33:
46:
240:
patterns however, are generalized throughout the
Western Atlantic Ocean when temperatures reach 15 °C, but population size start to decline as the water temperature surpasses 20 °C. This pattern has a morphological explanation where tissues of hydroids tend to degenerate back into the hydrorhiza in cold temperatures but are able to regrow as the water temperatures once again increases.
186:. They are trophosome with thin hydrocaulus that branch out alternatively to form the hydrotheca. At the end of each branch there is a conical operculum that consists of eight pieces. This structure also contains ten to twelve tentacles equipped with nematocysts that can be used in self-defense or to capture their prey.
239:
has been observed to only live in specific water conditions optimized for their survival. For example, they are the most active in the water column throughout the spring and summer when water temperatures are warmer. In
Virginia specifically, they are most prevalent form April to October. These
281:
Marques, Antonio C.; Dos Santos Klôh, Aline; Esteves
Migotto, Alvaro; Cabral, Ana C.; Ravedutti Rigo, Ana P.; Lima Bettim, Ariane; Razzolini, Emanuel L.; Matthews Cascon, Helena; Bardi, Juliana; Pioli Kremer, Laura; Manzoni Vieira, Leandro (2017-05-02).
232:
in 1882. Since then it has been identified throughout the east coast of the United States as far north as
Massachusetts and as far inland as Mississippi, with some being spotted in South America.
182:
are colonial animals that form erect colonies, on hard surfaces using a hydrorhiza, stem-like structure, and reach a maximum height of around 2.3 mm. The polyp is the dominant stage of the
405:"Taxonomic position of Lovenella gracilis Clarke, 1882 (Lovenellidae, Hydrozoa): new evidences of microanatomy justify its maintenance in the genus Lovenella Hincks, 1868"
685:
711:
256:
to attach to while the hydroid protects the clam from predators using its nematocysts. The nematocysts, however, were only effective in deterring the
659:
698:
724:
538:"Helpful habitant or pernicious passenger: interactions between an infaunal bivalve, an epifaunal hydroid and three potential predators"
646:
209:
having annulated hydrocaulus, it has one node that diverges into different cylindrical internodes. Furthermore, the hydrothecae of
763:
703:
252:
has shown to have a symbiotic relationship with an infernal clam(Donax variables). The clam provides a subratre for the
490:
Calder, D. R. (1990). "Seasonal cycles of activity and inactivity in some hydroids from
Virginia and South Carolina".
716:
45:
444:
Calder, Dale (2019). "On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the southwest coast of
Florida, USA".
601:
791:
140:
32:
768:
549:
205:. These two hydroids were later determined to be different. The first difference is that instead of
755:
581:
469:
360:
352:
40:
690:
737:
633:
573:
565:
461:
426:
344:
305:
742:
557:
499:
453:
416:
336:
295:
257:
284:"Rapid assessment survey for exotic benthic species in the São Sebastião Channel, Brazil"
553:
229:
785:
473:
404:
283:
585:
421:
364:
300:
638:
107:
97:
750:
672:
403:
Pires
Miranda, Thaís; Ferreira Cunha, Amanda; Marques, Antonio C. (2017-05-02).
624:
537:
561:
457:
261:
217:. Lastly, cross section analysis indicates oval shape as opposed to ciruclar.
569:
430:
348:
309:
651:
117:
57:
577:
465:
381:
Clarke, S. F. (1882). "New and interesting hydroids from
Chesapeake Bay".
618:
168:
87:
77:
664:
356:
677:
324:
67:
595:
503:
340:
171:
phylum which is distributed throughout the
Western Atlantic Ocean.
729:
599:
260:
while providing no protection from the speckled crabs and
213:
is shallow and bell shaped, rather than cylindrical like
189:
In the preliminary stages of differentiating between the
608:
517:Gili, R. "The Ecology of marine benthic hydroids".
536:Manning, Lisa M.; Lindquist, Niels (2003-01-09).
8:
201:from Northwest Europe—instead of the actual
248:In the rocky intertidal of North Carolina,
596:
409:Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research
288:Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research
31:
20:
420:
325:"Biotic Census of Cape Cod Bay: Hydroids"
299:
273:
197:, many hydrozoas were categorized as
7:
485:
483:
398:
396:
376:
374:
235:Beyond geographical distribution,
167:) is a benthic species within the
14:
383:Boston Society of Natural History
44:
519:Oceanography and Marine Biology
422:10.3856/vol41-issue2-fulltext-7
323:CALDER, DALER. (October 1975).
301:10.3856/vol41-issue2-fulltext-6
1:
228:was first identified on the
492:Canadian Journal of Zoology
808:
562:10.1007/s00442-002-1134-y
458:10.11646/zootaxa.4689.1.1
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
329:The Biological Bulletin
163:The epibiotic hydroid (
16:Species of Cnidarian
554:2003Oecol.134..415M
180:Lovenella gracilis
610:Lovenella gracilis
226:Lovenella gracilis
203:Lovenella gracilis
199:Lovenella clausa--
191:Lovenella gracilis
165:Lovenella gracilis
150:Lovenella gracilis
25:Lovenella gracilis
779:
778:
738:Open Tree of Life
602:Taxon identifiers
161:
160:
799:
772:
771:
759:
758:
746:
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195:Lovenella clausa
152:
132:L. gracilis
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35:
21:
807:
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341:10.2307/1540528
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258:Florida pompano
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244:Ecological role
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592:
591:
548:(3): 415–422.
528:
509:
498:(3): 442–450.
479:
436:
415:(2): 286–295.
392:
370:
335:(2): 287–315.
315:
294:(2): 265–285.
272:
271:
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245:
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230:Chesapeake Bay
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141:Binomial name
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134:
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29:
26:
22:
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792:Lovenellidae
609:
545:
541:
531:
522:
518:
512:
495:
491:
452:(1): 36–40.
449:
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412:
408:
386:
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332:
328:
318:
291:
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253:
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221:Distribution
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179:
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164:
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156:Clarke, 1882
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
108:Lovenellidae
98:Leptothecata
24:
18:
751:SeaLifeBase
673:iNaturalist
262:ghost crabs
254:L. gracilis
250:L. gracilis
237:L. gracilis
211:L. gracilis
207:L. gracilis
184:L. gracilis
175:Description
525:: 351–426.
389:: 135–142.
268:References
570:0029-8549
542:Oecologia
474:207962568
431:0718-560X
349:0006-3185
310:0718-560X
215:L. clausa
126:Species:
119:Lovenella
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
786:Category
691:10408946
625:Q2335622
619:Wikidata
586:35646249
578:12647150
466:31719423
365:83818303
169:Cnidaria
104:Family:
88:Hydrozoa
78:Cnidaria
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
665:5185850
550:Bibcode
446:Zootaxa
357:1540528
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
769:117737
743:446098
730:117737
717:314525
678:363666
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576:
568:
472:
464:
429:
363:
355:
347:
308:
764:WoRMS
756:44301
704:50552
686:IRMNG
652:37737
647:EUNIS
639:3W8FT
582:S2CID
470:S2CID
361:S2CID
353:JSTOR
725:OBIS
712:NCBI
699:ITIS
660:GBIF
574:PMID
566:ISSN
462:PMID
450:4689
427:ISSN
345:ISSN
306:ISSN
193:and
634:CoL
558:doi
546:134
500:doi
454:doi
417:doi
337:doi
333:149
296:doi
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482:^
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