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population to less than 800, primarily due to the small number of usable hearths in the ruins. An analysis based on architecture estimated the resident population at 12 households, or about 70 people at its peak. These tend to be located on the ground floor, near the central plaza, and are associated with entrances to a series of rooms going deeper into the structure. Rooms were connected by a series of interior doorways, some of them in a T-shape. A family may have inhabited 3 to 4 rooms, with many small interior spaces being used for storage. There was generally no outside access to the room blocks other than from the central courtyard.
413:. Evidence of such trees can be seen within the structure of Pueblo Bonito, such as the first-floor support beams. Scientists hypothesized that during the time when the pueblo was inhabited, the valley was cleared of almost all of the trees, to provide timber for construction and fuel. This tree removal, combined with a period of drought, led the water table in the valley to drop severely, making the land infertile. This explains why Pueblo Bonito was inhabited for only about 300 years and is a good example of the effect that
266:
156:
429:. A concentration of elite burials occurred in room 33, which are differentiated from other burials in Chaco Canyon since most people were buried outside the great houses. The oldest burial was of a man who died violently, and archaeologists believe that room 33 was built as a crypt for him and his descendants. He was buried with thousands of turquoise and shell beads and pendants, which originally formed necklaces, anklets and bracelets, making his the richest burial ever excavated in the
43:
63:
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31:
245:, collapsed as a result of a rock fall, destroying some of the structure's rear wall and a number of rooms. The builders of Pueblo Bonito appear to have been well aware of this threat, but chose to build beneath the fractured stone anyway. The wall stood 97 feet (30 m) high and weighed approximately 30,000 tons; the Puebloans compensated by building structural reinforcements for the slab.
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areas. A common suggestion is that Pueblo Bonito was a ritual center. This is evident in not only the existence of the kivas (which are more often than not attributed to ritual function) but also the construction of the site and its relation to other Chaco Canyon sites. Although there were many occupants, only 50-60 burials were found here.
331:. The rituals at Pueblo Bonito were performed with cylindrical vessels, human effigy vessels, and ceramic incense burners. The Hydes donated the resulting large collection of artifacts to the American Museum of Natural History. After the excavation, Wetherill sought to gain personal control of parts of Chaco Canyon, including Pueblo Bonito,
348:
339:. He filed a homestead entry on these ruins, which was invalidated by the General Land Office in 1904 when the federal government took formal possession of these lands. Wetherill was required to stop his ongoing excavations on federal property, but continued to run a trading post at Chaco Canyon until his death in 1910.
389:
It is possible that Pueblo Bonito is actually neither a village nor city. While its size has the capacity for a significant population, the environment may not have been ideal for sustaining a large population. Excavations at the site have not revealed significant trash middens indicating residential
369:
The site covers 3 acres (1.2 ha) and incorporates approximately 800 rooms. In parts of the village, the tiered structure was four and five stories high. During later construction, some lower level rooms were filled with debris to better support the weight of the upper levels. The builder's use
365:
is situated on either side of the wall, creating a symmetrical pattern common to many of the Great Houses. In addition to the Great Kivas, over thirty other kivas or ceremonial structures have been found, many also associated with the large central courtyard. Interior living spaces were quite large
256:
at Pueblo Bonito. This was the first demonstration that the substance, important in rituals, had been brought into the area that became the United States at any time before the
Spanish arrived around 1500. Cylindrical pottery jars, common in Central America, had previously been found there, but are
377:
Population estimates for the village vary. During the early 20th century, the structures were viewed as small cities, with people residing in every room. From this perspective, Pueblo Bonito could have accommodated several thousand inhabitants at its peak. Recent analysis has lowered the estimated
214:, "Pueblo Bonito is the most thoroughly investigated and celebrated cultural site in Chaco Canyon. Planned and constructed in stages between AD 850 to AD 1150 by ancestral Puebloan peoples, this was the center of the Chacoan world." Anthropologist
393:
The site indicates the
Puebloans' comprehension of solar and lunar cycles; both of which are marked in the petroglyphs of the surrounding cliff area as well as in the architecture of Pueblo Bonito itself.
