Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland

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of people in need, promotes their economic and personal independence and supports their social and professional integration. Social assistance makes an active contribution to the prevention of poverty and thus to social peace in Switzerland. The financial benefits of social assistance are based on individual needs and are only paid out if one's own funds are not sufficient and all other assistance is not available or is not available in time. In addition to economic help, social assistance provides personal support within the framework of social counselling. Social assistance is a central pillar of the social security system in Switzerland. It is regulated by law by the cantons and financed from public funds. The cantons are guided by the

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responsibility and exceptions. He regulated this in the Competence Act (ZUG) of 1977. The ZUG deals with social assistance law and essentially regulates the obligation to reimburse costs between the cantons (with regard to support residence, canton of residence, home canton, etc.). Furthermore, the responsibility for Swiss nationals with permanent residence abroad, foreigners, refugees or stateless persons is also recorded in the ZUG. In December 2012, the Swiss Parliament decided to amend the jurisdiction law so that that the reimbursement obligation of the home canton is abolished. 02-d.pdf parliament.ch]</ref>

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an allowance system, special account is taken of the personal integration efforts and the individual life situation. The guidelines also provide information on the crediting of income and assets, on dealing with financial claims against third parties, on the rights and obligations of those receiving social assistance and on conditions, possible sanctions and measures for integration. These guidelines are advisory in nature. They only become legally binding when they are included in cantonal legislation, municipal legislation or case law. Today, however, all cantons follow the SKOS guidelines to varying degrees.

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as self-determined a life as possible. The social workers proceed in a resource-oriented manner and see their clients as autonomous, reflective people. professional integration in the foreground, but great attention should also be paid to social or societal integration, because in this way, in addition to protecting human dignity, consequential damage for those affected and the public sector can be limited. And it is not uncommon for social integration to be the first step towards professional integration.

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directives are also supported by the “Legal Issues” commission from a legal point of view and the “Social Policy and Social Assistance” commission from a socio-political perspective. The guidelines are adopted by the board of SKOS and the board of the Swiss Conference of Cantonal Social Directors (SODK). Through this mechanism for determining or revising the guidelines ensures that the guidelines are broadly supported.

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of the SKOS guidelines in December 2008, a higher standard of living for the relatives has been a prerequisite for this claim – based on a federal court decision. The SKOS recommends an income limit of CHF 10,000 per month for individuals and CHF 15,000 for married couples. The asset allowance is recommended at CHF 250,000 or CHF 500,000. Relative support is applied very differently in the cantons.

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the competent authority, if possible by registered mail, before the welfare recipient consents to treatment. The authority can have this checked for plausibility by a medical officer who is obliged to maintain medical confidentiality towards the authority, but must bear the costs incurred if the examination ordered by the authority's medical officer was carried out unjustifiably.

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the increase in the poor with marriage bans, which ended with the constitution of 1874, which prohibited people from being differentiated according to their social situation. However, until the end of the 19th century, welfare dependents received money to emigrate to America. In return, the poor man was declared homeless, so that no Swiss community had to pay for him.

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professional and social integration. If people on social assistance take up gainful employment or extend their current professional activity, they receive an income allowance on their wage income > The integration allowances are also available for non-employed people who provide benefits for professional and social integration.

135:(SKOS) is a private-law association and professional association on whose board the cantonal social welfare offices, cities, municipalities and regions as well as private social welfare organizations are represented. The cantons, federal offices, cities, municipalities and private organizations are members of the SKOS. 553:

in Switzerland too, since the revision of the SKOS guidelines in 2005 at the latest in Switzerland too, «material security in the event of imminent poverty has been systematically linked to the condition that On the part of those receiving social benefits, so-called consideration is provided wherever

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The aim of social counseling is to work with people who are threatened or affected by temporary or permanent social exclusion to regain access to the various functional systems of society. With methods such as the empowerment approach, social work attempts to enable those on social assistance to lead

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Social assistance is a need benefit. This means that it is clarified on a case-by-case basis whether a person or household is able to cover its expenses with the funds available. If this is not the case, the household receives social assistance. In the case of shared accommodation, where there is not

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The SKOS issues guidelines for the calculation method and for determining the individual support budget receipt of social assistance benefits. These are composed of the basic need for subsistence, the housing costs and the basic medical care as well as the situation-related benefits. With the help of

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The Swiss Federal Constitution guarantees every person residing in Switzerland the right to help in emergencies. Article 12 BV reads: "Anyone who gets into trouble and is not able to take care of themselves has the right to help and care and to the means that are essential for a dignified existence."

