127:
159:
478:). This is particularly useful for extinct seed plant groups whose systematic relationships remain speculative, as they can be classified as pteridosperms with no valid implications being made as to their systematic affinities. Also, from a purely curatorial perspective the term pteridosperms is a useful shorthand for describing the fern-like fronds that were probably produced by seed plants, which are commonly found in many Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil floras.
187:
487:
652:
3293:
568:" intermediate between the ferns and cycads, and especially in the English-speaking world they were referred to as "seed ferns" or "pteridosperms". Today, despite being regarded by most palaeobotanists as only distantly related to ferns, these spurious names have nonetheless established themselves. Nowadays, four orders of Palaeozoic seed plants tend to be referred to as pteridosperms:
599:
Their discovery attracted considerable attention at the time, as the pteridosperms were the first extinct group of vascular plants to be identified solely from the fossil record. In the 19th century the
Carboniferous Period was often referred to as the "Age of Ferns" but these discoveries during the
615:, which was stretching the concept. In the context of modern phylogenetic models, the groups often referred to as pteridosperms appear to be liberally spread across a range of clades, and many palaeobotanists today would regard pteridosperms as little more than a
548:) that had identical and very distinctive glandular hairs, and concluded that both fronds and seeds belonged to the same plant. Soon, additional evidence came to light suggesting that seeds were also attached to the Carboniferous fern-like fronds
638:
analysis techniques have surpassed the hard data needed to formulate meaningful phylogenetic hypotheses" regarding the relationships of "seed ferns" to living plant groups.
1973:
1456:
603:
During the 20th century the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various
Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds, such as the
1875:"10.—Triradioxylon—a New Genus of Lower Carboniferous Petrified Stems and Petioles together with a Review of the Classification of Early Pterophytina"
508:
came to realise that many
Carboniferous fossils resembling fern fronds had anatomical features more reminiscent of the modern-day seed plants, the
673:
3448:
1966:
699:
2016:
186:
1828:"4.—On the Structure of a Petrified Stem and some Associated Seeds from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of East Lothian, Scotland"
2011:
677:
1874:
1827:
3413:
3393:
2095:
2085:
2068:
1959:
1941:
454:, many palaeobotanists still use the pteridosperm grouping in an informal sense to refer to the seed plants that are not
3458:
3453:
3403:
3433:
520:" ("cycad-ferns") for such fossils, suggesting that they were a group of non-seed plants intermediate between the
3438:
1324:"Relictual Lepidopteris (Peltaspermales) from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina"
600:
first decade of the 20th century made it clear that the "Age of
Pteridosperms" was perhaps a better description.
3428:
3423:
3408:
3398:
3356:
1622:
662:
1913:
3418:
2100:
681:
666:
3443:
3318:
1946:
529:
3004:
3365:
2063:
1692:"Nystroemiaceae, a new family of Permian gymnosperms from China with an unusual combination of features"
1167:
2992:
1213:
1158:
1052:
1033:
2998:
1805:"Heyday of the gymnosperms: systematics and biodiversity of the Late Triassic Molteno fructifications"
1024:
908:
839:
126:
3296:
1760:
1235:
1042:
619:'grade-group' with no common lineage. One of the few characters that may unify the group is that the
2808:
975:
827:
818:
3010:
2461:
2444:
2354:
2202:
1951:
1135:
1088:
1079:
1010:
565:
525:
3140:
1644:
1609:
Hilton, J. & Bateman, R. M. (2006), "Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny",
1285:
1254:
746:
585:
307:
2737:
2488:
2471:
2313:
2197:
2192:
2080:
2058:
2046:
2021:
1855:
1776:
1626:
1592:
1450:
1382:
1121:
950:
918:
375:
181:
2820:
1296:
999:
934:
896:
627:, a group of enclosing branches, but this has not been confirmed for all "pteridosperm" groups.
158:
3370:
1274:
1110:
926:
3203:
3104:
3092:
2936:
2915:
2629:
2449:
2380:
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2300:
2090:
2053:
2041:
2031:
1894:
1847:
1804:
1729:
1711:
1672:
1664:
1423:
1343:
848:
764:
612:
604:
550:
451:
270:
1177:
942:
3116:
3110:
3074:
2757:
2619:
2504:
2405:
2005:
1914:"Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology"
1886:
1839:
1768:
1748:
1719:
1703:
1656:
1618:
1543:
1491:
1413:
1374:
1335:
1070:
809:
782:
737:
728:
631:
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589:
577:
569:
513:
497:
410:
300:
282:
276:
258:
3208:
3191:
3098:
2624:
2607:
2390:
2349:
2217:
2207:
2187:
1645:"Seed ferns from the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic: Any angiosperm ancestors lurking there?"
