103:) is often used interchangeably with "pudendal nerve entrapment". This condition can greatly affect a person's quality of life. Pudendal neuralgia can be caused by many factors including inflammation, extreme cycling, and can be a "secondary condition to childbirth". A 2009 review study found both that "prevalence of PN is unknown and it seems to be a rare event" and that "there is no evidence to support equating the presence of this syndrome with a diagnosis of pudendal nerve entrapment," meaning that it could be possible to have all the symptoms of pudendal nerve entrapment (otherwise known as pudendal neuralgia) based on the criteria specified at Nantes in 2006, without having an entrapped pudendal nerve.
756:(PRF) is starting to become more common for managing chronic pain, and has shown to have long-term benefits and low problem occurrences. Pulsed radiofrequency has also been successful in treating a refractory case of pudendal neuralgia, but additional research is needed to study the effectiveness of pulsed radiofrequency on treating pudendal nerve entrapment. Pudendal Nerve Stimulation (PNS) was found to significantly decrease subjective pain levels in people with pudendal neuralgia. A majority of people who underwent PNS reported "significant" or "remarkable" pain relief at 2 weeks after treatment.
705:
49:
736:." A pudendal nerve block can be inserted from several different anatomical locations including: transvaginal, transperitoneal, and perirectal. A reduction in pain following this injection is typically felt quickly. The most common side effect of a pudendal nerve block is injection site irritation. Relief from chronic pain may be achieved through this procedure due to the reduced inflammation from the
651:
are also bicycle seats designed to prevent pudendal nerve compression, these seats usually have a narrow channel in the middle of them. Additionally, other recommendations include wearing padded bike shorts, standing on pedals periodically, shifting to higher gears, and taking frequent breaks. For sitting on hard surfaces, a cushion or coccyx cushion can be used to take pressure off the nerves.
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744:" which "can reduce inflammation in the region around the nerve" to lessen strain on the pudendal nerve. This treatment may alleviate symptoms for up to 73% of people. Treatment of pudendal nerve entrapment by nerve block is not often prescribed due to "discomfort associated with the local injections as well as the risk of injuring critical structures."
268:(most common cause), entrapment in the Alcock canal, and entrapment of the terminal branches. Although there has been no evidence for a direct functional connection between the pudendal nerve and sacrotuberous ligament, many clinical studies have pointed at the sacrotuberous ligament as a potential cause of PNE. Around the
284:, childbirth, bicycling and anatomic abnormalities. Vaginal birth may lead to pudendal nerve damage from the stretch during delivery and the likelihood increases when delivering larger-than-average babies. As the pudendal nerve lies in the pelvic region, surgical procedures that involve this area, such as a
778:
There are several different approaches in order to perform a decompression surgery on the pudendal nerve. The different access areas include: superior transgluteal, superior retrosciatic, inferior retrosciatic, medial transgluteal, inferior transgluteal and transischial entry. The transgluteal entry
163:
Pain, if present, is positional and typically caused by sitting and relieved by standing, lying down or sitting on a toilet seat. If the perineal pain is positional (changes with a person's position, for example sitting or standing), this suggests a tunnel syndrome. Anesthesiologist John S. McDonald
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therapeutic strategies found that cyclists who take precautions in maintaining proper posture may prevent the development of a more severe disorder. It is also suggested that using a wider seat when cycling could prevent damage to the nerve, but more evidence is necessary to show long-term benefit.
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The surgery is performed by a small number of surgeons in a limited number of countries. The validity of decompression surgery as a treatment and the existence of entrapment as a cause of pelvic pain are highly controversial. While a few doctors will prescribe decompression surgery, most will not.