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323:
Among the artifacts recovered by Pepper, eight wood flutes were found in a room in the northwestern part of Pueblo Bonito that Pepper designated as "Room 33". These flutes are in the style of the
433:. Over the next 330 years, thirteen other individuals (both men and women) were buried in the same crypt with many elite grave goods suggesting important ritual functions in the community.
2333:
2196:
738:
Perry, George H.; Reich, David; Whiteley, Peter M.; LeBlanc, Steven A.; Kistler, Logan; Stewardson, Kristin; Swapan
Mallick; Rohland, Nadin; Skoglund, Pontus (February 21, 2017).
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of New York City, who were philanthropists and collectors. During this time, the two men uncovered 190 rooms and photographed and mapped all major structures in the canyon.
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depicting six-toed feet, a stylistic element also found in other
Ancient Pueblo rock art. These images date to the late 10th or early 11th centuries.
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Holmes anniversary volume; anthropological essays presented to
William Henry Holmes in honor of his seventieth birthday, December 1, 1916
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441:, meaning they were all related through the female line. Archaeologists have concluded that Pueblo Bonito was associated with an elite
289:. Simpson later published the first description of Chaco Canyon in his military report, with drawings by expedition artist R. H. Kern.
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can have on the local environment. The
Ancestral Puebloans, no longer able to grow crops to sustain their population, had to move on.
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middens revealed that at the time that Pueblo Bonito was built, Chaco Canyon and the surrounding areas were wooded by trees such as
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Room 33 is one of the most well-excavated areas of Pueblo Bonito and belongs to the earliest construction phase of the site in the
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Pueblo Bonito is divided into two sections by a precisely aligned wall which runs north to south through the central plaza. A
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Navajo
Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navaho Country, Made in 1849
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The archeologist Mary
Metcalf estimates that 805,000 man-hours were required to build Pueblo Bonito's main structure.
56:
1840:
1595:
430:
2010:
655:
Bernardini, Wesley (1999). "Reassessing the scale of social action at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico".
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architecture and multi-story construction produced massive masonry walls as much as 3 feet (0.91 m) thick.
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445:, a powerful family who inherited their status from their mothers, for approximately 330 years. The room 33
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281:, discovered Chaco Canyon during an 1849 military expedition. They briefly examined eight large ruins in
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1980:
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Kivas and square rooms in the southeast section of Pueblo Bonito, from cliff, 1929. Photo by
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Thomas H. Maugh II (February 3, 2009). "Earlier traces of cacao use found in
Southwest".
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571:"The Development of Flutes in North American: The Pueblo Bonito and other Mojave Flutes"
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285:, and Carravahal gave them their Spanish names, including Pueblo Bonito, meaning
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1985:
1965:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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has said that "Pueblo Bonito is an archeological icon, as famous as England's
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82:
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1103:
Chaco Revisited: New Research on the Prehistory of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
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676:"Hierarchy and social inequality in the American Southwest, A.D. 800-1200"
2114:
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from at least 1,200 miles (1,900 km) away were detected in pottery
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are the first archaeological evidence of matrilineal descent among the
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Pueblo Bonito is the largest great house in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.
883:
Chaco Canyon: Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society
347:
257:
rare. 111 jars have been found in Pueblo Bonito's 800 or so rooms.
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396:
380:
346:
314:
264:
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740:"Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty"
2171:
361:
1204:
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The Material Culture of Pueblo Bonito: Reprints in Anthropology
1175:
1124:
In Search of Chaco: New Approaches to an Archaeological Enigma
473:
On the rock wall directly behind Pueblo Bonito is a series of
385:
Interior wall with exposed timber beams and aligned doorways
457:
descendants, many of whom practice matrilineal succession.
