48:
908:. These molecules recruit more enzymes and transcription factors, which then in turn recruit more immune cells, forming a positive feedback loop which can make the immune response, and therefore the inflammation become chronic and systemic. Chronic inflammation of gum tissue can lead to a loss of this tissue and of bone tissue as well. The inflammation upregulates production of
916:
infection is also thought to lead to oxidative stress. Both chronic systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are factors associated with the onset of cardiovascular disease, and are proposed mechanisms by which periodontal disease may, if it indeed is causationally linked to cardiovascular disease,
861:. Though there exists no scientific consensus on the mechanism by which these disease processes are linked, evidence for the connection between periodontal disease and cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis has been found in both statistical study of human populations, and
732:
pathway that controls mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. A proliferative phenotype may be beneficial to the bacterium as it provides nutrients, impairs host cell signaling, and compromises the integrity of the epithelial cell layer, allowing for invasion and colonization.
657:
has many ways of evading host immune responses which affects its virulence. It does this by using a combination of gingipain proteases, a capsular polysaccharide, induction of host cell proliferation, and the cleavage of chemokines responsible for neutrophil recruitment.
606:
Long fimbriae (FimA), also known as major fimbriae, are long, peritrichous, filamentous components. They have a role in initial attachment and organization of biofilms, as they act as adhesins that mediate invasion and colonization of host cells contributing to
569:
virulence is heavily associated with fimbriae as they have been characterized to be key factors in adhesion, invasion, and colonization. Fimbriae are also responsible for invasion of membrane vesicles into host cells. They were found to bind to cellular α5β1
390:
The gingipains are also responsible for a number of necessary functions related to host invasion and colonization. Rgp gingipains are necessary for adhesion and invasion as they processed precursor proteins of long fimbriae. The
641:
Fim C, D, and E accessory components associate with the main FimA protein and have a role in binding with matrix proteins and interaction with CXC-chemokine receptor 4. Loss of function experiments have confirmed that
3796:
744:
plays an important role in the onset of chronic adult periodontitis. Though it is found in low abundance in the oral cavity, it causes a microbial shift of the oral cavity, allowing for uncontrolled growth of the
403:
with other bacterial species. They are also associated with coordinating the integrity of the biofilm in the developing and maturation phase. Lys- gingipains (Kgp) can bind to immobilized matrix proteins
833:
is a part of the typical microbiotic ecosystem of the oral cavity in humans, it can also become pathogenic is provided with sufficient opportunity. When this occurs, the resultant infection is known as
749:
microbial community. This leads to periodontitis through the disruption of the host tissue homeostasis and adaptive immune response. After using laser capture microdissection plus qRT-PCR to detect
2895:
Gibson FC, Hong C, Chou HH, Yumoto H, Chen J, Lien E, et al. (June 2004). "Innate immune recognition of invasive bacteria accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice".
1785:"Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains trigger a proinflammatory response in human monocyte-derived macrophages through the p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway"
1582:
Meuric V, Martin B, Guyodo H, Rouillon A, Tamanai-Shacoori Z, Barloy-Hubler F, et al. (February 2013). "Treponema denticola improves adhesive capacities of
Porphyromonas gingivalis".
3789:
529:
like MCP-1, KC, MIP-2 and RANTES in capsular polysaccharide-challenged murine peritoneal macrophages. These conditions are likely to contribute to the inflammatory lesions observed in
4342:
574:, which mediated adherence and impaired the homeostatic controls of host cells. Fimbriae were also found to be associated with modulating β2 integrin adhesive activity for uptake by
4401:
986:"Determination of the genome sequence of Porphyromonas gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 and genomic comparison with strain W83 revealed extensive genome rearrangements in P. gingivalis"
619:
Short fimbriae (Mfa1), also known as minor fimbriae, have distinct roles from long fimbriae and are characterized to be essential for cell-cell auto aggregation and recruitment for
266:
in high numbers, in which case both bacteria and epithelial cells survive for extended periods of time. High levels of specific antibodies can be detected in patients harboring
3198:
1084:
Irshad M, van der
Reijden WA, Crielaard W, Laine ML (December 2012). "In vitro invasion and survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis in gingival fibroblasts; role of the capsule".
3782:
3398:
3363:
2748:"Porphyromonas gingivalis vesicles enhance attachment, and the leucine-rich repeat BspA protein is required for invasion of epithelial cells by "Tannerella forsythia""
4316:
4355:
454:, therefore impeding wound healing and causing destruction of periodontal tissues. Rgp is responsible for eliciting the host inflammatory response via the p38α
3817:
2249:"Coinvasion of dentinal tubules by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii depends upon binding specificity of streptococcal antigen I/II adhesin"
1193:"Peptidylarginine deiminase from Porphyromonas gingivalis citrullinates human fibrinogen and α-enolase: implications for autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis"
623:
formation. Short fimbriae are involved in cell-cell adhesion with other dental commensals. It was found to coadhere and develop biofilm in conjunction with
1947:"The K1 serotype capsular polysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis elicits chemokine production from murine macrophages that facilitates cell migration"
880:
molecules in the area lead to a proinflammatory environment. This proinflammatory environment is also rich in intercellular signaling molecules including
379:
survival. Rgp degrades large peptides of the host organism to provide the bacterium with an abundant nitrogen and carbon source from human serum albumin.
