114:
Many states and their subdivisions prohibited discrimination in places of public accommodation prior to the enactment of Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. By 1964, 31 states had such laws, many dating back to the late 19th century. As of 2015, 45 states have an anti-discrimination public
70:
is limited to "any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests" and so is inapplicable to churches, mosques, synagogues, et al. Section 12187 of the ADA also exempts religious organizations from public accommodation laws, but religious organizations are
170:
127:
65:
to the disabled and may not discriminate on the basis of "race, color, religion, or national origin." Private clubs were specifically exempted under federal law as well as religious organizations. The definition of public accommodation within the
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accommodation law for nondisabled individuals. The laws all protect against discrimination based upon race, gender, ethnicity, and religion. There are 19 states that prohibit discrimination in public accommodation based upon age.
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Because a right to public accommodation for gay and transgender people does not exist in federal law, in more than half the states in the U.S., discrimination in public accommodation against LGBT people remains legal.
568:
180:
298:
708:
256:
94:
67:
103:
99:
613:
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Private clubs were exempted under federal law but not in many states' laws. For example, in interpreting a
Minnesota law in their 1984 ruling
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419:
135:
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are generally defined as facilities, whether publicly or privately owned, that are used by the public at large. Examples include
370:
144:
461:
140:
342:
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organization for men between the ages of 18 and 36, to be a public accommodation, thus compelling it to admit women.
420:"Gay Rights, the Bible, and Public Accommodations: An Empirical Approach to Religious Exemptions for Holdout States"
296:
For a list of states and localities that had anti-discrimination public accommodation legislation at the time, see
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provide for non-discrimination in public accommodation when based upon sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
175:
165:
320:"Comment, Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Public Accommodations Laws"
703:
569:"Just Shoot Me: Public Accommodation Anti-Discrimination Laws Take Aim at First Amendment Freedom of Speech"
160:
123:
47:
395:
713:
427:
383:
82:) that provide for nondiscrimination in public accommodations, and some may be broader than federal law.
492:
148:
628:
466:
222:
675:
671:
604:
600:
544:
527:
508:
440:
436:
261:
Corporation of the
Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos
171:
List of cities and counties in the United States offering an LGBT non-discrimination ordinance
31:
614:"Conscience and Complicity: Assessing Pleas for Religious Exemptions in 'Hobby Lobby's' Wake"
644:
541:
ADA Amendments Act of 2008 and its impact on public accommodations and commercial facilities
444:
304:
58:
556:
Office on the
Americans with Disabilities Act, United States Department of Justice (1992).
585:
524:
The Public
Accommodations Law of 1964: Arguments, Issues and Attitudes in a Legal Debate
683:
697:
640:
62:
274:"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,AS AMENDED with ADA Amendments Act of 2008"
17:
27:
US legal term for public or private facilities that are used by the public at large
343:"State Public Accommodations Laws, Fundamental Liberties and Enforcement Programs"
557:
684:“Jews Not Admitted”: Anti-Semitism, Civil Rights, and Public Accommodation Laws.
79:
75:
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Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North
Carolina and Texas do not have such laws.
51:
548:
273:
645:"Religious and Political Virtues and Values in Congruence or Conflict?: On
586:"We Don't Serve Your Kind Here: Public Accommodation and the Mark of Sodom"
531:
319:
559:
The
Americans with Disabilities Act Title III technical assistance manual
632:
199:
43:
384:
https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/Spotlight-Public-Accommodations-FINAL.pdf
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Federal legislation dealing with public accommodations include these:
308:, 378 U.S. 226, pages 284–285 (1964) (listing states and localities).
39:
204:, The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Jan 17, 1997
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Religious organizations and institutions were not mentioned in
302:, 379 U.S. 241, page 259 note 8 (1964) (listing statutes) and
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181:
Masterpiece
Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
259:, but they received an exemption under Title VII. See
400:, National Conference of State Legislatures, May 2011
543:. Newark, New Jersey: Matthew Bender (Lexis-Nexis).