863:
2319:
Buildings and structures in San Juan County, New Mexico
657:
Kiva, the Journal of Southwest Anthropology and History
233:
In January 1941, a section of the canyon wall known as
619:
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analysis found that nine of these individuals shared
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who occupied the structure between AD 828 and 1126.
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2019:
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119:
111:
74:
52:
23:
1121:
493:
1143:Simpson, James H. (2003). McNitt, Frank (ed.).
680:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2334:Protected areas of San Juan County, New Mexico
1101:Heitman, Carrie C.; Plog, Steve, eds. (2015).
902:"The Architectural Evolution of Pueblo Bonito"
1216:
957:. Vol. 23. J. & L. Reprint Company.
8:
912:(7). National Academy of Sciences: 561–563.
803:Hodge, Frederick Webb; Leary, Ella (1916).
1223:
1209:
1201:
992:Pueblo Bonito: Center of the Chacoan World
674:Plog, S.; Heitman, C. (November 8, 2010).
453:, which is a further link to their modern
20:
2324:National Park Service areas in New Mexico
1731:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1073:Vivian, R. Gwinn; Hilpert, Bruce (2012).
935:
925:
840:of the American Museum of Natural History
779:
709:
691:
327:that are considered a predecessor to the
1077:(2 ed.). University of Utah Press.
953:Judd, Neil M.; Allen, Glover M. (1954).
366:by the standards of the Ancient Pueblo.
640:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJudd1957 (
486:
2339:History of San Juan County, New Mexico
2309:Chaco Culture National Historical Park
197:Chaco Culture National Historical Park
2329:Former populated places in New Mexico
1128:. School of American Research Press.
1075:Chaco Handbook: An Encyclopedia Guide
851:
733:
731:
729:
505:
162:
7:
1012:The Puebloan Society of Chaco Canyon
635:
623:
556:
544:
532:
2304:Pre-statehood history of New Mexico
2202:Norse colonization of North America
1032:Archaeology of Native North America
16:Ancient Puebloan ruin in New Mexico
2294:Archaeological sites in New Mexico
302:American Museum of Natural History
14:
319:Pueblo Bonito from the east, 2006
170:Located in present-day New Mexico
1147:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1120:Nobel, David Grant, ed. (2004).
277:and his guide, Carravahal, from
191:) is the largest and best-known
161:
154:
61:
41:
29:
2349:Ancient Pueblo peoples rock art
2222:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1105:. University of Arizona Press.
1191:Pueblo Bonito: 1995 Site Guide
1050:University of Colorado Boulder
1015:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
990:Neitzel, Jill E., ed. (2003).
975:"Chaco Culture: Pueblo Bonito"
864:University of Colorado Boulder
842:Vol. XXVII, (New York, (1920).
1:
1196:New Research at Pueblo Bonito
597:"The Flutes of Pueblo Bonito"
2187:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2137:Eastern Agricultural Complex
296:and natural history student
269:Pueblo Bonito from the south
1571:Bandelier National Monument
1445:List of Mississippian sites
1232:Pre-Columbian North America
1171:The Mystery of Chaco Canyon
900:Judd, Neil M. (July 1927).
885:. Oxford University Press.
248:In 2009, traces of Mexican
57:San Juan County, New Mexico
35:Aerial view, from the south
2375:
2314:Ruins in the United States
1991:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1596:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1305:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2260:
2232:Three Sisters agriculture
1238:
178:
149:
145:
40:
28:
1771:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1330:Buttermilk Creek complex
1178:documentary narrated by
823:2027/umn.31951p00853855t
1971:Town Creek Indian Mound
1941:Sierra de San Francisco
1796:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
815:10.5962/bhl.title.61163
693:10.1073/pnas.1014985107
273:United States army Lt.
203:. It was built by the
1626:Coso Rock Art District
1513:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1416:List of Hopewell sites
1030:Snow, Dean R. (2010).
1009:Reed, Paul F. (2004).