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In the case of medical treatment, social welfare pays the annual deductible and the deductible from the health insurance company. Uncovered but essential treatment costs are also paid. Dental treatments must be simple, economical and practical. To be on the safe side, a cost estimate must be sent to

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Individualisation: Social assistance benefits are adjusted to the individual case. Supported persons are not better off materially than unsupported persons who live in modest economic circumstances. The ultimate goal is to ensure the autonomy of those affected with the best possible integration into

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The regulation with the place of origin sometimes led to a certain discrimination, since one cannot lose one's place of origin. Acquiring a second or third place of residence was and is only possible through expensive naturalization at the new place of residence. Attempts were sometimes made to stem

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In 1551, the Diet of the Old Confederation decided that each community or parish should pay for its own poor. This also corresponded to the development in England and France: the poor should stay where they are. It was also felt that the poor should be helped where their needs are known - where they

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Responsibility and implementation of social assistance are organized very differently depending on the canton or municipality. It can be organized on a cantonal, regional or municipal level. With the creation of specialized social services at cantonal or regional level or in large municipalities and

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Foreigners from the European Union and EFTA can only receive social assistance if they have a valid residence permit and have worked in Switzerland for at least one year. In June 2017, the Federal Council dealt with the issue of stricter restrictions on access to social assistance for people who are

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If someone has received welfare benefits illegally or has not used them correctly, they must also repay them. In particular, if someone works and earns money while receiving social assistance, they must declare this income to the social welfare authority; so the services can be adjusted. Anyone who

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The person concerned has the right that their civil legal capacity and capacity to act is not restricted. The supported person also has a right to be heard and to inspect files. Furthermore, the decisions of the social welfare bodies must be made in writing and justified. Ultimately, those affected

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If there is an entitlement to social assistance, relatives' support can be requested from relatives in ascending and descending relationships. Siblings are not subject to support, but spouses are. Support for relatives is regulated in Articles 328 and 329 of the Civil Code (ZGB). Since the revision

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Additional expenses for holidays are not paid by social security. Recipients of social assistance can, however, use the support money made available to them relatively autonomously and, to a limited extent, can also make smaller excursions while forgoing other expenses. In special cases, the social

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In the Middle Ages, social welfare, then known as welfare for the poor, was a matter for the churches, which distributed alms to the needy. Religious orders ran simple hospitals and hospices where the poor were treated free of charge. In the late Middle Ages, the villages and towns themselves began

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The law on social assistance and loans to Swiss nationals abroad is based on Art. 40 of the Federal Constitution and regulates the entitlement to social assistance for people who are resident abroad, have been there for more than three months or have been abroad after at least three years return to

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Social assistance in the narrower sense comes into play when a household cannot secure its livelihood despite these benefits. It is a social benefit under public law that has the function of a minimum level of security in the bottom safety net in the social security system. It secures the existence

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benefit recipients — depending on their physical and mental condition such work in appropriate workshops, offices or internal staff restaurants in state institutions (as a “second job market” not for profit) or under private law (usually profit-oriented as companies operating in the «primary labor

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With an acknowledgment of debt, a municipality aims to interrupt the maximum 15-year reimbursement obligation recognized in most cantons and thus start it all over again. ch/geld-Sicherheit/sozialhilfe/artikel/sozialhilfe_ein-leben-lang-krediten/ Social assistance: debts for a lifetime], Observer,

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If asylum seekers, temporarily admitted persons, those in need of protection and refugees (during the first 5 or 7 years of residence) or persons with a legally binding expulsion decision are dependent on social assistance benefits, the cantons and municipalities are responsible for paying out the

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In practice, many bureaucratic hurdles can block access to social assistance for people living in poverty, especially for people with chronic illness and/or mental health problems. In the case of the latter, it is not uncommon for sexual exploitation or drug use or both to be a major contributory