360:
324:
1764:
3128:
3068:
2942:
2909:
2867:
2780:
2708:
2703:
2651:
2121:
2036:
1983:
1724:
1691:
1401:
1323:
876:
857:
755:
719:
607:. Some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as the
581:
294:
252:
211:
173:
486:
3387:
3218:
3062:
3025:
2982:
2895:
2871:
2688:
2410:
2385:
2267:
2212:
1859:
1780:
1061:
635:
475:
418:
406:
354:
145:
75:
1630:
1386:
3279:
3134:
3122:
2862:
2693:
2683:
2483:
2435:
2308:
1144:
800:
773:
616:
573:
538:
533:
505:
402:
288:
168:
141:
1772:
630:
It has been speculated that some seed fern groups may be close to the ancestry of
17:
3350:
3086:
3080:
2875:
2856:
2814:
2764:
2571:
2514:
2455:
2400:
2333:
2283:
2253:
2235:
2227:
1583:
Taylor, Edith L., et al. “Mesozoic Seed Ferns: Old
Paradigms, New Discoveries.”
1224:
832:
791:
651:
593:
556:
544:
467:
435:
366:
264:
136:
50:
3341:
3286:
3213:
3181:
3167:
3150:
2698:
2375:
2164:
2155:
1890:
1843:
624:
492:
455:
430:
348:
336:
224:
95:
60:
1898:
1851:
1715:
1668:
1347:
2951:
2847:
2713:
2597:
2395:
2175:
2144:
342:
330:
100:
44:
1733:
1707:
1676:
1547:
1496:
1471:
1427:
3335:
3223:
2656:
2639:
2075:
1418:
463:
444:
426:
414:
112:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
1660:
1596:
3176:
2879:
2678:
2135:
459:
422:
105:
80:
1322:
Elgorriaga, Andrés; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (July 2019).
509:
504:
The concept of pteridosperms goes back to the late 19th century when
440:
116:
3312:
1402:"Seed ferns survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in Tasmania"
1536:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
1378:
1339:
29:
Several distinct polyphyletic groups of extinct seed-bearing plants
3301:
3162:
2575:
2273:
1987:
1151:
620:
485:
471:
198:
2947:
2666:
1476:, with a statement of the evidence upon which it is referred to
521:
149:
3316:
2569:
1955:
1912:
Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M.; Cleal, Chris J. (2007).
536:) made the critical discovery that some of these fronds (genus
409:. The earliest fossil evidence for plants of this type are the
1400:
McLoughlin S.; Carpenter R.J.; Jordan G.J.; Hill R.S. (2008).
1184:(otherwise placed as incetae sedis regarding family and order)
645:
1365:
gen. nov., a Late
Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules".
524:
and cycads. Shortly afterwards, the
British palaeobotanists
741:
Rothwell (1981) emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007)
852:
Potonie (1900) emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007)
2275:
1623:
10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[119:PATBOS]2.0.CO;2
1361:
Rothwell G. W.; Scheckler S. E.; Gillespie W. H. (1989). "
861:
Němejc (1963) emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007)
1749:"Austrocalyxaeae, a new pteridoserm family from Gondwana"
1484:
1028:
Meyen (1984) emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007)
1696:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1511:
Grand'Eury C (1904). "Sur les graines Neuropteridées".
500:, top right), in an Early Triassic Australian landscape
1989:
1747:
Vega, Juan Carlos; Archangelsky, Sergio (2001-04-25).
532:(with the assistance of Oliver's student at the time,
1643:
Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N. (January 2009).
3325:
3190:
3149:
3038:
3023:
2978:
2965:
2928:
2893:
2846:
2833:
2797:
2778:
2746:
2734:
2665:
2638:
2606:
2595:
2513:
2497:
2470:
2433:
2363:
2342:
2330:
2299:
2266:
2244:
2226:
2174:
2154:
2134:
2119:
374:
315:
243:
180:
36:
1513:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
564:. Initially it was still thought that they were "
1690:Wang, Jun; Pfefferkorn, Hermann W. (2010-01-22).