509:
is much more virulent than the nonencapsulated strain in a mouse abscess model. The capsule is a capsular polysaccharide and when present down regulates
563:
are appendages involved in cellular attachment and greatly contribute to virulence and are found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.
872:
pathways, which the two pathologies have in common. The inflammation pathway of periodontitis is such that as the infection grows, bacteria, including
709:
was also found to inhibit pro inflammatory and antimicrobial responses in human monocytes and mouse macrophages by fimbrial binding to CXCR4, inducing
4303:
3073:
1898:"The capsule of Porphyromonas gingivalis leads to a reduction in the host inflammatory response, evasion of phagocytosis, and increase in virulence"
2096:"Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae proactively modulate beta2 integrin adhesive activity and promote binding to and internalization by macrophages"
685:
recruitment. Prevention of neutrophil recruitment may inhibit the clearance of the bacterium from the site of infection allowing for colonization.
458:
transduction pathway. This response likely contributes to the inflammatory nature of periodontitis and is involved in tissue and bone destruction.
4329:
3218:
673:
that are secreted by the host cells. The arg-gingipain and lys-gingipains are responsible for this proteolysis. In a study using a mouse model,
965:
497:
of AD brains. Pretreatment with gingipain inhibitors protected neuron cell degradation caused by administration of gingipains in murine model.
813:
inoculation causes significant bone loss, which is a significant characteristic of the disease. In contrast, germ free mice inoculated with a
3607:
3237:
2045:"Molecular dissection of internalization of Porphyromonas gingivalis by cells using fluorescent beads coated with bacterial membrane vesicle"
1677:"Gingipain enzymes from Porphyromonas gingivalis preferentially bind immobilized extracellular proteins: a mechanism favouring colonization?"
415:
Gingipains also have the ability to degrade multiple signals of the host immune response. They have the ability to cleave subclass 1 and 3
956:
has been shown to accelerate the atherosclerosis disease pathway in mice, as well as being found in human atherosclerotic plaque lesions.
4426:
3567:
3562:
521:, indicating host evasion responses. However, other studies have found the capsular polysaccharide to elicit host immune responses like
2452:"The C5a receptor impairs IL-12-dependent clearance of Porphyromonas gingivalis and is required for induction of periodontal bone loss"
1996:"Immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis capsular polysaccharide prevents P. gingivalis-elicited oral bone loss in a murine model"
629:
by interaction with SspB streptococcal surface polypeptide. This interaction may be essential in the invasion of dentinal tubules by
540:
apparently impair oral bone loss in murine models. These vaccines have been able to elicit potent immune responses such as increased
3511:
296:
have increased incidence of periodontal disease; antibodies against the bacterium are significantly more common in these patients.
3208:
1731:"Cleavage of IgG1 and IgG3 by gingipain K from Porphyromonas gingivalis may compromise host defense in progressive periodontitis"
3378:
3348:
905:
705:
pathway through C5αR and C3αR, which modulates the killing capacity of leukocytes, allowing for uncontrolled bacterial growth.
2354:"Low-abundance biofilm species orchestrates inflammatory periodontal disease through the commensal microbiota and complement"
4334:
329:(i.e. protein-coding sequences), encoded by 2,343,479 bp, with an average G+C content of 48.3%. An estimated 463 genes are
3213:
387:
within host cells which provides the organism with an abundant iron source needed to perform multiple cellular functions.
4421:
4406:
4190:
3865:
3066:
1376:"Comparison of inherently essential genes of Porphyromonas gingivalis identified in two transposon-sequencing libraries"
876:
are targeted by neutrophils and natural killer immune cells. These cells phagocytize the bacteria, while simultaneously
47:
4255:
2403:"Differential virulence and innate immune interactions of Type I and II fimbrial genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis"
1535:"Entry of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles into epithelial cells causes cellular functional impairment"
912:, an intercellular signaling molecule that promotes bone tissue dissolution, leading to a gradual loss of bony tissue.
3051:
881:
285:
431:, which enables it to evade the host adaptive immune response, by modulating T-cell communication and proliferation.
3774:
2797:"Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola Mixed Microbial Infection in a Rat Model of Periodontal Disease"
809:
in periodontitis is studied using specific pathogen-free mouse models of periodontal infections. In these models,
4181:
4162:
4128:
3763:
3537:
4360:
4084:
3592:
3572:
3527:
3501:
3368:
3323:
3193:
3188:
2846:
Sanz M, Marco Del
Castillo A, Jepsen S, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, D'Aiuto F, Bouchard P, et al. (March 2020).
944:(periodontal disease) and atherosclerosis. In vivo and in vitro animal models have found that the fimbriae of
1729:
Vincents B, Guentsch A, Kostolowska D, von Pawel-Rammingen U, Eick S, Potempa J, et al. (October 2011).
4174:
3758:
3662:
3506:
3469:
3434:
3414:
3251:
3059:
1374:
Hutcherson JA, Gogeneni H, Yoder-Himes D, Hendrickson EL, Hackett M, Whiteley M, et al. (August 2016).
