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1964. Their plans became more urgent when fatigue cracks were discovered in the elevation drive system in
September 1967. The telescope was only expected to have an operational lifespan of 10 years, and Husband had been warning about the decay of the telescope since 1963. The appearance of fatigue cracks was the first of these problems that threatened to stop the telescope working; had they not been put right the elevation system could have failed and perhaps jammed. The telescope was therefore repaired and upgraded to become the Mark IA; the £400,000 of funding to do this was announced on 8 July 1968 by the
1310:, confirming its existence and investigating the dispersion measure. It was also used to make the first detection of polarization of the pulsar's radiation. This marked the start of a substantial amount of work investigating pulsars at Jodrell, which is still ongoing. In the 30 years following the discovery of pulsars, the telescope discovered over 100 new pulsars (and astronomers at Jodrell Bank discovered around 2/3 of the total number using the Lovell and other telescopes). 300 pulsars are regularly observed using either the Lovell, or a nearby 42-foot (13-m) dish.
1425:. Once construction of the Lovell telescope was complete, the broadside array was put on a steerable mount and the pair were used as a tracking radio interferometer. This was then used to determine the 2D shape of quasars on the sky. In the summer of 1961, a 25-foot (8-m) diameter paraboloid telescope was constructed (of aluminium tubing and mounted on the rotating structure of an old defence radar). This was then used as a steerable interferometer with the Mark I, with a resolution of 0.3 arcseconds, to determine the sizes of some high-redshift (z~0.86) quasars.
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of the receiver equipment was placed at the base of the telescope rather than at the focus. Instead, receivers were mounted on 50-foot (15-m) long steel tubes, which were then inserted by a winch into the top of the aerial tower while the bowl was inverted. The cables from the receivers then ran down the inside of this tube, which could then be connected when the telescope was pointed at the
578:, which were being broken up at the time. The bearings became the two main altitude rotator bearings of the telescope, with the appropriate parts of the telescope being designed around them. Husband presented the first drawings of the proposed giant, fully steerable radio telescope in 1950. After refinements, these plans were detailed in a "Blue Book", which was presented to the
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The third phase saw the biggest changes; a new, more accurate bowl surface was constructed in front of the old surface, meaning that the telescope could be used on wavelengths as small as 6 cm (5 GHz), and the central "bicycle wheel" support was added. A new computer control system was also
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The telescope was constructed so that the bowl could be completely inverted. Originally, it was intended to use a movable tower at the base of the telescope to change the receivers at the focus. However, the movable tower was never built, jointly because of funding constraints and the fact that much
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was being built, the telescope was on standby for "Project Verify" (also known by the codewords "Lothario" and "Changlin") between April 1962 and
September 1963. During strategic alerts, a 'pulse transmitter, receiver and display equipment' could be connected to the telescope to scan known Russian
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between 11 March and 26 June 1960, and was also used to send commands to the probe, including the one to separate the probe from its carrier rocket and the ones to turn on the more powerful transmitter when the probe was 13 million kilometres (8 million miles) away. It also received data
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on 2 January brought winds of around 90 mph (140 km/h), which almost destroyed the telescope. The towers bowed, and one of the bearings connecting the dish to the towers slipped. After an expensive repair, diagonal bracing girders were added to the towers to prevent this happening again.
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Shortly after the telescope was originally completed, Lovell and
Husband started contemplating an upgrade to the telescope so that it had a more accurate surface, and was controlled by a digital computer. Plans for this upgrade were created by Husband and Co., and were presented to Lovell in April
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met to see if funding could be made available for improving the accuracy of the dish so that it could be used on centimetre wavelengths, for research at these wavelengths for the
Ministry as well as "other purposes". Although the funding was not ultimately made available from the Air Ministry, the
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drove the development of interferometry techniques in the 1950s; the Lovell telescope had an advantage because of its large collecting area, meaning that it could make high-sensitivity interferometer measurements relatively quickly. As a result, the telescope featured heavily in the discovery of
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transmission of photographs from the Moon's surface. The photos were sent to the
British press – the probe transmitted, likely intentionally to increase chances of reception, in the international format for image transmission by newswire – and published before the Soviets themselves had made the
533:
at
Jodrell Bank in the late 1940s. This was a 218 ft (66 m)-diameter radio telescope that could only point directly upwards; the next logical step was to build a telescope that could look at all parts of the sky so that more sources could be observed, as well as for longer integration
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The 21 cm hydrogen line was discovered during the telescope's construction; the telescope was subsequently redesigned so that it could observe at that frequency. Using this line emission, hydrogen clouds both in the Milky Way galaxy and in other galaxies can be observed; for example, the
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Construction began on 3 September 1952. The foundations for the telescope were completed on 21 May 1953 after being sunk 90 ft (27 m) into the ground. It then took until mid-March 1954 to get the double railway lines completed because of their required accuracy. The central pivot was
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profiling technique was used on the surface, meaning that the surface works optimally at wavelengths of 5 cm (compared to 18 cm on the old surface). A new drive system was installed, which provides a much higher pointing accuracy. The outer track was relaid, and the focal tower was
601:
The telescope bowl was originally going to have a wire mesh surface to observe at wavelengths between 1 and 10 meters (3.2 and 32 feet), so frequencies between 30 and 300 MHz; this was changed to a steel surface so that the telescope could observe at the 21 cm (8 in)
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times. Although the
Transit Telescope had been designed and constructed by the astronomers that used it, a fully steerable telescope would need to be professionally designed and constructed; the first challenge was to find an engineer willing to do the job. This turned out to be
642:
and the government; this amounted to £335,000. The government increased its share of the funding several times as the cost of the telescope rose; other money came from private donations. The final part of the debt from the construction of the telescope, £50,000, was paid off by
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array with a series of smaller radio telescopes controlled from
Jodrell Bank. With baselines of up to 217 km (135 mi), this gave a resolution around 0.05 arcminutes. An upgraded version of this became a national facility in 1992. It has also been used in
685:); fatigue cracks in the cones connecting the bowl to the towers were repaired, and the central antenna was lengthened and strengthened. In January 1972 the hoist carrying two engineers to the central antenna broke, gravely injuring one and killing the other.
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In 2007 the telescope needed a new drive wheel, as one of the 64 original wheels had cracked; in 2008 another new steel tyre was needed after a second wheel cracked. These are the only two wheel changes needed since the telescope started operation in 1957.
