313:—to finally put an end to the hostilities. The eastern part of the purchase remained with Arkansas and the White Americans occupying the territory. To expedite completion of the compromise, any displaced Indian was given: "...a good rifle, a blanket, a kettle, and 5 lbs. of tobacco when he agreed to move..." while any displaced frontier settler was awarded with: "...up to 320 acres of public domain land in Arkansas Territory for every head of household over the age of 21 years."
180:
219:(finished in 1824). Fort Gibson was manned by the U.S. Seventh Infantry. The large area these forts oversaw was dubbed "Lovely's Donations" by later legislators. The area still remained contentious, with complaints to the legislators from both White settlers—who were continually being moved out of the ever expanding Lovely Purchase—and the Cherokee—who were being pressured to abandon the rich farmlands and salt mine tracts to the White Americans.
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in
Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and the Carolinas, had started migrating west to the lands set aside by the United States government for those citizens willing to exchange their eastern property for homesteads in the recently set-aside Indian Territory. A route was planned by the U.S. government with
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and the Osage Nation, as well as other
Indigenous nations, who held a special animosity towards what they viewed as Cherokee usurpers of their lands and way of life. Violent incidents continued to plague both groups, however, and peaked in 1817 following Lovely's death. The next year saw the arrival
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on behalf of the
Cherokee. All together, the treaty lands ceded by, and bought from, the Osage totaled over seven million acres (2,800,000 ha). The area began to be referred to as Lovely's Purchase thereafter. The entire northwest corner of the Arkansas Territory now belonged to the Cherokee.
166:
of the
Missouri Territory, was created as a buffer zone to separate the adversarial Cherokee Nation and Osage Nation. In the summer of 1813, Lovely was sent to administer the first section of acreage that would eventually belong to the purchase. This land comprised approximately four million acres
196:, and the U.S. government made it clear that Lovely's Purchase would only house Native Americans from that time on. Another treaty between Osage and Cherokee was signed in 1818 at St. Louis, one that finally formalized the earlier Lovely's Purchase, and was this time endorsed by the U.S.
121:(1808). The Osage still owned the land outright, however, and maintained several settlements on it. The new Cherokee emigrants came into almost immediate conflict with Indigenous and White settlers who had preemptively occupied lands along the route. This included citizens of the
22:
252:, and White Americans immediately started settling there. Lovely County only existed from October 31, 1827, to May 6, 1828, when the U.S. government signed the Cherokee Treaty of 1828. Lovely County had included all or part of present-day
159:, made several failed diplomatic attempts to make peace between the Cherokee emigrants to Indian Territory and the Osage. His ultimate solution was to create a large strip of land to act as a buffer between the people of the two nations.
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the purpose to insulate newly arriving
Cherokee to the area from interference and harassment by hostile American settlers and warriors from other Indigenous nations. These others lived, hunted, and had (in many instances)
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The new treaty authorized the western half of the land donations, accumulations, and homestead purchases that had created the 'Lovely
Purchase' to become part of Indian Territory. The land was given entirely to the
33:
is in dark green. The western portion of Lovely's
Purchase, assigned to Indian Territory in 1828, is in light green. Together with an almost equal amount of lands to the east of the 1828 demarcation line with
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With a presidential proviso that "... is to remain where she lives during life...” According to the Treaty of 1818, William Lovely's widow was the only white settler legally allowed to stay on the
Purchase
241:. More than a decade after Lovely's 1817 death, the area—along with additional tracts of purchased and donated land—was incorporated by the Territory of Arkansas as the short-lived Lovely County.
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had promised an exclusive "gateway to the setting sun"—an area devoted to settlement for the members of the
Cherokee Nation where they were not "...surrounded by the White man." Starting in 1809,
675:
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Both the Osage and the
Cherokee pledged to honor the 1816 treaty, although the U.S. government had not authorized nor endorsed it, and therefore did not officially recognize its terms.
