1333:. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fallback all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible. Unlike in the US, where author's moral rights are generally not specifically regulated, in some countries where moral rights are protected separately in law it is not possible to waive those rights, but only the rights related to the exploitation of the work. A solution to this issue (as found in the Creative Commons Zero dedication) is to interpret the license by setting "three different layers of action. First, the right holder waives any copyright and related rights that can be waived in accordance with the applicable law. Secondly, if there are rights that the right holder cannot waive under applicable law, they are licensed in a way that mirrors as closely as possible the legal effect of a waiver. And finally, if there are any rights that the right holders cannot waive or license, they affirm that they will not exercise them and they will not assert any claim with respect to the use of the work, once again within the limits of applicable law. (...) In countries where moral rights exist but where they can be waived or not asserted, they are waived if asserted (e.g. the UK). In countries where they cannot be waived they will remain into full effect in accordance to the applicable law (think of France, Spain or Italy where moral rights cannot be waived)." The same occurs in Switzerland.
1217:, a German art museum, sued Wikimedia Commons in 2016 over photographs uploaded to the database depicting pieces of art in the museum. The museum claimed that the photos were taken by their staff, and that photography within the museum by visitors was prohibited. Therefore, photos taken by the museum, even of material that itself had fallen into the public domain, were protected by copyright law and would need to be removed from the Wikimedia image repository. The court ruled that the photographs taken by the museum would be protected under the German Copyright Act, stating that since the photographer needed to make practical decisions about the photograph that it was protected material. The Wikimedia volunteer was ordered to remove the images from the site, as the museum's policy had been violated when the photos were taken.
1317:. These give authors of works (that would qualify for copyright) the ability to decide which protections they would like to place on their material. As copyright is the default license for new material, Creative Commons licenses offer authors a variety of options to designate their work under whichever license they wish, as long as this does not violate standing copyright law. For example, a CC BY license allows for re-users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon material, while also agreeing to provide attribution to the author in any of these cases. In 2009 the
66:
1089:
823:
performing copyrighted pieces and creating derivative works were not restricted by early copyright laws. Copying was widespread, in compliance with the law, but expansions of those laws intended to benefit literary works and responding to commercial music recording technology's reproducibility have led to stricter rules. Relatively recently, a normative view that copying in music is not desirable and lazy has become popular among professional musicians.
618:
threatened such expression". Patterson and
Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather as a concept: "here are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival." The term
1472:
47:
5105:
1210:. Consequently, in the US, foreign-sourced works and US-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with then-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders.
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648:
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file. Musical compositions fall under the same general rules as other works, and anything published before 1925 is considered public domain. Sound recordings, on the other hand, are subject to different rules and are not eligible for public domain status until 2021–2067, depending on the date and location of publishing, unless explicitly released beforehand.
1493:. As of 1 January 2010, there is as Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain. There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day, this can help people around the world celebrate works written a while ago.
959:, which became public domain in the US in 1977 and most of the rest of the world in 1995. By 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films. In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as
850:
1403:
Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug acetylsalicylic acid (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as
1201:
was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in the public domain. Term extensions by the US and
Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, but rather delayed the addition of works to it. However, the United States moved away
822:
introduced Latin musical notation in the 10th century. This laid the foundation for the preservation of global music in the public domain, a distinction formalized alongside copyright systems in the 17th century. Musicians copyrighted their publications of musical notation as literary writings, but
1395:
A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by the public without
1373:
In most countries, the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of the public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for 20 years from the date of filing within the United States or 20 years from the earliest
945:
of a work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation. Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner, while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission. Artworks that are public domain may also be
826:
US copyright laws distinguish between musical compositions and sound recordings, the former of which refers to melody, notation or lyrics created by a composer or lyricist, including sheet music, and the latter referring to a recording performed by an artist, including a CD, LP, or digital sound
432:
As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain
1225:
Works of various governments around the world may be excluded from copyright law and may therefore be considered to be in the public domain in their respective countries. They may also be in the public domain in other countries as well. The legal scholar
Melville Nimmer has written that "it is
1073:
that have never been subject to copyright, are still subject to royalties payable to the state or to an authors' association. The user does not have to seek permission to copy, present or perform the work, but does have to pay the fee. Typically the royalties are directed to support of living
617:
rights and limitation on ownership. A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that
834:
project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality audio format. Online musical archives preserve collections of classical music recorded by
Musopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service.
588:
Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space; that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law. According to
546:
equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink hole of public domain" and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as
859:
1194:, to a term extending to 50, then 70, years after the death of the author. The claim that "pre-1929 works are in the public domain" is correct only for published works; unpublished works are under federal copyright for at least the life of the author plus 70 years.
760:
A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale published before 1929 is in the public domain; US copyrights last for 95 years for books originally published between 1929 and 1978 if the copyright was properly registered and maintained.
858:
857:
855:
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853:
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559:, expire or are abandoned. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a, "little coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain." Copyright law differs by country, and the American legal scholar
1185:
In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or is still under copyright depends upon what the law or regulation was at creation, and whether new regulations have grandfathered in certain older works. Because
408:
existed, or by their copyright term having expired. Some works are not covered by a country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the public domain; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of
1382:
within a patent, provided the illustrations are essentially line drawings and do not in any substantive way reflect the "personality" of the person drawing them, are not subject to copyright protection. This is separate from the
1523:
1437:
in relation to computer products, despite that Hormel's trademark is only registered in reference to food products (a trademark claim is made within a particular field). Such defences have failed in the United
Kingdom.
1754:
Listings of ingredients, as in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains
1675:
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1244:
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of copyright expires on the first day of
January, 70 years after the death of the latest living author. The longest copyright term is in Mexico, which has life plus 100 years for all deaths since July 1928.
