8048:Louisiana Creole
8025:
8024:
8023:
7987:Lynching victims
7486:Louisiana Creole
7457:American English
7345:Louisiana Creole
7318:Choctaw freedmen
7156:
6693:Huddie Ledbetter
6633:Fannie Lou Hamer
6603:W. E. B. Du Bois
6593:Claudette Colvin
6588:Shirley Chisholm
6405:Family structure
6273:Military history
6155:Browder v. Gayle
6028:
6021:
6014:
6005:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5845:
5787:Franco-Provençal
5783:/Faetar-Cigliàje
5672:Louisiana French
5667:Louisiana Creole
5480:Saint-Barthélemy
5248:Antillean Creole
5244:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5183:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4951:
4936:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4911:. Archived from
4894:
4878:
4823:
4806:
4789:
4762:
4756:
4748:
4721:
4686:
4652:
4638:
4604:
4572:
4545:
4501:
4500:
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4182:
4176:
4171:Kirstin Squint,
4169:
4163:
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4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4108:. Public Domain.
4099:
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4042:
4033:
4024:
4018:
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3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3978:. Archived from
3968:
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3259:Louisiana French
3248:
3246:Languages portal
3243:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3065:
2988:Mo byin, mærsi.
2960:How are things?
2935:
2803:
2792:Language samples
2783:
2769:
2755:
2741:
2712:
2707:
2692:
2687:
2672:
2667:
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2647:
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2174:
2150:
2135:
2128:
2113:
2106:
2091:
2084:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2037:
2022:
2015:
2000:
1993:
1978:
1971:
1956:
1949:
1934:
1915:
1881:
1838:Louisiana French
1669:
1586:nou, nô, nouzòt
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1469:Louisiana French
1453:Louisiana French
1377:Louisiana French
1366:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1293:
1280:
1275:
1257:
1250:
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1056:Louisiana French
1053:
1049:
1032:
1009:
990:
983:
976:
965:
957:
950:
943:
932:
922:
915:
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901:
890:
885:
878:
871:
864:
853:
837:
830:
823:
816:
780:
767:Louisiana French
747:Mon Louis Island
561:who identify as
359:Louisiana French
329:. Also known as
319:Louisiana Creole
310:
299:
287:
278:
263:Louisiana Creole
252:
236:
229:
212:
210:
209:
184:Louisiana Creole
168:
138:Louisiana French
99:Calcasieu Parish
95:Lafayette Parish
91:Jefferson Parish
59:
53:
47:
31:Louisiana Creole
28:
21:Louisiana French
8108:
8107:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8021:
8019:
8006:
7972:Historic places
7965:US state firsts
7851:
7766:
7490:
7423:
7395:2010 majorities
7390:2000 majorities
7361:
7308:Black Seminoles
7257:
7248:Southern (SIAC)
7231:
7230:and conferences
7229:
7222:
7218:Serena Williams
7213:Jackie Robinson
7147:
7071:
7069:
7062:
6982:
6949:Nation of Islam
6920:
6868:
6862:
6803:Sojourner Truth
6793:Clarence Thomas
6758:Gabriel Prosser
6658:Michael Jackson
6533:Crispus Attucks
6523:Ralph Abernathy
6511:
6467:Musical theater
6366:
6232:Great Migration
6204:COVID-19 impact
6162:Sit-in movement
6037:
6032:
6002:
5997:
5993:White Americans
5877:
5872:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5804:
5765:
5683:Moselle Romance
5643:Karipúna Creole
5570:
5499:
5411:Franco-Ontarian
5313:
5270:
5233:
5228:Canadian French
5216:
5210:
5180:
5175:
5159:
5111:
5095:
5015:
5006:Petit Mauresque
4984:
4978:
4927:
4918:
4916:
4902:
4892:
4876:
4846:Wayback Machine
4830:
4809:
4792:
4778:
4765:
4749:
4737:
4729:. New Orleans.
4724:
4689:
4655:American Speech
4646:
4627:
4614:
4611:
4609:Further reading
4593:
4580:
4561:
4548:
4534:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4414:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4391:, pp. 3–4.
4387:
4383:
4360:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4311:
4310:
4301:
4294:
4277:
4276:
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4139:
4129:
4127:
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4113:
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4063:
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4021:
4011:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3955:
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3899:
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3798:
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3405:
3404:
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3321:
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3223:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3063:
2993:See you later.