1136:
in
Alzheimer's disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors"
4416:
4217:
4167:
4008:
3809:
3753:
929:
858:
850:
791:
625:
560:
462:
277:
202:
4142:
4073:
3587:
3582:
3265:
3183:
3158:
3143:
3138:
1035:"Anaerobes and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: virulence factors contributing to vaginal colonisation"
132:
1425:"Gingipain-dependent interactions with the host are important for survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis"
697:
1 and 3. This further modulates immune response by impairing signaling. Other studies have found that
4411:
4396:
4290:
4121:
4114:
4064:
3944:
3912:
3717:
3692:
3602:
3496:
3343:
3293:
3272:
3228:
3148:
3118:
2512:
2200:"Short fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis and their role in coadhesion with Streptococcus gordonii"
1847:
1147:
889:
795:. Interproximal and horizontal alveolar bone loss in mouse models are seen in coinfections involving
781:
451:
293:
281:
2296:
Pierce DL, Nishiyama S, Liang S, Wang M, Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K, et al. (August 2009).
1896:
Singh A, Wyant T, Anaya-Bergman C, Aduse-Opoku J, Brunner J, Laine ML, et al. (November 2011).
598:
has long fimbriae, short fimbriae, and accessory components, each of which have distinct functions.
3890:
3805:
3732:
3615:
3597:
3547:
3429:
3383:
3279:
3153:
1325:
Nelson KE, Fleischmann RD, DeBoy RT, Paulsen IT, Fouts DE, Eisen JA, et al. (September 2003).
933:
801:
494:
395:
genes encoding RgpA, Kgp, and hemagglutinin A (HagA) were strongly expressed after incubation with
214:
198:
172:
3038:
4052:
3878:
3855:
3630:
3353:
3244:
2560:"Intrinsic apoptotic pathways of gingival epithelial cells modulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis"
2352:
Hajishengallis G, Liang S, Payne MA, Hashim A, Jotwani R, Eskan MA, et al. (November 2011).
1675:
McAlister AD, Sroka A, Fitzpatrick RE, Quinsey NS, Travis J, Potempa J, et al. (June 2009).
1477:"Role of gingipains in growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the presence of human serum albumin"
1109:
326:
180:
99:
42:
4321:
2298:"Host adhesive activities and virulence of novel fimbrial proteins of Porphyromonas gingivalis"
1626:
Kuboniwa M, Hasegawa Y, Mao S, Shizukuishi S, Amano A, Lamont RJ, et al. (February 2008).
1327:"Complete genome sequence of the oral pathogenic Bacterium porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83"
399:. The hemagglutinin adhesion domain-containing proteins act to increase adhesive capacities of
4368:
4277:
4042:
3702:
3687:
3652:
3625:
3552:
3542:
3444:
3318:
3301:
3175:
3108:
3018:
2963:
2912:
2877:
2828:
2777:
2728:
2687:
2638:
2589:
2540:
2481:
2432:
2383:
2327:
2278:
2229:
2177:
2125:
2076:
2025:
1976:
1927:
1875:
1816:
1762:
1706:
1657:
1599:
1564:
1506:
1454:
1405:
1356:
1298:
1257:
1222:
1173:
1101:
1066:
1015:
702:
466:
307:
206:
427:
concentration, impairing host immune response function. Rgp can inhibit IL-2 accumulation in
4373:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3934:
3929:
3918:
3722:
3667:
3620:
3338:
3008:
2998:
2953:
2943:
2904:
2867:
2859:
2818:
2808:
2767:
2759:
2718:
2677:
2669:
2628:
2620:
2579:
2571:
2530:
2520:
2471:
2463:
2422:
2414:
2373:
2365:
2317:
2309:
2268:
2260:
2219:
2211:
2167:
2159:
2115:
2107:
2066:
2056:
2015:
2007:
1966:
1958:
1917:
1909:
1865:
1855:
1806:
1796:
1752:
1742:
1696:
1688:
1647:
1639:
1591:
1554:
1546:
1496:
1488:
1444:
1436:
1395:
1387:
1346:
1338:
1288:
1249:
1212:
1204:
1163:
1155:
1093:
1056:
1046:
1005:
997:
949:
779:
outer membrane vesicles were found to be necessary for the invasion of epithelial cells of
710:
1130:
Dominy SS, Lynch C, Ermini F, Benedyk M, Marczyk A, Konradi A, et al. (January 2019).
984:
Naito M, Hirakawa H, Yamashita A, Ohara N, Shoji M, Yukitake H, et al. (August 2008).
4199:
3973:
3949:
3883:
3835:
3672:
3373:
3133:
3128:
854:
474:
450:. Degradation of these substrates interferes with interactions between host cells and the
439:
210:
3712:
2558:
Mao S, Park Y, Hasegawa Y, Tribble GD, James CE, Handfield M, et al. (August 2007).
1240:
Berthelot JM, Le Goff B (December 2010). "Rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease".
952:
formation once the bacteria enter the bloodstream, such as through lesions in the mouth.
4347:
2705:
Guyodo H, Meuric V, Le
Pottier L, Martin B, Faili A, Pers JO, et al. (March 2012).
2516:
2094:
Hajishengallis G, Wang M, Harokopakis E, Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K (October 2006).
1851:
1191:
Wegner N, Wait R, Sroka A, Eick S, Nguyen KA, Lundberg K, et al. (September 2010).
1151:
4195:
4153:
3988:
3813:
3577:
3083:
3013:
2982:
2958:
2931:
2908:
2872:
2847:
2823:
2796:
2795:
Verma RK, Rajapakse S, Meka A, Hamrick C, Pola S, Bhattacharyya I, et al. (2010).
2772:
2747:
2682:
2657:
2633:
2609:"Porphyromonas gingivalis-host interactions: open war or intelligent guerilla tactics?"