1567:Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collection
429:Era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1037:Němejc (1959) ex Archangelsky & Cúneo (1990)
2577:
1879:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1832:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1803:Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M. (2003).
1967:
954:(Archangelsky) emend. Coturel et Césari, 2017
417:age. They flourished particularly during the
8:
1530:Kidston R (1904). "On the fructification of
634:(angiosperms). A 2009 study concluded that "
450:With regard to the enduring utility of this
425:periods. Pteridosperms declined during the
1585:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
680:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
584:, with "Mesozoic seed ferns" including the
3313:
3292:
3035:
2975:
2971:
2925:
2901:
2843:
2839:
2794:
2790:
2775:
2743:
2731:
2603:
2592:
2588:
2566:
2510:
2494:
2476:
2467:
2430:
2339:
2327:
2296:
2292:
2131:
2127:
2116:
1974:
1960:
1952:
1455:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
157:
125:
33:
1723:
1495:
1472:"On the structure of the Palaeozoic seed
1417:
700:Learn how and when to remove this message
1873:Barnard, P. D. W.; Long, A. G. (1975).
1826:Barnard, P. D. W.; Long, A. G. (1973).
1611:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
1328:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1314:
1448:
7:
1587:, vol. 133, no. 1, 2006, pp. 62–82.
1269:Incertae sedis to order and family:
678:adding citations to reliable sources
542:) were associated with seeds (genus
512:. In 1899 the German palaeobotanist
1470:Oliver, F.W.; Scott, D.H. (1904).
1443:Lehrbuch der Pflanzenpaläontologie
490:Life restoration of the seed fern
303:(also referred to as Umkomasiales)
25:
3291:
650:
443:times, based on fossil finds in
185:
3302:Current definitions of Plantae
1561:White D (1904). "The seeds of
1248:Anderson & Anderson (2007)
1207:Anderson & Anderson (2007)
1201:Anderson & Anderson (2007)
1195:Anderson & Anderson (2007)
1139:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1126:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1115:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1104:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1098:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1092:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1083:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
980:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
969:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
963:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
912:Vega & Archangelsky (2001)
813:(Corsin (1960)) Havlena (1961)
1:
1753:Palaeontographica Abteilung B
1058:Archangelsky and Cúneo (1990)
890:Wang & Pfefferkorn (2009)
888:Family ?†Nystroemiaceae
498:Corystospermales/Umkomasiales
777:Pilger & Melchior (1954)
439:seem to have survived into
134:Fossil seed fern leaves of
3475:
3449:Devonian first appearances
1649:American Journal of Botany
1406:American Journal of Botany
3274:
2974:
2924:
2904:
2842:
2793:
2774:
2730:
2591:
2587:
2565:
2479:
2429:
2326:
2295:
2130:
2115:
1999:
1891:10.1017/S0080456800015179
1844:10.1017/S008045680001499X
1599:. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
1290:Rothwell and Wight (1989)
1279:Renault et Zeiller (1884)
1074:Friis and Pedersen (1996)
1015:Barnard & Long (1975)
1004:Barnard & Long (1973)
993:Barnard & Long (1973)
482:History of classification
381:
320:
248:
182:Scientific classification
165:
156:
133:
124:
1532:Neuropteris heterophylla
1445:(in German). Berlin, DE.
991:Family †Buteoxylonaceae
1773:10.1127/palb/257/2001/1
1246:Family †Zamiostrobacea
961:Order ?†Alexiales
1942:Seed fern paleontology
1708:10.1098/rspb.2009.0913
1548:10.1098/rstb.1905.0001
1497:10.1098/rstb.1905.0008
1205:Family †Axelrodiaceae
1193:Class †Axelrodiopsida
1102:Family †Hlatimbiaceae
988:Order †Buteoxylonales
530:Dukinfield Henry Scott
501:
3366:Paleobiology Database
489:
407:seed-producing plants
383:Pteridospermatopsida
3414:Carboniferous plants
3394:Pteridospermatophyta
3357:Pteridospermatophyta
3327:Pteridospermatophyta
3297:List of plant orders
3177:Pinopsida (conifers)
3163:Cycadopsida (cycads)
3155:(living gymnosperms)
2652:Leiosporocerotopsida
2371:Nephroselmidophyceae
1490:(225–238): 193–247.