837:Anthropological Papers
402:
386:
355:
320:
310:Frederick E. Hyde, Jr.
279:San Ysidro, New Mexico
270:
241:(leaning rock gap) in
2359:Pueblos in New Mexico
2034:Arlington Springs Man
1876:Portsmouth Earthworks
994:. Smithsonian Books.
971:National Park Service
927:10.1073/pnas.13.7.561
881:Fagan, Brian (2005).
744:Nature Communications
494:National Park Service
400:
384:
350:
329:Native American flute
318:
268:
212:National Park Service
2242:Transoceanic contact
2132:Container Revolution
1706:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1671:Etowah Indian Mounds
124:Chacoan civilization
96:36.0607°N 107.9617°W
2354:Ancestral Puebloans
2344:Pueblo great houses
2162:Green Corn Ceremony
1976:Turkey River Mounds
1766:Lake Jackson Mounds
1586:Blue Spring Shelter
918:1927PNAS...13..561J
764:10.1038/ncomms14115
756:2017NatCo...814115K
686:(46): 19619–19626.
595:Clint Goss (2012).
569:Clint Goss (2012).
535:, pp. 16, 106.
451:Ancestral Puebloans
205:Ancestral Puebloans
92: /
2247:Underwater panther
1921:Rosenstock Village
1791:Marmes Rockshelter
1776:L'Anse aux Meadows
403:
387:
356:
321:
271:
239:tse biyaa anii'ahi
101:36.0607; -107.9617
2281:
2280:
2273:Pre-Columbian era
2074:Spirit Cave mummy
1871:Plum Bayou Mounds
1781:Lynch Quarry Site
1300:Ancient Beringian
1187:, a Photo Gallery
1034:. Prentice-Hall.
559:, pp. 116–7.
520:Los Angeles Times
439:mitochondrial DNA
337:Pueblo Del Arroyo
294:Richard Wetherill
287:beautiful village
210:According to the
182:
181:
2366:
2217:Projectile point
2054:Leanderthal Lady
1981:Upward Sun River
1956:Stallings Island
1946:Shell ring sites
1896:Recapture Canyon
1811:Moorehead Circle
1656:El Fin del Mundo
1641:Cueva de la Olla
1447:
1434:Maritime Archaic
1418:
1248:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1158:
1139:
1127:
1116:
1088:
1069:
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1060:on June 24, 2012
1056:. Archived from
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809:. Washington: .
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547:, pp. 16–7.
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298:George H. Pepper
275:James H. Simpson
235:Threatening Rock
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2268:Genetic history
2256:
2110:Ceremonial pipe
2083:
2064:Minnesota Woman
2021:
2015:
1836:Ocmulgee Mounds
1816:Morrison Mounds
1761:Kolomoki Mounds
1751:Kimball Village
1611:Candelaria Cave
1553:
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1528:Suwannee Valley
1463:Old Cordilleran
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1094:Further reading
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1054:"Pueblo Bonito"
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977:. US Government
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405:Examination of
372:core-and-veneer
353:George A. Grant
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2192:Mound Builders
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2177:Medicine wheel
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1591:Bluefish Caves
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2059:Melbourne Man
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24:Pueblo Bonito
22:
19:
2299:Chaco Canyon
2252:Water glyphs
2207:Oasisamerica
2197:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2157:Folsom point
2147:Effigy mound
2127:Clovis point
2095:Aridoamerica
1996:Wickiup Hill
1951:Spiro Mounds
1931:Salmon Ruins
1926:Russell Cave
1885:
1721:Helen Blazes