2608:
2584:
2559:
2535:
2500:
2476:
2451:
2427:
2402:
2401:
Wang M, Liang S, Hosur KB, Domon H, Yoshimura F, Amano A, et al. (December 2009).
2378:
2353:
2322:
2297:
2224:
2199:
2172:
2147:
2120:
2095:
1971:
1946:
1922:
1897:
1870:
1835:
1811:
1784:
1757:
1730:
1701:
1676:
1652:
1628:"P. gingivalis accelerates gingival epithelial cell progression through the cell cycle"
1627:
1559:
1534:
1449:
1424:
1400:
1375:
1293:
1217:
1192:
1168:
1131:
1061:
1034:
1010:
985:
897:
416:
330:
289:
263:
2450:
Liang S, Krauss JL, Domon H, McIntosh ML, Hosur KB, Qu H, et al. (January 2011).
2198:
Park Y, Simionato MR, Sekiya K, Murakami Y, James D, Chen W, et al. (July 2005).
2043:
Tsuda K, Amano A, Umebayashi K, Inaba H, Nakagawa I, Nakanishi Y, et al. (2005).
2020:
1995:
1351:
1326:
767:
has been associated with increasing the virulence of other commensal bacteria in both
4390:
4013:
3826:
3737:
3697:
3419:
3393:
3388:
3203:
3103:
2723:
2707:"Colocalization of Porphyromonas gingivalis with CD4+ T cells in periodontal disease"
2706:
2575:
2418:
2273:
2248:
1692:
1501:
1476:
1342:
937:
893:
839:
678:
530:
435:
375:
Arg-gingipains have been found to play a key role in the collection of nutrients for
361:
176:
109:
89:
79:
2499:
Hajishengallis G, Wang M, Liang S, Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K (September 2008).
2264:
2215:
2011:
1492:
1475:
Grenier D, Imbeault S, Plamondon P, Grenier G, Nakayama K, Mayrand D (August 2001).
1113:
4282:
4105:
3924:
3727:
3682:
3557:
3459:
3454:
3439:
3098:
1277:"Serum antibodies to oral anaerobic bacteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis"
869:
729:
486:
372:
serve many functions for the organism, contributing to its survival and virulence.
310:
168:
69:
469:
of patients exhibiting AD brain pathology. Both RgpB and Kgp were discovered from
2624:
2148:"Porphyromonas gingivalis minor fimbriae are required for cell-cell interactions"
1860:
1643:
1253:
4249:
4057:
4032:
3707:
3657:
3286:
885:
690:
620:
478:
470:
447:
409:
384:
355:
351:
248:
224:
4240:
2505:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2369:
1836:"Altered T-cell responses by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis"
789:
short fimbriae were found to be necessary for coculture biofilm formation with
757:
with CD4+ T cells was observed. However, the infection mechanism of T cells by
3998:
3677:
3532:
3424:
3358:
3328:
3003:
2948:
1097:
901:
845:
Periodontal disease, which an infection of the gum tissue driven primarily by
835:
682:
670:
526:
522:
405:
260:
252:
191:
2673:
2467:
1423:
Sheets SM, Robles-Price AG, McKenzie RM, Casiano CA, Fletcher HM (May 2008).
1276:
223:
degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the
17:
4079:
3845:
3464:
3449:
2525:
1051:
1001:
868:
It is thought that periodontitis is linked to cardiovascular disease due to
746:
725:
666:
646:
mutants deficient for Fim C, D, or E have drastically attenuated virulence.
590:
signaling complex, which may contribute to intracellular evasion tactics by
575:
571:
514:
482:
420:
369:
347:
187:
3022:
2967:
2916:
2881:
2832:
2781:
2732:
2691:
2642:
2593:
2544:
2501:"Pathogen induction of CXCR4/TLR2 cross-talk impairs host defense function"
2485:
2436:
2387:
2331:
2282:
2233:
2181:
2129:
2080:
2029:
1980:
1931:
1879:
1820:
1766:
1710:
1661:
1603:
1568:
1510:
1458:
1409:
1360:
1302:
1261:
1226:
1177:
1159:
1105:
1070:
1019:
2813:
1801:
849:, has been theorized to be linked with other systemic diseases, including
4234:
4089:
3902:
3861:
3333:
3113:
2763:
2313:
2163:
2111:
1962:
1913:
1747:
1550:
877:
518:
510:
443:
303:
233:
220:
184:
59:
2981:
Zhang J, Xie M, Huang X, Chen G, Yin Y, Lu X, et al. (2021-12-23).
2932:"Inflammation in Periodontal Disease: Possible Link to Vascular Disease"
2658:"Porphyromonas gingivalis as a potential community activist for disease"
4308:
4269:
4264:
3123:
2863:
862:
428:
245:
228:
2071:
2061:
2044:
1595:
1391:
1315:
American
Academy of Periodontology 2010 In-Service Exam, question A-85
1208:
924:
is associated with various forms of cardiovascular disease, including
940:, the best evidence of a direct causational link is between invasive
925:
165:
4211:
525:
migration and dose and time dependent expression of cell migration
909:
714:
242:
1440:
1125:
1123:
1039:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4295:
3870:
1275:
Ogrendik M, Kokino S, Ozdemir F, Bird PS, Hamlet S (June 2005).
587:
583:
579:
455:
4215:
3778:
3055:
2746:
Inagaki S, Onishi S, Kuramitsu HK, Sharma A (September 2006).
