Knowledge (XXG)

P-14 radar

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349: 27: 442: 44: 334: 491: 474: 411: 380: 426: 364: 396: 458: 258:. In addition to jammer suppression the P-14 can use five auxiliary antennae for direction finding to locate the jammer. The P-14 can operate in four different modes: high beam with increased upper detection limit, low beam with increased range at low to medium altitudes and scan which alternates between high and low beam modes. 254:, the antenna included a heated de-icing system for extreme conditions. The radars ware capable of modulating their frequency around four pre-set frequencies to counteract active interference and used automatic coherent-compensation for passive interference; both systems able to suppress interference by up to 229:
The P-14 was produced in three variants: the 1RL113 "Lena" (Tall King A) and 44Zh6 "Furgon" (Tall King B) static versions and the 5N84A "Oborona-14" (Tall King C). A total of 731 1RL113 "Lena" were manufactured between 1959 and 1976, 24 of which were for export. The 1RL113 static site was contained
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The design of the P-14 2D early warning radar started in 1955 by decree of the CPSU Central Committee. The P-14 being the first high power VHF radar to be developed by the Soviet Union, the radar was accepted into service in 1959 following the successful completion of the radars test program. The
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As a result of modernization the radar's detection performance is efficiently improved. Modernized radar features automatic tracking capability as well as data receiving from other radar sensors. Data can be exchanged over a variety of communication channels in approved format.
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in two building (radar and generator) with the control cabin (operated by a crew of five) situated up to one kilometer away, the 44ZH6 operated in a similar fashion but could be relocated more easily. The 5Н84A mobile version featured a folding
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The P-14 was operated by the Soviet Union from 1959 and has long since become obsolete being replaced in service by the 55G6 Nebo VHF radar. Many export P-14 have been upgraded and continue to serve in the military and
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The P-14 was exported and is occasionally still found in service, several companies have offered upgrade options for the system, including replacement of outdated components with modern systems, such as digital
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All of the P-14 variants were developed for the long-range detection and tracking of aerial targets and had similar performance characteristics between them. All used a single antenna accomplishing both
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Modernization of early-warning VHF radar 5N84A (5N84, 44Zh6 or P-14) offers the best (in terms of efficiency/cost ratio) alternative to restoration or repair of legacy prototypes.
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and transported on six trailers taking over 24 hours to assemble, the radar's control trailer had a crew of six and could be located up to one kilometer from the radar. A
612: 801: 773: 565: 2314: 811: 269:– ground-based long-range VHF surveillance radar P-180U is offered as the modernized follow-on to its prototype, the analogue P-14. Produced in 2752: 2307: 247: 715: 201:
P-14 was developed under the direction of V.I. Ovsyannikov by the SKB Design Bureau, a division of State Plant No.197 named after
3305: 218: 209:(NNIIRT). The development team was awarded the Lenin prize by the Soviet Union in 1960 for the development of the P-14 radar. 2843: 239: 235: 217:, modern PC based signal processing/display and solid state components. The P-14 was superseded by the 55G6 "Nebo" VHF 2686: 1922: 1043: 2681: 214: 26: 788:"ما هي مكوّنات قوات الدفاع الجوي المصري؟ وما هي أحدث المنظومات التي تم التعاقد عليها والتي دخلت الخدمة حديثا؟" 2958: 2744: 1685: 686:
A. Zachepitsky (2000). "VHF (Metric Band) Radars from Nizhny Novgorod Research Radiotechnical Institute".
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Russian and former Soviet military designation sequences for radar, missile and rocket systems
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is generally used in conjunction with the P-14, either the NRS-12 or the later 1L22 "Parol".
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The P-14 has served in several conflicts in the Middle East, Europe and Asia.