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Various ergonomic devices can be used to allow an individual to sit while helping to take pressure off of the nerve. A few recommendations to decrease nerve compression while cycling include having soft, wide seat in a horizontal position and setting the handlebar height lower than the seat. There
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This is a form of self treatment to keep pressure off the pudendal nerve. It involves avoiding any activities that may increase pain in the pelvic area. A seat cushion with the center area removed may be used to provide relief and prevent further pain. A 2021 systematic review of preventative and
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Prolonged pressure on the pudendal nerve and chronic traction injuries interrupt the normal microvasculature of the pudendal nerve triggering a cascade of physiological changes. The sequence of physiologic changes are a breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier, followed by edema and connective tissue
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Mobilization of the nerves and muscles in the pelvic region is a proposed way to treat symptoms associated with a nerve entrapment. An example of this is neural mobilization. The goal of neural mobilization is to restore the functionality of the nerve and muscles through a variety of exercises
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Another possible treatment for nerve entrapments in the pelvic region would be stretching and strengthening exercises. A treatment plan would be determined by a physical therapist to specifically manipulate the pudendal nerve through a variety of stretches. Strengthening exercises may also be
499:
A systematic review by
Indraccolo et al analyzed PN due to pudendal entrapment and PN without pudendal entrapment in women with chronic pelvic-perianal pain. The review classified the Nantes' criteria as the gold standard for diagnosing PN secondary to PNE. Because of this, the authors of the
519:. Other causes for similar symptoms of pudendal nerve entrapment include compression from a tumor, prostatitis in males, uterine diseases in females, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), superficial skin infections, and other neuropathies that share the same region as the pudendal nerve.
417:
developed a set of diagnostic criteria (the "Nantes
Criteria") to serve as a guide to physicians in diagnosing PNE. It consists of inclusions, exclusions, and complementary characteristics of the syndrome. Some sources discourage the use of this guide due to errors found in the criteria.
187:. Additionally, another review that looked at cycling-related sexual dysfunction suggested that cycling may indirectly cause sexual dysfunction by disturbing the testosterone signaling aspect of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of the body.
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involves "neurolysis of the PN at the infrapiriform canal and transection of the sacrospinal ligament." Another point of entry which is described as a "perineal para-anal pathway", "follows the inferior rectal nerve to the Alcock's canal."
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According to supporters of the theory of PNE, surgery is indicated when severe symptoms are present after exhausting all other forms of treatment. The surgery is also another option to confirm the diagnosis of pudendal nerve entrapment.
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involving the lower extremities. Exercises to specifically target the pudendal nerve would be determined based on the anatomical layout of the nerve. It is important to note that evidence is limited to show support for this therapy.
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Indraccolo U, Nardulli R, Indraccolo SR (March 2020). "Estimate of the proportion of uncertain diagnoses of pudendal neuralgia in women with chronic pelvic-perineal pain: A systematic review with a descriptive data synthesis".
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Labat et al state that "there are no specific clinical signs or complementary test results of this disease". Kaur et al confirm that there are no specific and consistent radiological findings in patients with PNE.
295:, especially if an inappropriately shaped or incorrectly positioned bicycle seat is used, may eventually thicken the sacrotuberous and/or sacrospinous ligaments and trap the nerve between them, resulting in PNE.
2127:"Magnetic resonance neurography and diffusion tensor imaging: origins, history, and clinical impact of the first 50,000 cases with an assessment of efficacy and utility in a prospective 5000-patient study group"
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Hough DM, Wittenberg KH, Pawlina W, Maus TP, King BF, Vrtiska TJ, et al. (August 2003). "Chronic
Perineal Pain Caused by Pudendal Nerve Entrapment: Anatomy and CT-Guided Perineural Injection Technique".
1432:
Oberpenning F, Roth S, Leusmann DB, van Ahlen H, Hertle L (February 1994). "The Alcock syndrome: temporary penile insensitivity due to compression of the pudendal nerve within the Alcock canal".
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272:, pudendal nerve runs between the sacrotuberous ligament and the sacrospinous ligament (posteriorly and anteriorly, respectively), giving way for potential compression of the pudendal nerve.
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systematic review additionally suggest that the criteria may be useful in assessing the efficacy and effectiveness of the pudendal nerve entrapment treatments that people may undergo.
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Treatments include behavioral modifications, physical therapy, analgesics and other medications, pudendal nerve block, and surgical nerve decompression. A newer form of treatment is
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to confirm the pudendal nerve is the source of pain through relief from the procedure. These diagnostic blocks can also be used in place of spinal anesthesia during delivery.