694:
545:
541:
2848:"Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report"
423:
such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8 in regions of high
1994:
Gonzalez D, Tzianabos AO, Genco CA, Gibson FC (April 2003).
917:
accelerate the disease process of a cardiovascular disease.
2656:
Darveau RP, Hajishengallis G, Curtis MA (September 2012).
665:
further modulates leukocyte recruitment by proteolysis of
197:
It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in
2247:
Love RM, McMillan MD, Park Y, Jenkinson HF (March 2000).
493:
16S rRNA was also discovered in the cerebral cortex and
434:
Gingipains are key factors in tissue damage symptoms of
2930:
Paul O, Arora P, Mayer M, Chatterjee S (2021-01-14).
2801:
3199:
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
3082:
Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (
477:
of AD patients and were found to be associated with
4224:
4152:
4104:
4040:
4031:
3996:
3987:
3900:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3746:
3645:
3520:
3489:
3482:
3407:
3311:
3227:
3174:
3167:
3091:
817:monoinfection incur no bone loss, indicating that
1945:d'Empaire G, Baer MT, Gibson FC (November 2006).
1086:Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
360:Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and lys-gingipain (Kgp) are
1533:Furuta N, Takeuchi H, Amano A (November 2009).
536:Vaccines made from capsular polysaccharide of
4402:Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs
3790:
3067:
825:Pathogenesis and Cardiovascular Comorbidities
650:Evasion of host defenses and immune responses
8:
1834:Khalaf H, Bengtsson T (2012). Das G (ed.).
1724:
1722:
1720:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
4212:
4037:
3993:
3840:
3831:
3797:
3783:
3775:
3486:
3171:
3074:
3060:
3052:
1470:
1468:
412:and may have a role in host colonization.
31:
3012:
3002:
2957:
2947:
2871:
2822:
2812:
2771:
2722:
2681:
2632:
2583:
2534:
2524:
2475:
2426:
2377:
2321:
2272:
2223:
2171:
2119:
2070:
2060:
2019:
1970:
1921:
1869:
1859:
1810:
1800:
1778:
1776:
1756:
1746:
1700:
1651:
1558:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1500:
1448:
1399:
1350:
1292:
1216:
1167:
1060:
1050:
1033:Africa CW, Nel J, Stemmet M (July 2014).
1009:
689:is able to evade opsonophagocytosis from
2711:FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
1891:
1889:
677:was specifically found to down-regulate
438:, which results from the degradation of
3219:Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
3047:– the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
2193:
2191:
976:
485:, which accumulates in tau tangles and
213:. It has been isolated from women with
2141:
2139:
966:List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
513:production especially proinflammatory
465:(AD). Gingipains were discovered from
325:was described in 2003 revealing 1,990
3608:Subepithelial connective tissue graft
753:in human biopsies, colocalization of
693:by using Gingipain K (Kgp) to cleave
461:Gingipains have been associated with
7:
3194:Generalized aggressive periodontitis
481:load, a marker for AD pathology and
2146:Lin X, Wu J, Xie H (October 2006).
821:alone cannot induce periodontitis.
251:and can survive in the presence of
3189:Localized aggressive periodontitis
2909:10.1161/01.CIR.0000129769.17895.F0
2852:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
1783:Grenier D, Tanabe S (March 2010).
25:
3512:Full mouth ultrasonic debridement
2987:on Atherosclerosis-Related Cells"
3209:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
2724:10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00877.x
2576:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00931.x
2419:10.1111/j.1399-302X.2009.00545.x
2407:Oral Microbiology and Immunology
1693:10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01128.x
1343:10.1128/jb.185.18.5591-5601.2003
46:
2265:10.1128/IAI.68.3.1359-1365.2000
2216:10.1128/IAI.73.7.3983-3989.2005
2012:10.1128/IAI.71.4.2283-2287.2003
1681:Journal of Periodontal Research
1493:10.1128/IAI.69.8.5166-5172.2001
906:transforming growth factor beta
548:responses that recognize whole
865:studies using a mouse model.
1:
3214:Abscesses of the periodontium
276:infection has been linked to
190:. It forms black colonies on
152:. 1980) Shah and Collins 1988
4191:Streptobacillus moniliformis
2625:10.1016/j.micinf.2009.03.009
1861:10.1371/journal.pone.0045192
1644:10.1016/j.micinf.2007.10.011
1254:10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.04.015
948:promote host cell entry and
3950:Louse borne relapsing fever
2049:Cell Structure and Function
1584:Molecular Oral Microbiology
1380:Molecular Oral Microbiology
882:tumor necrosis factor-alpha
717:-mediated immune response.
681:induction, causing delayed
505:The encapsulated strain of
419:as well as proinflammatory
286:peptidyl-arginine deiminase
4443:
4427:Bacteria described in 1988
3974:Tick borne relapsing fever
3568:Guided tissue regeneration
2662:Journal of Dental Research
2370:10.1016/j.chom.2011.10.006
345:
231:. It has been shown in an
201:, as well as in the upper
4182:Fusobacterium polymorphum
4163:Fusobacterium necrophorum
4129:Capnocytophaga canimorsus
3538:Coronally positioned flap
3004:10.3389/fimmu.2021.766560
2949:10.3389/fphys.2020.609614
2607:Hajishengallis G (2009).