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Today's social assistance is an activating one. By means of offers and incentives, social assistance recipients are to be motivated to work and integrate. The SKOS guidelines provide incentives for employed people receiving social assistance or for those who are particularly concerned about their

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The guidelines are prepared by practitioners. The "Guidelines and Practical Aid (RIP)" commission includes over twenty experts from the field of social assistance and management of social services in larger and smaller communities, cities and in German- and French-speaking Switzerland. Changes in

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The assets are to be used up to an asset allowance. This is CHF 4,000 for individuals, CHF 8,000 for couples and CHF 2,000 for one child. Valuables that cannot be dispensed with, real estate, expensive cars and the like must be sold in order to be able to live on one's own capital for as long as

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Across Switzerland, 261,983 people received social assistance benefits in 2014. That is 3.2% of the Swiss population. Between 2009 and 2014, the social assistance rate hardly changed. But there are big differences between the cantons. Urban cantons have a higher social assistance rate than rural

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One of the obligations of those receiving social assistance is to provide truthful information about their income, assets and family circumstances when clarifying their need. Any changes in financial and personal circumstances must be reported. If possible, people on social assistance must also

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Social assistance in the broader sense includes all needs-based benefits as well as social assistance in the narrower sense. Benefits that precede social assistance in the narrower sense are geared to specific risks. Anyone who gets into financial difficulties due to a certain life situation is

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The notorious shortage of money only changed in the 18th century, when the communities opened funds from donations and fines in order to have liquid funds available for the poor. At the same time, the principle was often applied that the relatives of those in need had to pay for their support.

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Each canton has a cantonal social welfare law that has been passed by the respective parliament. The details are regulated by a social assistance regulation. This is issued by the cantonal government. As a result, social welfare law varies from canton to canton. All cantons are based on one or

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parts), sewing orders, housekeeping (laundry and kitchen), office work (such as administration of that company, artificial reproduction of customer orders) or IT tasks (for further training) or customer orders. Social welfare recipients are — like generally unemployment benefit recipients and

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to have it signed so that a municipality can initiate the operation more easily. This is contrary to the intention of the legislature, which stipulates that people who have been supported once should not be burdened with lifelong debts to the relevant authority. It is advised not to sign such

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If a service is provided because a need has arisen, one speaks of finality. The reasons that led to this need are irrelevant. The classic final systems include public and private social assistance. Among the social insurances, AHV, IV, EL and occupational pensions are among the final systems.

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Social assistance only pays support for current expenses. Social assistance does not finance the ownership, maintenance and use of cars unless they are used to maintain employment or are necessary for health reasons, such as in the case of mobility problems. Social assistance also does not

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In the second half of the 19th century, the first cantons began to create laws on welfare benefits; In 1920, such regulations finally existed in all Swiss cantons. A decisive change began in 1857, when the Canton of Berne decided that the local municipality, and not the home town, would be

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Article 115 of the Federal Constitution is a competence norm that states that the cantons are responsible for supporting those in need. The cantons are constitutionally obliged to regulate and implement social assistance. However, Article 115 also states that the Confederation can regulate

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If the financial situation of (former) recipients of social assistance improves significantly, lawfully received social assistance benefits can be reclaimed from the public sector. To what extent and to what extent such reimbursements are requested depends heavily on cantonal legislation.

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If these obligations are culpably violated, the basic requirement for subsistence can be reduced or canceled by a maximum of 30 percent as well as allowances for benefits (income allowance and integration allowances). Reductions must be proportionate and be made in a contestable form.

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cities, the professionalization of social assistance will be strengthened. These social services provide material and personal help in emergencies. It can be assumed that today 80-90% of all people in Switzerland live in the catchment area of such a social service .ch]</ref>

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responsible for supporting the poor, although at that time 59% of the people still lived in the home town. By 1939, all cantons adopted the place of residence regulation. The home town only has to pay for the subsistence level for people who are obviously homeless and in need.

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cause. The fulfillment of official requirements requires a minimal ability on the part of those affected to be able to fulfill them. If this is not the case, their destiny turns in a fateful downward spiral. These people need intensive support in order to get out again.

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The entitlement to secure subsistence laid down in this article forms the most important basis for social assistance at the federal level. However, no statement is made as to what means are necessary for a decent existence. So no subsistence level is justified.