1441:Potonié, H. (1899).
1419:10.3732/ajb.95.4.465
1199:Order †Axelrodiales
1182:Lesquereux (1879-80)
1096:Order †Hlatimbiales
750:Taylor et al. (1994)
674:improve this section
566:transitional fossils
405:grouping of extinct
391:Pteridospermatophyta
238:Pteridospermatophyta
166:Life restoration of
37:Pteridospermatophyta
3459:Paraphyletic groups
3005:Archaeopteridopsida
2738:Polysporangiophytes
2462:Klebsormidiophyceae
2445:Mesostigmatophyceae
2391:Chlorodendrophyceae
2355:Pyramimonadophyceae
2309:Prasinodermophyceae
2203:Compsopogonophyceae
1765:2001PalAB.257....1V
1661:10.3732/ajb.0800202
967:Family †Alexiaceae
768:Li & Yao (1983)
3454:Eocene extinctions
3404:Prehistoric plants
3196:(flowering plants)
3117:Lyginopteridopsida
2910:Eophyllophytopsida
2863:Zosterophyllopsida
2801:Paratracheophytes*
2579:sensu strictissimo
2489:Coleochaetophyceae
2472:Phragmoplastophyta
2314:Palmophyllophyceae
2236:Glaucocystophyceae
2198:Stylonematophyceae
2193:Porphyridiophyceae
1982:Classification of
1474:Lagenostoma Lomaxi
1168:Phasmatocycadaceae
869:Other minor groups
502:
18:Pteridospermophyta
3434:Cretaceous plants
3381:
3380:
3319:Taxon identifiers
3310:
3309:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3204:Basal angiosperms
3105:Gigantopteridales
3054:seed plant groups
3052:and other extinct
3019:
3018:
2993:Noeggerathiopsida
2961:
2960:
2916:Trimerophytopsida
2889:
2888:
2829:
2828:
2785:(vascular plants)
2750:Protracheophytes*
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2689:Andreaeobryopsida
2630:Jungermanniopsida
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2450:Chlorokybophyceae
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2381:Chloropicophyceae
2322:
2321:
2301:Prasinodermophyta
2262:
2261:
1702:(1679): 301–309.
1486:. Series B.
1367:Botanical Gazette
1302:
1291:
1280:
1260:
1249:
1241:
1230:
1219:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1159:Phasmatocycadales
1149:
1140:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1059:
1053:Polyspermophyllum
1047:
1038:
1034:Dicranophyllaceae
1029:
1016:
1005:
994:
981:
970:
964:
913:
902:
891:
862:
853:
849:Lyginopteridaceae
844:
835:
823:
822:Naugolnykh (2012)
814:
805:
796:
787:
778:
769:
765:Gigantopteridales
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
710:
709:
702:
613:Gigantopteridales
605:Corystospermaceae
516:coined the term "
388:
387:
271:Gigantopteridales
119:
16:(Redirected from
3466:
3439:Paleocene plants
3374:
3373:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3314:
3295:
3294:
3209:Core angiosperms
3197:
3156:
3151:Acrogymnospermae
3129:Peltaspermopsida
3111:Glossopteridales
3093:Corystospermales
3075:Callistophytales
3055:
3047:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3031:
2999:Aneurophytopsida
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2926:
2902:
2898:
2857:Barinophytopsida
2844:
2840:
2836:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2758:Horneophytopsida
2749:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2672:
2657:Anthocerotopsida
2645:
2640:Anthocerotophyta
2620:Haplomitriopsida
2613:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2567:
2520:
2511:
2505:Zygnematophyceae
2495:
2477:
2468:
2438:
2431:
2406:Trebouxiophyceae
2376:Picocystophyceae
2340:
2336:
2328:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2181:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2028:
2008:
1993:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1800:
1785:
1784:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1606:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1542:(225–238): 1–5.