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Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering products
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and reception; the antenna was a large open-frame truncated
592:"Nizhniy novgorod research institute of radio engineering" 111:
30 km (19 mi); 65 km (40 mi) high beam
615:. Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems. 2004-08-22 591: 530: 207:
Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering
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option of containerized solution (two 20 ft ISO);
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P-14 radar in the Technical museum Togliatti, Russia
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stable, fail-soft, modular solid-state transmitter;
159: 149: 141: 133: 123: 115: 107: 99: 91: 83: 75: 64: 56: 36: 389:The last work present day in Medina (P-14 Oborona) 302:no special adjustments required during operation; 688:IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 2315: 827: 500:- Oborona-14 version is still on active duty. 287:metric band for "counter-Stealth" capability; 145:1.2 km (0.7 mi) range, 1.2° azimuth 8: 19: 3316:Military equipment introduced in the 1950s 2933: 2889: 2669: 2342: 2322: 2308: 2300: 2087: 1169: 853: 834: 820: 812: 25: 18: 308:engineered for minimum cost of ownership. 586: 584: 582: 542: 188:that was developed and operated by the 772:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 765: 666:"Russian Low Band Surveillance Radars" 659: 657: 643:(in Russian). pvo.guns.ru. 2004-02-21 635: 633: 631: 629: 554: 552: 550: 548: 546: 7: 2844:N008 Ametist (Sapfir-23M(L-(2)A)(P)) 16:Soviet cold-war early warning radar 14: 283:Modernization of 5N84A features: 205:, the predecessor of the current 713:P-14MA/5H84AMA on LiTak-Tak site 668:. Air Power Australia. p. 1 489: 472: 456: 440: 424: 409: 394: 378: 373:- Upgraded by Aerotechnica MLT 362: 347: 332: 42: 305:largely simplified maintenance; 290:maximum use of COTS components; 467:- Last P-14 disbanded in 2003. 451:- Passed to successor states. 65: 1: 2745:Space domain awareness system 2330:Soviet and Russian military 3332: 664:Kopp, Carlo (2008-12-29). 2937:Outdated WW2 and post war 173:(also referred to by the 103:400 km (250 mi) 24: 1731:S-500/55R6M Triumfator-M 560: 299:built-in test equipment; 1711:S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna 326:role across the world. 119:33 m (108 ft) 3306:Soviet military radars 3125:Multifunctional radars 3065:Artillery fire control 1661:9K38 Igla/9K338 Igla-S 641:"РЛС П-14 (TALL KING)" 37:Country of origin 2819:N001 Mech (VP Panda) 3041:MR-650 Podberezovik 3004:Surveillance radars 2674:Early-warning radar 1721:S-350 (50R6) Vityaz 1501:Surface-to-surface 1463:Surface-to-surface 324:air traffic control 175:NATO reporting name 21: 3082:MR-123-02/3 Bagira 1706:S-125 Neva/Pechora 561:Прощание с "Леной" 219:surveillance radar 3293: 3292: 3145: 3144: 2925: 2924: 2777: 2776: 2666:Long range radars 2661: 2660: 2620:Integrated radars 2297: 2296: 2187: 2186: 2077: 2076: 1492:9M730 Burevestnik 1161: 1160: 700:10.1109/62.847925 252:parabolic antenna 167: 166: 3323: 3153:and other radars 2934: 2890: 2682:29B6 "Container" 2670: 2415:Centimetric band 2343: 2324: 2317: 2310: 2301: 2142:Rocket artillery 2088: 1170: 854: 836: 829: 822: 813: 806: 805: 798: 792: 791: 790:. 