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creepers have an open nest as opposed to a closed or cavity nest. Having an open nest allows for more light to get in and increases the chance of the birds noticing a foreign egg. Despite all of this the long-tailed cuckoo is very host specific and chooses to mimic the eggs of brown creepers. Brown creepers have also been known to mob long-tailed cuckoos when they are present in spring and summer as a form of prevention. Mobbing is where individual birds produce warning calls, which the entire flock hears and responds to by surrounding the predator, with wings and tails erect whilst hopping between perches and calling until the predator moves away. Brown creepers have been observed mobbing cats, stoats, rats, larger birds, and even humans.
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invertebrates under loose bark or on large branches. They will only rarely forage and feed on the ground preferring to forage more than 2 m off the ground. Birds will sometimes forage in their breeding pairs but more commonly tend to forage in flocks of 3-12 birds. These flocks usually include loose family groups, juveniles and occasionally other pairs when outside of the breeding season. Pairs will forage together in their territory during the breeding season.
86:
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breeding. If their nesting attempts fail, then they will start contributing food to another nest as well as helping brood the successful brown creeper pairs chicks. The young birds will be feed through until the end of winter at the latest before they become independent (35–65 days). Brown creepers can also be seen during the summer months feeding a long-tailed cuckoo chick that is much larger than themselves. Brown creepers are the main host of
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forests in the mountains. They will happily live in areas from the sea to the treeline. Their preferred area of the South Island is to the west and north of the
Southern Alps as well as Fiordland. The dry scrub forests of Marlborough and Canterbury are also common habitat for brown creepers. Brown creepers that breed at high altitude will come down to the lowlands and form flocks in the winter. Other than that they are non-migratory.
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Of the eggs produced 63% hatch and 36% of these become fledglings. Predation can account for 62% of egg loss and 66% of nestling loss. Brown creepers have an overall success rate of 1.6 fledglings/adult/year. In
Kaikoura, adult survival rates were at 82% and brown creeper life expectancy was 5 years.
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Once the young birds become independent they will form groups with the rest of the young from that year through autumn and winter. These flocks can contain up to 60 birds and are often mixed in with other forest bird species such as fantails, grey warblers, silvereyes and bellbirds. The juveniles can
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Brown creepers are vocal all year round except during late summer. Territorial songs peak in spring with only the male brown creepers giving off a long territorial song. This song varies from bird to bird. The male song will be a mixture of slurs, musical whistles and harsh notes, where as the female
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Different brown creeper populations have different dialects meaning that, for example, a population on
Stewart Island will have a slightly different song than a population at the foothills of Mount Cook. In a research project around the communicatory behaviour of the brown creeper, it was discovered
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South of Cook Strait, New
Zealand Widely distributed but patchy in forests of the South Island, with some isolated populations persisting in places such as Banks Peninsula, Mt Peel, Hunters Hill and locations throughout Otago. Common on some off shore islands in Fiordland (Secretary, Resolution and
516:
Brown creepers can lay their eggs from late
September until early February. Males will not only guard the females during the 2–3 days prior to the eggs being laid but during the first part of the laying period as well. Female brown creepers will normally have two clutches per season with egg laying
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In
September females will build a nest out of bark, twigs, grass, moss, leaves, leaf skeletons and lichen, all of which is bound together with cobwebs and lined with grasses, feathers and wool. The nest is a deep cup shape and usually takes between 5–17 days to construct. The nest is built in dense
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Brown creepers are monogamous and display high rates of mate fidelity. They will usually only change mates if their previous mate dies as opposed to just general mate swapping or divorce. Pairs will strongly defend their territory during the breeding season and to a lesser extent during the rest of
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Brown creepers inhabit a diverse range of habitats. These include native beech and podocarp forest, exotic plantations as well as willow, gorse and broom, regenerating forest, manuka/kanuka scrub forests, the river flats of the east and the higher altitude mountain/silver beech and red/silver beech
427:
The sexes and juveniles are very similar in appearance. Juveniles can be distinguished from adults before May as the juveniles have yellow bill flanges and dark brown legs. Juveniles are distinguishable by having a greyer head, i.e. less reddish-brown, in addition to lacking the white stripe behind
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There has been some research done that may indicate the use of UV wavelength light in brown creepers' ability to recognize long-tailed cuckoo eggs. Brown creepers are known to reject long-tailed cuckoo eggs whereas yellowheads and whiteheads, who are close relatives of brown creepers, tend not to.