622:
The telescope moved for the first time on 3 February 1957: by an inch. It was first moved azimuthally under power on 12 June 1957; the bowl was tilted under power for the first time on 20 June 1957. By the end of July the dish surface was completed, and
1219:") as part of the 50th anniversary First Move festival. In April 1961, a radar echo from Venus was achieved using the telescope while the planet was at a close approach, confirming measurements of the distance of the planet made by American telescopes.
651:
on 25 May 1960 (partly because of the telescope's early, very public role in space probe tracking; see below), and
Jodrell Bank observatory was renamed to the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories. The final total cost for the telescope was £700,000.
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The first phase saw the addition of an inner railway track, which was designed to take a third of the weight of the telescope. The outer railway track, which had been decaying and sinking over the previous years, was relaid in the second phase. Four
1432:
telescope once constructed was also used as an interferometer with the Lovell telescope. This has a baseline of 425 m (1,394 ft) (meaning that it can synthesize a telescope with 425 m diameter), giving it a resolution of around 0.5
1019:
from
Pioneer 5, and was the only telescope in the world capable of doing so at the time. The last signal was picked up from the probe at a distance of 36.2 million kilometres (22.5 million miles) on the 26 June 1960.
422:, in the north-west of England. When construction was finished in 1957, the telescope was the largest steerable dish radio telescope in the world at 76.2 m (250 ft) in diameter; it is now the third-largest, after the
469:
were knighted for their roles in creating the telescope. In September 2006, the telescope won the BBC's online competition to find the UK's greatest "Unsung Landmark". 2007 marked the 50th anniversary of the telescope.
619:. Associated receiver equipment could then be placed either in the small, swinging laboratory directly underneath the surface; in rooms at the tops of the two towers; at the base girders, or in the control building.
1086:, a Russian satellite en route to Venus, during 19–20 May 1961. However, it was not possible to confirm the origin of the signals. A few years later, in December 1962, the telescope tracked and received data from
1476:. Around half of the telescope's observing time is now spent doing interferometry with other telescopes. It is planned that the telescope will work as part of an interferometer with the Radioastron (Russian) and
1359:
Between 1972 and 1973, the telescope was used for "a detailed survey of the radio sources in a limited area of the sky … up to the sensitivity limit of the instrument". Among the objects catalogued was the first
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665:. The upgrade was carried out in three phases, phase 1 lasting between September 1968 and February 1969, phase 2 between September and November 1969 and phase 3 between August 1970 and November 1971.
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There were large cost overruns with the telescope's construction, mainly the result of the steeply rising cost of steel during construction. The original grant for the telescope came jointly from the
4607:
4499:
2666:
952:, the Lovell Telescope was the only telescope capable of tracking Sputnik's booster rocket by radar; it first located it just before midnight on 12 October 1957. It also located
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in September 1968, a Russian probe containing two tortoises that was launched at the Moon, around which it sling-shotted before returning to Earth. The telescope did not track
1932:
1437:. This telescope pair has been used to carry out survey work, and to determine the positions of faint radio objects. Also, one of the drivers behind the construction of the
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By the 1990s, the telescope surface was becoming badly corroded. In 2001–03, the telescope was resurfaced, increasing its sensitivity at 5 GHz by a factor of five. A
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The telescope was involved in the discovery of millisecond pulsars, and also discovered the first pulsar in a globular cluster in 1986: a millisecond pulsar in the
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the line, allowing the velocity to the cloud to be measured. This provides a probe of the internal dynamics of galaxies, and can also provide a measurement of the
1364:, which was confirmed optically in 1979 after its position was found to coincide with a pair of faint blue stars by using the Mark I as an interferometer with the
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The telescope also took part in some of the early work on satellite communication. In February and March 1963, the telescope transmitted signals via the moon and
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1567:. The model was based on the Mark I telescope, but it also featured some modifications from the Mark IA telescope such as the rim around the edge of the dish.
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743:, Polish Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the universe, with Sun, rather than the Earth, at its centre.
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in 1971 (amidst the upgrade of the telescope to the Mark IA). In more recent years, it has also searched for several lost Mars spacecraft, including
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from 13 to 14 September 1959 as it hit the moon; this was proven by the telescope by measuring the effect of the Moon's gravity on the probe, and
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infestation (by droppings fouling, and their body heat affecting sensitive instrument readings) that some other radio telescopes suffer from.
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1994:
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at 160 MHz, with the bowl at the zenith. The telescope was first controlled from the control room on 9 October 1957, by a purpose-built
131:
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depicted the telescope as "J for Jodrell Bank" in their alphabetical landmarks stamp series; it has also previously featured on stamps from
1203:
However, the actual observations made with the telescope differ from these original objectives, and are outlined in the following sections.
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between 1998 and the end of 2003. No signals were detected. In February 2005, astronomers using the Lovell Telescope discovered the galaxy
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948:, the world's first artificial satellite. While the transmissions from Sputnik itself could easily be picked up by a household
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1276:. OH masers emit on four frequencies around 18 cm (7 in), which are easily observable on the telescope. As part of
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The telescope took part in the first transatlantic interferometer experiment in 1968, with other telescopes being those at
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in Germany. It was originally known as the "250 ft telescope" or the Radio Telescope at Jodrell Bank, before becoming the
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When the telescope was proposed, a series of objectives for the telescope's observations were set out. These included:
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692:. Because of increases in the cost of steel during the upgrade, the final amount for the upgrade was £664,793.07.
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and their steelwork were added on the inner track, and the existing bogies on the outer track were overhauled.
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509:. It can also be seen from the south-facing windows of the Terminal 1 restaurant area and departure lounges of
486:
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84:
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In Autumn 1958, the telescope was used to bounce "Hellos" off the Moon for a demonstration in Lovell's third
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in July 1969. However, a 50 ft (15 m) telescope at Jodrell Bank was used at the same time to track
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the telescope was seen. Len and Rita Fairclough brought the boy they were fostering to see the telescope.
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The Mark IA upgrade was formally completed on 16 July 1974, when the telescope was handed back to the
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2159:"The 250 ft Mk I Radio Telescope — The building of the world's first giant radio telescope"
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4176:"Science, Technology, and the Cold War: The Military Uses of the Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope"
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1990:
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Interferometry at Jodrell Bank started before the Lovell telescope was constructed, using the
1317:
globular cluster. In September 2006, the results of three years of observing a double pulsar,
1123:
541:
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1480:(Japanese) orbital radio satellites, providing yet larger baselines and higher resolutions.