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NNIIRT. 2008 578: 541: 540: 538: 535: 534: 533: 526: 525:External links 523: 522: 521: 519:List of radars 514: 511: 506: 505:Combat History 503: 502: 501: 485: 484: 483: 468: 436: 420: 405: 390: 374: 358: 343: 318: 315: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 267:P-14MA/5H84AMA 263: 260: 226: 223: 197: 194: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 69: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 38: 34: 33: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3328: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3221:Weather radar 3218: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3137:MF RLK Zaslon 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077:MR-123 Vympel 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3046:MR-700 Fregat 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3031:MR-500 Kliver 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3021:MR-350 Podkat 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 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2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1656:9K34 Strela-3 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1646:9K32 Strela-2 1644: 1642: 1641:9K31 Strela-1 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1631:2K22 Tunguska 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 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920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 859: 855: 852: 846: 837: 832: 830: 825: 823: 818: 817: 814: 803: 797: 794: 789: 783: 780: 775: 769: 755:on 2012-03-05 751: 744: 738: 735: 732: 727: 724: 721: 720:archive.today 717: 714: 709: 706: 701: 697: 693: 689: 682: 679: 667: 660: 658: 654: 642: 636: 634: 632: 630: 626: 614: 608: 605: 593: 587: 585: 583: 579: 568:on 2008-02-28 567: 563: 555: 553: 551: 549: 547: 543: 536: 532: 529: 528: 524: 520: 517: 516: 512: 510: 504: 498: 486: 481: 469: 465: 453: 452: 449: 437: 433: 421: 418: 406: 403: 391: 387: 375: 371: 359: 356: 344: 341: 329: 328: 327: 325: 316: 314: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 278: 276: 272: 268: 261: 259: 253: 249: 243: 241: 237: 233: 224: 222: 220: 216: 210: 208: 204: 195: 193: 191: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 162: 158: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137:12/17 degrees 136: 132: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79:Early warning 78: 74: 70: 63: 59: 55: 51: 39: 35: 28: 23: 3104:fire control 2988:Navigational 2814:RP-23 Sapfir 2809:RP-21 Sapfir 2799:RP-1 Izumrud 2702:Dnestr/Dnepr 2568:Protivnik-GE 