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512:
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Labat JJ, Riant T, Robert R, Amarenco G, Lefaucheur JP, Rigaud J (2008). "Diagnostic criteria for pudendal neuralgia by pudendal nerve entrapment (Nantes criteria)".
2686:
2586:
1587:"Changing paradigms for chronic pelvic pain: a report from the chronic pelvic pain/chronic prostatitis scientific workshop, october 19-21, 2005, Baltimore, MD"
633:. Most medical treatments are intended for symptomatic relief, such as pain. If symptoms are not managed through this standard of care, surgery is considered.
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Pudendal nerve entrapment is difficult to diagnose and there are no specific examinations that can clearly confirm the diagnosis. A multidisciplinary group in
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Maldonado PA, Chin K, Garcia AA, Corton MM (November 2015). "Anatomic variations of pudendal nerve within pelvis and pudendal canal: clinical applications".
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recommended to relieve the excessive pressure caused by the entrapment, but there is currently limited evidence to support this choice of therapy.
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There are also four levels of pudendal nerve entrapment compressions: entrapment below the piriformis muscle, entrapment that occurs between the
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Diagnoses are made through neurophysiological testing rather than imaging. However, MRI and CT imaging may be used to exclude other diagnoses.
329:. In the acute form, a metabolic block by an impaired blood supply will interrupt normal function of the pudendal nerve. In the chronic form,
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PNE can present in cyclists, likely due to both the compression and stretching of the pudendal nerve for prolonged time. Heavy and prolonged
3003:
1810:
Aldabe D, Hammer N, Flack NA, Woodley SJ (April 2019). "A systematic review of the morphology and function of the sacrotuberous ligament".
92:). Pain is positional and is worsened by sitting. Other symptoms include genital numbness, fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence.
298:
Anatomic abnormalities can result in PNE due to the pudendal nerve being fused to different parts of the anatomy, or trapped between the
597:
315:
172:
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257:. These three nerves are also referred to as the terminal branches, and they are more susceptible to injuries due to their locations.
160:. Nerve entrapment syndromes, presenting as genitalia numbness, are amongst the most common bicycling associated urogenital problems.
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110:(therefore "entrapped") in all cadavers studied, suggesting that the diagnosis of pudendal nerve entrapment may be overestimated.
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type 1 and 2) injuries will create positive symptoms (e.g. pain and paresthesias) and negative symptoms (loss of sensation).
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Possover M (April 2009). "Laparoscopic management of endopelvic etiologies of pudendal pain in 134 consecutive patients".
1006:"Diagnosis and treatment of pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome subtypes: imaging, injections, and minimal access surgery"
254:
3008:
2594:
1948:
Lundborg G, Dahlin LB (May 1996). "Anatomy, function, and pathophysiology of peripheral nerves and nerve compression".
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Alevizon SJ, Finan MA (October 1996). "Sacrospinous colpopexy: management of postoperative pudendal nerve entrapment".
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334:
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reports that sitting pain relieved by standing or sitting on a toilet seat is the most reliable diagnostic parameter.
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1677:
Baran C, Mitchell GC, Hellstrom WJ (October 2014). "Cycling-Related Sexual
Dysfunction in Men and Women: A Review".
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812:
787:
398:
60:
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Insola A, Granata G, Padua L (September 2010). "Alcock canal syndrome due to obturator internus muscle fibrosis".
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PNE is said to be caused by genitoanal surgical scarring and mishaps in the pelvic region, trauma to the pelvis,
250:
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Silbert PL, Dunne JW, Edis RH, Stewart-Wynne EG (1991). "Bicycling induced pudendal nerve pressure neuropathy".
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In male competitive cyclists, it is often called "cyclist syndrome", in which cyclists rarely develop recurrent
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704:
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Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency test, an invasive diagnostic test that involves a rectal or vaginal exam.
2307:"Diagnosis, Rehabilitation and Preventive Strategies for Pudendal Neuropathy in Cyclists, A Systematic Review"
1362:
Mazza L, Formento E, Fonda G (August 2004). "Anorectal and perineal pain: new pathophysiological hypothesis".
394:. It is important to note that the duration of pain relief from pudendal nerve block is different per person.