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in the South Island and
Stewart Island and can sometimes be seen feeding a much larger cuckoo chick during the summer months. They can also be parasitised by shining cuckoos. Brown creepers have a high rate of rejection for long-tailed cuckoo eggs in their nests. This is due to the fact that brown
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gene which has large effects on the range of light that can be seen. This can influence how far in or out of the UV range an organism can see, which in terms of the Mohoua spp. (the Mohoua spp. is the family brown creepers belong to) will effect its ability to use colour cues to recognize foreign
551:
Brown creepers are more likely to glean invertebrates from small branches and leaves in the canopy, though they do sometimes hang upside down from branches in order to forage for invertebrates. Though gleaning is the most common form of foraging for invertebrates, brown creepers will also feed on
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Brown creeper numbers declined soon after
European settlement due to the introduction of cats, rats and mustelids. The eggs and young of brown creepers are predated on mostly by stoats and black rats. Brown creeper number were also negatively affected by the loss of much of the important lowland
526:
Both birds will feed the young until they are ready to fledge at around 18–22 days old. Once the female starts to incubate the second clutch then the male will take over and continue feeding the fledging's. In drought conditions there have been examples of the brown creepers showing cooperative
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Brown creepers are the least known of the three species in the genus, despite being relatively common. This is due to them often being heard, but not seen as they live amongst the tree canopies and rarely feed on the ground. Their conversational song is also relatively indistinct (raspy calls)
423:
A warm mix of brown and chestnut on the upper part of the bird whilst the lower section is a noticeably paler brown. The head is a mix of patches of chestnut brown and dark brown with spots and streaks. The face and zones behind it can be an ash/dark grey. The whiteish eye stripe is another
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eggs from long-tailed cuckoos. The research did conclude with the fact that more behavioral research would be needed to gain a real understanding of the phenotype effects of these genome changes. This will explain why brown creeper reject long-tailed cuckoo eggs and other species do not.
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that a male brown creeper would respond more significantly (i.e., sing louder) around the presence of an unknown bird with the same dialect, than to a bird he recognised (a bird from a neighbouring territory). This finding enhances the idea that brown creepers are territorial birds.
469:
They drastically declined when
Europeans arrived in New Zealand and it is thought that this was caused by the destruction of lowland forest. One would assume that if there were significant enough patches of lowland forest remaining in New Zealand then they would also be found there.
547:
Brown creepers mainly eat invertebrates but are known to include fruits in their diet. Their main prey are beetles, moths, spiders, flies and caterpillars. They will also feed on the ripe fruits of natives such as
Coprosma. Feeding on fruits is especially common in the autumn.
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breed after one year. Juvenile males will learn their song from neighboring males and not their parents. During the first week out of the nest, juveniles will huddle together during the daylight hours so that their tail feathers can grow and their wings can become stronger.
693:
Gill, B. J. C., Bell, B. D., Chambers, G. K., Medway, D. G., Palma, R. L., Scofield, R. P., . . . Worthy, T. H. (2010). Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica (Fourth ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa
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Chalky) and Marlborough Sounds (D’Urville, Arapawa and Maud). Widely common on Stewart Island and its surrounding islands (Ulva and North-East Muttonbird). Brown creepers are particularly abundant on Cod Fish Island.
1190:
Fidler, A.E.; Aidala, Z.; Anderson, M.G.; Ortiz-Catedral, L.; Hauber, M.E. (2016). "Pseudogenisation of the Short-wavelength Sensitive 1 (SWS1) Opsin Gene in two new Zealand endemic passerine species: the yellowhead
424:
distinguishing feature of brown creeper. The legs and beak are a pinkish – grey/brown colour. The tail is long, frayed and has a distinctive dark bar at the tip and the eyes are a dark reddish brown colour.
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It is also thought that sexual dimporhism in brown creeper, particularly beak size, reduces competition between individuals as a wider range of food is available to males which generally have larger beaks.
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Brown creepers will have 2–4 eggs at 24 hour intervals. The size of the egg is 18.5mm x 14mm and weights on average 1.9g. The female will incubate the eggs alone for 17–21 days until the eggs hatch.
450:
The brown creeper song consists of short and attractive warbles, very distinct from other species, however the “conversational chatter” can be easily confused for other small bush dwelling birds.
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canopy vegetation, scrub or low trees between 1m and 10m above the ground. The male will guard the female during this nest building phase as well as 2–3 days before the egg is laid.