2952:Bonjour !
2933:
2799:
2794:
1860:(not including
1846:
1814:
1751:Future actions
1675:Classification
1658:
1646:
1641:
1625:lamézon mô papa
1580:nou, no, nouzòt
1517:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1457:post-positional
1405:
1393:
1385:nasal consonant
1375:In common with
1373:
1357:
1307:
1099:
775:
769:in particular.
765:in general and
755:
686:Southeast Texas
623:
516:
473:creole language
382:
363:French language
347:Native American
312:
311:
302:
290:
274:
248:
232:
225:
207:
205:
202:
195:Official status
190:
169:
166:Language family
164:
155:
154:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8106:
8104:
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7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
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7967:
7962:
7957:
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7945:
7940:
7938:Visual artists
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7920:
7915:
7910:
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7900:
7898:Mathematicians
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
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7859:
7857:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7848:
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7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7722:
7717:
7715:South Carolina
7712:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7685:North Carolina
7682:
7681:
7680:
7670:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7653:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7638:
7637:
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7630:Massachusetts
7628:
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7616:
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7609:
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7509:
7504:
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7496:
7492:
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7488:
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7478:
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7476:
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7472:social context
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7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7323:Creek Freedmen
7320:
7315:
7310:
7300:
7298:Alabama Creole
7295:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7238:Central (CIAA)
7234:
7232:
7227:
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7223:
7221:
7220:
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7205:
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7195:
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7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7031:Pan-Africanism
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7001:
6996:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6973:Black theology
6970:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6914:in STEM fields
6911:
6906:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6869:and technology
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6808:Harriet Tubman
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6738:Michelle Obama
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6668:Barbara Jordan
6665:
6663:Harriet Jacobs
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
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6630:
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6620:
6615:
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6605:
6600:
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6565:
6560:
6555:
6553:Amelia Boynton
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6517:
6516:Notable people
6513:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6452:LGBT community
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
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6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
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6349:
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6317:
6312:
6304:
6299:
6292:
6285:
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6275:
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6265:
6260:
6251:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6167:Freedom Riders
6164:
6159:
6151:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6111:
6106:
6098:
6093:
6091:Black genocide
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6008:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5956:Choctaw-Apache
5953:
5948:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5848:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5784:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
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5756:
5755:
5754:
5744:
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5725:
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5703:
5698:
5691:
5686:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5652:
5645:
5640:
5637:Haitian Creole
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5607:Burundi Pidgin
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5556:
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5534:
5529:
5522:
5517:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
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5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5445:
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5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5342:
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5335:
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5311:
5306:
5301:
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5269:
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5258:
5252:
5250:
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5211:
5209:
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5167:
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5161:
5160:
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5150:
5145:
5140:
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5130:
5119:
5117:
5113:
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5110:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5097:
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5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4996:Burundi Pidgin
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4925:
4900:
4889:
4884:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4836:
4829:
4828:External links
4826:
4825:
4824:
4807:
4790:
4776:
4763:
4735:
4722:
4687:
4644:
4625:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4591:
4578:
4559:
4546:
4532:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4479:
4465:
4446:
4427:
4413:978-3487155043
4412:
4393:
4381:
4358:
4329:
4299:
4292:
4257:
4230:
4189:
4177:
4164:
4157:
4137:
4111:
4094:
4069:
4054:
4034:
4019:
4001:Gillis, Phil.
3993:
3963:
3938:
3893:
3870:
3847:
3840:
3813:
3784:
3749:
3747:, p. 111.
3737:
3694:
3651:
3614:
3605:
3577:
3562:
3527:
3509:
3487:
3449:
3423:
3398:
3367:
3341:
3335:978-1527271029
3334:
3311:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:Haitian Creole
3261:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3235:
3219:
3216:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3062:
3061:Common phrases
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:Good Evening.
3034:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:Good Morning.