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may produce pain. In contrast, people may report temporary relief with a diagnostic pudendal nerve block (see
1324:
Shafik A (1997). "Role of pudendal canal syndrome in the etiology of fecal incontinence in rectal prolapse".
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425:
The involved area corresponds to the area of supplied by the pudendal nerve (anus to the clitoris or penis).
234:
405:, it is typical to see asymmetric swelling and hyperintensity affecting the pudendal neurovascular bundle.
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2410:"Misdiagnosed chronic pelvic pain: pudendal neuralgia responding to a novel use of palmitoylethanolamide"
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Cottrell AM, Schneider MP, Goonewardene S, Yuan Y, Baranowski AP, Engeler DS, et al. (May 2020).
2010:
Rydevik B, Brown MD, Lundborg G (1984). "Pathoanatomy and pathophysiology of nerve root compression".
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A 2015 study of 13 normal female cadavers found that the pudendal nerve was attached or fixed to the
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Anatomy of the pudendal nerve from the spinal nerve roots to the terminal branches in an adult male.
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Leibovitch I, Mor Y (March 2005). "The vicious cycling: bicycling related urogenital disorders".
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is a "last resort", according to surgeons who perform the operation. It is highly controversial.
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A systematic review study found that PN may be implicated in various sexual dysfunctions such as
126:
1901:"Les lanternes rouges: the race for information about cycling-related female sexual dysfunction"
2541:"Benefits and Harms of Electrical Neuromodulation for Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Systematic Review"
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Illustration of imaging from a CT-guided injection of the pudendal nerve at the pudendal canal.
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696:. Often times polypharmacy is used with consideration of medication history and side effects.
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No objective loss of sensation on clinical examination. Loss of superficial sensation in the
88:. There are several different types of PNE based on the site of entrapment anatomically (see
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Quantitative sensory threshold testing to detect the inability to sense temperature changes.
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One way to identify and alleviate pain associated with the pudendal nerve is a "CT-guided
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There are no specific clinical signs or complementary test results for this condition.
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Aoun F, Alkassis M, Tayeh GA, Chebel JA, Semaan A, Sarkis J, et al. (June 2021).
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PĂ©rez-LĂłpez FR, Hita-Contreras F (December 2014). "Management of pudendal neuralgia".
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High-frequency ultrasonography to identify the location of pudendal nerve compression.
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2023:
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Itza Santos F, Salinas J, Zarza D, GĂłmez Sancha F, Allona
Almagro A (June 2010). "".
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This can be used instead of pudendal nerve perineural injections. In recent years,
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can occur. People may also experience a burning pain in perianal or genital areas.
122:
73:
2540:
2261:"Successful treatment of refractory pudendal neuralgia with pulsed radiofrequency"
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Stav K, Dwyer PL, Roberts L (March 2009). "Pudendal neuralgia. Fact or fiction?".
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Steele SR, Hull TL, Hyman N, Maykel JA, Read TE, Whitlow CB (20 November 2021).
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If nerve damage is discovered, other surgery options may be considered like a "
241:. After re-entering the pelvis, it breaks off into three branches known as the
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237:. The pudendal nerve then re-enters the pelvic cavity by passing through the
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Tenderness around the ischial spine during rectal or vaginal examination
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Pain worsened by sitting, because of increased pressure on the nerve.
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81:
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Robert R, Labat JJ, Riant T, Louppe JM, Hamel O (October 2009). "".
401:
may be useful. In people with unilateral pudendal entrapment in the
1628:"Sexual dysfunction due to pudendal neuralgia: a systematic review"
2408:
Calabrò RS, Gervasi G, Marino S, Mondo PN, Bramanti P (May 2010).
703:
194:
1975:
Mackinnon SE (May 2002). "Pathophysiology of nerve compression".
962:"Pudendal nerve entrapment in an Ironman athlete: a case report"
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is more indicative of a lesion at the root of the sacral nerves.
214:
165:
3129:
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2675:
2449:
Wadhwa V, Scott KM, Rozen S, Starr AJ, Chhabra A (2016-09-01).