913:
Aidala, Z.; Chong, N.; Anderson, M.G.; Ortiz-Catedral, L.; Jamieson, I.G.; Briskie, J.V.; Cassey, P.; Gill, B.J.; Hauber, M.E. (2013). "Phylogenetic relationships of the genus
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Laughing owls have now been extinct since the 1930s/40s. It has been shown through fossil records of their food deposits that they would have preyed on brown creepers.
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peaks in early October and late November. They can have up to four clutches in a season if the nest fails early on but they will only ever brood two clutches of eggs.
2705:
2905:
1272:
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269:. They are specialist insectivores, gleaning insects from branches and leaves. They have strong legs and toes for hanging upside down while feeding.
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based on the results of a molecular genetic study published in 2013 that found that the pipipi was closely related to the yellowhead and whitehead.
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392:
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Cunningham, J. B. (1985). Breeding ecology, social organization and communicatory behaviour of the brown creeper (Finschia novaeseelandiae)
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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1265:
411:
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2147:
950:
Scofield, R. P., & Stephenson, B. (2013). Birds of New Zealand. A Photographers Guide. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
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2365:
344:
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Dawson, J., & Lucas, R. (2007). Nature guide to the New Zealand Forest. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand.
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The males weigh on average 13.5 g, whilst the females weigh on average 11.0 g. Brown creepers are about 13 cm in size.
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311:. Gmelin based his description on the "New-Zealand titmouse" that had been described in 1783 by the English ornithologist
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In the late 19th century when flocks of pipipi were still abundant, they would occasionally descend on slaughteryards in
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When it comes creating nests for raising young, brown creepers prefer dense vegetation up in the canopy of the forest.
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809:
332:
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Brown creepers will moult in late summer. It is the only time of year in which brown creeper are not vocal all day.
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879:
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41:
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728:. Vol. 5, Tyrant-flycatchers to chats. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 1041–1050.
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1932:
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180:
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Chambers, S. (2009). Birds of New Zealand - Locality Guide (Third ed.). Orewa, New Zealand: Arun Books.
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Descriptiones Animalium quae in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772, 1773 et 1774 suscepto
714:
669:
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2157:
1842:
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778:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. pp. 1013–1014.
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The eggs are white – dark pink and are speckled reddish brown. They are about 2 cm long.
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song is a rapid sequence of brief notes with the last note being high pitched and prolonged.
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Fitter, J., & Merton, D. (2011). Birds of New Zealand. Auckland: HarperCollinsPublisher.
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883:
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831:"Some eighteenth century bird paintings in the library of Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820)"
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798:. Vol. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 461.
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623:
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888:"Whiteheads, sittellas, Ploughbill, Australo-Papuan bellbirds, Shriketit, whistlers"
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1980:
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McKinlay, B. (2013, 2017). Brown creeper. Retrieved from www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
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the year as well. Pairs will perform duets to maintain and strengthen their bond.
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1094:
Soper, M. F. (1972). New Zealand Birds. Christchurch: Whitecombe & Tombs Ltd.
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compared to other small bird species, making them further difficult to identify.
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2031:
1818:
1212:
388:
336:
266:
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1992:
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917:, endemic hosts of New Zealand's obligate brood parasitic Long-tailed Cuckoo (
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http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11117594
1132:"Frequency of egg rejection by potential hosts of the New Zealand cuckoos"
818:. Vol. 2, Part 2. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 558.
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The research showed that both the brown creeper and yellowhead lacked a
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forest. However, their current distribution seems to have stabilized.
17:
1593:
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357:
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835:
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series
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865:(in Latin). Berolini: Ex Officina Academica. p. 90, No. 94.
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on the southwest coast of New Zealand. This picture is now the
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had provided Latham with a watercolour painting of the bird by
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http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/laughing-owl#bird-extracts
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when food was short to feed on the meat of butchered animals.
1170:
Michaux, B. (2013, 2017). Laughing owl. Retrieved from
726:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds
713:
Higgins, P.J.; Peter, J.M.; Steele, W.K., eds. (2001).
2530:
748:
Worthy, Trevor H., & Holdaway, Richard N. (2002)
403:, despite the two species not being closely related.
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that was introduced in 1837 by the French naturalist
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395:(IOC). The species shares its common name with the
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670:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705400A94016920.en
569:Brown creepers are one of the main hosts for the
595:Use of UV light vision to recognize foreign eggs
376:The pipipi was formerly placed in its own genus
343:for the species and is in the collection of the
1125:
1123:
1038:
1036:
1034:
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347:in London. The pipipi is now placed with the
335:. The specimen had been collected in 1773 at
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1015:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
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1273:
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387:"Pipipi" has been designated the official
59:
40:
31:
1185:
1183:
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708:
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702:
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752:, Indiana University Press:Bloomington,
531:in the South Island and Stewart Island.