2387: 2091:Air-launched 1726:S-400 Triumf 1636:Kashtan CIWS 1487:3M-54 Kalibr 1265:RS-28 Sarmat 964:RSN-225 Azov 888: 796: 782: 757:. Retrieved 750:the original 737: 726: 708: 691: 687: 681: 670:. Retrieved 645:. Retrieved 617:. Retrieved 607: 596:. Retrieved 570:. Retrieved 566:the original 508: 448:Soviet Union 320: 311: 282: 279: 266: 265: 248:transmission 244: 228: 211: 199: 190:Soviet Union 178: 170: 168: 50:Soviet Union 3180:Sobolyatnik 3051:MR-800 Flag 3026:MR-800 Flag 2930:Ship radars 2839:N007 Zaslon 2653:Borshchevik 2406:Resonance-N 2346:Metric band 1736:M-11 Shtorm 1696:S-25 Berkut 1691:42S6 Morfey 1666:9K333 Verba 694:(6): 9–14. 225:Description 196:Development 181:") is a 2D 160:Other Names 154:900 kW 3300:Categories 3285:Polyana-D4 3206:Podsolnukh 3132:5P-10 Puma 3111:ZR41 Volna 3087:MR-145 Lev 2884:N036 Belka 2879:N035 Irbis 1891:Air-to-air 1701:S-75 Dvina 1686:Pantsir-S1 1482:3M-51 Alfa 1068:Ship-borne 857:Land-based 759:2010-10-30 672:2008-12-29 647:2008-12-29 619:2008-12-29 598:2008-12-28 572:2009-01-18 537:References 256:20 dB 57:Introduced 20:P-14 radar 3165:Zoopark-1 3160:Aistyonok 2917:E-801 Oko 2894:AEW&C 2854:N011 Bars 2849:N010 Zhuk 1972:Anti-tank 1681:9K330 Tor 1621:2K11 Krug 1059:Container 954:Kabina 66 317:Operators 275:Lithuania 271:LiTak-Tak 221:in 1982. 203:V.I.Lenin 179:Tall King 163:Tall King 142:Precision 134:Elevation 84:Frequency 3102:Anti-air 2974:Zarnitsa 2794:Gneiss-5 2789:Gneiss-2 2735:Voronezh 2692:Voronezh 2637:Repeinik 2553:Gamma-DE 2543:Kasta 2E 2082:Unguided 2064:Kornet-D 1877:Hermes-A 1676:9K37 Buk 1651:9K33 Osa 1626:2K12 Kub 1575:RKV-500A 1465:(cruise) 1275:UR-100MR 1166:Missiles 1081:Airborne 1054:Voronezh 959:Kasta 2E 768:cite web 716:Archived 513:See also 340:Bulgaria 262:Variants 116:Diameter 108:Altitude 3072:Yakor-M 2979:Shtag-B 2954:Gjujs-2 2949:Gjujs-1 2944:Redut-K 2632:Sopka-2 2563:Desna-M 2269:RD-0146 2264:RD-0124 2259:RD-0120 2192:Engines 2084:rockets 2004:9K115-2 1741:Sosna-R 1503:(naval) 1280:UR-100N 1245:RT-2PM2 850:systems 497:Vietnam 480:Ukraine 417:Romania 386:Hungary 232:antenna 125:Azimuth 95:2–6 rpm 3275:Osnova 3244:DMRL-S 3211:Telets 3201:Laguna 2959:Neptun 2907:Vega-M 2762:Others 2725:Don-2N 2646:Others 2611:PRV-17 2606:PRV-16 2601:PRV-13 2596:PRV-11 2591:PRV-10 2548:Podlet 2533:Kama-A 2477:Koltso 2452:1L117M 2401:Nebo-M 2332:radars 2289:RD-500 2284:RD-191 2279:RD-180 2274:RD-170 2254:RD-117 2249:RD-107 2133:RS-132 2069:Hermes 1867:Kh-101 1605:URPK-5 1600:URPK-4 1595:URPK-3 1570:P-1000 1565:P-900A 1477:RSS-40 1454:RSM-56 1449:RSM-45 1398:OTR-23 1393:OTR-21 1306:RSD-10 1285:UR-200 1270:UR-100 1240:RT-2PM 1049:Don-2N 1034:Daryal 1024:Dnestr 969:SNR-75 531:NNIIRT 494:  477:  464:Russia 461:  445:  432:Serbia 429:  414:  399:  383:  367:  352:  337:  71:~2,000 47:  3260:Mezha 3239:MRL-5 3234:MRL-2 3229:MRL-1 3196:Volna 3170:Kredo 3056:Furke 3011:P-500 2964:Fut-N 2912:Shmel 2902:Liana 2769:Vitim 2753:Krona 2730:Dunay 2687:Volga 2627:11Zh6 2586:PRV-9 2538:Kasta 2528:ST-68 2487:96L6E 