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Safeguarding human dignity: Social assistance is rooted in the constitutionally protected right to a dignified existence. Its main task is to provide the needy individual with the bare necessities of life and to free them from their specific need in the long

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Subsidiarity: Social assistance is granted when the needy are unable to help themselves and when third-party help is not available or not available in time. The person in need of help has the right to a comprehensive assessment of their personal and social

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Even if a formerly needy person has not accumulated wealth to pay back social security benefits, but is just making ends meet, complaints are increasing that some municipalities are starting to do so - increasingly in the canton of St. Gallen - so-called

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contribute to alleviating their hardship. This includes in particular the obligation to look for or take up reasonable employment and to participate in social and professional integration measures as well as the obligation to assert third-party claims.

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A household is entitled to an allowance for basic needs. Housing costs for adequate housing and healthcare are paid for separately. There may also be other situational benefits for expenses such as extra family childcare, professional expenses, etc.

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benefits, but the costs will be incurred taken over by the federal government. This also gives the federal government the opportunity to enforce provisions on the payment of social assistance benefits for these groups of people.

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For 53.5% of all social assistance dossiers, social assistance was the only source of income. In 27.5% of cases, social assistance had to supplement earned income. If the employment percentage was 90% or more, one speaks of

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The social welfare authority also handles appeals against decisions. In the second instance, a cantonal supervisory authority usually deals with it. As a last step, appealing persons can also go to the competent courts.

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Performance and consideration: The granting of social assistance is linked to the cooperation of those seeking help. Efforts in gainful employment or community service are recognized by granting an allowance or

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of a poor person should pay for their support. This often shifted responsibility for the poor, itinerant and homeless, and in some communities these marginalized groups made up as much as 10% of the population.

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An income allowance is granted on the income from work, i.e. part of the income is not taken into account. This amount varies from canton to canton. As a rule, the exempt amount is between 200 and 600 francs.

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Recipients are obliged to participate in workfare programs regardless of their employable state of health. These (relatively simple) activities often include a. the utilization of raw materials (e.g.

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Benefits that are paid in addition to insufficient or exhausted social security benefits (supplementary benefits for old-age and disability insurance, unemployment benefits, family allowances, etc.).

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necessarily a mutual obligation to support, the situations are considered separately. Social assistance provides economic support and, as part of social counseling, personal, i.e. advisory help.

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After the First World War, special training courses were created to train the first social workers. They ran homes for orphans and the handicapped. In 1948, the

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When it comes to the reimbursement of social assistance benefits, a distinction must be made between benefits received legally and benefits received illegally.

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when designing the support services. The public Social assistance is supplemented by private social assistance from aid organizations and other organizations.

1074: 2056: 1169: 750:/schweiz/bundesrat-prueft-einschraenk-der-sozialhilfe-fuer-auslaender-131406097 "Federal Council examines restrictions on social assistance for foreigners" 1489: 37:

entitled to it. The upstream required services are diverse and differ depending on the canton. There are basically three groups of required services:

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On the income side of the needs calculation, all available funds are taken into account, i.e. income from work, other social benefits and assets.

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Although they are linked to a specific risk (old age, death, disability), they do not differentiate according to its cause (accident or illness).

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Social assistance recipients have rights and obligations that can be derived from the objectives and basic principles of social assistance.

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Final principle: Social assistance is paid regardless of a reason that led to poverty. The Dictionary of Social Policy defines it this way:

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possible. Financial claims against third parties (daily allowances, alimony, etc.) must be claimed by the recipient of social assistance.

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areas. Young adults, people with a low level of education, single parents and foreigners are particularly dependent on social assistance.

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live. If a Swiss was "poor", i.e. in need of support, the home community had to pay for him. Peter Joksch, July 18, 2001.</ref>

1819: 1751: 1645: 1179: 1164: 2117: 1874: 1708: 1556: 1067: 2127: 2046: 1802: 1788: 1771: 1681: 1633: 1464: 1189: 2024: 1904: 1889: 1628: 1623: 1613: 1603: 1474: 1174: 585: 41:

Benefits that guarantee access to basic state care (training grants, reduced premiums for compulsory health insurance, etc.)