2537:
1013:Heather, B.D.; Robertson, H.A. (2015).
634:
602:short-wavelength sensitive (SWS1) opsin
285:in his revised and expanded edition of
874:
872:
689:
687:
2906:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
894:. International Ornithologists' Union
792:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1986).
417:A History of the Birds of New Zealand
7:
2770:352c4fdc-3479-43bf-a76f-0f0228f6aded
295:. He placed it with the tits in the
2886:IUCN Red List least concern species
656:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
393:International Ornithologists' Union
1017:. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin.
560:Predators, parasites, and diseases
333:second voyage to the Pacific Ocean
25:
1201:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
281:in 1789 by the German naturalist
2552:
2540:
2425:North Island little spotted kiwi
1662:
892:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1
795:Check-List of Birds of the World
84:
1231:"Buller's Birds of New Zealand"
1225:Walter Lowry Buller, edited by
645:BirdLife International (2016).
2376:North Island stout-legged wren
2371:South Island stout-legged wren
565:Parasites – Long-tailed cuckoo
1:
2911:Endemic birds of New Zealand
482:Nest from the collection of
380:. It was moved to the genus
1233:, Whitcombe and Tombs, 1974
1213:10.1676/1559-4491-128.1.159
815:A General Synopsis of Birds
317:A General Synopsis of Birds
2927:
2496:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
1570:South Island oystercatcher
1130:Briskie, James V. (2003).
2896:Birds of the South Island
2337:Auckland Island merganser
1660:
935:10.1007/s10336-013-0978-8
750:The Lost World of the Moa
509:egg in the collection of
212:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2349:Chatham Island merganser
1916:Northern royal albatross
1904:New Zealand storm petrel
1149:10.1093/condor/105.4.719
853:Forster, Johann Reinhold
829:Lysaght, Averil (1959).
770:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
663:: e.T22705400A94016920.
454:Distribution and habitat
215:Finschia novaeseelandiae
2901:Birds described in 1789
1969:South Island saddleback
1957:North Island saddleback
1933:Orange-fronted parakeet
1705:North Island brown kiwi
886:, eds. (January 2023).
283:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
172:M. novaeseelandiae
2809:Mohoua-novaeseelandiae
2609:Mohoua novaeseelandiae
2579:Mohoua novaeseelandiae
2517:
2500:
2488:
2471:
2459:
2417:
2395:
2358:
2341:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2255:
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2221:
2184:
2162:
2135:
2123:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2065:
2048:
2036:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1880:New Zealand fairy tern
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1784:
1767:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1611:Variable oystercatcher
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1509:
1497:
1475:
1463:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
923:Journal of Ornithology
717:Mohoua novaeseelandiae
649:Mohoua novaeseelandiae
513:
507:Mohoua novaeseelandiae
486:
420:
345:Natural History Museum
238:Mohoua novaeseelandiae
232:
190:Mohoua novaeseelandiae
2821:Parus novaeseelandiae
2791:Paleobiology Database
2508:New Zealand musk duck
2455:Scarlett's shearwater
2332:South Island adzebill
2327:North Island adzebill
2217:Erect-crested penguin
2061:Chatham oystercatcher
1892:New Zealand king shag
1534:New Zealand rock wren
1195:) and brown creeper (
857:Lichtenstein, Hinrich
505:
481:
474:Behaviour and ecology
414:
309:Parus novaeseelandiae
2158:Antipodean albatross
2148:Subantarctic islands
1471:New Zealand dotterel
1370:Double-banded plover
1282:Birds of New Zealand
327:who had accompanied
251:New Zealand titmouse
2467:North Island takahē
2342:rakiraki maungahuka
2288:New Zealand bittern
2276:South Island piopio
2229:Reischek's parakeet
1875:South Island kōkako
1870:North Island kōkako
1758:South Island takahē
1741:Yellow-eyed penguin
1729:Southern brown kiwi
1693:Little spotted kiwi
1193:Mohoua ochrocephala
919:Eudynamys taitensis
578:European settlement
529:long-tailed cuckoos
247:New Zealand creeper
51:Conservation status
2435:South Island snipe
2430:North Island snipe
2251:Subantarctic snipe
2202:Campbell albatross
2192:Antipodes parakeet
2136:kawau o rangihaute
1807:Black-fronted tern
1681:Great spotted kiwi
1623:White-fronted tern
1488:North Island robin
1483:South Island robin
1442:Long-tailed cuckoo
1382:New Zealand falcon
1197:M. novaeseelandiae
882:; Donsker, David;
571:long-tailed cuckoo
514:
487:
421:
399:of North America,
279:formally described
2873:
2872:
2858:Open Tree of Life
2571:Taxon identifiers
2528:
2527:
2479:New Zealand goose
2300:New Zealand quail
2044:Chatham albatross