2462:RUS-1 2427:SON-9 2422:SON-4 2363:SON-2 2358:RUS-2 2353:RUS-1 2244:RD-58 2239:RD-45 2234:RD-33 2179:TOS-1 2174:BM-30 2169:BM-27 2164:BM-25 2159:BM-24 2154:BM-21 2149:BM-14 2128:RS-82 2123:RP-21 2118:RP-15 2054:9M133 2049:9M123 2044:9M120 2039:9M119 2034:9M117 2029:9M113 2009:9K121 1999:9K115 1994:9K114 1989:9K112 1984:9K111 1963:R-172 1862:Kh-90 1857:Kh-80 1852:Kh-59 1847:Kh-58 1842:Kh-55 1837:Kh-41 1832:Kh-38 1827:Kh-35 1822:Kh-31 1817:Kh-29 1812:Kh-28 1807:Kh-26 1802:Kh-25 1797:Kh-23 1792:Kh-22 1787:Kh-20 1782:Kh-15 1777:Kh-11 1772:K-10S 1762:KSR-5 1757:KSR-2 1716:S-300 1590:RPK-7 1585:RPK-6 1580:RPK-2 1560:P-900 1555:P-800 1550:P-750 1545:P-700 1540:P-500 1535:P-270 1530:P-120 1472:Burya 1383:R-11A 1363:9K720 1332:RT-15 1260:RT-23 1255:RT-21 1250:RT-20 1230:RS-26 1225:RS-24 1215:R-36M 1180:BZhRK 1044:Volga 1039:Dunay 1029:Dnepr 999:96L6E 949:P-100 864:A-100 848:Radar 753:(PDF) 746:(PDF) 370:Egypt 355:China 186:radar 150:Power 100:Range 68:built 3280:Pole 3270:5K60 3265:46K6 3175:Fara 3116:ZR95 2874:N025 2869:N019 2864:N014 2859:N012 2834:N006 2829:N005 2824:N002 2707:Duga 2558:5N87 2523:P-19 2518:P-15 2502:76N6 2497:76N6 2492:64L6 2482:76N6 2472:P-80 2467:P-70 2457:P-40 2447:P-37 2442:P-35 2437:P-30 2432:P-20 2397:Nebo 2393:P-18 2388:P-14 2383:P-12 2378:P-10 2229:R-29 2224:R-25 2219:R-15 2214:R-13 2209:R-11 2204:RD-9 2199:RD-8 2113:RP-9 2108:RP-6 2103:RP-5 2098:RP-1 2024:9M17 2019:9M15 2014:9M14 1958:R-77 1953:R-73 1948:R-60 1943:R-40 1938:R-38 1933:R-37 1928:R-33 1923:R-27 1918:R-23 1767:KS-1 1525:P-70 1520:P-15 1444:R-39 1439:R-29 1434:R-27 1429:R-21 1424:R-15 1419:R-13 1412:SLBM 1403:TR-1 1388:R-17 1378:R-11 1358:9K52 1341:SRBM 1327:R-12 1315:MRBM 1301:R-14 1294:IRBM 1235:RT-2 1220:R-46 1210:R-36 1205:R-26 1200:R-16 1185:GR-1 1173:ICBM 1153:N036 1148:N035 1143:N025 1138:N019 1133:N014 1128:N012 1123:N011 1118:N010 1113:N008 1108:N007 1103:N006 1098:N005 1093:N002 1088:N001 1019:Duga 1014:9S32 1009:9S19 1004:9S15 994:76N6 989:64N6 984:36D6 979:30N6 974:1S91 944:P-80 939:P-70 934:P-50 929:P-40 924:P-37 919:P-35 914:P-30 909:P-20 904:P-19 899:P-18 894:P-15 889:P-14 884:P-12 879:P-10 774:link 402:Iraq 238:for 171:P-14 169:The 129:360° 76:Type 60:1959 2995:Don 2969:Rif 2373:P-8 2368:P-3 1979:3M6 1913:R-8 1908:R-4 1903:R-3 1898:K-5 1515:P-5 1510:P-1 1373:R-2 1368:R-1 1353:2K6 1348:2K1 1322:R-5 1195:R-9 1190:R-7 874:P-8 869:P-3 696:doi 277:). 240:IFF 215:MTI 183:VHF 92:RPM 87:VHF 66:No. 3302:: 770:}} 766:{{ 692:15 690:. 656:^ 628:^ 581:^ 545:^ 192:. 2323:e 2316:t 2309:v 835:e 828:t 821:v 776:) 762:. 702:. 698:: 675:. 650:. 622:. 601:. 575:. 273:( 177:"

Index


Soviet Union
Azimuth
NATO reporting name
VHF
radar
Soviet Union
V.I.Lenin
Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering
MTI
surveillance radar
antenna
secondary radar
IFF
transmission
parabolic antenna
LiTak-Tak
Lithuania
air traffic control
Bulgaria
China
Egypt
Hungary
Iraq
Romania
Serbia
Soviet Union
Russia
Ukraine
Vietnam

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