1716:Grimes Point
1696:Fort Juelson
1686:Fort Ancient
1661:El Vallecito
1621:Chaco Canyon
1561:Angel Mounds
1523:Steed-Kisker
1473:Paleo-Arctic
1395:Glacial Kame
1380:Fort Ancient
1272:Post-Classic
1243:
1185:Chaco Canyon
1169:
1144:
1123:
1102:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:the original
1031:
1011:
991:
979:. Retrieved
954:
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874:Bibliography
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606:February 14,
604:. Retrieved
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580:February 13,
578:. Retrieved
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291:
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283:Chaco Canyon
272:
247:
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228:Machu Picchu
226:, or Peru's
209:
188:
184:
183:
18:
2237:Thunderbird
2105:Black drink
2069:Peñon woman
2006:Winterville
1986:Velda Mound
1966:Taos Pueblo
1861:Parkin Park
1846:Orwell site
1831:Nodena site
1726:Holly Bluff
1701:Four Mounds
1691:Fort Center
1616:Casa Grande
1566:Anzick site
1458:Monongahela
1385:Fort Walton
1360:Coles Creek
1325:Belle Glade
1310:Anishinaabe
475:petroglyphs
447:excavations
427:9th century
343:Description
333:Chetro Ketl
224:Teotihuacan
222:, Mexico's
216:Brian Fagan
199:, northern
193:great house
99: /
87:107°57′42″W
75:Coordinates
2288:Categories
2182:Metallurgy
2142:Eden point
2039:Buhl Woman
1911:Rock Eagle
1901:River Styx
1826:Mummy Cave
1821:Moundville
1801:Mesa Verde
1786:Marksville
1533:Tchefuncte
1493:Plaquemine
1429:Las Palmas
1345:Calf Creek
1340:Cades Pond
963:B00AXBGXNO
852:Fagan 2005
601:Flutopedia
575:Flutopedia
506:Fagan 2005
481:References
220:Stonehenge
201:New Mexico
84:36°03′39″N
2227:Stickball
1916:Rock Hawk
1746:Key Marco
1538:Troyville
1518:St. Johns
1503:Red Ocher
1262:Formative
772:2041-1723
750:: 14115.
702:0027-8424
636:Judd 1957
624:Snow 2010
557:Reed 2004
545:Reed 2004
533:Reed 2004
443:matriline
431:Southwest
421:Matriliny
300:from the
261:Discovery
130:Abandoned
2115:Chanunpa
2100:Ballgame
2079:Vero man
2029:Anzick-1
2001:Windover
1961:SunWatch
1891:Rassawek
1711:Glenwood
1601:Brewster
1453:Mogollon
1424:La Jolla
1410:Hopewell
1370:Deptford
1283:cultures
1064:March 3,
981:March 3,
946:16587221
790:28221340
720:21059921
469:Rock art
407:pack rat
292:Rancher
120:Built by
53:Location
47:Site map
2264:Related
2122:Chunkey
2022:remains
2011:Wupatki
1851:Paquime
1741:Huápoca
1606:Cahokia
1576:Bastian
1483:Patayan
1405:Hohokam
1390:Fremont
1365:Comondú
1320:Baytown
1315:Avonlea
1295:Alachua
1267:Classic
1257:Archaic
1245:Periods
937:1085076
914:Bibcode
781:5321759
752:Bibcode
711:2993351
141:Private
1681:Folsom
1646:Cutler
1581:Benson
1468:Oneota
1400:Glades
1375:Folsom
1355:Clovis
1252:Lithic
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455:Pueblo
360:Great
335:, and
254:sherds
243:Navajo
66:
2212:Piasa
2020:Human
1651:Eaker
1554:sites
1488:Plano
1290:Adena
250:cacao
237:, or
2172:Kiva
1149:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1066:2015
1036:ISBN
1017:ISBN
996:ISBN
983:2015
959:ASIN
942:PMID
887:ISBN
786:PMID
768:ISSN
716:PMID
698:ISSN
642:help
608:2012
582:2012
362:Kiva
308:and
133:1126
1676:Eva
1176:PBS
932:PMC
922:doi
819:hdl
811:doi
776:PMC
760:doi
706:PMC
688:doi
684:107
370:of
230:."
195:in
115:828
69:USA
2290::
1174:a
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722:.
690::
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522:.
496:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