1884: 1776: 1564: 1539: 1499: 1416: 1411: 1201: 1184: 411:

Entertainment and education (e.g. radio/TV concession, sports, toys, newspapers, books, school fees, cinema, keeping pets)

285: 693: 132: 1701: 1479: 1127: 1122: 568: 289: 1952: 1942: 1899: 1869: 1839: 1824: 1761: 1581: 1529: 1494: 1259: 1060: 655:

Robert Fluder, Jürgen Stremlow: Poverty and need. Challenges for municipal social services. Berne: Haupt Verlag, 1999.

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Benefits that come into play as a result of a lack of private security (alimony assistance, housing allowances, etc.)!

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market») organized "social companies". Such a social company usually includes training when looking for a job and

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Further information about what is covered by social assistance and what is not can be found on the SKOS homepage.

2014: 1864: 1849: 1829: 1112: 1977: 1844: 1781: 1766: 1551: 1469: 1406: 1220: 1159: 2036: 1814: 1746: 1517: 1137: 638:

Gisela Hauss, Béatrice Ziegler: "Help, educate, manage." Seismo Verlag, Zurich 2010, ISBN 978-3-03777-078-8.

1211: 2122: 2082: 2075: 1929: 1894: 1756: 1691: 1669: 1459: 1439: 1352: 1332: 1282: 1267: 1104: 1087: 525: 1982: 1947: 1859: 1713: 1650: 1272: 1132: 360:

According to SKOS guidelines (new amounts from 2022), the allowance for basic needs (CHF (~$ 1.08)) is:

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Ruedi Epple, Eva Schär: "Founders, Cities, States." Seismo Verlag, Zurich 2010, ISBN 978-3-03777-088-7.

293: 2091: 2041: 2019: 1919: 1834: 1454: 1347: 532: 1962: 1696: 1357: 573: 405:

Transport expenses including half-fare travelcard (local public transport, bike/moped maintenance)

2096: 2029: 1736: 1608: 1598: 1302: 916: 260: 1327: 763: 24: 2009: 1997: 1618: 1397: 1362: 1312: 1307: 1292: 1026: 962: 1005:"Workfare in the social welfare reform, the revision of the SKOS guidelines in Switzerland" 951: 990: 776: 663: 2002: 1967: 1655: 1322: 1287: 1249: 692:

Federal Statistical Office 2011. Statistical Social Report Switzerland 2011, p. 64ff.

2111: 1992: 1957: 1593: 1392: 1377: 1244: 1142: 481:

have the right to be given the opportunity to improve their situation independently.

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fraudulently fails to comply with these obligations risks being reported for fraud.

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otherwise follow the guidelines of the Swiss Conference for Social Welfare (SKOS).

1937: 1718: 1297: 1083: 614: 608: 602: 18: 861: 724: 662:

Edition Soziothek, Bern 2008, ISBN 978-3-03796-408-8 (PDF file) free of charge

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The following items of expenditure are to be paid from the basic requirement:

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The following explanations relate to social assistance in the narrower sense.

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service can ask private foundations for contributions to recreational trips.

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Health care without deductibles and deductibles (e.g. self-bought medication)

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44.2% of all social welfare recipients have no professional training (2014).

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Energy consumption (electricity, gas, etc.) without additional housing costs

1016:, p. 1, social research Kurt Wyss, March 2006 paper, accessed 14 Apr 20 15. 815: 641:

Peter Neuenschwander, Oliver Hümbelin, Marc Kalbermatter, Rosmarie Ruder:

1972: 1342: 563: 549: 396:

Ongoing housekeeping (cleaning/maintenance of clothes and apartment) incl

1367: 1317: 1052: 1047: 1387: 1372: 1277: 898:

Federal Statistical Office (FSO). Social assistance statistics 2014.

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Federal Statistical Office (BFS). Social assistance statistics 2014.

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Other (e.g. club fees, small gifts, drinks and food taken outside)

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in the broader sense and social assistance in the narrower sense.

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Helbling Lichtenhahn Verlag, Basel 2011, ISBN 978-3-7190-3086-5.