167:(1,600,000 ha) that had been ceded to the U.S. government in 1808 by the Osage Nation. At Lovely's behest, another treaty summit took place on July 9, 1816, at the mouth of the
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155:. He held the position from 1813 to 1817. His wife, Persis, accompanied him to "...an abandoned Osage village far from what considered civilization..." Lovely, a veteran of the
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by the name of John Nicks accompanied the Seventh Infantry to Fort Gibson, and eventually settled in the area of the fort. In 1828, he founded Nicksville, the future capital of
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The treaty, however, still did not stop the violence between members of the two groups. Due to the buffer area not living up to expectations, in 1817 the U.S. Army built
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In a September 1815 letter addressed to President James Madison, Lovely described the isolation and his neighbors as Indians and “...the worst of White settlers.”
171:. At this time, and on his own authority, Lovely agreed to buy an additional three million hunting acres of Osage land that was located between the Verdigris and
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81:) through territory then inhabited by sometimes hostile White settlers and several other Indigenous nations, especially citizens of the
85:. Following years of political maneuvering and sometimes conflicting treaties, the purchase was finally split between the Cherokee and
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The Osage Nation had given-up exclusive hunting rights to the area that would become a large part of Lovely's Purchase in the
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516:; re-released (copyrighted) 2012; article webpage; Arkansas Commissioner of State Lands Report; retrieved August 2022
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of the Missouri Territory (Arkansas Region), and sent to quell these frontier disturbances in the
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439:; bookscan and transliteration via website; Vintage Bentonville; (2018); accessed January 2023
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788:; Historical Documents, Maps & Roster of Claims regarding the Lovely Donations (1828)
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by the Arkansas legislature in 1827 in an effort to keep the area part of the planned
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656:; Map description; Arkansas Historical Documents & Index; retrieved February 2023
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130:, and these incidents grew less frequent, although they still occasionally occurred.
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of the early nineteenth century. It was created in 1817, to give a haven to the
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Lovely Donation and Spanish Claims : Historical Documents, Maps & More
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Indians and Pioneers : The story of the American Southwest before 1830
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on the promised tracts of land. They viewed the Cherokee as rivals.
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Territorial Ambition : Land and Society in Arkansas 1800–1840
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Lovely's Purchase was, without federal authorization, created a
676:"Osage territory passed to Cherokees through Lovely's Purchase"
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at that time. In 1822, due to requests by territorial governor
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members of the Cherokee Nation living west of the Appalachians
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in exchange for giving up their traditional lands back east.
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of the United States. Lovely's Purchase was made part of
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These early Cherokee migrants came to be known as the "
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Major William Lovely, an assistant Indian agent to the
706:; New Haven; (1930); pp. 38, 46, 47, notes 35 & 59
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counties in Arkansas; plus all or part of present-day
215:, the U.S. authorized another outpost and established
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settlers, with the larger section going solely to the
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Expandable map of the settlements and land allotments
756:; Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press; (1993)
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602:"The Cherokee Struggle for Lovely's Purchase"
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802:United States and Native American treaties
812:Colonization history of the United States
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69:who were being forced to leave the
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462:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
40:Lovely County, Arkansas Territory
335:United States federal government
573:Central Arkansas Library System
296:Division of the purchase lands
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16:Land acquisition in 1813–1816
785:Maps of the Lovely Donations
726:Oklahoma Historical Society
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832:Presidency of James Monroe
822:1817 in Missouri Territory
366:Sebastian County, Arkansas
364:Historic Ft. Smith was in
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147:Cherokee, was promoted to
71:southeastern United States
606:American Indian Quarterly
402:Sequoyah County, Oklahoma
389:Muskogee County, Oklahoma
387:Ft. Gibson was in modern
203:, and became an official
568:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
436:1818 Treaty at St. Louis
346:Persis Lovely died 1841.
653:Lovely Donations (1828)
229:Lovely County, Arkansas
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768:Lovely County defined
307:unorganized territory
188:Military intervention
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600:Agnew, Brad (1975).
456:Gabler, Ina (1960).
119:Treaty of Fort Clark
205:organized territory
73:and moving west to
827:Arkansas Territory
817:Missouri Territory
750:Bolton, S. Charles
718:"Indian Territory"
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153:Missouri Territory
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55:Missouri Territory
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25:On this map, the:
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101:President
97:Background
65:and other
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482:0004-1823
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286:Muskogee
278:Cherokee
270:Sequoyah
266:Delaware
262:Crawford
112:squatted
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63:Cherokee
57:and the
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282:Wagoner
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288:, and
254:Benton
246:county
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123:Quapaw
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486:JSTOR
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290:Mayes
274:Adair
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