3023:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2732:an, am, en, em
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2056:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1845:
1844:Writing system
1842:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1657:
1654:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1505:
1502:
1404:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1372:
1369:
1361:open-mid vowel
1356:
1355:Vowel lowering
1353:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1306:
1305:Vowel rounding
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1095:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
984:
977:
970:
962:
961:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
924:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
887:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
839:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
774:
771:
754:
751:
719:San Bernardino
622:
619:
551:code-switching
538:public shaming
515:
512:
384:Louisiana was
381:
378:
314:
313:
301:
300:
292:
291:
288:
280:
279:
272:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
246:
238:
237:
230:
222:
221:
220:Language codes
217:
216:
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
191:
189:
188:
187:
186:
172:
170:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
135:
131:
130:
75:
71:
70:
65:
64:Native to
61:
60:
40:
39:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8105:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8028:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7997:Neighborhoods
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7960:Sports firsts
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7854:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7763:
7762:West Virginia
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7699:Pennsylvania
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7678:New York City
7676:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7523:
7522:San Francisco
7520:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:By state/city
7493:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7440:American Sign
7438:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7373:Neighborhoods
7371:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7303:Black Indians
7301:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6881:Black schools
6879:
6877:
6876:Black studies
6874:
6873:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6858:Whitney Young
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6848:Oprah Winfrey
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6818:Denmark Vesey
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6763:Joseph Rainey
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6718:Toni Morrison
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6703:Joseph Lowery
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6648:Jesse Jackson
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6638:Kamala Harris
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6623:Marcus Garvey
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:Blanche Bruce
6571:
6569:
6568:Edward Brooke
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6558:James Bradley
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6538:James Baldwin
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6482:Neighborhoods
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6335:Silent Parade
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6263:Jim Crow laws
6261:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:Black cowboys
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6006:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5971:Tunica-Biloxi
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5857:
5855:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:Frainc-Comtou
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5449:Middle French
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5338:St. Marys Bay
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:Langues d'oïl
5236:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4533:0-306-45464-5
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4138:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4095:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3952:
3948:
3947:"CREOLE, Inc"
3942:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3841:9783871186974
3837:
3833:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3668:The Economist
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:(2): 237–58.
3542:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3196:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:Mo linm twa.
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:À plus tard.
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
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2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
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2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
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2614:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2495:
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2483:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2456:
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2448:
2447:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
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2342:
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2330:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2295:
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2291:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1924:
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1909:
1907:
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1903:
1899:
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1886:
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1879:
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1863:
1859:
1855:
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1831:
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1797:
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1787:
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1780:
1777:
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1748:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:stative verbs
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:sô; (sâ, sê)
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:tô; (tâ, tê)
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1342:/dʒɛl/~/dʒœl/
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1318:/diri/~/dyri/
1316:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1084:
1061:
1057:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
963:
959:
956:
952:
949:
945:
942:
938:
935:
931:
929:
921:
917:
914:
910:
907:
903:
900:
896:
893:
889:
888:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
850:
849:
844:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
809:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
781:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
752:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Tehama County
732:
731:Plumas County
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
620:
618:
616:
615:
614:The Economist
609:
605:
602:, and a free
601:
596:
594:
588:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
566:
564:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
535:
530:
528:
523:
522:
513:
511:
507:
504:
502:
498:
492:
488:
485:
480:
476:
474:
470:
469:
468:lingua franca
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
377:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:, as well as
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
309:
306:
298:
293:
286:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
264:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
245:
244:
239:
235:
231:
228:
223:
218:
215:
204:
198:
193:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:French Creole
177:
176:
175:
171:
167:
161:
157:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:United States
66:
62:
58:
52:
46:
41:
38:
37:Creole French
34:
29:
26:
22:
7913:Sportspeople
7883:Billionaires
7800:Sierra Leone
7703:Philadelphia
7539:Jacksonville
7485:
7366:Demographics
7198:Jack Johnson
7188:Muhammad Ali
7021:Conservatism
6956:Black church
6853:Andrew Young
6838:Ida B. Wells
6828:David Walker
6823:C. T. Vivian
6778:Paul Robeson
6773:Hiram Revels
6753:Colin Powell
6733:Barack Obama
6688:James Lawson
6643:Jimi Hendrix
6613:James Farmer
6608:Medgar Evers
6578:Ralph Bunche
6528:Maya Angelou
6502:Middle class
6380:Afrofuturism
6306:
6294:
6287:
6208:
6153:
6100:
6066:Afrocentrism
6056:Abolitionism
5813:
5758:
5739:
5728:Saintongeais
5705:
5693:
5681:
5666:
5647:
5612:Camfranglais
5558:
5551:
5524:
5514:Anglo-Norman
5512:
5475:Newfoundland
5460:Metropolitan
5447:
5437:Jersey Legal
5435:
5426:Houma French
5266:Saint Lucian
5221:Areal groups
5215:and dialects
5116:Indian Ocean
5063:
5052:Saint Lucian
4932:
4917:. Retrieved
4913:the original
4908:
4903:Bernard, S.