908:
Enabling low cost access to information without the need to locate the owner or negotiate rights clearance and pay royalties, through for example expired copyrighted works or patents, and non-original data
852:
2882:
Note on the
Meanings of the Term "Public Domain" in the Intellectual Property System with special reference to the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Expressions of
503:
meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome. When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of
1433:, does not object to informal use of the word "spam" in reference to unsolicited commercial email. However, it has fought attempts by other companies to register names including the word 'spam' as a
2506:
1489:
The observance of a "Public Domain Day" was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by
Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist), with support for the idea echoed by
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2237:
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is public domain in the United States because its theatrical distributor failed to place a copyright indication on the prints, as would have been required to obtain a copyright at that time.
2408:
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3719:
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1570:
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in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by
British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain", they used terms such as
1344:
message. The
Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fallback public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution. Another option is the
2904:
465:, "as a preset system included in the property right system". The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned" as
429:
is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission".
4896:
4518:
130:
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expire and works enter into the public domain. This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual
4735:
1152:). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright.
4667:
3925:
3272:"Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law"
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1660:
4248:
325:
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3428:
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Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on 21 August at the First AES Candidate Conference.
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Enabling competitive imitation, through for example expired patents and copyright, or publicly disclosed technologies that do not qualify for patent protection.
851:
1285:
An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a license which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public. Real public domain makes
1040:
4625:
4523:
3712:
3248:
1054:(Schedule 6) that requires royalties to be paid for commercial performances, publications and broadcasts of the story of Peter Pan within the UK, as long as
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A public-domain book is a book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired or have been forfeited.
4801:
4635:
4608:
4588:
115:
3006:
Michel, Stefan (1 June 2019). "Digitisation of art in the public domain–museum urges Wikimedia to take down reproductions of out-of-protection artworks".
1206:, which removed from the public domain many foreign-sourced works that had previously not been in copyright in the US for failure to comply with US-based
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reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works. Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted.
4563:
4533:
3271:
1508:
5139:
4710:
3890:
2263:
3705:
1560:
1418:, while aspirin, with a lowercase "a", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the
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233:
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753:
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Vollmer, Timothy; Vézina, Brigitte; Miyara, Jocelyn; Benedict, Connor; Wetzler, Jennryn; Hollich, Shanna; Murray, Corrine (27 December 2013).
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2733:
2699:
2635:
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2516:
2188:
2151:
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1999:
1972:
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191:
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4241:
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2402:
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150:
361:, or may be inapplicable. Because no one holds the exclusive rights, anyone can legally use or reference those works without permission.
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1251:, which went into effect in 1978), all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a
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Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with
4620:
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2916:
318:
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1267:. This may even "effectively prohibit any attempt by copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law, particularly
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5001:
4853:
1607:
2886:, Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore: Seventeenth Session
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4826:
4821:
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2487:
1148:
The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see
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license to dedicate content to the public domain, and the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data.
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axiomatic that material in the public domain is not protected by copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work".
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31:
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Before 1 March 1989, in the US, works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit
712:
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1197:
Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain can have its copyright restored. In the European Union, the
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Building blocks for the creation of new knowledge, examples include data, facts, ideas, theories, and scientific principle.
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4901:
4725:
4715:
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3905:
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1597:
1024:
684:
422:
1767:
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4000:
1789:
1528:
1268:
1203:
1198:
1178:, copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or 70 years beyond the death of the author. (See
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3117:
3041:
2522:
5034:
4941:
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1422:. So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later.
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are in the public domain. However, translations or new formulations of these works may be copyrighted in themselves.
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A public-domain film is a film that was never under copyright, was released to public domain by its author, or whose
691:
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4931:
4816:
4593:
3522:
1735:
1171:
Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its source country.
998:
993:
634:, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".
449:, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".
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3142:
1155:
Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example,
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38:
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4966:
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4114:
4010:
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3405:
2108:
2077:
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2016:
1989:
1962:
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135:
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4811:
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Pamela Samuelson has identified eight "values" that can arise from information and works in the public domain.
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Access to cultural heritage through information resources such as ancient Greek texts and Mozart's symphonies.
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was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean." The term
417:); examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, and the image-processing software
4200:
3910:
3805:
3748:
2422:
March Perry; Thomas Margoni (2010). "From music tracks to Google maps: who owns Computer Generated Works?".
950:
140:
110:
100:
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4277:
4272:
2791:
5134:
5129:
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4843:
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4005:
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3847:
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1612:
1592:
1214:
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211:
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57:
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The phrase "fall in the public domain" can be traced to mid-19th-century France to describe the end of
65:
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has described the public domain as being "different sizes at different times in different countries".
5149:
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4991:
4986:
4548:
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3935:
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and cooking recipes. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see
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201:
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3633:
915:
Promoting the democratic process and values, through news, laws, regulation, and judicial opinion.
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restrictions and therefore in the public domain. The public domain mark is a combination of the
461:
did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient
95:
75:
1293:"). There are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain. In 2000 the
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shifted over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on first publication, with
5016:
4863:
4543:
4452:
4074:
3837:
3322:
3191:
3023:
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2763:
2729:
2695:
2689:
2631:
2625:
2581:
2545:
2512:
2483:
2427:
2423:
2398:
2184:
2147:
2114:
2083:
2049:
2022:
1995:
1968:
1935:
1892:
1823:
1681:
1650:
1476:
1447:
1259:. Not all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to the public domain, e.g.