1763:Fiordland penguin
1505:Paradise shelduck
1493:New Zealand scaup
1430:Sacred kingfisher
1418:Grey-faced petrel
1310:Black-billed gull
1024:978-0-14-357092-9
884:Rasmussen, Pamela
735:978-0-19-553258-6
618:Pipipi and humans
590:Other information
401:Certhia americana
365:. The species is
319:. The naturalist
241:), also known as
221:
220:
74:
16:(Redirected from
2918:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2852:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2772:
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2762:
2753:
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2739:
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2714:
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2701:
2700:
2688:
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2597:
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2545:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2520:
2513:New Zealand swan
2503:
2491:
2474:
2462:
2420:
2398:
2366:Long-billed wren
2361:
2344:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2258:
2246:
2224:
2187:
2165:
2138:
2126:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:Chatham parakeet
2068:
2056:Chatham gerygone
2051:
2039:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
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1346:Buff-banded rail
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1040:
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939:
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929:(4): 1127–1133.
910:
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543:Food and feeding
373:are recognised.
192:
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2591:
2586:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2408:Waitaha penguin
2403:Chatham penguin
2268:
2262:
2150:
2142:
2024:
2022:Chatham Islands
2016:
1945:Red-billed gull
1938:kākāriki karaka
1799:
1797:
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1673:
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511:Auckland Museum
492:
484:Auckland Museum
476:
456:
444:
415:Brown Creeper,
409:
304:and coined the
292:Systema Naturae
277:The pipipi was
275:
201:
194:
188:
175:
83:
75:
64:
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53:
28:
27:Species of bird
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2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2450:Imber's petrel
2447:
2442:
2440:Forbes's snipe
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2413:Eyles' harrier
2410:
2405:
2400:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
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2346:
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2314:
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2297:
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2239:Snares penguin
2236:
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2226:
2222:tawaki nana hī
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2154:
2152:
2144:
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2128:
2119:Magenta petrel
2116:
2111:
2099:
2090:Chatham pigeon
2087:
2078:Chatham petrel
2075:
2070:
2058:
2053:
2041:
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2018:
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1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
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1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1546:Shining cuckoo
1543:
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1490:
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1427:
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1249:
1248:
1241:
1240:External links
1238:
1236:
1235:
1218:
1207:(1): 159–163.
1175:
1163:
1142:(4): 719–727.
1119:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1044:
1030:
1023:
952:
940:
905:
868:
844:
841:(6): 251-371 .
821:
801:
781:
761:
741:
734:
719:Brown Creeper"
696:
683:
633:
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624:sheep stations
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419:, Buller, 1888
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2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
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2784:
2779:
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2771:
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2761:
2760:brown-creeper
2755:
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2484:Finsch's duck
2482:
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2232:
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2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Campbell teal
2210:
2208:
2207:Campbell shag
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:tētē kākāriki
2181:
2180:Auckland teal
2178:
2176:
2175:Auckland shag
2173:
2171:
2170:Auckland rail