1098:10.1007/s00005-012-0196-8
724:is capable of inhibiting
713:signaling and inhibiting
284:. It contains the enzyme
138:
131:
43:Scientific classification
41:
34:
4348:porphyromonas-gingivalis
4256:Porphyromonas gingivalis
4226:Porphyromonas gingivalis
4136:Porphyromonas gingivalis
4085:Lymphogranuloma venereum
3593:Pocket reduction surgery
3573:Enamel matrix derivative
3563:Guided bone regeneration
3528:Apically positioned flap
3502:Scaling and root planing
3408:Treatment and prevention
3369:Linear gingival erythema
3324:Clinical attachment loss
3238:A. actinomycetemcomitans
3041:Porphyromonas gingivalis
2985:Porphyromonas gingivalis
2674:10.1177/0022034512453589
2468:10.4049/jimmunol.1003252
1197:Arthritis and Rheumatism
1134:Porphyromonas gingivalis
720:Once in the host cells,
161:Porphyromonas gingivalis
142:Porphyromonas gingivalis
36:Porphyromonas gingivalis
4175:Fusobacterium nucleatum
3646:Important personalities
3507:Full mouth disinfection
3470:Host modulatory therapy
3435:Chlorhexidine gluconate
3415:Periodontal examination
2991:Frontiers in Immunology
2936:Frontiers in Physiology
2526:10.1073/pnas.0803852105
2358:Cell Host & Microbe
1429:Frontiers in Bioscience
1331:Journal of Bacteriology
1052:10.3390/ijerph110706979
950:atherothrombotic lesion
930:coronary artery disease
859:cardiovascular diseases
517:IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and
501:Capsular polysaccharide
288:, which is involved in
4009:Leptospira interrogans
3364:Horizontal bony defect
2752:Infection and Immunity
2613:Microbes and Infection
2302:Infection and Immunity
2253:Infection and Immunity
2204:Infection and Immunity
2152:Infection and Immunity
2100:Infection and Immunity
2000:Infection and Immunity
1951:Infection and Immunity
1902:Infection and Immunity
1632:Microbes and Infection
1539:Infection and Immunity
1481:Infection and Immunity
1160:10.1126/sciadv.aau3333
792:Streptococcus gordonii
626:Streptococcus gordonii
440:matrix metalloproteins
313:of the various types.
203:gastrointestinal tract
4143:Prevotella intermedia
4074:Chlamydia trachomatis
3588:Open flap debridement
3583:Lateral pedicle graft
3184:Chronic periodontitis
3144:Mucogingival junction
3139:Junctional epithelium
2564:Cellular Microbiology
2456:Journal of Immunology
1802:10.3390/toxins2030341
1002:10.1093/dnares/dsn013
489:plaques in AD brain.
4122:Tannerella forsythia
4115:Bacteroides fragilis
4065:Chlamydia pneumoniae
3945:Borrelia recurrentis
3913:Borrelia burgdorferi
3718:Paul Roscoe Stillman
3693:Willoughby D. Miller
3663:Per-Ingvar Brånemark
3490:Conventional therapy
3399:Vertical bony defect
3344:Gingival enlargement
3294:Entamoeba gingivalis
3149:Periodontal ligament
3119:Free gingival margin
2764:10.1128/IAI.00062-06
2314:10.1128/IAI.00262-09
2164:10.1128/IAI.00797-06
2112:10.1128/IAI.00784-06
1963:10.1128/IAI.00519-06
1914:10.1128/IAI.05016-11
1748:10.1096/fj.11-187799
1551:10.1128/IAI.00841-09
782:Tannerella forsythia
452:extracellular matrix
364:enzymes secreted by
294:rheumatoid arthritis
282:rheumatoid arthritis
27:Species of bacterium
4422:Bacterial vaginosis
4407:Reproductive system
4168:Lemierre's syndrome
3891:Treponema denticola
3733:James Leon Williams
3598:Socket preservation
3548:Free gingival graft
3430:Bleeding on probing
3384:Periodontal disease
3154:Sulcular epithelium
2814:10.1155/2010/605125
2517:2008PNAS..10513532H
1852:2012PLoSO...745192K
1152:2019SciA....5.3333D
934:atrial fibrillation
802:Treponema denticola
463:Alzheimer's disease
327:open reading frames
278:Alzheimer's disease
215:bacterial vaginosis
199:periodontal disease
4053:Chlamydia psittaci
3879:Treponema carateum
3856:Treponema pallidum
3806:Bacterial diseases
3379:Periodontal pocket
3354:Gingival recession
3245:Capnocytophaga sp.
2864:10.1111/jcpe.13189
728:by modulating the
637:Accessory fimbriae
302:is divided into K-
124:P. gingivalis
100:Porphyromonadaceae
4384:
4383:
4369:Open Tree of Life
4218:Taxon identifiers
4209:
4208:
4100:
4099:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
3983:
3982:
3772:
3771:
3747:Other specialties
3703:John Mankey Riggs
3688:Preston D. Miller
3653:Tomas Albrektsson
3641:
3640:
3578:Implant placement
3553:Gingival grafting
3543:Crown lengthening
3478:
3477:
3445:Hydrogen peroxide
3302:Trichomonas tenax
2903:(22): 2801–2806.
2062:10.1247/csf.30.81
1596:10.1111/omi.12004
1392:10.1111/omi.12135
1209:10.1002/art.27552
761:remains unknown.