1191:
1132:
1088:
975:
955:
942:
787:
397:
37:
For the content guidelines regarding the use of public domain content on Knowledge (XXG), see
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2479:
2473:
4781:
4457:
4154:
4099:
4059:
3940:
3778:
3312:
3304:
3138:
3015:
1924:"Romans, Roads, and Romantic Creators: Traditions of Public Property in the Information Age"
1904:
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602:
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4149:
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2825:
2819:
2212:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States | Copyright Information Center"
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1490:
1302:
1046:
1020:
991:, one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting. The 2018 film
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819:
781:
598:
543:
520:
351:
206:
3665:
3429:"Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition"
2511:. World Intellectual Property Organisation, Kluwer Law International. 1997. p. 313.
902:
Promoting education, through the spread of information, ideas, and scientific principles.
3541:
1471:
1065:
regime, works that have entered the public domain after their copyright has expired, or
4848:
4771:
4144:
4109:
4084:
3825:
3798:
3788:
3469:
2984:
2574:
2538:
2264:"The National Emergency Library is offering free ebooks — but is it lending or piracy?"
2140:
1503:
1368:
1341:
1187:
1016:
539:
253:
216:
145:
90:
17:
2627:
Constructing the canon of children's literature: beyond library walls and ivory towers
1015:
In some countries, certain works may never fully lapse into the public domain. In the
46:
5123:
5079:
5040:
4603:
4528:
4476:
4134:
4089:
3384:
2478:. Legal text series; Contemporary Casebook Series (2nd ed.). M. Bender. p.
1877:
1550:
878:
769:
624:
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may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the
526:
439:
437:
may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the
393:
347:
170:
609:
can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted by
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4878:
4791:
4169:
4094:
3930:
3915:
3852:
3810:
3793:
3606:
2180:
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment
1721:
1677:
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment
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1035:
960:
575:
473:
301:
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238:
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120:
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Informal uses of trademarks are not covered by trademark protection. For example,
912:
Promoting public health and safety, through information and scientific principles.
519:
When the first early copyright law was originally established in Britain with the
3697:
2939:
2723:
2450:
1135:
in February 2016 2.9 million works (~10% of all works) are listed with the mark.
905:
Enabling follow-on innovation, through for example expired patents and copyright.
5011:
4838:
4833:
4468:
4164:
4159:
3979:
3950:
3815:
3219:
1430:
1310:
1306:
934:
777:
765:
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479:
467:
260:
186:
155:
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Public domain: how to find and use copyright-free writings, music, art and more
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3768:
3660:
3205:
2341:
2315:
1869:
1771:
1160:
981:
795:
556:
404:
are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before
3450:
3326:
3113:
3048:
3027:
2366:
2211:
1939:
1797:
613:. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to
4868:
3820:
3295:
Labastida, Ignasi; Margoni, Thomas (2020). "Licensing FAIR Data for Reuse".
1513:
1481:
1461:
1434:
1337:
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1112:
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548:
462:
405:
389:
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221:
165:
85:
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3019:
2394:
The future of the public domain: identifying the commons in information law
1908:
1893:"Revue juridique de l'Ouest, 2011-1: Les choses communes (Première partie)"
1452:
3526:
2675:
Janespotting and Beyond: British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s
4906:
4786:
4226:
3895:
3308:
1768:"SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard"
1746:
1518:
614:
297:
243:
80:
3134:
2792:"Everything you need to know about the 1937 version of 'A Star Is Born'"
2501:
2499:
1947:
1736:"Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases"
1524:
Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States
784:
are in the public domain worldwide as they all died over 100 years ago.
4207:
4104:
3317:
1923:
1406:
1286:
831:
672: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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552:
445:
357:
rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly
3413:
1050:) in the United Kingdom, it was granted a special exception under the
2964:
2725:"Frame my face to all occasions": Shakespeare's Richard III on screen
2342:"Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings"
1426:
1252:
1108:
418:
414:
381:
358:
125:
4873:
2912:
1470:
1451:
1415:
1414:, with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company
1294:
1289:
unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("
1028:
848:
799:
798:
make tens of thousands of public domain books available online as
570:
499:
referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term
3682:
1374:
date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c). However, the
881:
before January 1st, 1929 have been entered in the Public Domain.
2238:"Cover to Cover: Access thousands of books on Project Gutenberg"
4472:
4230:
3701:
3451:"Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)"
2940:"Improving Access to the Public Domain: the Public Domain Mark"
1001:, which is in the public domain due to an unrenewed copyright.
1356:
641:
2449:. The George Washington University Law School. Archived from
2177:
Graber, Christoph Beat; Nenova, Mira Burri (1 January 2008).
1313:) has introduced several public-domain-like licenses, called
3084:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States"
2367:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States"
1034:
While the copyright has expired for the Peter Pan works by
2508:
Introduction to intellectual property: theory and practice
535:
to describe works that were not covered by copyright law.
3362:
3165:"do What The Fuck you want to Public License Version 1.0"
1410:
in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however,
810:
People have been creating music for millennia. The first
3385:"BSD 0-Clause License (0BSD) Explained in Plain English"
1903:(1). Ecole de Avocats du Grand Quest de Rennes: 59–112.
1058:(to whom Barrie gave the copyright) continues to exist.
50:
Public domain icon, which is in the public domain itself
2987:(2008). "Judicial Oversight of Copyright Legislation".
2540:
The copyright handbook: what every writer needs to know
1856:
Huang, H. (2009). "On public domain in copyright law".