4811:
4794:
4767:
4726:
4692:
4658:
4654:
4641:Google Books
4616:
4582:
4575:Google Books
4550:
4515:
4492:
4482:
4468:
4459:
4449:
4440:
4430:
4403:
4396:
4389:Valdman 1998
4384:
4341:
4314:
4283:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4180:
4167:
4147:
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4123:
4114:
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4097:
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4081:
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4065:Valdman 1998
4047:
4028:
4022:
4010:. Retrieved
4006:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3980:the original
3975:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3950:
3941:
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3896:
3887:
3883:
3873:
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3831:
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3745:Valdman 1997
3740:
3707:
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3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3666:
3642:. Retrieved
3635:the original
3630:
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3565:
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3521:
3481:
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3435:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3410:
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3386:APiCS Online
3385:
3359:, retrieved
3354:
3344:
3324:
3305:
3197:
3194:
3051:Bonne nuit.
3048:Good Night.
3004:I love you.
2717:
1847:
1815:
1788:
1778:Conditional
1773:
1758:
1741:
1733:
1719:
1686:
1659:
1647:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1481:
1464:
1460:
1448:
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1420:
1419:, singular;
1416:
1406:
1394:
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1333:
1321:
1308:
1300:
1042:
846:
796:Postalveolar
756:
679:
624:
612:
599:
597:
589:
575:Cajun French
573:
567:
559:
531:
519:
517:
508:
505:
501:first empire
493:
489:
481:
477:
466:
443:
431:
383:
371:
330:
318:
317:
270:Linguasphere
241:
183:
36:
25:
7933:US senators
7903:Republicans
7888:Journalists
7745:San Antonio
7710:Puerto Rico
7651:Mississippi
7544:Tallahassee
7517:Los Angeles
7208:Jesse Owens
7193:Arthur Ashe
7051:Nationalism
7041:Raised fist
7004:Black power
6909:in medicine
6843:Roy Wilkins
6798:Emmett Till
6783:Al Sharpton
6548:Julian Bond
6543:James Bevel
6507:Upper class
6497:Stereotypes
6390:Black mecca
6302:Plantations
6081:Black Codes
5820:or dialects
5707:Petit nègre
5597:Bourbonnais
5542:Guernésiais
5537:Cotentinais
5416:Frenchville
5378:New England
5309:Seychellois
5153:Seychellois
5123:Bourbonnais
5011:Petit nègre
4368:j.ctvkwnnm1
4185:Wendte 2020
4130:November 5,
4087:October 10,
4012:December 8,
3986:November 5,
3956:October 10,
3951:CREOLE, Inc
3442:December 7,
3015:Take care.
3007:Je t'aime.
2425:; (medial)
1897:Diacritics
1794:Remote past
1725:Progressive
1597:vouzòt, zòt
1530:Possessive
1477:decreolized
1473:Bayou Têche
1409:specificity
1403:Determiners
1367:'brother'.
1330:/vje/~/vjø/
743:Yuba County
739:Mono County
711:Los Angeles
698:Port Arthur
651:False River
631:Bayou Têche
584:Keith Frank
568:Efforts to
543:Creolophone
109:); also in
107:New Orleans
8042:Categories
7878:Astronauts
7668:New Jersey
7512:California
7016:Capitalism
6813:Nat Turner
6743:Rosa Parks
6728:Diane Nash
6698:John Lewis
6487:Newspapers
6457:Literature
6442:Juneteenth
6395:Businesses
6249:Exodusters
6217:Free Negro
5988:Vietnamese
5946:Chitimacha
5695:Old French
5617:Champenois
5602:Burgundian
5566:Sercquiais
5560:Old Norman
5553:Law French
5495:Vietnamese
5455:Meridional
5289:Chagossian
5133:Chagossian
5091:Belle Isle
5079:Lanc-Patuá
5047:Martinican
5042:Guadeloupe
4745:1257416565
4718:1127054952
4601:1348382332
4437:"Alphabet"
4209:(2): 220.