1527:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1319:
1301:Dolianiti (1954)
1300:
1289:
1278:
1259:Endlicher (1836)
1258:
1247:
1239:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1181:
1170:
1161:
1147:
1138:
1125:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1071:Erdtmanithecales
1057:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1025:Dicranophyllales
1014:
1003:
992:
979:
968:
962:
911:
909:Austrocalyxaceae
900:
889:
860:
851:
842:
840:Physostomataceae
830:
821:
812:
810:Lyginopteridales
803:
794:
785:
783:Glossopteridales
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
738:Callistophytales
732:Petriella (1981)
731:
729:Corystospermales
722:
705:
698:
694:
691:
685:
654:
646:
632:flowering plants
623:were borne in a
609:Glossopteridales
590:Corystospermales
578:Callistophytales
570:Lyginopteridales
325:flowering plants
301:Corystospermales
283:Lyginopteridales
277:Glossopteridales
259:Callistophytales
244:Groups included
236:
190:
189:
161:
148:of northeastern
144:) from the Late
129:
110:
47:
40:Temporal range:
39:
34:
21:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3429:Jurassic plants
3424:Triassic plants
3409:Devonian plants
3399:Plant divisions
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3369:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3230:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3099:Czekanowskiales
3053:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3015:
2979:
2966:
2957:
2929:Moniliformopses
2920:
2894:
2885:
2835:Eutracheophytes
2834:
2825:
2798:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2770:
2747:
2735:
2718:
2709:Polytrichopsida
2704:Tetraphidopsida
2670:
2669:
2661:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2625:Marchantiopsida
2611:
2610:
2608:Marchantiophyta
2596:
2583:
2529:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2493:
2466:
2434:
2417:
2359:
2350:Mamiellophyceae
2331:
2318:
2287:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2240:
2222:
2218:Florideophyceae
2208:Rhodellophyceae
2188:Cyanidiophyceae
2179:
2178:
2170:
2150:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2026:
2004:
1995:
1980:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1885:(10): 231–249.
1872:
1871:
1867:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1802:
1801:
1788:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1582:
1578:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1534:, Brongniart".
1529:
1528:
1524:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1236:Synangispadixis
1043:Trichopityaceae
871:
786:Plumstead, 1956
715:
706:
695:
689:
686:
671:
655:
644:
506:palaeobotanists
484:
458:, coniferoids (
433:Period, though
393:, also called "
361:Czekanowskiales
323:Magnoliopsida (
234:
184:
120:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
41:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3472:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:Permian plants
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3362:
3347:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3283:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3135:Pentoxylopsida
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3069:Calamopityales
3065:
3058:
3056:
3033:
3026:Spermatophytes
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2983:Progymnosperms
2969:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2948:Polypodiopsida
2945:
2943:Cladoxylopsida
2939:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2896:Euphyllophytes
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2868:Lycopodiopsida
2865:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2809:Cooksoniopsida
2804:
2802:
2788:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2741:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Oedipodiopsida
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2601:
2585:
2584:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2343:Prasinophytina
2337:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2290:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2246:incertae sedis
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2125:
2122:Archaeplastida
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:Mesomycetozoea
2098:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2037:Diaphoretickes
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1984:Archaeplastida
1981:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1936:External links
1934:
1931:
1930:
1904:
1865:
1818:
1786:
1739:
1682:
1655:(1): 237–251.
1635:
1601:
1576:
1553:
1522:
1503:
1462:
1433:
1412:(4): 465–471.
1392:
1379:10.1086/337763
1373:(2): 170–189.
1353:
1340:10.1086/703461
1334:(6): 578–596.
1313:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1281:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1231:
1220:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1155:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1048:
1046:Němejc (1968)
1039:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1006:
986:
985:
984:
983:
982:
959:
958:
957:
956:
955:
946:
938:
930:
922:
905:
904:
903:
884:incertae sedis
877:incertae sedis
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
863:
858:Moresnetiaceae
854:
845:
836:
831:Němejc (1950)
828:Heterangiaceae
824:
819:Angaranthaceae
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
756:Peltaspermales
752:
743:
734:
725:
720:Calamopityales
714:
711:
708:
707:
658:
656:
649:
643:
640:
582:Peltaspermales
483:
480:
386:
385:
379:
378:
372:
371:
370:
369:
363:
357:
351:
346:
340:
334:
328:
318:
317:
313:
312:
311:
310:
304:
297:
295:Peltaspermales
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
253:Calamopityales
246:
245:
241:
240:
232:
228:
227:
225:Spermatophytes
222:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
178:
177:
174:Peltaspermales
163:
162:
154:
153:
131:
130:
122:
121:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
48:
38:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3471:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Eocene plants
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:Bennettitales
3060:
3059:
3057:
3044:
3043:Pteridosperms
3037:
3034:
3030:(seed plants)
3027:
3022:
3012:
3011:Protopityales
3008:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2964:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2782:
2781:Tracheophytes
2777:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Andreaeopsida
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:(land plants)
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2412:
2411:Chlorophyceae
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Pedinophyceae
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:Chlorophytina
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:Viridiplantae
2265:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Bangiophyceae
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Stramenopiles
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:(major groups
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:(4): 91–108.