1571:
List of films in the public domain in the United States
584:, with hand-written corrections for the second edition
491:
was defined as things not yet appropriated. The term
4519:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
3188:
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
2142:
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
1646:
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
593:
this definition underlines common usage of the term
5025:
4959:
4887:
4757:
4734:
4696:
4572:
4506:
4387:
4326:
4265:
4178:
4127:
4052:
4036:
4029:
3993:
3868:
3736:
3694:, internet association on the digital public domain
3008:
Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice
2905:"Creative Commons announces the Public Domain Mark"
3467:Manual of Patent Examining Procedure available at
2573:
2537:
2139:
2018:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research
1991:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research
1964:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research
1456:An English logo of the 2023/2024 Public Domain Day
2850:"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48)"
2071:
2069:
2386:
2384:
1811:
1809:
1807:
3088:Cornell University Copyright Information Center
2759:The Cambridge companion to literature on screen
2110:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
2079:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
2045:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
1819:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
1475:Visual created for Public Domain Day. Features
3576:"Happy Public Domain Day! Here's to many more"
3073:, section 13.03(F)(4). Albany: Matthew Bender.
2443:"L.H.O.O.Q. Internet related Derivative Works"
1934:(1/2). Duke University School of Law: 89–110.
1674:Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008).
1174:In most countries that are signatories to the
4484:
4242:
3713:
3630:"Public domain day - in Canada (Lessig Blog)"
3495:Officer, Office of the Chief Communications.
1967:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 134–135.
1485:, as it is famously part of the public domain
1396:regard for its intended use, it could become
319:
8:
4524:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
3455:Open Data Commons: legal tools for open data
2756:Cartmell, Deborah; Whelehan, Imelda (2007).
1247:Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier
433:status for a work in that country. The term
3245:"11/17: Lulan Artisans Textile Competition"
3190:. Yale University Press. pp. 179–204.
3116:", U.S. Copyright Office Circular 3, 2008.
1638:
1636:
1634:
1460:Public Domain Day is an observance of when
1400:, and therefore part of the public domain.
1340:, published around 2010, has a focus on an
524:
116:Integrated circuit layout design protection
4884:
4491:
4477:
4469:
4249:
4235:
4227:
4033:
3720:
3706:
3698:
3569:
3567:
2762:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
2391:Guibault, Lucy; Hugenholtz, Bernt (2006).
1348:, released in 2006 and aimed at software.
1329:with law domains which have no concept of
1131:databases use it, and for instance on the
1041:Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up
326:
312:
53:
3683:Center for the Study of the Public Domain
3341:"The Unlicense: A License for No License"
3316:
2609:. Public Domain Works That Are Modified.
1509:Center for the Study of the Public Domain
1111:to indicate that a work is free of known
732:Learn how and when to remove this message
3891:Business models for open-source software
3363:"Unlicense Yourself: Set Your Code Free"
3186:Boyle, J. (2008). "A Creative Commons".
2691:Directing Shakespeare: a scholar onstage
2113:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105.
2082:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 104.
2048:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102.
2021:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 137.
1994:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 154.
1822:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 103.
1680:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173.
1087:
45:
27:Works outside the scope of copyright law
2824:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp.
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1630:
1561:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
1301:. Creative Commons (created in 2002 by
1052:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
985:is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci's
234:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
178:
56:
3503:from the original on 25 September 2009
3094:from the original on 26 September 2010
2694:. Ohio University Press. p. 101.
2607:Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center
2447:Supplemental material Computer Law 484
2411:from the original on 18 December 2014.
2127:from the original on 19 November 2011.
2096:from the original on 19 November 2011.
2062:from the original on 19 November 2011.
1836:from the original on 19 November 2011.
1663:from the original on 14 February 2015.
1429:, producer of the canned meat product
4080:Organization for Transformative Works
3605:. American University. Archived from
3601:McLean, Wallace J. (1 January 2004).
3251:from the original on 31 December 2016
2879:WIPO Secretariat (24 November 2010),
1297:was released as a public domain like
1230:Dedicating works to the public domain
966:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
818:system, was created 4,000 years ago.
192:Artificial intelligence and copyright
7:
5047:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
3540:McCarthy, Kieren (31 January 2005).
2946:from the original on 14 October 2010
2790:Lenker, Maureen Lee (10 July 2022).
1714:"Works Unprotected by Copyright Law"
1566:List of countries' copyright lengths
1180:List of countries' copyright lengths
1019:, for example, there is a perpetual
670:adding citations to reliable sources
151:Supplementary protection certificate
4514:Alternative terms for free software
3628:Lessig, Lawrence (1 January 2004).
3542:"Hormel Spam trademark case canned"
2854:Office of Public Sector Information
2536:Fishman, Stephen (September 2008).
4854:Python Software Foundation License
3574:Richmond, Shane (1 January 2010).
3476:from the original on 18 April 2015
3439:from the original on 4 March 2016.
3347:. 24 February 2016. Archived from
3145:from the original on 28 April 2013
3135:"About CC0 — "No Rights Reserved""
2236:Preston, Sherry (9 October 2023).
1608:Public domain in the United States
1144:Works not covered by copyright law
1139:Application to copyrightable works
923:Relationship with derivative works
25:
4917:Definition of Free Cultural Works
4534:Free software project directories
3578:. Telegraph Blogs. Archived from
3497:"Terms of Use for USPTO Websites"
3373:from the original on 8 July 2018.
2938:Peters, Diane (11 October 2010).
2915:. 12 October 2010. Archived from
2821:The Oxford companion to the Bible
2677:. Gunter Narr Verlag. p. 92.
2660:The Guinness Book of Records 1999
2624:Lundin, Anne H. (2 August 2004).
2613:from the original on 18 May 2016.
1891:Foures-Diop, Anne-Sophie (2011).
1796:. 28 January 2016. Archived from
605:. However, the usage of the term
597:and equates the public domain to
5104:
5103:
5093:
4554:Open-source software development
3901:Commercial use of copyleft works
3552:from the original on 7 July 2008
2860:from the original on 1 June 2008
2673:Voigts-Virchow, Eckartm (2004).