1226:"Voiding Dysfunction Associated with Pudendal Nerve Entrapment"
526:
2361:"Nerve Entrapment in the Hip Region: Current Concepts Review"
2649:
Amarenco G, Lanoe Y, Perrigot M, Goudal H (March 1987). "".
1899:
Partin SN, Connell KA, Schrader SM, Guess MK (August 2014).
1275:"Pudendal nerve decompression in perineology: a case series"
798:
Pudendal neuralgia was first described in cyclists in 1987.
441:
Pain relieved by an anesthetic block of the pudendal nerve.
349:
Diagnostic tests that can be performed to suggest PNE are:
368:
to detect vein compression, a result of nerve compression.
2451:"CT-guided Perineural Injections for Chronic Pelvic Pain"
473:
Nerve pain associated with extreme sensitivity to touch (
676:
associated with pudendal neuralgia. Drugs used include
3024:
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
486:
Predominantly unilateral pain (pain on one side only)
465:
Pain not in the area innervated by the pudendal nerve
2617:"Outcomes for peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes"
2189:(4th ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.
966:
The
Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association
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muscles and exits the pelvis by passing through the
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after prolonged cycling, or an altered sensation of
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557:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Imaging results that identify the cause of the pain
36:
28:
23:
2593:. New York, NY: NYU Medical Center. Archived from
3056:Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
672:There are numerous pharmaceutical treatments for
2365:International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
2359:Martin R, Martin HD, Kivlan BR (December 2017).
2311:Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
1219:
1217:
1215:
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513:chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
2305:Chiaramonte R, Pavone P, Vecchio M (May 2021).
2100:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2062:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1785:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1747:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
716:." During this procedure, "a long-acting local
431:The patient is not awoken by pain during sleep.
2354:
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2187:The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery
2054:Soon-Sutton TL, Feloney MP, Antolak S (2021).
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489:Foreign body sensation in the rectum or vagina
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1779:"Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Pudendal Nerve"
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1136:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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732:) are injected to provide immediate pudendal
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511:should consider the far commoner conditions
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480:Described as burning/shooting/stabbing pain
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960:Durante JA, Macintyre IG (December 2010).
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617:Learn how and when to remove this message
2492:"Pulsed radiofrequency for chronic pain"
1273:Beco J, Climov D, Bex M (October 2004).
2259:Rhame EE, Levey KA, Gharibo CG (2009).
1585:Nickel JC, Berger R, Pontari M (2006).
833:
462:(itching), which suggests a skin lesion
1514:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
1224:Possover M, Forman A (December 2012).
1093:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
2087:
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740:medication, and "steroid-induced fat
156:(urination) and reduced awareness of
7:
1741:"Pudendal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome"
555:adding citations to reliable sources
3197:Peripheral nervous system disorders
1632:Translational Andrology and Urology
1407:Clinical and Experimental Neurology
1230:Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports
483:Posterior pain following defecation
456:(it comes and goes in short bursts)
316:Pathophysiology of nerve entrapment
225:. The nerve progresses through the
173:persistent genital arousal disorder
2143:10.1227/01.NEU.0000351279.78110.00
390:), typically infiltrated near the
14:
2496:Current Pain and Headache Reports
2490:Byrd D, Mackey S (January 2008).
495:Abnormal neurophysiological tests
251:dorsal sensory nerve of the penis
2854:lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
2427:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00823.x
2092:Ghanavatian S, Derian A (2021).
2024:10.1097/00007632-198401000-00004
531:
84:) is entrapped or compressed in
1475:(3): 277–86, discussion 286–7.
542:needs additional citations for
387:
213:carries both motor and sensory
3148:Complex regional pain syndrome
2957:Template:Cranial nerve disease
1905:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
1:
3019:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
1989:10.1016/s0749-0712(01)00012-9
1777:Kinter KJ, Newton BW (2021).
1446:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)34970-4
936:10.1016/s2173-5786(10)70121-9
321:changes, followed by diffuse
2213:Neurourology and Urodynamics
1867:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00127-5
1564:10.1016/j.neuchi.2009.07.004
1481:10.1016/j.eururo.2004.10.024
1364:Techniques in Coloproctology
1176:Neurourology and Urodynamics
1105:10.1097/ogx.0b013e318193324e
1059:10.3109/13697137.2014.912263
469:Complementary criteria are:
89:
72:, is an uncommon source of
3029:Familial amyloid neuropathy
3004:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
2587:"Pudendal Nerve Entrapment"
1004:Filler AG (February 2009).