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was to use it as an interferometer with the Mark I to carry out a survey of radio sources.
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balloon satellite at 750 km (466 mi) altitude, to the Zimenki Observatory in the
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2667:"The team that tracked Sputnik - and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile"
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3561:"General Relativity survives gruelling pulsar test —Einstein at least 99.95% right!"
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If the air is clear enough, the Mark I telescope can be seen from high-rise buildings in
446:, and IV) were being discussed. It was renamed to the Lovell Telescope in 1987 after Sir
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1980:
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The telescope became operational in the summer of 1957, just in time for the launch of
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62:
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732:(nesting one in each of the telescope's two support towers) prevents the nuisance of
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to provide a few minutes' warning of any missiles that might have been launched.
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in 2015 ("Sputnik"). Long shots of the telescope feature in the music video of "
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planning process had already progressed, so this improvement was made anyway.
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1555:, used a model of the Lovell Telescope as the Pharos Project, from which the
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lander on Mars in 2003. However, it did not succeed in locating any of them.
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galaxies. The motion of these clouds either towards or away from us either
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971:. Some signals were also relayed from the US to the USSR via Jodrell Bank.
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In 1968, the telescope observed the coordinates of the recently discovered
1215:. The telescope was also used to receive messages bounced off the Moon (a "
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1784:"Once Wilson's "White Heat", Now History: Tessa Blackstone Lists Bt Tower"
1617:
Four bands have shot music videos or photos in the bowl of the telescope:
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1058:, a Russian satellite put into orbit around the Moon, in April 1966, and
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3222:"On This Day – 18 October 1967: Soviets glimpse beneath clouds of Venus"
1090:. On 18 October 1967, the telescope received signals from, and tracked,
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Work on the supports of the Jodrell Bank radio telescope, 12 August 2010
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4263:, 5 December 2007 (available for free audio, video and text download).
1280:, the telescope is regularly used to construct maps of maser regions.
979:
606:, which was discovered in 1951. Also, in February 1954 Lovell and the
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1422:
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in February 1966, the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on the
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1933:"Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope; Henry Charles Husband, 1958, para 29"
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Two circular 15" turret drive gear sets and associated pinions from
4950:
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
4139:"High resolution observations with a tracking radio interferometer"
1513:
A 1:200 scale model of the telescope, made in 1961, resides in the
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3930:"Scientists bid to save the Earth in latest Hollywood blockbuster"
1699:"On This Day – 14 March 1960: Radio telescope makes space history"
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Close to one of the buildings at the observatory stands a bust of
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in October 1962, the telescope was discreetly turned towards the
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with a 35 m broadside array to determine the size of radio-loud
1368:. The telescope was also involved in the detection of the first
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was on 2 August 1957; the telescope did a drift scan across the
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3919:"Search Out Science: Search Out Space" special thanks credits.
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The telescope was used as a follow-up instrument for possible
1047:
956:'s carrier rocket at just after midnight on 16 November 1957.
390:
16:
Radio telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory, Cheshire, England
3805:"Seeing the invisible — first dark galaxy discovered?"
3025:"On This Day – 3 February 1966: Soviets land probe on Moon"
2554:. Geograph: photograph every grid square!. 18 November 2020
1584:, standing on both the superstructure and dish in the 1990
1452:
in Canada. It was first used as an interferometer with the
582:
on 20 March 1951; the proposal was approved in March 1952.
3807:. Jodrell Bank Observatory press release. 23 February 2005
2129:
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1721:"The Lovell Telescope presents a new face to the Universe"
2479:"JBO — Lovell Telescope — the future (in 2000)"
1002:
in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The telescope tracked
792:
4,560 square metres (1.13 acres; 49,100 sq ft)
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5,270 square metres (1.30 acres; 56,700 sq ft)
721:
strengthened so that it could support heavier receivers.
384:
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Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
3952:"In pictures: Royal Mail's alphabetical landmark stamps"
2746:"Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities"
1372:
in 1998, in conjunction with observations made with the
728:
The presence (as at 2010) of two breeding pairs of wild
1524:
In 1962, the telescope was mentioned in a sci-fi novel
2885:, pp. 231–236 and caption on bottom photo of page 209a
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1845:"Jodrell Bank Observatory: Lovell Telescope (1221685)"
4247:
The Lovell Telescope website at Manchester University
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In 1992, the telescope was featured on the cover of
1394:
The early investigation into the size and nature of
1268:
In 1963, the telescope discovered OH emissions from
1171:
Surveys of galactic and extragalactic radio emission
768:
1,500 tonnes (1,500,000 kg; 3,300,000 lb)
760:
3,200 tonnes (3,200,000 kg; 7,100,000 lb)
586:
delivered to the site on 11 May 1954, and the final
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3827:"Scale model of Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope, 1961"
2574:"Jodrell Bank Observatory — Facts and Figures"
1038:around 4 October 1959. Also, the telescope tracked
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58:
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1604:The telescope also made a brief appearance in the
4712:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
2022:
2020:
1814:"Details from listed building database (1221685)"
1321:, with the Lovell telescope, as well as with the
561:were bought cheaply in 1950; these came from the
2001:(the proposal document for the Lovell Telescope)
844:electric motors, one at the foot of each tower.
3857:"Doves Interview: The Romance Of The Telescope"
2266:, p. 158, plus the image at the bottom of p177a
2153:
2151:
1744:
1742:
4598:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
2811:. Time Magazine. 21 March 1960. Archived from
1234:telescope discovered a large cloud around the
5299:
4282:
2552:"Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus at Jodrell Bank"
1292:An artist's impression of the double pulsar,
1082:The telescope possibly detected signals from
538:, whom Lovell first met on 8 September 1949.
8:
4588:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
4259:, lecture by Professor Ian Morison given at
4098:(1957). "The Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope".