1056: 1029:, Working Group of Swiss Social Firms, accessed April 14, 2015. 847:

The SKOS guidelines at a glance, basic paper of the SKOS (2013)

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article of 20 March 2015, retrieved 14 April 2015.</ref>

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The guidelines of the Swiss Conference for Social Assistance.

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The guidelines of the Swiss Conference for Social Welfare.

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The guidelines of the Swiss Conference for Social Welfare.

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The guidelines of the Swiss Conference for Social Welfare.

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The guidelines of the Swiss Conference for Social Welfare.

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Legislation on social assistance to Swiss nationals abroad

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Guido Wizent: Social Welfare Law, Zurich/St. Gallen 2020

296:, takes over part of the previous welfare for the poor. 1042: 927: 473:

Rights and obligations of social assistance recipients

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Questions_and_answers_SKOS guidelines.pdf www.skos.ch

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http://www.soziothek.ch/ausgestaltung-der-sozialhilfe

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possible, i.e. somehow defined work has to be done».

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Fundamental right to help in emergencies (Art. 12 BV)

1928: 1801: 1668: 1516: 1432: 1258: 1232: 1219: 1103: 645:

Seismo Verlag, Zurich 2012, ISBN 978-3-03777-124-2.

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Social assistance in the narrower and broader sense