383:can also degrade
337:Virulence factors
259:invades gingival
207:respiratory tract
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
4434:
4377:
4376:
4364:
4363:
4351:
4350:
4338:
4337:
4325:
4324:
4312:
4311:
4299:
4298:
4286:
4285:
4273:
4272:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4213:
4038:
3994:
3969:Borrelia parkeri
3963:Borrelia duttoni
3957:Borrelia hermsii
3935:Neuroborreliosis
3930:Erythema migrans
3919:Borrelia afzelii
3841:
3832:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3776:
3764:Prosthodontology
3723:Dennis P. Tarnow
3668:Robert Gottsegen
3487:
3339:Furcation defect
3172:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2983:"The Effects of
2978:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2570:(8): 1997–2007.
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2528:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2023:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1804:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1623:
1608:
1607:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1530:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1337:(18): 5591–601.
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1242:Joint Bone Spine
1237:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1140:Science Advances
1127:
1118:
1117:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1054:
1045:(7): 6979–7000.
1030:
1024:
1023:
1013:
981:
701:can subvert the
292:. Patients with
227:enzymes of this
144:
51:
50:
32:
21:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4372:
4367:
4359:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4220:
4210:
4205:
4200:Haverhill fever
4148:
4096:
4019:
3979:
3896:
3836:Spirochaetaceae
3821:
3803:
3773:
3768:
3742:
3673:Gary Greenstein
3637:
3516:
3474:
3403:
3374:Occlusal trauma
3349:Gingival pocket
3307:
3223:
3163:
3134:Gingival sulcus
3129:Gingival fibers
3087:
3080:
3039:Type strain of
3035:
3030:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2619:(6–7): 637–45.
2606:
2605:
2601:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2511:(36): 13532–7.
2498:
2497:
2493:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2308:(8): 3294–301.
2295:
2294:
2290:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2106:(10): 5658–66.
2093:
2092:
2088:
2042:
2041:
2037:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1957:(11): 6236–43.
1944:
1943:
1939:
1908:(11): 4533–42.
1895:
1894:
1887:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1741:(10): 3741–50.
1728:
1727:
1718:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1625:
1624:
1611:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1545:(11): 4761–70.
1532:
1531:
1518:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1435:(13): 3215–38.
1422:
1421:
1417:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1146:(1): eaau3333.
1129:
1128:
1121:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1032:
1031:
1027:
983:
982:
978:
974:
962:
920:While invasive
855:atherosclerosis
827:
739:
652:
639:
617:
604:
558:
503:
475:cerebral cortex
358:
344:
339:
319:
164:belongs to the
153:
146:
140:
127:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4365:
4352:
4339:
4326:
4313:
4300:
4287:
4274:
4261:
4246:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4196:Rat-bite fever
4186:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4158:
4156:
4154:Fusobacteriota
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4048:
4046:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4004:
4002:
3991:
3989:Leptospiraceae
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3953:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3908:
3906:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3851:
3849:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3814:proteobacteria
3804:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3759:Orthodontology
3756:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:Biologic width
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3084:Periodontology
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3034:
3033:External links
3031:
3029:
3028:
2973:
2922:
2887:
2858:(3): 268–288.
2838:
2787:
2738:
2697:
2648:
2599:
2550:
2491:
2442:
2393:
2364:(5): 497–506.
2337:
2288:
2259:(3): 1359–65.
2239:
2187:
2158:(10): 6011–5.
2135:
2086:
2035:
1986:
1937:
1885:
1826:
1772:
1716:
1667:
1609:
1574:
1516:
1487:(8): 5166–72.
1464:
1415:
1366:
1317:
1308:
1267:
1232:
1203:(9): 2662–72.
1183:
1119:
1076:
1025:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
961:
958:
898:interleukin 10
826:
823:
805:. The role of
738:
735:
651:
648:
638:
635:
616:
615:Short fimbriae
613:
603:
600:
557:
554:
502:
499:
417:IgG antibodies
366:P. gingivalis.
343:
340:
338:
335:
321:The genome of
318:
315:
290:citrullination
179:, rod-shaped,
155:
154:
147:
136:
135:
129:
128:
121:
119:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4439:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Sexual health
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4015:
4014:Leptospirosis
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Spirochaetota
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:gram negative
3807:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Endodontology
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3738:W. J. Younger
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Carl E. Misch
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Periodontitis
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:P. intermedia
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:P. gingivalis
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Periodontosis
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Alveolar bone
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:(9): 5023–8.
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2717:(2): 175–83.
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:(9): 816–20.
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:(2): 869–77.
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2413:(6): 478–84.
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:(7): 3983–9.
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:(4): 2283–7.
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:(9): e45192.
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1795:(3): 341–52.
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:FASEB Journal
1732:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:(3): 348–53.
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:(4): 354–64.
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:(6): 537–41.
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:(6): 469–76.
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:(4): 215–25.
995:
991:
987:
980:
977:
971:
967:
964:
963:
959:
957:
955:
954:P. gingivalis
951:
947:
946:P. gingivalis
943:
942:P. gingivalis
939:
938:heart failure
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:P. gingivalis
918:
915:
914:P. gingivalis
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:interleukin 4
891:
890:interleukin 1
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:P. gingivalis
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:P. gingivalis
843:
841:
840:periodontitis
837:
832:
831:P. gingivalis
824:
822:
820:
819:P. gingivalis
816:
815:P. gingivalis
812:
811:P. gingivalis
808:
807:P. gingivalis
804:
803:
798:
797:P. gingivalis
794:
793:
788:
787:P. gingivalis
784:
783:
778:
777:P. gingivalis
775:experiments.