3972:"About Us"
3785:0807127795
3436:Britannica
3416:August 15,
3411:Ethnologue
3391:August 15,
3306:BBC Travel
3280:References
2845:trò, trwa
2441:; (final)
2421:(initial)
1874:diacritics
1822:Amerindian
1812:Vocabulary
1742:a, va, alé
1720:apé, ap, é
1706:pluperfect
1650:inflection
1621:Possession
1605:3rd plural
1591:2nd plural
1577:1st plural
1563:3rd person
1549:2nd person
1535:1st person
1495:possessive
1427:singular;
1413:Bare nouns
1045:semivowels
773:Consonants
704:) and the
682:Cane River
677:parishes.
635:St. Landry
570:revitalize
394:forced out
331:Kouri-Vini
127:East Texas
111:California
45:Kouri-Vini
7992:Monuments
7868:Activists
7720:Tennessee
7640:Michigan
7624:Baltimore
7614:Louisiana
7607:Lexington
7590:Davenport
7529:Cleveland
7428:Languages
7357:Melungeon
7335:Blaxicans
7203:Joe Louis
7058:Socialism
6994:Anarchism
6723:Bob Moses
6708:Malcolm X
6628:Fred Gray
6492:Soul food
6430:New Negro
6415:Folktales
6325:Redlining
5961:Coushatta
5928:Hondurans
5831:varieties
5816:indicate
5798:Valdôtain
5789:/Arpitan
5760:Zarphatic
5701:Orléanais
5587:Berrichon
5526:Auregnais
5401:Cambodian
5383:Québécois
5304:Rodriguan
5294:Mauritian
5261:Grenadian
5256:Dominican
5148:Rodriguan
5138:Mauritian
5064:Louisiana
5037:Grenadian
5032:Dominican
5027:Antillean
4905:"Creoles"
4820:809926365
4803:144558377
4753:cite book
4710:0065-8332
4675:0003-1283
4635:774295468
4542:863962055
4422:973171332
4376:243597697
4246:: 73–87.
4225:0043-3810
3933:194272954
3925:1765-2766
3802:cite book
3794:846496076
3732:145535212
3724:0047-4045
3677:0013-0613
3644:March 27,
3557:144287855
3505:help page
3432:"Acadian"
3274:Frespañol
3269:Franglais
3040:Bonsoir.
3029:Bonjour.
2931:Greetings
2550:/dubləve/
2546:double-vé
1527:Objective
1491:agreement
1381:nasalized
1311:variation
1179:Close-mid
1129:unrounded
1071:/tʃololo/
934:voiceless
928:Fricative
855:voiceless
848:Affricate
753:Phonology
715:San Diego
702:Galveston
671:St. James
663:Ascension
639:Avoyelles
582:musician
547:loanwords
521:diglossia
458:substrate
438:Louisiana
392:who were
327:Louisiana
276:51-AAC-ca
243:Glottolog
227:ISO 639-3
214:Louisiana
134:Ethnicity
125:(chiefly
121:, and in
113:(chiefly
8015:Category
7806:America
7772:Diaspora
7757:Virginia
7690:Oklahoma
7673:New York
7656:Nebraska
7619:Maryland
7602:Kentucky
7568:Illinois
7507:Arkansas
7412:Illinois
7350:of color
7036:Populism
7009:Movement
6926:Religion
6268:Lynching
6051:Timeline
5978:Redbones
5938:Italians
5793:Savoyard
5723:Poitevin
5632:Guianese
5547:Jèrriais
5532:Cauchois
5485:Standard
5465:Missouri
5406:Francien
5356:Kinshasa
5074:Karipúna
5069:Guianese
5020:Americas
4842:Archived
4786:45843432
4683:15155226
4569:39147759
4497:Archived
3687:March 2,
3681:Archived
3218:See also
3068:English
3043:Bonswa.
2955:Bonjou!