324:
New York
University Review of Law and Social Change
507:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
318:Lerman, Lisa G.; Sanderson, Annette K. (1978).
562:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government.
526:. Northampton, Massachusetts: Smith College.
299:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
8:
497:Civil Rights and Public Accommodations: The
373:. National Conference of State Legislatures.
462:"Jaycees Vote to Admit Women to Membership"
242:
240:
364:
362:
360:
122:Several states also have protections for
257:Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
95:Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
68:Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
46:, and service establishments as well as
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104:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
690:, Volume 107, Issue 4, Pages 847–870.
246:Sec. 201(e), Civil Rights Act of 1964
7:
621:The University of Chicago Law Review
25:
709:Civil rights in the United States
418:Chapman, Kelly Catherine (2012).
371:"State Public Accommodation Laws"
143:declared the previously all-male
136:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
61:, public accommodations must be
584:Singer, Joseph William (2015).
201:The ADA: Questions and Answers
1:
522:Carothers, Leslie A. (1968).
341:Caldwell, Wallace F. (1965).
593:Boston University Law Review
145:United States Junior Chamber
688:Journal of American History
141:United States Supreme Court
730:
612:Sepinwall, Amy J. (2015).
539:Mook, Jonathan R. (2009).
567:Gottry, James M. (2011).
71:encouraged to comply.
176:Reasonable accommodation
166:Civil Rights Act of 1875
48:educational institutions
682:Tevis, Britt P. 2021. "
655:Christian Legal Society
161:Anti-discrimination law
124:breastfeeding in public
78:have various laws (non-
54:, and service centers.
52:recreational facilities
499:Heart of Atlanta Motel
428:Georgetown Law Journal
263:, 483 U.S. 327 (1987).
573:Vanderbilt Law Review
44:rental establishments
36:public accommodations
651:Bob Jones University
18:Public accommodation
493:Cortner, Richard C.
149:chamber of commerce
664:Cardozo Law Review
467:The New York Times
397:Breastfeeding Laws
641:McClain, Linda C.
514:978-0-7006-1077-8
470:. August 17, 1984
32:United States law
16:(Redirected from
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679:
670:(5): 1959–2007.
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627:(4): 1897–980.
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486:Further reading
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704:Business terms
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579:(3): 961–1003.
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128:several states
126:. In addition
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472:. Retrieved
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445:the original
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402:, retrieved
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347:Wash. L. Rev
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281:. Retrieved
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228:, retrieved
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206:, retrieved
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134:
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121:
117:
113:
89:
73:
56:
35:
29:
474:January 20,
278:www.ada.gov
86:Federal law
76:U.S. states
698:Categories
599:: 929–50.
353:: 841–843.
330:: 215–311.
283:2016-07-06
187:References
110:State laws
63:accessible
549:428087829
100:Title III
643:(2011).
633:43655477
495:(2001).
404:April 4,
155:See also
676:1833518
605:2615153
503:McClung
441:2086954
230:Jul 23,
208:Jul 23,
102:of the
80:uniform
674:
653:, and
631:
603:
547:
532:160269
530:
511:
439:
139:, the
57:Under
660:(PDF)
647:Smith
629:JSTOR
617:(PDF)
589:(PDF)
505:Cases
448:(PDF)
423:(PDF)
74:Most
672:SSRN
601:SSRN
545:OCLC
528:OCLC
509:ISBN
501:and
476:2015
437:SSRN
406:2013
232:2012
210:2012
147:, a
433:100
30:In
700::
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668:32
666:.
662:.
649:,
625:82
623:.
619:.
597:95
595:.
591:.
577:64
575:.
571:.
464:.
431:.
425:.
359:^
351:40
349:.
345:.
326:.
322:.
276:.
239:^
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678:.
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635:.
607:.
551:.
534:.
517:.
478:.
328:7
286:.
20:)
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