3530:
3528:
2598:"JBO — Anatomy of the Lovell telescope"
2232:
2230:
1886:
1884:
1143:launch sites for indications of launches of
994:The Lovell Telescope was used to track both
699:The Lovell telescope mid-resurfacing in 2002
28:
4382:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
2532:. Jodrell Bank Observatory. 4 February 2008
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2194:
2192:
1975:
1973:
1500:that appears to be made almost entirely of
1329:, were announced; these confirmed that the
1030:failed. The telescope successfully tracked
5306:
5292:
5284:
4369:
4289:
4275:
4267:
3850:
3848:
3411:
3409:
2530:"Telescope's Tyre Change is Wheel Success"
303:
278:
263:
250:
236:
218:
202:
171:
93:
67:
50:
34:
27:
4164:
4014:Out of the Zenith: Jodrell Bank 1957–1970
829:Amount of paint for 3 coats of the bowl:
522:Conception and construction of the Mark I
454:in 1988. The telescope forms part of the
4702:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
4539:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
3932:. Jodrell Bank Observatory press release
1459:In 1980, it was used as part of the new
1287:
1272:and giant stars; the first astronomical
750:
438:around 1961 when future telescopes (the
324:
4073:(Carousel ed.). London: Carousel.
3272:"Quiet please, we're listening to Mars"
1690:
1472:), giving a resolution of around 0.001
1410:A model of the Mark I telescope at the
859:
832:5,300 L (1,200 imp gal)
2108:, p. 80a (caption of upper photograph)
2082:, p. 65a (caption of lower photograph)
262:4,560 m (49,100 sq ft)
5203:Cosmic microwave background radiation
4940:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
4662:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
4252:Jodrell Bank Discovery Centre website
3878:"Crowsley Park BBC Receiving Station"
1468:, with telescopes across Europe (the
1195:Detections of radio reflections from
1014:in March 1959. The telescope tracked
824:107.5 m (352 ft 8 in)
7:
5549:Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire
5539:Buildings and structures in Cheshire
5331:Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics
5268:
4916:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
4810:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
4230:Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire
2859:Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration
1762:"Lovell Radio Telescope refurbished"
1611:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
1592:Search Out Science: Search Out Space
816:38.5 m (126 ft 4 in)
808:89.0 m (292 ft 0 in)
800:50.5 m (165 ft 8 in)
167:Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics
5554:Grade I listed scientific buildings
4908:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
3783:"Radio search for ET draws a blank"
3739:"Scientists listen intently for ET"
3106:. 27 September 1968. Archived from
2930:. 28 September 1959. Archived from
2907:. 21 September 1959. Archived from
1046:. The telescope listened in on its
277:22.9 m (75 ft 2 in)
4742:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
4257:'50 Years of the Lovell Telescope'
3198:. 21 December 1962. Archived from
3046:. 11 February 1966. Archived from
1850:National Heritage List for England
1819:National Heritage List for England
1180:Investigation of meteor detections
854:10 degrees a minute in elevation.
14:
4578:Australia Telescope Compact Array
4400:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
4343:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
3070:"Bringing Credit to Jodrell Bank"
2995:. 19 October 1959. Archived from
2972:. 12 October 1959. Archived from
2645:"Jodrell Bank's Cold War history"
1891:Finlo Rohrer (5 September 2006).
1466:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
1026:Moon probes. An attempt to track
998:and American probes aimed at the
928:Sputnik and artificial satellites
821:Outer diameter of railway track:
5267:
5258:
5257:
4214:
3829:. Science Museum. Archived from
3130:"Scoopy, Snoopy or Sour Grapes?"
1625:in 1995 ("Party Up the World"),
1478:VLBI Space Observatory Programme
910:
898:
886:
874:
862:
852:15 degrees per minute in azimuth
374:
344:
323:
316:
4632:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
4500:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
3629:"Astronomers see cosmic mirage"
3496:. 26 April 1968. Archived from
3076:. 15 April 1966. Archived from
2861:. Springer-Praxis. p. 30.
2773:. 16 March 1959. Archived from
2647:. BBC News Channel. 20 May 2009
1022:The telescope also tracked the
244:
4732:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
4568:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
3966:"Jodrell Bank radio telescope"
3365:Morrison, Ian (17 June 2007).
3257:"Earth turns its ears to Mars"
3136:. 25 July 1969. Archived from
2500:"The Lovell Telescope Upgrade"
1621:in June 1994 by Steve Double,
481:, and from as far away as the
1:
3761:"Alien hunters back on track"
3658:Out of the Zenith, pp. 42–45.
3490:"Taking the Pulse of Pulsars"
3367:"EME to the Lovell Telescope"
2834:. 23 May 1960. Archived from
2704:Out of the Zenith, chapter 15
2301:Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 244
1868:"Jodrell Bank — History"
1675:In an August 1981 episode of
1177:Radar echoes from the planets
1006:from 11 to 13 November 1958,
805:Maximum height above ground:
597:The Mark 1 under construction
545:The Mark 1 under construction
5182:Gravitational-wave astronomy
4760:Primeval Structure Telescope
4235:Listed buildings in Goostrey
4174:Spinardi, G. (August 2006).
3954:. BBC News. 11 October 2011.
3855:Doran, John (2 April 2009).
3715:Out of the Zenith, pp. 73–77
3669:Out of the Zenith, pp. 46–48
3649:Out of the Zenith, pp. 19–20
3287:"Mars lander search goes on"
1331:general theory of relativity
1199:ionization in the atmosphere
1094:, a Russian probe to Venus.
462:arrays of radio telescopes.
333:Location of Lovell Telescope
5094:Christiaan Alexander Muller
4960:Vermilion River Observatory
4868:Algonquin Radio Observatory
4333:Astronomical interferometer
4035:. Oxford University Press.
4033:The Jodrell Bank Telescopes
4016:. Oxford University Press.
3997:. Oxford University Press.
3741:. BBC News. 1 February 1998
3289:. BBC News. 8 February 2000
3274:. BBC News. 3 February 2000
3224:. BBC News. 18 October 1967
3100:"Russia's Race to the Moon"
3027:. BBC News. 3 February 1966
1750:The Jodrell Bank Telescopes
1635:Public Service Broadcasting
1390:Astronomical interferometer
1138:As a stopgap measure while
559:15-inch (38-cm) gun turrets
5570:
4434:Large Millimeter Telescope
3259:. BBC News. 2 October 2000
2428:"The MKIA Radio Telescope"
1484:Other notable observations
1383:
1380:Quasars and interferometry
1352:
1299:
1261:
1226:
797:Height of elevation axis:
776:76.2 metres (250 ft)
704:Later upgrades and repairs
18:
5321:
5253:
4722:Murchison Widefield Array
4642:Green Bank Interferometer
4466:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
4349:Astronomical radio source
4192:10.1080/14682740600795428
4071:The Story of Jodrell Bank
3993:The Story of Jodrell Bank
3785:. BBC News. 25 March 2004
3763:. BBC News. 23 March 1999
3355:Out of the Zenith, p. 212
2362:Out of the Zenith, p. 237
2135:"JBO — Construction"
1764:. BBC News. 28 April 2003
1701:. BBC News. 14 March 1960
1456:radio telescope in 1969.