2938:English
2619:Digraph
1850:alphabet
1826:folklore
1818:lexifier
1710:habitual
1692:Anterior
1678:Meaning
1498:pronouns
1209:Open-mid
1069:, as in
791:Alveolar
690:Beaumont
647:St. Mary
462:adstrate
454:lexifier
446:speakers
390:Acadians
250:loui1240
119:Illinois
7943:Writers
7908:Singers
7893:Jurists
7841:Europe
7795:Liberia
7740:Houston
7644:Detroit
7580:Indiana
7573:Chicago
7556:Atlanta
7551:Georgia
7534:Florida
7502:Alabama
7452:English
7026:Leftism
6896:Museums
6447:Kwanzaa
6372:Culture
6340:Slavery
6043:History
5983:Spanish
5951:Choctaw
5933:Isleños
5918:Germans
5901:Colored
5896:Creoles
5814:Italics
5747:Walloon
5741:Tây Bồi
5655:Lorrain
5582:Angevin
5520:Augeron
5470:Muskrat
5443:Laotian
5421:Haitian
5368:Belgian
5351:Abidjan
5345:African
5328:Acadian
5299:Réunion
5284:Agalega
5164:Oceania
5143:Réunion
5128:Agalega
5107:Tây Bồi
5059:Haitian
4898:YouTube
4882:YouTube
4508:Sources
4493:Youtube
4460:YouTube
4082:Memrise
3602:: 1–16.
3361:May 15,
3071:French
2949:Hello!
2941:French
2823:un, in
2809:French
2806:Number
2797:Numbers
2572:/iɡɾɛk/
1884:Letter
1856:of the
1854:letters
1763:Future
1600:vouzòt
1541:mò/mwin
1524:Subject
1391:Grammar
1136:rounded
1116:Central
1107:
1037:
1025:
1021:Lateral
1015:
1012:
1002:
960:
843:Plosive
706:Chicago
694:Houston
608:Memrise
434:Senegal
427:Malinke
423:Bambara
419:Bambara
403:Malinke
365:. Many
7955:Mayors
7873:Actors
7845:France
7837:Israel
7825:Mexico
7810:Canada
7785:Gambia
7780:Africa
7730:Austin
7695:Oregon
7634:Boston
7597:Kansas
7563:Hawaii
7481:Gullah
7291:Yoruba
7281:Gullah
7152:Sports
7070:groups
6900:Women
6437:Hoodoo
6311:(1896)
6237:Second
6213:(1857)
6158:(1956)
6105:(1954)
5913:French
5908:Cajuns
5891:Asians
5781:Faetar
5713:Picard
5689:Nouchi
5677:Michif
5660:Welche
5575:Others
5505:Norman
5431:Indian
5394:Magoua
5363:Aostan
5319:French
5086:Michif
5001:Nouchi
4989:Africa
4919:May 2,
4818:
4801:
4784:
4774:
4743:
4733:
4716:
4708:
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2853:quatre
2774:un, um
2760:on, om
2746:in, im
2719:Nasals
2625:Name (
2407:ær, èr
2350:; ò =
2175:; ì =
2066:; è =
2062:; é =
1890:Name (
1830:Voodoo
1765:states
1747:Future
1681:Notes
1631:(e.g.
1583:nouzòt
1508:": -->
1488:gender
1484:number
1455:, and
1421:-la-ye
1346:gueule
1325:/dyri/
1322:du riz
1097:Vowels
1075:/dʒɛl/
967:voiced
892:voiced
786:Labial
741:, and
669:, and
645:, and
643:Iberia
580:Zydeco
563:Cajuns
450:pidgin
417:, and
415:Pulaar
407:Sereer
398:Acadia
355:Creole
345:, and
305:UNESCO
211:
174:Creole
146:Creole
74:Region
57:Fransé
51:Kréyòl
7856:Lists
7820:Haiti
7790:Ghana
7725:Texas
7661:Omaha
6939:Islam
6472:Names
6462:Music
6400:Dance
5966:Houma
5627:Gallo
5592:Bolze
5490:Swiss
5389:Joual
5373:Métis
5333:Chiac
4679:S2CID
4372:S2CID
4364:JSTOR
3929:S2CID
3728:S2CID
3638:(PDF)
3627:(PDF)
3553:S2CID
2867:sink
2842:trois
2666:/dʒe/
2646:/tʃe/
2622:Name
2598:/zɛd/
2568:igrek
2127:/haʃ/
1887:Name
1868:, or
1732:Form
1698:state
1696:Past
1672:Form
1639:Verbs
1349:/ɡœl/
1337:/vjø/
1334:vieux
1238:nasal
1144:Close
1111:Front
808:Nasal
801:Velar
657:, in
411:Wolof
351:Cajun
343:mixed
339:black
335:white
321:is a
142:Cajun
123:Texas
7752:Utah
7585:Iowa
7417:Ohio
7378:list
7286:Igbo
7276:Fula
6420:Hair
6410:Film
6127:1968
6117:1964
5735:Tayo
5171:Tayo
5100:Asia
4921:2016
4816:OCLC
4799:OCLC
4782:OCLC
4772:ISBN
4759:link
4741:OCLC
4731:ISBN
4714:OCLC
4706:ISSN
4671:ISSN
4631:OCLC
4621:ISBN
4597:OCLC
4587:ISBN
4565:OCLC
4555:ISBN
4538:OCLC
4528:ISBN
4418:OCLC
4408:ISBN
4354:ISBN
4288:ISBN
4221:ISSN
4153:ISBN
4148:Févi
4132:2017
4089:2020
4014:2020
3988:2017
3958:2020
3921:ISSN
3890:(2).