566:"Pudendal nerve entrapment"
3213:
3158:Nerve compression syndrome
2591:Department of Neurosurgery
1148:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.009
924:Actas Urologicas Espanolas
901:10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.096
313:
288:, can cause nerve injury.
270:ischial level of the spine
202:
3136:
3125:
3083:Pectoralis minor syndrome
2990:
2973:
2723:
2710:
2704:peripheral nervous system
2702:Diseases relating to the
2557:10.1016/j.euf.2019.09.011
2508:10.1007/s11916-008-0008-3
2125:Filler A (October 2009).
1855:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1526:10.2214/ajr.181.2.1810561
1376:10.1007/s10151-004-0060-x
1242:10.1007/s11884-012-0156-5
382:digital palpation of the
24:Pudendal nerve entrapment
3109:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
3088:Thoracic outlet syndrome
2278:10.36076/ppj.2009/12/633
1739:Kaur J, Singh P (2021).
1023:10.3171/FOC.2009.26.2.E9
445:Exclusion criteria are:
421:Inclusion criteria are:
3051:Guillain–Barré syndrome
3009:Dejerine–Sottas disease
2810:Cheiralgia paresthetica
1679:Sexual Medicine Reviews
235:greater sciatic foramen
3153:Mononeuritis multiplex
3078:Brachial plexus injury
2984:Polyradiculoneuropathy
2908:superior gluteal nerve
2880:Tarsal tunnel syndrome
2862:Meralgia paraesthetica
2767:Ulnar nerve entrapment
2744:Carpal tunnel syndrome
2545:European Urology Focus
2377:10.26603/ijspt20171163
2094:"Pudendal Nerve Block"
1434:The Journal of Urology
1292:10.1186/1471-2482-4-15
889:The Journal of Urology
709:
509:Differential diagnosis
504:Differential diagnosis
397:Imaging studies using
327:Wallerian degeneration
266:sacrotuberous ligament
239:lesser sciatic foramen
200:
152:, with disturbance of
3168:Peripheral neuropathy
3043:demyelinating disease
2777:Ulnar tunnel syndrome
2624:Clinical Neurosurgery
2468:10.1148/rg.2016150263
2012:Spine (Phila Pa 1976)
765:Decompression surgery
754:Pulsed radiofrequency
748:Pulsed radiofrequency
724:hydrochloride) and a
707:
694:palmitoylethanolamide
631:pulsed radiofrequency
517:interstitial cystitis
354:Pudendal nerve blocks
262:sacrospinous ligament
243:inferior rectal nerve
198:
181:premature ejaculation
108:sacrospinous ligament
70:Alcock canal syndrome
32:Alcock canal syndrome
2916:Trendelenburg's sign
2597:on 29 September 2012
2056:"Pudendal Neuralgia"
551:improve this article
452:Pain is exclusively
217:. It stems from the
177:erectile dysfunction
131:urinary incontinence
2934:Piriformis syndrome
2820:long thoracic nerve
2615:Spinner RJ (2006).
2324:10.3390/jfmk6020042
2137:(4 Suppl): A29-43.
1010:Neurosurgical Focus
818:Nerve decompression
366:Doppler ultra sound
2749:Ape hand deformity
1645:10.21037/tau-21-13
1591:Reviews in Urology
846:Muscle & Nerve
730:methylprednisolone
710:
302:and sacrospinalis
201:
97:pudendal neuralgia
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2942:
2941:
2841:
2840:
2800:Radial neuropathy
2225:10.1002/nau.24303
2196:978-3-030-66049-9
1917:10.1111/jsm.12606
1861:(4 Pt 2): 713–5.