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:(1–6): 1–16.
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1478:Lyginodendron
1475:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:Cornet (1986)
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1218:Cornet (1986)
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1171:Doweld (2001)
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:Doweld (2001)
1160:
1156:
1153:
1148:Darrah (1960)
1146:
1142:
1137:
1136:Matatiellales
1133:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:Hamshawviales
1086:
1081:
1080:Fredlindiales
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1062:coniferophyte
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1011:Triradioxylon
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
989:
987:
978:
977:
972:
971:
966:
965:
960:
953:
952:
947:
945:
944:
939:
937:
936:
931:
929:
928:
923:
921:
920:
915:
914:
910:
906:
899:
898:
893:
892:
887:
886:
885:
881:
880:
879:
878:
873:
872:
868:
859:
855:
850:
846:
841:
837:
834:
829:
825:
820:
816:
815:
811:
807:
804:Corsin (1960)
802:
798:
795:Gothan (1932)
793:
789:
784:
780:
775:
771:
766:
762:
759:Taylor (1981)
757:
753:
748:
744:
739:
735:
730:
726:
723:Němejc (1963)
721:
717:
716:
712:
704:
701:
693:
683:
679:
675:
669:
668:
664:
659:This section
657:
653:
648:
647:
641:
639:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
552:
547:
546:
541:
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531:
527:
523:
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518:Cycadofilices
515:
514:Henry Potonié
511:
507:
499:
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494:
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469:
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461:
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453:
448:
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432:
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419:Carboniferous
416:
412:
411:lyginopterids
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:pteridosperms
392:
384:
380:
377:
373:
368:
364:
362:
358:
356:
355:Bennettitales
352:
350:
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344:
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212:Tracheophytes
210:
207:
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200:
197:
194:
193:
188:
183:
179:
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171:
170:
164:
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147:
146:Carboniferous
143:
139:
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128:
123:
118:
114:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
43:376 –50
35:
32:
27:
19:
3326:
3280:paraphyletic
3192:Angiospermae
3169:
3168:Ginkgoales (
3141:Petriellales
3123:Medullosales
3050:(seed ferns)
3042:
2763:
2684:Sphagnopsida
2679:Takakiopsida
2612:(liverworts)
2578:
2572:Embryophytes
2526:(see below↓)
2484:Charophyceae
2454:
2436:Streptophyta
2288:land plants)
2276:
2245:
2163:
2156:Rhodelphidia
2143:
2086:Opisthokonta
1990:
1924:
1920:
1907:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1442:
1436:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1295:
1286:Pullaritheca
1284:
1273:
1255:Zamiostrobus
1253:
1234:
1229:Brown (1956)
1223:
1212:
1176:
1145:Nilssoniales
1120:
1109:
1060:(possibly a
1051:
1009:
998:
974:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
901:Halle (1927)
895:
883:
875:
801:Medullosales
774:Pentoxylales
747:Petriellales
713:Major groups
696:
687:
672:Please help
660:
636:phylogenetic
629:
617:paraphyletic
602:
598:
586:Petriellales
574:Medullosales
561:
555:
549:
543:
539:Lyginopteris
537:
534:Marie Stopes
526:Frank Oliver
517:
503:
491:
472:cycadophytes
468:ginkgophytes
449:
434:
403:polyphyletic
398:
394:
390:
389:
382:
308:Petriellales
289:Medullosales
237:
218:
205:
169:Lepidopteris
167:
142:Medullosales
135:
31:
26:
3351:Wikispecies
3087:Cordaitales
3081:Caytoniales
2967:Lignophytes
2950:(ferns and
2876:spikemosses
2815:Rhyniopsida
2765:Aglaophyton
2644:(hornworts)
2515:Embryophyta
2498:Anydrophyta
2456:Spirotaenia
2401:Ulvophyceae
2334:Chlorophyta
2284:green algae
2254:Algospongia
2228:Glaucophyta
2180:(red algae)
1617:: 119–168,
1225:Sanmiguelia
1152:cycadopsids
1122:Batiopteris
951:Fedekurtzia
919:Austrocalyx
843:Long (1975)
792:Caytoniales
594:Caytoniales
557:Neuropteris
551:Dicksonites
545:Lagenostoma
476:bennettites
474:(cycads or
456:angiosperms
436:Komlopteris
367:Cordaitales
265:Caytoniales
137:Neuropteris
3388:Categories
3214:Magnoliids
3182:Gnetopsida
2952:horsetails
2880:quillworts
2872:clubmosses
2848:Lycophytes
2821:Renaliales
2598:Bryophytes
2176:Rhodophyta
2165:Rhodelphis
1947:Seed ferns
1921:Strelitzia
1809:Strelitzia
1573:: 322–331.