2347:. United States Copyright Office
2262:Robertson, Adi (31 March 2020).
1355:recommends the Creative Commons
1281:Public-domain-equivalent license
1235:Release without copyright notice
1071:traditional cultural expressions
646:
281:Outline of intellectual property
106:Indigenous intellectual property
64:
5140:Copyright law legal terminology
4912:Debian Free Software Guidelines
4744:Free Software Movement of India
3881:Alternative compensation system
2138:Boyle, James (1 January 2008).
657:needs additional citations for
4065:Electronic Frontier Foundation
3525:. Hormel Foods. Archived from
3523:"SPAM® Brand and the Internet"
2163:– via Internet Archive.
1466:copyright laws of each country
1257:anti-copyright can call notice
877:has expired. All films in the
32:Public domain (disambiguation)
1:
4902:Contributor License Agreement
4716:Open-source-software movement
4500:Free and open-source software
3906:Commons-based peer production
3774:Legal aspects of file sharing
2603:"Public Domain Trouble Spots"
2472:Leaffer, Marshall A. (1995).
1928:Law and Contemporary Problems
1603:Public domain image resources
1598:Public Domain Enhancement Act
1331:dedicating into public domain
1202:from that tradition with the
1025:Authorized King James Version
423:National Institutes of Health
39:Knowledge (XXG):Public domain
5073:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
4927:The Free Software Definition
4001:Access to Knowledge movement
3632:. Lessig.org. Archived from
3171:. March 2000. Archived from
2989:Northern Kentucky Law Review
2662:. Bantam Books. p. 358.
2397:. Kluwer Law International.
1529:Copyright Term Extension Act
1204:Uruguay Round Agreements Act
1199:Copyright Duration Directive
1056:Great Ormond Street Hospital
4977:Mozilla software rebranding
4942:Permissive software license
3067:, and David Nimmer (1997).
2601:Stim, Rich (4 April 2013).
2475:Understanding copyright law
2316:"The Catholic Encyclopedia"
2293:The University of Edinburgh
2183:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1275:Public-domain-like licenses
229:Idea–expression distinction
5166:
4982:Proprietary device drivers
4932:The Open Source Definition
3603:"Happy Public Domain Day!"
2818:Metzger, Bruce M. (2006).
2728:. Braumüller. p. 17.
2630:. Routledge. p. 138.
2580:. Nolo. pp. 124–125.
2441:Stern, Richard H. (2001).
1897:Revue Juridique de l'Ouest
1445:
1366:
1278:
1081:
1008:
999:1937 film of the same name
926:
842:
764:For example: the works of
601:and works in copyright to
364:As examples, the works of
36:
29:
5145:Intellectual property law
5089:
5067:Source-available software
4967:Digital rights management
4448:
4115:Students for Free Culture
4011:Cultural environmentalism
3968:Prizes instead of patents
3764:Digital rights management
3120:26 September 2012 at the
3042:"Copyright Office Basics"
2572:Fishman, Stephen (2008).
2322:. Robert Appleton Company
2200:– via Google Books.
2146:. Yale University Press.
1870:10.1007/s11463-009-0011-6
1858:Frontiers of Law in China
1353:Open Knowledge Foundation
1315:Creative Commons licenses
1123:, with the international
933:Derivative works include
892:Possible values include:
5062:Shared Source Initiative
4859:Shared Source Initiative
4812:Free Software Foundation
4749:Free Software Foundation
4599:Configuration management
4070:Free Software Foundation
3656:"Public Domain Day 2010"
2015:Torremans, Paul (2007).
1988:Torremans, Paul (2007).
1961:Torremans, Paul (2007).
1618:Rule of the shorter term
1325:, which was created for
1208:formalities requirements
866:Night of the Living Dead
4997:SCO/Linux controversies
4201:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
3911:Electronic sell-through
3806:Monopolies of knowledge
3749:Censorship by copyright
3270:Kreutzer, Till (2011).
2722:Kossak, Saskia (2005).
2107:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
2076:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
2042:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
1922:Rose, Carol M. (2003).
1816:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
1387:rights just mentioned.
1346:Zero Clause BSD license
1192:a possible renewal term
1167:Expiration of copyright
951:Frances Hodgson Burnett
638:Public domain by medium
141:Plant genetic resources
111:Industrial design right
101:Geographical indication
18:Public domain resources
4897:Comparison of licenses
4706:Free software movement
4215:The Internet's Own Boy
4021:Free software movement
3848:software patent debate
3754:Copyright infringement
2688:Homan, Sidney (2004).
1909:10.3406/juro.2011.4336
1770:. 1999. Archived from
1613:Public domain software
1593:Protection of Classics
1486:
1457:
1215:Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen
1159:and the inventions of
1150:idea–expression divide
1096:
870:
752:In most countries the
585:
525:
346:) consists of all the
212:Criticism of copyright
136:Plant breeders' rights
51:
4972:License proliferation
4016:Free-culture movement
3926:Libertarian positions
3921:Free-software license
3886:Anti-copyright notice
3729:Intellectual property
3406:"Conformant Licenses"
2970:12 March 2016 at the
2544:. Nolo. p. 178.
2289:"What is Wikisource?"
2216:copyright.cornell.edu
1643:Boyle, James (2008).
1546:Free-culture movement
1474:
1455:
1351:In October 2014, the
1249:Copyright Act of 1976
1091:
1067:traditional knowledge
863:The 1968 horror film
862:
574:
355:intellectual property
58:Intellectual property
49:
5057:Open-source hardware
4992:Proprietary software
4987:Proprietary firmware
4688:Formerly open-source
4683:Formerly proprietary
4549:Open-source software
3936:Open-design movement
3309:10.1162/dint_a_00042
3054:on 25 February 2009.