3867:(2).
3836:ISBN
3808:link
3790:OCLC
3780:ISBN
3720:ISSN
3689:2024
3673:ISSN
3646:2016
3444:2020
3418:2017
3393:2017
3363:2023
3330:ISBN
2922:dis
2911:nèf
2908:neuf
2900:wit
2897:huit
2889:sèt
2886:sept
2878:sis
2864:cinq
2856:kat
2831:deux
2782:/œ̃/
2768:/ɔ̃/
2754:/ɛ̃/
2740:/ɑ̃/
2706:/ʃe/
2671:/dʒ/
2651:/tʃ/
2528:/ve/
2480:/te/
2458:/ɛs/
2415:/ɛɾ/
2411:/æɾ/
2389:/pe/
2346:o =
2302:/ɲe/
2280:/ɛn/
2258:/ɛm/
2236:/ɛl/
2214:/ka/
2192:/ʒi/
2171:i =
2123:hash
2105:/ɡe/
2083:/ɛf/
2058:e =
2014:/de/
1992:/se/
1970:/be/
1828:and
1510:edit
1486:and
1447:and
1359:The
1281:oral
1263:Open
1149:oral
1121:Back
1067:/dʒ/
1065:and
1063:/tʃ/
1050:and
717:and
673:and
553:and
436:and
353:and
105:and
6385:Art
6242:New
4896:on
4880:on
4698:hdl
4663:doi
4520:doi
4346:doi
4320:doi
4248:doi
4211:doi
3911:doi
3712:doi
3545:doi
2919:dix
2875:six
2834:dé
2711:/ʃ/
2702:shé
2691:/u/
2686:/u/
2662:djé
2642:ché
2627:IPA
2605:/z/
2594:zèd
2590:Z z
2583:/j/
2564:Y y
2557:/w/
2542:W w
2535:/v/
2520:V v
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2502:/y/
2494:U u
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2465:/s/
2450:S s
2443:/ɾ/
2439:/t/
2435:/d/
2431:/r/
2427:/ɾ/
2423:/r/
2403:R r
2396:/p/
2381:P p
2374:/œ/
2367:/œ/
2359:Œ œ
2352:/ɔ/
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2335:ò,
2331:ó,
2324:/o/
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2287:/n/
2276:ènn
2272:N n
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2254:èmm
2250:M m
2243:/l/
2228:L l
2221:/k/
2206:K k
2199:/ʒ/
2184:J j
2177:/ɪ/
2173:/i/
2164:î,
2160:ì,
2156:í,
2149:/i/
2141:I i
2134:/h/
2119:H h
2112:/ɡ/
2097:G g
2090:/f/
2075:F f
2068:/ɛ/
2064:/e/
2060:/ə/
2051:ê,
2047:è,
2043:é,
2036:/ə/
2028:E e
2021:/d/
2006:D d
1999:/s/
1984:Ç ç
1977:/b/
1962:B b
1955:/æ/
1948:/æ/
1940:Æ æ
1933:/a/
1925:à,
1921:á,
1914:/a/
1906:A a
1892:IPA
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1708:or
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