774:
770:
766:
765:P. gingivalis
762:
760:
759:P. gingivalis
756:
755:P. gingivalis
752:
751:P. gingivalis
748:
743:
742:P. gingivalis
736:
734:
731:
727:
723:
722:P. gingivalis
718:
716:
712:
708:
707:P. gingivalis
704:
700:
699:P. gingivalis
696:
692:
688:
687:P. gingivalis
684:
680:
676:
675:P. gingivalis
672:
668:
664:
663:P. gingivalis
659:
656:
655:P. gingivalis
649:
647:
645:
644:P. gingivalis
636:
634:
632:
631:P. gingivalis
628:
627:
622:
614:
612:
610:
609:P. gingivalis
602:Long fimbriae
601:
599:
597:
596:P. gingivalis
593:
592:P. gingivalis
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
567:P. gingivalis
564:
562:
555:
553:
551:
550:P. gingivalis
547:
543:
539:
538:P. gingivalis
534:
532:
531:periodontitis
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:P. gingivalis
500:
498:
496:
492:
491:P. gingivalis
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:periodontitis
432:
430:
426:
425:P. gingivalis
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
402:
401:P. gingivalis
398:
394:
393:P. gingivalis
388:
386:
382:
381:P. gingivalis
378:
377:P. gingivalis
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:endopeptidase
357:
353:
349:
341:
336:
334:
332:
328:
324:
323:P. gingivalis
316:
314:
312:
309:
305:
301:
300:P. gingivalis
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:P. gingivalis
271:
269:
268:P. gingivalis
265:
262:
258:
257:P. gingivalis
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
239:P. gingivalis
236:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
177:Gram-negative
174:
170:
167:
163:
162:
151:
145:
143:
137:
134:
133:Binomial name
130:
126:
125:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:Porphyromonas
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:Bacteroidales
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:
49:
44:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
18:P. gingivalis
4225:
4189:
4180:
4173:
4161:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:Bacteroidota
4072:
4063:
4051:
4041:
4007:
3997:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3943:
3925:Lyme disease
3917:
3911:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3854:
3844:
3728:Hom-Lay Wang
3713:Jørgen Slots
3683:Brian Mealey
3558:Gingivectomy
3460:Tetracycline
3455:Oral hygiene
3300:
3292:
3285:
3280:T. denticola
3278:
3273:T. forsythia
3271:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3252:F. nucleatum
3250:
3243:
3236:
3099:Periodontium
3044:
3040:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2976:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2361:
2357:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2207:
2203:
2155:
2151:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2055:(2): 81–91.
2052:
2048:
2038:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1905:
1901:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1792:
1788:
1738:
1734:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1638:(2): 122–8.
1635:
1631:
1590:(1): 40–53.
1587:
1583:
1577:
1542:
1538:
1484:
1480:
1441:10.2741/2922
1432:
1428:
1418:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1311:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1042:
1038:
1028:
993:
990:DNA Research
989:
979:
953:
945:
941:
921:
919:
913:
886:interleukins
873:
870:inflammation
867:
846:
844:
830:
828:
818:
814:
810:
806:
800:
796:
790:
786:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
741:
740:
721:
719:
706:
698:
691:granulocytes
686:
674:
662:
660:
654:
653:
643:
640:
630:
624:
618:
608:
605:
595:
591:
566:
565:
559:
549:
537:
535:
506:
504:
490:
487:amyloid beta
460:
433:
424:
414:
400:
397:T. denticola
396:
392:
389:
380:
376:
374:
365:
359:
322:
320:
311:antigenicity
299:
298:
273:
272:
267:
256:
238:
232:
219:
196:
169:Bacteroidota
160:
159:
158:
149:
148:(Coykendall
141:
139:
123:
122:
110:
70:Bacteroidota
35:
29:
4412:Gynaecology
4397:Bacteroidia
4250:Wikispecies
4058:Psittacosis
4033:Chlamydiota
3708:Jay Seibert
3658:Frank Beube
3497:Debridement
3287:Red complex
2897:Circulation
902:interferons
851:Alzheimer’s
621:microcolony
611:virulence.
552:organisms.
471:hippocampus
448:fibronectin
410:fibronectin
385:transferrin
356:Gingipain K
352:Gingipain R
306:based upon
253:antibiotics
249:fibroblasts
241:can invade
237:study that
225:collagenase
80:Bacteroidia
4391:Categories
3999:Leptospira
3678:Jan Lindhe
3603:Sinus lift
3533:Bone graft
3420:Ante's law
3359:Gingivitis
3329:Edentulism
2997:: 766560.
2942:: 609614.
2807:: 605125.
2072:2297/14728
972:References
857:and other
836:gingivitis
703:complement
683:neutrophil
671:chemokines
578:using the
527:chemokines
523:neutrophil
406:fibrinogen
370:gingipains
346:See also:
261:epithelial
209:, and the
192:blood agar
185:pathogenic
4080:Chlamydia
4043:Chlamydia
3846:Treponema
3483:Treatment
3465:Triclosan
3450:Mouthwash
3297:(amoebic)
3229:Infection
3176:Diagnoses
3159:Stippling
1281:MedGenMed
747:commensal
726:apoptosis
667:cytokines
661:Virulent
576:monocytes
572:integrins
515:cytokines
483:ubiquitin
421:cytokines
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342:Gingipain
331:essential
304:serotypes
188:bacterium
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173:nonmotile
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