3020:10.1093/jiplp/jpz042
2965:Category:CC-PD-Mark
2942:. Creative Commons.
2856:. 1988. p. 28.
2797:Entertainment Weekly
2369:. Cornell University
1774:on 13 January 2013.
1649:. CSPD. p. 38.
1588:Paying public domain
1420:Treaty of Versailles
1063:paying public domain
939:musical arrangements
816:Music of Mesopotamia
666:improve this article
611:copyright exceptions
516:in early Roman law.
370:Ludwig van Beethoven
30:For other uses, see
4937:Open-source license
4539:Gratis versus libre
3876:All rights reversed
3744:Artificial scarcity
3668:on 14 October 2012.
3529:on 13 October 2009.
3220:"About CC Licenses"
3070:Nimmer on Copyright
3065:Nimmer, Melville B.
2658:Young, Mark (ed.).
1790:"ImageJ Disclaimer"
1694:on 20 December 2014
1556:Freedom of panorama
1011:Perpetual copyright
1005:Perpetual copyright
997:is a remake of the
979:. Marcel Duchamp's
971:Troma Entertainment
374:Miguel de Cervantes
366:William Shakespeare
202:Copyright abolition
4194:Good Copy Bad Copy
4140:Alexandra Elbakyan
4044:Copyright Alliance
3636:on 7 November 2011
3410:opendefinition.com
3369:. 4 January 2010.
2919:on 16 October 2010
1535:Eldred v. Ashcroft
1487:
1458:
1291:Permission culture
1265:continental Europe
1105:Public Domain Mark
1097:
1094:Public Domain Mark
1092:Creative Commons'
1084:Public Domain Mark
1078:Public domain mark
871:
845:Public domain film
754:term of protection
586:
542:. The French poet
533:propriété publique
457:Although the term
294:Higher categories:
286:Outline of patents
52:
5117:
5116:
5017:Trusted Computing
5007:Software security
4955:
4954:
4636:Operating systems
4544:Long-term support
4466:
4465:
4453:Public Domain Day
4224:
4223:
4123:
4122:
4075:Open Rights Group
3351:on 24 March 2016.
3297:Data Intelligence
3197:978-0-300-14275-4
2769:978-0-521-61486-3
2735:978-3-7003-1492-9
2701:978-0-8214-1550-4
2637:978-0-8153-3841-3
2587:978-1-4133-0858-7
2551:978-1-4133-0893-8
2518:978-90-411-0938-5
2453:on 19 August 2018
2190:978-1-84844-391-4
2153:978-0-300-13740-8
2120:978-1-84542-282-0
2089:978-1-84542-282-0
2055:978-1-84542-282-0
2028:978-1-84542-487-9
2001:978-1-84542-487-9
1974:978-1-84542-487-9
1829:978-1-84542-282-0
1752:on 5 April 2016.
1687:978-1-84720-921-4
1656:978-0-300-13740-8
1477:Leonardo da Vinci
1462:copyrighted works
1448:Public Domain Day
1442:Public Domain Day
1133:Wikimedia Commons
976:Tromeo and Juliet
956:The Secret Garden
860:
788:Project Gutenberg
742:
741:
734:
716:
514:res universitatis
501:res universitatis
485:res universitatis
411:Newtonian physics
398:Leonardo da Vinci
336:
335:
16:(Redirected from
5157:
5107:
5106:
5097:
5002:Software patents
4885:
4797:Creative Commons
4656:Web applications
4493:
4486:
4479:
4470:
4458:Creative Commons
4251:
4244:
4237:
4228:
4155:Richard Stallman
4100:Public Knowledge
4060:Creative Commons
4034:
3941:Open music model
3722:
3715:
3708:
3699:
3670:
3669:
3664:. Archived from
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3433:Creative Commons
3424:
3418:
3417:
3416:on 1 March 2016.
3412:. Archived from
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3303:(1–2): 199–207.
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3277:. Archived from
3276:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3247:. 17 June 2009.
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3224:Creative Commons
3216:
3210:
3209:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3169:anonscm - Debian
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3139:Creative Commons
3131:
3125:
3114:Copyright Notice
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3080:
3074:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3047:. Archived from
3046:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2981:
2975:
2974:in February 2016
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2835:978-0-1950-46458
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2525:on 6 April 2015.
2521:. Archived from
2503:
2494:
2493:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2404:978-9-0411-24357
2388:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2295:. 26 August 2021
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1813:
1802:
1801:
1800:on 5 March 2016.
1794:rsb.info.nih.gov
1785:
1779:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:uncopyrightable.
1751:
1745:. Archived from
1740:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1724:on 2 March 2016.
1720:. Archived from
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1690:. Archived from
1671:
1665:
1664:
1640:
1319:Creative Commons
1299:software license
1245:Berne Convention
1241:copyright notice
1221:Government works
1176:Berne Convention
1121:copyright notice
1119:, which acts as
1117:copyright symbol
1101:Creative Commons
861:
812:musical notation
792:Internet Archive
774:Machado de Assis
737:
730:
726:
723:
717:
715:
674:
650:
642:
603:private property
578:own copy of his
561:Pamela Samuelson
530:
421:(created by the
328:
321:
314:
197:Brand protection
131:Peasants' rights
68:
54:
21:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5085:
5052:Open-core model
5027:
5021:
4951:
4889:
4883:
4753:
4730:
4692:
4575:
4568:
4502:
4497:
4467:
4462:
4444:
4383:
4322:
4261:
4255:
4225:
4220:
4187:Steal This Film
4174:
4150:Lawrence Lessig
4119:
4048:
4025:
3989:
3985:Video on demand
3864:
3759:Copyright troll
3732:
3726:
3687:Duke University
3679:
3674:
3673:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3600:
3599:
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3572:
3565:
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3553:
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3538:
3534:
3521:
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3516:
3506:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3284:on 25 May 2017.