1519:: 782–786.
1309:References
1297:Kegelidium
1150:(possibly
1000:Buteoxylon
935:Rinconadia
897:Nystroemia
493:Dicroidium
431:Cretaceous
399:seed ferns
349:Gnetophyta
345:(conifers)
337:Ginkgoales
231:Division:
2714:Bryopsida
2667:Bryophyta
2396:UTC clade
2145:Picomonas
2081:Amoebozoa
2059:Alveolata
2047:Cryptista
2022:Eukaryota
1899:0080-4568
1860:129792299
1852:0080-4568
1781:248282839
1716:0962-8452
1669:0002-9122
1563:Aneimites
1451:cite book
1348:1058-5893
1275:Gnetopsis
1214:Axelrodia
1111:Hlatimbia
927:Polycalyx
833:nom. nud.
690:June 2021
661:does not
562:Aneimites
464:cordaites
343:Pinophyta
339:(ginkgos)
331:Cycadales
316:Excluded
195:Kingdom:
3342:Q1130372
3336:Wikidata
3224:Eudicots
3219:Monocots
2937:Ibykales
2671:(mosses)
2576:Plantae
2274:Plantae
2076:Amorphea
2054:Rhizaria
2042:Hacrobia
2032:Excavata
2017:Bacteria
1988:Plantae
1927:: 1–280.
1815:: 1–308.
1734:19656793
1677:21628187
1631:86395036
1597:20063823
1428:21632371
1387:84303226
1363:Elkinsia
1166:Family †
1041:Family †
1032:Family †
907:Family †
856:Family †
847:Family †
838:Family †
826:Family †
817:Family †
642:Taxonomy
460:conifers
452:division
445:Tasmania
427:Mesozoic
415:Devonian
413:of late
401:" are a
376:Synonyms
333:(cycads)
115:– Early
113:Devonian
3287:extinct
2136:Picozoa
2091:Animals
2012:Archaea
1761:Bibcode
1725:2842674
1178:Lesleya
1157:Order †
1143:Order †
1134:Order †
1087:Order †
1078:Order †
1069:Order †
1023:Order †
943:Jejenia
808:Order †
799:Order †
790:Order †
781:Order †
772:Order †
763:Order †
754:Order †
745:Order †
736:Order †
727:Order †
718:Order †
682:removed
667:sources
423:Permian
199:Plantae
3282:groups
3170:Ginkgo
2878:&
2736:
2332:
2069:Plants
2006:Domain
1897:
1858:
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1722:
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976:Alexia
882:Order
874:Class
625:cupule
621:ovules
510:cycads
441:Eocene
397:" or "
117:Eocene
3371:56130
2286:&
2096:Fungi
1917:(PDF)
1856:S2CID
1777:S2CID
1627:S2CID
1593:JSTOR
1589:JSTOR
1383:S2CID
522:ferns
219:Clade
206:Clade
111:Late
3285:† =
2277:s.s.
1991:s.l.
1895:ISSN
1848:ISSN
1730:PMID
1712:ISSN
1673:PMID
1665:ISSN
1457:link
1424:PMID
1344:ISSN
665:any
663:cite
611:and
592:and
580:and
560:and
528:and
421:and
150:Ohio
51:PreꞒ
2574:or
2272:or
1986:or
1887:doi
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1769:doi
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1720:PMC
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