813:Radius of wheel girders:
789:Collecting area of bowl:
430:, United States, and the
355:
342:
311:
249:250 ft (76 m)
33:
5534:Jodrell Bank Observatory
5336:Jodrell Bank Observatory
5315:Jodrell Bank Observatory
4932:Onsala Space Observatory
4924:Nançay Radio Observatory
4900:Jodrell Bank Observatory
4800:Very Long Baseline Array
4476:Sardinia Radio Telescope
4050:Lovell, Bernard (1990).
4031:Lovell, Bernard (1985).
4012:Lovell, Bernard (1973).
3989:Lovell, Bernard (1968).
3691:Jodrell Bank Observatory
3631:. BBC News. 1 April 1998
3603:Jodrell Bank Observatory
3565:Jodrell Bank Observatory
3540:Jodrell Bank Observatory
3421:Jodrell Bank Observatory
2504:Jodrell Bank Observatory
2432:Jodrell Bank Observatory
2163:Jodrell Bank Observatory
1643:Electric Light Orchestra
690:University of Manchester
553:Lovell Telescope in 1961
465:Both Bernard Lovell and
412:Jodrell Bank Observatory
350:Related media on Commons
186:5 GHz (6.0 cm)
85:Jodrell Bank Observatory
19:Not to be confused with
5162:Submillimetre astronomy
4774:Australia, South Africa
4626:Event Horizon Telescope
4166:10.1093/mnras/125.2.177
3456:"JBO — Milestones"
3244:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
3160:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
2989:"First to the Far Side"
2466:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
2453:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
2408:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
2392:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
2376:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
2351:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
2338:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
2325:Jodrell Bank Telescopes
1601:'s "Space Face" single.
1174:Observations of the Sun
1163:Scientific observations
677:installed (reusing the
450:, and became a Grade I
5465:Roger Clifton Jennison
4884:Green Bank Observatory
4770:Square Kilometre Array
3899:"Logopolis and Lovell"
2857:Harvey, Brian (2007).
2828:"Big Voice from Space"
1893:"Aye to the telescope"
1414:
1412:Science Museum, London
1374:Hubble Space Telescope
1350:
1333:is accurate to 99.5%.
1297:
1102:The telescope tracked
1054:The telescope tracked
1010:in December 1958, and
991:
941:
837:Azimuthal drive power
781:Surface area of bowl:
700:
598:
554:
546:
49:250 ft telescope
46:Alternative names
5177:High-energy astronomy
5064:Sebastian von Hoerner
4672:Long Wavelength Array
4618:European VLBI Network
4558:Allen Telescope Array
4458:Qitai Radio Telescope
4054:. London: Macmillan.
3599:"JBO — Galaxies"
3186:Story of Jodrell Bank
3173:Story of Jodrell Bank
3040:"The Lunar Landscape"
3019:Story of Jodrell Bank
2954:Story of Jodrell Bank
2889:Story of Jodrell Bank
2883:Story of Jodrell Bank
2799:, p. xii, pp. 239–244
2797:Story of Jodrell Bank
2715:Story of Jodrell Bank
2693:Story of Jodrell Bank
2619:Story of Jodrell Bank
2312:Story of Jodrell Bank
2277:Story of Jodrell Bank
2264:Story of Jodrell Bank
2238:Story of Jodrell Bank
2222:Story of Jodrell Bank
2200:Story of Jodrell Bank
2119:Story of Jodrell Bank
2106:Story of Jodrell Bank
2080:Story of Jodrell Bank
2054:Story of Jodrell Bank
2041:Story of Jodrell Bank
2012:Story of Jodrell Bank
1965:Story of Jodrell Bank
1907:Story of Jodrell Bank
1590:educational special "
1470:European VLBI Network
1409:
1355:Gravitational lensing
1345:An illustration of a
1344:
1337:Gravitational lensing
1327:Green Bank Telescopes
1291:
1227:Further information:
1066:, as it was tracking
982:
935:
698:
596:
552:
544:
460:European VLBI Network
198:3 September 1952–1957
194:3 September 1952–1957
81:European VLBI Network
5460:Robert Hanbury Brown
5403:Francis Graham-Smith
5245:Solar radio emission
5034:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
4892:Haystack Observatory
4426:Green Bank Telescope
4410:Effelsberg Telescope
4052:Astronomer by Chance
3586:Astronomer by Chance
3520:Astronomer by Chance
3401:Astronomer by Chance
3309:Astronomer by Chance
3140:on 11 September 2005
3110:on 30 September 2007
3080:on 30 September 2007
2999:on 30 September 2007
2960:Astronomer by Chance
2924:"Trail of the Lunik"
2911:on 30 September 2007
2895:Astronomer by Chance
2803:Astronomer by Chance
2777:on 30 September 2007
2728:Astronomer by Chance
2632:Astronomer by Chance
2290:Astronomer by Chance
2251:Astronomer by Chance
2184:Astronomer by Chance
2093:Astronomer by Chance
2067:Astronomer by Chance
2028:Astronomer by Chance
1920:Astronomer by Chance
1686:Notes and references
1270:star-forming regions
1183:Observations of the
1153:Cuban Missile Crisis
1122:spacecraft in 1993,
975:The race to the Moon
923:Space probe tracking
849:Maximum drive rates
710:Gale of January 1976
432:Effelsberg telescope
424:Green Bank telescope
259:Collecting area
228:Telescope style
40:The Lovell Telescope
5377:Tenerife Experiment
5218:Pulsar timing array
5024:Edward George Bowen
5014:Elizabeth Alexander
4876:Arecibo Observatory
4780:Submillimeter Array
4682:Low-Frequency Array
4652:Korean VLBI Network
4518:Southern Hemisphere
4429:(West Virginia, US)
4157:1963MNRAS.125..177R
4137:Rowson, B. (1963).