3281:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3198:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3175:on 2 June 2013.
3163:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3122:Wayback Machine
3111:
3107:
3097:
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3082:
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3077:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3044:
3040:
3039:
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3005:
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3000:
2985:Karjala, Dennis
2983:
2982:
2978:
2972:Wayback Machine
2963:
2959:
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2090:
2075:
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2014:
2013:
2009:
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1987:
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1622:
1577:Millar v Taylor
1499:
1491:Lawrence Lessig
1450:
1444:
1393:
1371:
1365:
1303:Lawrence Lessig
1283:
1277:
1237:
1232:
1223:
1188:copyright terms
1169:
1146:
1141:
1086:
1080:
1047:Peter and Wendy
1021:crown copyright
1013:
1007:
931:
929:Derivative work
925:
887:
849:
847:
841:
820:Guido of Arezzo
808:
782:Edgar Allan Poe
747:
738:
727:
721:
718:
681:"Public domain"
675:
673:
663:
651:
640:
599:public property
569:
544:Alfred de Vigny
521:Statute of Anne
455:
332:
296:
292:
207:Copyright troll
96:Farmers' rights
76:Authors' rights
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5163:
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4638:
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4601:
4596:
4591:
4589:Bioinformatics
4586:
4580:
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4567:
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4305:
4300:
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4219:
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4197:
4190:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:Rick Falkvinge
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4110:Shadow library
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4085:The Pirate Bay
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Anti-copyright
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3964:
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3863:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:Bioprospecting
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
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3733:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3678:
3677:External links
3675:
3672:
3671:
3647:
3620:
3609:on 3 June 2017
3593:
3582:on 15 May 2012
3563:
3532:
3514:
3487:
3460:
3442:
3419:
3397:
3376:
3354:
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3287:
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3236:
3211:
3206:j.ctt1npvzg.12
3196:
3178:
3156:
3126:
3105:
3075:
3057:
3033:
3014:(6): 427–429.
2998:
2976:
2957:
2930:
2896:
2871:
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2810:
2782:
2768:
2748:
2734:
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2650:
2636:
2616:
2593:
2586:
2564:
2550:
2528:
2517:
2495:
2488:
2464:
2433:
2414:
2403:
2380:
2358:
2333:
2306:
2280:
2254:
2228:
2203:
2189:
2169:
2165:public domain.
2152:
2130:
2119:
2099:
2088:
2065:
2054:
2034:
2027:
2007:
2000:
1980:
1973:
1953:
1914:
1883:
1864:(2): 178–195.
1839:
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1538:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1504:Public records
1500:
1498:
1495:
1446:Main article:
1443:
1440:
1392:
1389:
1369:Term of patent
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1342:anti-copyright
1279:Main article:
1276:
1273:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1168:
1165:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1082:Main article:
1079:
1076:
1044:and the novel
1017:United Kingdom
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
994:A Star is Born
943:dramatizations
927:Main article:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
906:
903:
900:
897:
886:
883:
843:Main article:
840:
837:
807:
804:
746:
743:
740:
739:
654:
652:
645:
639:
636:
568:
565:
540:copyright term
454:
451:
402:Georges Méliès
334:
333:
331:
330:
323:
316:
308:
305:
304:
291:
290:
289:
288:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
257:
256:
254:Right to quote
251:
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241:
231:
226:
225:
224:
217:Bioprospecting
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
181:
180:
179:Related topics
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
146:Related rights
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
91:Database right
88:
83:
78:
70:
69:
61:
60:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5162:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Copyright law
5133:
5131:
5130:Public domain
5128:
5127:
5125:
5110:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5080:Revolution OS
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:GNU Manifesto
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
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4995:
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4990:
4988:
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4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4947:Public domain
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
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4918:
4915:
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4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
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4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4736:Organisations
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
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4703:
4701:
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4657:
4654:
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4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Office suites
4629:
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4615:
4612:
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4607:
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4600:
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4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
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4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Free software
4527:
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4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
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4314:
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4309:
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4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
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4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4259:public domain
4252:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
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4202:
4198:
4196:
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4191:
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4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:Documentaries
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Cory Doctorow
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
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4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:Pro-copyright
4035:
4032:
4030:Organizations
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
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3959:
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3949:
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3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3860:Public domain
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3827:
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3807:
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3711:
3709:
3704:
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3693:
3690:
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1551:Free software
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677:Find sources:
671:
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660:
655:This section
653:
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637:
635:
633:
632:
627:
626:
625:public sphere
621:
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616:
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440:public sphere
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394:L. Frank Baum
391:
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348:creative work
345:
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4668:Android apps
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4170:Aaron Swartz
4095:Pirate Party
4053:Pro-copyleft
3931:Open content
3916:Free content
3859:
3816:Orphan works
3811:Music piracy
3666:the original
3659:
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2164:
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2141:
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1900:
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1676:
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1583:Orphan works
1575:
1541:Fair dealing
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1380:illustration
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992:
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980:
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961:Tom Stoppard
954:
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935:translations
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909:compilation.