1338:10.1159/000201488
1188:10.1002/nau.20505
858:10.1002/mus.21735
627:
626:
619:
601:
333:and axonmetesis (
286:caesarean section
68:), also known as
56:
55:
18:Medical condition
3204:
3138:
3127:
3014:Refsum's disease
2992:
2975:
2898:Morton's neuroma
2850:
2732:
2725:
2712:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2371:(7): 1163–1173.
2356:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2302:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2051:
2036:
2035:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1824:10.1002/ca.23328
1812:Clinical Anatomy
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1736:
1703:
1702:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1638:(6): 2500–2511.
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1508:
1493:
1492:
1469:European Urology
1464:
1458:
1457:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1001:
992:
991:
981:
957:
948:
947:
919:
913:
912:
884:
878:
877:
841:
813:Nerve entrapment
674:neuropathic pain
655:Physical therapy
637:Nerve protection
622:
615:
611:
608:
602:
600:
559:
535:
527:
80:(located in the
61:nerve entrapment
52:
51:
21:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3172:
3132:
3113:
3097:
3060:
3033:
2986:
2961:
2938:
2920:
2902:
2884:
2866:
2837:
2814:
2786:
2753:
2719:
2706:
2700:
2670:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2168:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1738:
1737:
1706:
1691:10.1002/smrj.32
1685:(3–4): 93–101.
1676:
1675:
1671:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1552:Neuro-Chirurgie
1549:
1548:
1541:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1142:(5): 727.e1–6.
1133:
1132:
1128:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1003:
1002:
995:
959:
958:
951:
921:
920:
916:
886:
885:
881:
843:
842:
835:
831:
804:
796:
788:neuromodulation
762:
750:
702:
686:antidepressants
678:anti-epileptics
670:
657:
648:
639:
623:
612:
606:
603:
560:
558:
548:
536:
525:
506:
411:
409:Nantes Criteria
343:
318:
312:
310:Pathophysiology
278:
207:
193:
116:
46:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2980:Polyneuropathy
2978:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2948:Cranial nerves
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2833:Backpack palsy
2830:
2828:Winged scapula
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2772:Froment's sign
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2717:Mononeuropathy
2715:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2641:
2607:
2578:
2551:(3): 559–571.
2531:
2482:
2461:(5): 1408–25.
2441:
2400:
2348:
2292:
2265:Pain Physician
2246:
2219:(3): 890–897.
2202:
2195:
2166:
2117:
2079:
2037:
2002:
1967:
1940:
1911:(8): 2039–47.
1888:
1845:
1818:(3): 396–407.
1802:
1764:
1704:
1669:
1618:
1577:
1558:(4–5): 463–9.
1539:
1494:
1459:
1424:
1397:
1351:
1316:
1265:
1236:(4): 281–285.
1209:
1161:
1126:
1080:
1037:
993:
949:
914:
879:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
823:Pudendal nerve
820:
815:
810:
803:
800:
795:
792:
761:
758:
749:
746:
726:corticosteroid
701:
698:
669:
666:
656:
653:
647:
644:
638:
635:
625:
624:
607:September 2014
539:
537:
530:
524:
521:
505:
502:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
467:
466:
463:
457:
450:
443:
442:
439:
432:
429:
426:
415:Nantes, France
410:
407:
403:Alcock's canal
399:MR neurography
373:
372:
369:
363:
360:
357:
342:
339:
325:, and finally
314:Main article:
311:
308:
277:
274:
247:perineal nerve
211:pudendal nerve
205:Pudendal nerve
203:Main article:
192:
189:
185:vestibulodynia
115:
112:
86:Alcock's canal
78:pudendal nerve
54:
53:
40:
34:
33:
30:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3209:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:Radiculopathy
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2926:sciatic nerve
2923:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2890:plantar nerve
2887:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:(in French).
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:Radiographics
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:Pain Medicine
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:(2): 231–41.
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1956:(2): 185–93.
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:(5): 489–93.
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:(4): 306–10.
1181:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
985:
980:
975:
972:(4): 276–81.
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392:ischial spine
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384:ischial spine
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378:Similar to a
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323:demyelination
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223:sacral plexus
221:S2–S4 of the
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219:spinal nerves
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50:
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31:
27:
22:
16:
3093:Phantom limb
2872:tibial nerve
2792:radial nerve
2736:median nerve
2654:
2650:
2644:
2627:
2623:
2610:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
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2534:
2502:(1): 37–41.