221:5.3% of all cases involve couples without children 907:SKOS (2013). Social assistance briefly explained. 894: 892: 882: 880: 878: 218:10.5% of all cases involve couples with children 324: 597: Anne-Lise Head-King, Thierry Christ: 535:if a debt enforcement procedure is initiated. 197:Social assistance rate by nationality (2014): 1068: 547:In order to counteract the paradigm shift to 208:Support units by household structure (2014): 8: 940:Empowerment in social work: an introduction. 414:Personal care (e.g. hairdresser, toiletries) 168:Social assistance rate by age group (2014): 332:SocialInfo, the dictionary of social policy 2052:Cultural Property of National Significance 1807: 1674: 1522: 1229: 1225: 1075: 1061: 1053: 417:Personal equipment (e.g. writing material) 212:65.5% of all cases are single-person cases 96:Switzerland and are dependent on support. 615: 288:was introduced, which, together with the 215:18.6% of all cases concern single parents 609: 603: 314:the professional and social environment. 917:entry in the dictionary with references 685: 82:Article 115 BV and Competence Act (ZUG) 772: 761: 531:acknowledgments of debt and to file a 105:not citizens of EU or EFTA countries. 352:Calculation of Needs/Expenses Allowed 300:Basic principles of social assistance 7: 672:A handbook, Zurich/ St. Gallen 2014. 622:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 387:Food, beverages and tobacco products 53: 1043:Swiss Conference for Social Welfare 133:Swiss Conference for Social Welfare 259:The Diet decided in 1681 that the 14: 147:Organization of social assistance 1210: 830:(in German). Sodk.ch. 2022-04-28 643:The hard walk to social service. 408:Messaging (e.g. telephone, mail) 109:Legal basis from the asylum area 1002:Excerpt from work on workfare: 993: (archived August 24, 2013) 670:The need for social assistance. 550:«Welfare-to-work» ( «Workfare») 100:Social assistance to foreigners 1570:President of the Confederation 586:Social security in Switzerland 440:Crediting of income and assets 22:a distinction is made between 1: 379:per additional person CHF 204 247:to maintain such poorhouses. 701:(Error: unknown archive URL) 660:Design of social assistance. 942:Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2012. 625:., October 18, 2005 version 2144: 806:Part 4, 2011, pp. 271-362. 460:Personal Social Assistance 347:Economic Social Assistance 2069: 1810: 1677: 1525: 1228: 1208: 1094: 1530:Administrative divisions 1417:list of cities and towns 1025:Social company concept: 987:sozinventar.bfs.admin.ch 502:Reimbursement of service 2118:Politics of Switzerland 1727:Pharmaceutical industry 2128:Welfare in Switzerland 1732:Science and technology 1575:Federal administration 973:IG Sozialhilfe (ed.): 725:The Competence Act ZUG 518:Acknowledgment of Debt 335: 251:16th to 19th centuries 1027:concept a social firm 399:Small household items 2057:World Heritage Sites 1855:Firearms regulation 1424:Statistical regions 1233:Physiographic areas 816:The SKOS guidelines 526:debt acknowledgment 1820:Capital punishment 1752:Telecommunications 1646:Popular initiative 975:Annual Report 2011 938:Norbert Herriger: 425:restructure debt. 390:Clothing and shoes 376:5 people CHF 2,435 373:4 people CHF 2,153 370:3 people CHF 1,871 367:2 people CHF 1,539 364:1 person CHF 1,006 2105: 2104: 2065: 2064: 1875:Human trafficking 1797: 1796: 1664: 1663: 1641:Political parties 1634:Council of States 1557:Foreign relations 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1048:Swiss welfare law 658:Andreas Huwiler: 190:65–79 years, 0.2% 187:56–64 years, 2.7% 184:46–55 years, 3.3% 181:36–45 years, 3.6% 178:26–35 years, 3.9% 175:18–25 years, 3.9% 172:00–17 years, 5.2% 25:Social assistance 2135: 2085: 2078: 1808: 1789:Waste management 1722: 1682:Economic history 1675: 1629:National Council 1614:National Redoubt 1523: 1230: 1226: 1214: 1190:Military history 1160:Early Modern era 1077: 1070: 1063: 1054: 1030: 1023: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1000: 994: 984: 978: 971: 965: 960: 954: 949: 943: 936: 930: 925: 919: 914: 908: 905: 899: 896: 887: 884: 873: 872: 870: 868: 858: 852: 845: 839: 838: 836: 835: 824: 818: 813: 807: 800: 794: 793:2011, pp. 59-63. 787: 781: 780: 774: 769: 767: 759: 757: 756: 746: 740: 733: 727: 722: 716: 709: 703: 702: 699:at bfs.admin.ch 698: 690: 617: 611: 605: 333: 204:Foreigners, 6.3% 2143: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2088: 2081: 2074: 2061: 2025:Public holidays 1924: 1905:Social security 1793: 1720: 1660: 1604:Law enforcement 1565:Federal Council 1504: 1485:Mountain passes 1428: 1254: 1215: 1206: 1138:Federal Charter 1133:Old Confederacy 1099: 1090: 1081: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1024: 1020: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 991:Wayback Machine 985: 981: 972: 968: 963:(Chapter A.8.2) 961: 957: 950: 946: 937: 933: 926: 922: 915: 911: 906: 902: 897: 890: 885: 876: 866: 864: 860: 859: 855: 846: 842: 833: 831: 826: 825: 821: 814: 810: 802:Claudia Hänzi: 801: 797: 789:Claudia Hänzi: 788: 784: 770: 760: 754: 752: 748: 747: 743: 735:Claudia Hänzi: 734: 730: 723: 719: 711:Claudia Hänzi: 710: 706: 700: 696: 691: 687: 682: 648:Claudia Hänzi: 632: 594: 582: 560: 545: 520: 504: 491: 475: 462: 442: 354: 349: 340: 334: 331: 302: 282: 253: 244: 239: 193:80+ years, 0.3% 162: 149: 129: 127:SKOS guidelines 120: 111: 102: 93: 84: 75: 70: 65: 54:SKOS guidelines 34: 12: 11: 5: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1737:Stock exchange 1734: 1729: 1724: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1656:Federal decree 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1537: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1450:Extreme points 1447: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1412:Municipalities 1409: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1264: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1250:Jura Mountains 1247: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1202:Historiography 1199: 1198: 1197: 1187: 1185:Modern history 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1165:Napoleonic era 1162: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1065: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1038: 1037:External links 1035: 1032: 1031: 1018: 995: 979: 966: 955: 944: 931: 920: 909: 900: 888: 874: 862:"bfs.admin.ch" 853: 840: 819: 808: 795: 782: 741: 728: 717: 704: 697:(Date missing) 684: 683: 681: 678: 677: 676: 673: 668:Guido Wizent: 666: 656: 653: 646: 639: 636: 631: 628: 627: 626: 619:in the online 593: 590: 589: 588: 581: 578: 559: 556: 544: 541: 533:legal proposal 519: 516: 503: 500: 490: 487: 474: 471: 461: 458: 441: 438: 422: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 381: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 353: 350: 348: 345: 339: 336: 329: 323: 322: 319: 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