891:
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825:
814:system, the
809:
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664:Please help
659:verification
656:
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606:
594:
587:
579:
537:
532:
518:
513:
510:res publicae
509:
506:res communes
505:
500:
497:res publicae
496:
493:res communes
492:
488:
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480:res publicae
478:
474:res communes
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426:
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363:
350:to which no
343:
339:
337:
302:Property law
293:
275:
271:Pirate Party
266:Patent troll
249:Paraphrasing
239:Fair dealing
161:Trade secret
121:Moral rights
43:
5150:Stock media
5012:Tivoization
4651:Video games
4626:Mathematics
4165:Peter Sunde
4160:Peter Suber
3980:Share-alike
3951:Open source
3946:Open patent
3640:25 December
3586:24 December
3556:2 September
3507:30 December
3390:12 February
3345:ostatic.com
3318:2445/150542
3255:30 December
3229:23 November
3098:30 December
2890:28 November
2864:2 September
2242:Star-Herald
2196:30 December
2159:30 December
1311:Eric Eldred
1307:Hal Abelson
1243:. With the
1125:'no' symbol
778:Olavo Bilac
766:Jane Austen
591:James Boyle
489:res nullius
487:. The term
468:res nullius
261:Orphan work
187:Abandonware
156:Trade dress
5124:Categories
4960:Challenges
4678:Commercial
4661:E-commerce
4646:Television
4090:Piratbyrån
3838:biological
3769:Gripe site
3661:MetaFilter
2950:12 October
2923:12 October
2909:The H Open
2373:15 October
2351:15 October
2320:New Advent
2314:Otten, J.
1718:bitlaw.com
1698:27 October
1625:References
1391:Trademarks
1255:statement/
1161:Archimedes
1038:(the play
982:L.H.O.O.Q.
796:Wikisource
722:April 2018
692:newspapers
567:Definition
557:trademarks
4890:standards
4888:Types and
4869:Unlicense
4864:Sleepycat
4698:Community
4257:Years in
3994:Movements
3821:Biopiracy
3327:2641-435X
3028:1747-1532
2803:12 August
2326:6 January
2268:The Verge
1940:0023-9186
1878:153766621
1514:Copyfraud
1482:Mona Lisa
1435:trademark
1338:Unlicense
1261:civil law
1157:the Bible
1129:Europeana
1113:copyright
1107:(PDM) as
1074:artists.
988:Mona Lisa
953:'s novel
875:copyright
581:Principia
549:copyright
463:Roman law
406:copyright
390:Aristotle
386:Confucius
378:Zoroaster
352:exclusive
222:Biopiracy
166:Trademark
86:Copyright
5109:Category
5026:Related
4907:Copyleft
4827:GNU LGPL
4822:GNU AGPL
4787:Beerware
4782:Artistic
4759:Licenses
4726:Advocacy
4673:iOS apps
4614:Wireless
4609:Graphics
4576:packages
4574:Software
4564:Timeline
3973:contests
3961:software
3956:hardware
3896:Copyleft
3869:Concepts
3853:trolling
3843:software
3731:activism
3692:Communia
3550:Archived
3501:Archived
3480:26 April
3474:Archived
3437:Archived
3371:Archived
3249:Archived
3149:23 April
3143:Archived
3118:Archived
3092:Archived
2968:Archived
2944:Archived
2883:Folklore
2858:Archived
2611:Archived
2409:Archived
2125:Archived
2094:Archived
2060:Archived
1948:20059173
1834:Archived
1661:Archived
1519:Copyleft
1497:See also
1378:and any
1287:licenses
1023:for the
615:fair use
576:Newton's
298:Property
244:Fair use
81:Copyleft
5035:Forking
4817:GNU GPL
4711:History
4641:Routing
4604:Drivers
4559:Outline
4507:General
4208:TPB AFK
4105:Sci-Hub
3833:Patents
3784:digital
3613:9 March
2428:1647584
1412:Aspirin
1407:aspirin
1398:generic
1363:Patents
1027:of the
832:Musopen
706:scholar
631:commons
553:patents
453:History
446:commons
5099:Portal
5028:topics
4849:Python
4772:Apache
4721:Events
4621:Health
4594:Codecs
4128:People
3799:videos
3779:Mashup
3737:Issues
3470:"MPEP"
3325:
3204:
3194:
3026:
2995:: 253.
2832:
2775:1 June
2766:
2741:1 June
2732:
2707:1 June
2698:
2643:1 June
2634:
2584:
2557:1 June
2548:
2515:
2486:
2457:23 May
2426:
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2299:5 July
2273:5 July
2247:5 July
2221:30 May
2187:
2150:
2117:
2086:
2052:
2025:
1998:
1971:
1946:
1938:
1876:
1826:
1684:
1653:
1427:Hormel
1385:patent
1309:, and
1253:waiver
1127:. The
1109:symbol
941:, and
800:ebooks
790:, the
708:
701:
694:
687:
679:
555:, and
512:, and
459:domain
419:ImageJ
415:waiver
382:Lao Zi
359:waived
126:Patent
4874:WTFPL
4584:Audio
4388:2020s
4327:2010s
4266:2000s
3794:novel
3789:music
3282:(PDF)
3275:(PDF)
3202:JSTOR
3052:(PDF)
3045:(PDF)
2913:The H
2345:(PDF)
1944:JSTOR
1874:S2CID
1750:(PDF)
1739:(PDF)
1416:Bayer
1295:WTFPL
1061:In a
1029:Bible
885:Value
839:Films
806:Music
745:Books
713:JSTOR
699:books
4879:zlib
4802:CDDL
4777:APSL
4440:2029
4435:2028
4430:2027
4425:2026
4420:2025
4415:2024
4410:2023
4405:2022
4400:2021
4395:2020
4379:2019
4374:2018
4369:2017
4364:2016
4359:2015
4354:2014
4349:2013
4344:2012
4339:2011
4334:2010
4318:2009
4313:2008
4308:2007
4303:2006
4298:2005
4293:2004
4288:2003
4283:2002
4278:2001
4273:2000
3642:2011
3615:2016
3588:2011
3558:2008
3509:2016
3482:2015
3392:2020
3323:ISSN
3257:2016
3231:2020
3192:ISBN
3151:2013
3100:2016
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