4114:1957Natur.180...60L
3050:on 20 February 2008
2976:on 10 November 2012
1492:detections made at
1264:Astrophysical maser
757:Mass of telescope:
753:
741:Nicolaus Copernicus
649:Nuffield Foundation
640:Nuffield Foundation
590:in mid-April 1955.
216:2 August 1957
143: /
30:
5198:Aperture synthesis
5167:Infrared astronomy
5104:Joseph Lade Pawsey
5074:Kenneth Kellermann
5044:Nan Dieter-Conklin
4752:One-Mile Telescope
4531:Parkes Observatory
3536:"JBO — Stars"
2510:on 15 October 2006
1790:on 5 February 2007
1508:In popular culture
1415:
1362:gravitational lens
1351:
1347:gravitational lens
1298:
1223:21cm hydrogen line
992:
942:
773:Diameter of bowl:
751:
701:
681:computer from the
679:Ferranti Argus 104
656:Upgrade to Mark IA
599:
555:
547:
511:Manchester Airport
147:53.2365°N 2.3084°W
119:North West England
21:Lowell Observatory
5519:
5518:
5281:
5280:
5223:Radio propagation
5172:Optical astronomy
5069:Karl Guthe Jansky
4879:(Puerto Rico, US)
4854:
4853:
4646:West Virginia, US
4395:(Puerto Rico, US)
4392:Arecibo Telescope
4080:978-0-552-54028-5
4061:978-0-333-55195-0
4042:978-0-19-858178-9
4023:978-0-19-217624-0
4004:978-0-19-217619-6
3901:. 11 October 2014
3726:Out of the Zenith
3687:"Interferometers"
3477:Out of the Zenith
3427:on 18 August 2002
3388:Out of the Zenith
3331:"Dish of the Day"
1996:978-0-312-32249-6
1945:on 31 August 2021
1678:Coronation Street
1419:Transit Telescope
1254:of the universe.
1252:rate of expansion
1126:in 2000, and the
1124:Mars Polar Lander
893:Support structure
858:
857:
730:peregrine falcons
633:analogue computer
531:Transit Telescope
366:
365:
5561:
5544:Radio telescopes
5382:Very Small Array
5357:Lovell Telescope
5308:
5301:
5294:
5285:
5271:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5238:HD 164595 signal
5213:Odd radio circle
5191:Related articles
5109:Ruby Payne-Scott
5039:Arthur Covington
5029:Ronald Bracewell
4999:
4991:
4983:
4964:
4955:
4945:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4846:
4836:
4815:
4805:
4795:
4790:Very Large Array
4785:
4775:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4687:
4677:
4667:
4666:Argentina/Brazil
4657:
4647:
4637:
4622:
4613:
4603:
4593:
4583:
4573:
4563:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4508:Yevpatoria RT-70
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4471:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4442:Lovell Telescope
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4370:
4359:Radio telescopes
4291:
4284:
4277:
4268:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4203:
4180:Cold War History
4170:
4168:
4133:
4122:10.1038/180060a0
4089:Journal articles
4084:
4065:
4046:
4027:
4008:
3996:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3833:on 21 April 2009
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3735:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3693:. Archived from
3683:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3609:on 19 April 2002
3605:. Archived from
3595:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3532:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3500:on 22 April 2009
3486:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3423:. Archived from
3417:"JBO — Gas"
3413:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3253:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3182:
3176:
3169:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2934:on 22 April 2009
2920:
2918:
2916:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2838:on 21 April 2009
2824:
2822:
2820:
2809:"Voice in Space"
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2742:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2673:. 4 October 2017
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2506:. Archived from
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2424:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2388:
2379:
2372:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1977:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1938:. Archived from
1937:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1841:Historic England
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1810:Historic England
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1786:. Archived from
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1723:. Archived from
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1658:Ascension Island
1106:in 1962–63, and
914:
902:
890:
878:
866:
754:
436:Mark I telescope
402:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
370:Lovell Telescope
359:edit on Wikidata
348:
327:
326:
320:
307:
302:
299:
297:
295:
293:
282:
267:
254:
241:
240:
223:
222:
212:First light
206:
201:
199:
176:
175:
158:
157:
155:
154:
153:
152:53.2365; -2.3084
148:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
98:
97:
72:
71:
59:Named after
54:
38:
31:
29:Lovell Telescope
5569:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5515:
5499:
5443:
5439:Charles Husband
5427:
5423:Michael Garrett
5386:
5340:
5317:
5312:
5282:
5277:
5249:
5186:
5154:
5148:
5134:Gart Westerhout
5002:
4997:
4989:
4981:
4967:
4962:
4953:
4943:
4942:(PRAO ASC LPI,
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4850:
4844:
4834:
4819:
4813:
4803:
4793:
4783:
4773:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4705:
4695:
4685:
4675:
4665:
4655:
4645:
4635:
4620:
4611:
4601:
4591:
4581:
4571:
4561:
4551:Interferometers
4546:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4492:Usuda Telescope
4486:
4478:
4469:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4374:
4361:
4353:
4323:Radio telescope
4300:
4298:Radio astronomy
4295:
4261:Gresham College
4243:
4222:Cheshire portal
4220:
4213:
4210:
4173:
4136:
4108:(4576): 60–62.
4096:Lovell, Bernard
4094:
4091:
4081:
4068:
4062:
4049:
4043:
4030:
4024:
4011:
4005:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3697:on 28 June 2004
3685:
3684:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3627:
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3612:
3610:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
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3554:
3544:
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3526:
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3501:
3488:
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3483:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3454:
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3440:
3430:
3428:
3415:
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3407:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
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3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3202:on 8 March 2008
3190:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2987:
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2979:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2922:
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2914:
2912:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2815:on 1 April 2007
2807:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2765:
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2760:
2750:
2748:
2744:
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2600:
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2523:
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2257:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1981:Lovell, Bernard
1979:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1889:
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1872:
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1866:
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1858:
1839:
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1834:
1824:
1822:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1727:on 10 June 2020
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1639:Secret Messages
1527:A for Andromeda
1510:
1486:
1392:
1382:
1357:
1339:
1304:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1231:
1225:
1209:
1189:Studies of the
1165:
1140:RAF Fylingdales
1136:
1100:
1080:
1051:photos public.