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2131:Neurosurgery
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2109:. Retrieved
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2015:
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1597:(1): 28–35.
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549:Please help
544:verification
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380:Tinel's sign
377:
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121:Genito-anal
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94:
74:chronic pain
69:
65:
58:
57:
15:
2759:ulnar nerve
2018:(1): 7–15.
1279:BMC Surgery
1047:Climacteric
808:Nerve block
722:bupivacaine
714:nerve block
668:Medications
331:neuropraxia
154:micturition
150:ejaculation
29:Other names
3070:plexopathy
3039:Autoimmune
2805:Wrist drop
2782:Ulnar claw
2657:(8): 399.
2651:Presse Med
2630:: 285–94.
2601:2010-12-14
2111:2021-07-28
2098:StatPearls
2073:2021-07-29
2060:StatPearls
1796:2021-07-30
1783:StatPearls
1758:2021-07-29
1745:StatPearls
829:References
784:neurectomy
734:anesthesia
718:anesthetic
700:Injections
682:gabapentin
646:Ergonomics
577:newspapers
454:paroxysmal
388:Injections
335:Sunderland
249:, and the
227:piriformis
158:defecation
3163:Neuralgia
2573:204834340
2317:(2): 42.
2241:211035953
1977:Hand Clin
1950:Hand Clin
1413:: 191–6.
1326:Digestion
1016:(2): E9.
874:206292116
523:Treatment
475:allodynia
341:Diagnosis
304:ligaments
293:bicycling
282:pregnancy
231:coccygeus
95:The term
59:Pudendal
43:Neurology
38:Specialty
3191:Category
2636:17380764
2565:31636030
2526:18417022
2477:27618322
2436:20345619
2395:29234567
2343:34068471
2287:19461829
2233:32022321
2161:19927075
2106:31855362
2068:32965917
1997:12371026
1935:24963841
1883:21196412
1840:58566498
1832:30592090
1791:32134612
1753:31334992
1699:27784566
1664:34295736
1613:16985558
1572:19748642
1534:12876048
1489:15716187
1392:27797811
1384:15309642
1311:15516268
1260:23162676
1204:10562179
1196:17828787
1156:26070708
1121:23124781
1113:19238769
1075:33039806
1067:24716710
1032:19323602
988:21120020
944:20510112
909:19233408
866:20665515
802:See also
760:Surgical
742:necrosis
460:Pruritus
255:clitoris
175:(PGAD),
138:numbness
123:numbness
114:Symptoms
3141:General
2663:2950502
2517:2913603
2386:5717491
2334:8162534
2152:2924821
2032:6372124
1962:8724572
1926:4544705
1875:8841264
1655:8261452
1604:1471766
1454:8283544
1419:1821826
1346:9383642
1251:3497942
979:2989401
794:History
738:steroid
692:), and
591:scholar
191:Anatomy
146:scrotum
140:of the
90:Anatomy
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728:(e.g.
688:(like
680:(like
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276:Causes
245:, the
183:, and
82:pelvis
45:
3131:Other
3102:Other
2620:(PDF)
2569:S2CID
2237:S2CID
1879:S2CID
1836:S2CID
1388:S2CID
1200:S2CID
1117:S2CID
1071:S2CID
870:S2CID
598:JSTOR
584:books
215:axons
142:penis
127:fecal
3068:and
3041:and
2996:HMSN
2982:and
2955:See
2659:PMID
2632:PMID
2561:PMID
2522:PMID
2473:PMID
2432:PMID
2391:PMID
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2283:PMID
2229:PMID
2191:ISBN
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2102:PMID
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1993:PMID
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1192:PMID
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1028:PMID
984:PMID
940:PMID
905:PMID
862:PMID
570:news
515:and
264:and
229:and
209:The
166:UCLA
144:and
125:and
2846:Leg
2728:Arm
2553:doi
2512:PMC
2504:doi
2463:doi
2422:doi
2381:PMC
2373:doi
2329:PMC
2319:doi
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2147:PMC
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