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2132:
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2114:Chatham snipe
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1798:endemic birds
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1698:kiwi pukupuku
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355:in the genus
354:
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325:Georg Forster
322:
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306:binomial name
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288:
287:Carl Linnaeus
284:
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264:
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253:, is a small
252:
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243:brown creeper
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181:Binomial name
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67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2820:
2578:
2391:Laughing owl
2386:Chatham kākā
2381:Lyall's wren
2234:Snares snipe
2102:Chatham shag
1981:Shore plover
1855:Foveaux shag
1780:Blue penguin
1717:Okarito kiwi
1582:Spotted shag
1510:pūtangitangi
1406:Grey warbler
1321:
1230:
1227:E.G. Turbott
1221:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1166:
1139:
1135:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1014:
926:
922:
918:
914:
908:
896:. Retrieved
891:
861:
847:
838:
834:
824:
814:
810:Latham, John
804:
794:
784:
774:
764:
749:
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674:. Retrieved
660:
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648:
621:
612:
609:Song dialect
598:
585:
581:
568:
554:
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321:Joseph Banks
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263:South Island
250:
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29:
2693:iNaturalist
2603:Wikispecies
2559:New Zealand
2501:ruru hinapō
2197:Bounty shag
2032:Black robin
1819:Black stilt
1652:ngutuparore
1616:tōrea pango
1527:tītipounamu
1476:tūturiwhatu
1351:moho-pererū
880:Gill, Frank
790:Mayr, Ernst
676:12 November
407:Description
389:common name
363:René Lesson
337:Dusky Sound
313:John Latham
267:New Zealand
2880:Categories
2804:Xeno-canto
2489:manutahora
2445:Snipe-rail
2359:mātuhituhi
2005:Yellowhead
1993:Stitchbird
1921:Otago shag
1909:takahikare
1796:Endangered
1672:Flightless
1587:pārekareka
1399:pīwakawaka
1334:Brown teal
1136:The Condor
630:References
371:subspecies
353:yellowhead
329:James Cook
198:Gmelin, JF
2836:Q41011372
2244:pokotiwha
2131:Pitt shag
1986:tūturuatu
1950:tarāpunga
1897:kawau tūī
1831:Blue duck
1812:tarapiroe
1640:pōpokotea
1635:Whitehead
1558:Silvereye
428:the eye.
367:monotypic
349:whitehead
255:passerine
166:Species:
148:Mohouidae
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2830:Wikidata
2737:22705400
2711:10217849
2623:22705400
2618:BirdLife
2594:Q1812742
2588:Wikidata
2354:Bushwren
2256:tutukiwi
1885:tara-iti
1843:Fernbird
1800:(flying)
1599:miromiro
1539:pīwauwau
1522:Rifleman
1464:pīhoihoi
1411:riroriro
1387:kārearea
1375:pohowera
1358:Dabchick
1315:tarāpuka
1303:korimako
1298:Bellbird
898:29 March
859:(1844).
812:(1781).
772:(1789).
490:Breeding
378:Finschia
341:holotype
273:Taxonomy
207:Synonyms
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2863:7661024
2850:8899876
2685:2482623
2672:pipipi1
2646:pipipi1
2533:Portals
2418:kērangi
2293:kaoriki
2267:Extinct
2083:ranguru
1734:tokoeka
1647:Wrybill
1498:pāpango
1447:koekoeā
1394:Fantail
1158:1370576
391:by the
331:on his
261:to the
259:endemic
200:, 1789)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
35:Pipipi
2891:Mohoua
2796:372534
2767:NZOR:
2757:NZBO:
2750:874462
2724:561172
2460:ōiruki
2396:whēkau
2305:koreke
2281:piopio
2037:karure
1926:Matapo
1848:mātātā
1785:kororā
1768:tawaki
1753:Kākāpō
1594:Tomtit
1563:tauhou
1517:Pūkeko
1454:Kererū
1435:kōtare
1363:weweia
1339:pāteke
1327:pipipi
1289:Common
1156:
1021:
915:Mohoua
756:
732:
694:Press.
382:Mohoua
358:Mohoua
233:pīpipi
225:pipipi
159:Mohoua
18:Pīpipi
2783:75297
2706:IRMNG
2667:eBird
2659:73MRB
2643:BOW:
2636:95603
2547:Birds
2518:poūwa
2269:birds
2163:Toroa
2151:birds
2124:tāiko
2107:papua
2095:parea
2066:tōrea
2049:toroa
2025:birds
2010:mōhua
1974:tīeke
1962:tīeke
1746:hoiho
1710:roroa
1686:roroa
1674:birds
1575:tōrea
1459:Pipit
1291:birds
1154:JSTOR
722:(PDF)
369:: no
301:Parus
297:genus
257:bird
229:Māori
2845:GBIF
2745:NCBI
2732:IUCN
2719:ITIS
2698:8325
2680:GBIF
2631:BOLD
2472:moho
2312:Huia
1998:hihi
1860:Kākā
1836:whio
1824:kakī
1775:Weka
1722:rowi
1628:tara
1199:)".
1019:ISBN
921:)".
900:2023
754:ISBN
730:ISBN
678:2021
661:2016
442:Song
351:and
223:The
128:Aves
2654:CoL
2322:Moa
1865:Kea
1606:Tūī
1209:doi
1205:128
1144:doi
1140:105
931:doi
927:154
665:doi
289:'s
265:of
249:or
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