986:mounted to its
977:
930:
925:
918:
915:
906:
903:
894:
891:
882:
879:
870:
867:
853:
752:Specifications
749:
706:
658:
575:Royal Sovereign
536:Charles Husband
524:
519:
467:Charles Husband
452:listed building
408:radio telescope
400:
377:
373:
362:
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
329:
328:
290:
235:
232:radio telescope
217:
197:
195:
170:
151:
149:
145:
142:
137:
134:
132:
130:
129:
92:
87:
83:
66:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5567:
5565:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5526:
5525:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5455:Richard Battye
5451:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5398:Bernard Lovell
5394:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5208:Interferometry
5205:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5089:Bernard Lovell
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5019:John G. Bolton
5016:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4992:
4987:ESA New Norcia
4984:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4957:
4947:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4797:
4794:New Mexico, US
4787:
4777:
4767:
4757:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4719:
4709:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4676:New Mexico, US
4669:
4659:
4649:
4639:
4629:
4623:
4615:
4612:California, US
4605:
4595:
4585:
4575:
4565:
4562:California, US
4554:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4526:(South Africa)
4520:
4514:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4463:
4455:
4450:Ooty Telescope
4447:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4397:
4389:
4378:
4376:
4367:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4330:
4320:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4241:External links
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4186:(3): 279–300.
4171:
4134:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4069:Piper, Roger.
4066:
4060:
4047:
4041:
4028:
4022:
4009:
4003:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3957:
3943:
3921:
3912:
3890:
3869:
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3818:
3796:
3774:
3752:
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3717:
3708:
3671:
3662:
3651:
3642:
3620:
3590:
3577:
3552:
3524:
3511:
3481:
3468:
3438:
3405:
3392:
3379:
3357:
3348:
3337:. 13 June 2003
3322:
3320:Spinardi, 2006
3313:
3300:
3248:
3235:
3213:
3192:"Venus Probed"
3177:
3164:
3151:
3121:
3091:
3061:
3010:
2945:
2874:
2868:978-0387218960
2867:
2849:
2788:
2758:
2732:
2719:
2706:
2697:
2684:
2658:
2636:
2623:
2610:
2586:
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2255:
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2188:
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2147:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2016:
2003:
1995:
1969:
1956:
1924:
1911:
1898:
1880:
1856:
1832:
1801:
1775:
1753:
1738:
1712:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1646:
1631:The Bitter End
1615:
1602:
1595:
1575:Seventh Doctor
1573:portrayed the
1568:
1539:
1522:
1515:Science Museum
1509:
1506:
1485:
1482:
1381:
1378:
1338:
1335:
1319:PSR J0737-3039
1294:PSR J0737-3039
1285:
1282:
1259:
1256:
1224:
1221:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1187:
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1132:
1099:
1096:
1079:
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929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
909:
907:
904:
897:
895:
892:
885:
883:
881:Telescope dish
880:
873:
871:
868:
861:
856:
855:
850:
846:
845:
838:
834:
833:
830:
826:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
794:
793:
790:
786:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
770:
769:
766:
765:Mass of bowl:
762:
761:
758:
748:
745:
705:
702:
657:
654:
527:Bernard Lovell
523:
520:
518:
515:
499:Beeston Castle
448:Bernard Lovell
364:
363:
356:
353:
352:
340:
339:
332:
331:
322:
321:
315:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
288:
284:
283:
275:
269:
268:
260:
256:
255:
247:
243:
242:
229:
225:
224:
214:
208:
207:
192:
188:
187:
184:
178:
177:
164:
160:
159:
127:
123:
122:
104:
100:
99:
78:
74:
73:
63:Bernard Lovell
60:
56:
55:
47:
43:
42:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5566:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5522:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Richard Davis
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5309:
5304:
5302:
5297:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5274:
5266:
5264:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5144:Robert Wilson
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5129:Govind Swarup
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:John D. Kraus
5082:
5080:
5079:Frank J. Kerr
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:Antony Hewish
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4996:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4961:
4958:
4951:
4948:
4941:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4925:
4922:
4917:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4860:Observatories
4857:
4842:
4839:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4811:
4808:
4801:
4798:
4791:
4788:
4781:
4778:
4771:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4723:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4703:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4683:
4680:
4673:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4653:
4650:
4643:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4609:
4606:
4599:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4579:
4576:
4569:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4418:Galenki RT-70
4416:
4411:
4408:
4401:
4398:
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3600:
3594:
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3588:, pp. 297–301
3587:
3581:
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3541:
3537:
3531:
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3525:
3522:, pp. 293–297
3521:
3515:
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3499:
3495:
3494:Time Magazine
3491:
3485:
3482:
3479:, pp. 130–135
3478:
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3451:
3449:
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3445:
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3403:, pp. 277–280
3402:
3396:
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3390:, pp. 197–198
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3134:Time Magazine
3131:
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3104:Time Magazine
3101:
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3071:
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3044:Time Magazine
3041:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3011:
2998:
2994:
2993:Time Magazine
2990:
2975:
2971:
2970:Time Magazine
2967:
2961:
2956:, pp. 236–238
2955:
2949:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2928:Time Magazine
2925:
2910:
2906:
2905:Time Magazine
2902:
2897:, pp. 269–271
2896:
2890:
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2878:
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2833:
2832:Time Magazine
2829:
2814:
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2798:
2792:
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2772:
2771:Time Magazine
2768:
2767:"U.S. Planet"
2762:
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2223:
2217:
2214:
2211:Lovell (1957)
2208:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:, pp. 235–236
2185:
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2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1992:
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1982:
1976:
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1966:
1960:
1957:
1941:
1934:
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1666:Liechtenstein
1663:
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1569:
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1553:Crowsley Park
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1229:Hydrogen line
1222:
1220:
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1213:Reith Lecture
1206:
1204:
1198:
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1186:
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1151:. During the
1150:
1146:
1141:
1134:ICBM watchdog
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
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1120:Mars Observer
1117:
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604:hydrogen line
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479:Beetham Tower
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111:Cheshire East
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53:
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
5521:
5495:Dennis Walsh
5470:Sarah Bridle
5418:Phil Diamond
5356:
5153:Astronomy by
5114:Arno Penzias
5054:Cyril Hazard
4696:South Africa
4487:(Uzbekistan)
4441:
4327:Radio window
4183:
4179:
4148:
4142:
4105:
4099:
4070:
4051:
4032:
4013:
3992:
3969:. Retrieved
3960:
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3924:
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3835:. Retrieved
3831:the original
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3777:
3765:. Retrieved
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3733:
3725:
3720:
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3695:the original
3665:
3654:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3607:the original
3593:
3585:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3519:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:the original
3484:
3476:
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3429:. Retrieved
3425:the original
3400:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3360:
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3325:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3276:. Retrieved
3261:. Retrieved
3251:
3243:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3200:the original
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3138:the original
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3108:the original
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3078:the original
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3048:the original
3029:. Retrieved
3018:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2978:. Retrieved
2974:the original
2959:
2953:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2932:the original
2913:. Retrieved
2909:the original
2894:
2888:
2882:
2877:
2858:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:the original
2817:. Retrieved
2813:the original
2802:
2796:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2775:the original
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2727:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2670:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2639:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2577:. Retrieved
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2524:
2512:. Retrieved
2508:the original
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2473:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2407:
2391:
2375:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2297:
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2271:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2221:
2216:
2207:
2199:
2183:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2138:. Retrieved
2118:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2011:
2006:
1985:
1964:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1927:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1871:. Retrieved
1848:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1817:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:the original
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1756:
1749:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1693:
1676:
1609:
1606:film version
1585:
1559:, played by
1551:, filmed at
1546:
1525:
1487:
1458:
1443:
1427:
1416:
1393:
1358:
1312:
1305:
1267:
1232:
1210:
1207:Solar system
1202:
1166:
1157:Iron Curtain
1137:
1101:
1081:
1078:Venus probes
1053:
1021:
993:
958:
943:
738:
727:
723:
715:
707:
687:
675:
667:
659:
637:
621:
613:
608:Air Ministry
600:
584:
573:
568:
565:battleships
556:
525:
517:Construction
477:such as the
472:
464:
435:
369:
367:
294:.jodrellbank
273:Focal length
163:Organization
25:
5511:The Jodcast
5490:Anna Scaife
5485:Tim O'Brien
5480:Ian Morison
5448:Astronomers
5413:Andrew Lyne
5233:Wow! signal
5124:Martin Ryle
5119:Grote Reber
5049:Frank Drake
4990:(Australia)
4824:Space-based
4814:Netherlands
4686:Netherlands
4656:South Korea
4534:(Australia)
4484:Suffa RT-70
3728:, pp. 67–68
3335:BBC Radio 4
3175:, pp. 43–44
2966:"Lunik III"
2901:"Moon Blow"
2558:18 November
2514:23 November
2437:21 November
2410:, pp. 83–94
2394:, pp. 81–83
2378:, pp. 75–81
2340:, pp. 65–66
2327:, pp. 60–61
2168:23 November
1895:. BBC News.
1656:, Hungary,
1565:regenerated
1563:, fell and
1536:John Elliot
1502:dark matter
1185:Gegenschein
1098:Mars probes
936:A model of
842:horse power
718:holographic
625:first light
563:World War I
487:Winter Hill
296:.manchester
150: /
126:Coordinates
103:Location(s)
5528:Categories
5408:Rod Davies
5345:Telescopes
5155:EM methods
4375:telescopes
4373:Individual
4151:(2): 177.
3971:1 November
3837:9 November
2536:7 February
1650:Royal Mail
1629:in 2003 ("
1587:Doctor Who
1543:Doctor Who
1532:Fred Hoyle
1474:arcseconds
1435:arcminutes
1384:See also:
1353:See also:
1315:Messier 28
1300:See also:
1262:See also:
1248:blueshifts
1217:moonbounce
1197:cosmic ray
747:Statistics
529:built the
505:, and the
491:Lancashire
475:Manchester
182:Wavelength
135:53°14′11″N
5432:Engineers
5391:Directors
5139:Paul Wild
4972:Multi-use
4952:(SAORAS,
4726:Australia
4714:(MERLIN,
4706:Australia
4592:Australia
4582:Australia
4511:(Ukraine)
4503:(Ukraine)
4413:(Germany)
4200:154984982
2677:4 October
1986:Blue Book
1579:companion
1561:Tom Baker
1548:Logopolis
1541:The 1981
1498:VIRGOHI21
1450:Penticton
1446:Algonquin
1244:redshifts
1088:Mariner 2
1072:Apollo 11
1064:Apollo 11
1048:facsimile
1016:Pioneer 5
1012:Pioneer 4
1008:Pioneer 3
1004:Pioneer 1
990:launcher.
988:Thor Able
984:Pioneer 5
954:Sputnik 2
946:Sputnik 1
938:Sputnik 1
869:Side view
629:Milky Way
495:Snowdonia
138:2°18′30″W
121:, England
5367:Mark III
5326:Timeline
5263:Category
5099:Jan Oort
4998:(Canada)
4982:(Canada)
4935:(Sweden)
4927:(France)
4871:(Canada)
4841:Spektr-R
4684:(LOFAR,
4664:(LLAMA,
4621:(Europe)
4610:(CARMA,
4600:(CHIME,
4590:(ASKAP,
4437:(Mexico)
4421:(Russia)
4305:Concepts
4208:See also
4130:21214658
3905:22 March
3883:20 March
3862:18 April
3724:Lovell,
3584:Lovell,
3518:Lovell,
3475:Lovell,
3399:Lovell,
3386:Lovell,
3311:, p. 322
3307:Lovell,
3242:Lovell,
3158:Lovell,
3021:, p. 250
3017:Lovell,
2962:, p. 271
2958:Lovell,
2952:Lovell,
2893:Lovell,
2881:Lovell,
2805:, p. 272
2801:Lovell,
2795:Lovell,
2730:, p. 269
2726:Lovell,
2717:, p. 212
2713:Lovell,
2695:, p. 197
2691:Lovell,
2634:, p. 262
2630:Lovell,
2621:, p. 196
2617:Lovell,
2464:Lovell,
2451:Lovell,
2406:Lovell,
2390:Lovell,
2374:Lovell,
2349:Lovell,
2336:Lovell,
2323:Lovell,
2292:, p. 260
2288:Lovell,
2279:, p. 193
2275:Lovell,
2262:Lovell,
2253:, p. 250
2249:Lovell,
2240:, p. 157
2236:Lovell,
2224:, p. 155
2220:Lovell,
2198:Lovell,
2182:Lovell,
2117:Lovell,
2104:Lovell,
2095:, p. 232
2091:Lovell,
2078:Lovell,
2069:, p. 225
2065:Lovell,
2052:Lovell,
2039:Lovell,
2030:, p. 222
2026:Lovell,
2010:Lovell,
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