1139:). Copulation between pairs seems to be closely related to food transfers, with this possibly serving as a trigger for intercourse. Amazons have a copulation pattern similar to that found in other parrots throughout the Americas, with the male gripping a perch with one leg while passively placing the other in the female's back. As the time for egg-laying approaches the pair spends more time in the nest, with the male providing food to the female via regurgitation. The female lays 2–4 eggs that she exclusively incubates for a period of 24 to 28 days, while the male will be present in the vicinity of the nest when providing food. Females only leave the nest on rare occasions involving repelling predators or if the male has not brought food in an extended time frame. The chicks are fed by both parents until they leave the nest, usually 60 to 65 days after they hatch. Nonetheless, they remain dependent on their parents and travel with them until the next breeding season.
848:. Estimates of the parrot's early numbers vary greatly. Some authorities claim that there were once more than a million individuals, while others suggest a more modest population of 100,000. During the first 150 years of Spanish rule the human population was small, and in 1650, when the population of the island was 880 people, the species was still abundant throughout the archipelago. After 1650, human habitation increased exponentially, and by the 18th century the Puerto Rican amazon population started to be affected. Heinrich Moritz Gaede, a German naturalist, declared that by 1836 the parrot population had noticeably declined. Even so, as late as 1864, British ornithologist Edward Cavendish Taylor noted that the parrots were still common near the island's capital,
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the nest to avoid the attention of predators. Although territorial defense is mostly composed of loud vocalizations there are instances of actual physical combat. Pairs will defend their nest sites against invading couples, sometimes focusing on the location's defense instead of egg-laying. Pairs nesting in areas uninhabited by other parrots will remain mostly silent unless other parrots enter the zone. Some pairs may display moderate territoriality even when not apparently intending to nest, with these tendencies beginning in the latter half of the breeding season. One hypothesis is that this would occur in young pairs that had still not reached full maturity, serving as "practice territoriality".
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of roads, hydroelectric development, and the adoption of young chicks as pets. Especially during the latter half of the 19th century, most of Puerto Rico's virgin forests, a historical habitat of the species, were cleared for agricultural development, primarily for the production of sugar, cotton, corn and rice. The amazon quickly came to rely on these crops as its main food source and so became seen as a pest; local farmers repelled or hunted the bird if possible. As agriculture expanded, the amazon's habitat disappeared further and its population declined.
1116:), to a lesser extent. These trees are mature cavity-forming trees which provide protection against predators and the entry of water. Recently, the species has also nested in artificial wooden boxes designed as part of the recovery plan for the species. Nest height varies from 7–15 m (23–49 ft) above ground. The male usually leads the search for nest sites, although the final decision seems to be taken by the female. Once a site is selected, the pair will spend some time inspecting and cleaning it. No lining material is added to the
1159:(USFWS) at the Luquillo Aviary began efforts to breed parrots in captivity and yielded good results. In June 2006, it was reported by the USFWS that its birds in captivity had successfully hatched 39 chicks (the yearly average is around 16). In 2006, 22 birds were released in the Rio Abajo State Forest to initiate a second wild population, and a further 19 were released at the same site on 27 December 2008. In 2012, the total estimated population was 58–80 individuals in the wild and over 300 individuals in captivity.
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to the forest. The flight mechanism of this species is similar to the one found in other amazons, and involves strokes below the body axis, unlike most birds whose wings flow above their bodies in flight. Amazons can fly moderately fast, reaching a top speed of approximately 30 km/h (19 mph), and are fairly agile when evading predators in mid-air. When in search of food, the parrots group in pairs. Couples and their
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This was noted as a significant advance, since El Yunque is not an ideal habitat for the bird due to its humidity, which precipitates sickness in some of the individuals. This was accompanied by a second announcement, which noted that added to the known number of amazons in the wild (fluctuating between 64 and 112 specimens) there is an unmonitored population of approximately 50 birds dispersed throughout Puerto Rico.
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August 13, 2015, a group of 25 amazons was moved from the other aviaries to a repurposed installation in
Maricao. Each member was brought individually in order to ensure their safety while being transported and later placed in an acclimation program that is expected to last a year, before they are released to create a new population in the region.
1283:. As part of the conservation efforts, a captive population was established in the Luquillo Aviary in 1973. Another was established in 1993 when some individuals were transferred from the Luquillo Aviary to the Rio Abajo State Forest under the administration of the Puerto Rican Department of Natural Resources (
1238:). The thrasher was first recorded in Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century and has been a problem for the parrot population since 1973; to combat this, specially designed deep nests were prepared for the parrots in subsequent years to prevent competition from the invaders. Introduced species are a threat:
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The Puerto Rican amazon is diurnal, typically beginning its day half an hour after sunrise. It is generally secretive when inside its nest, using its green plumage as camouflage. In contrast, it may be vocal and noisy when outside the nest. Upon taking flight, its color pattern provides some contrast
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Human activity is arguably the main reason for the population decline of the Puerto Rican amazon. Early settlers of Puerto Rico, such as the TaĂno, hunted it for food consumption but managed to maintain a healthy ecological balance. Later, habitat destruction, capture of immature individuals for the
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The Puerto Rican amazon usually mates for life, with pairs only changing mates if one bird perishes or abandons the nest. A male may abandon the female if the latter is injured, re-mating with a more "physically perfect" subject. The pairing process is unknown; however, new pairs tend to participate
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At first, human activity had not posed a significant threat to the Puerto Rican amazon. The TaĂno hunted the parrot but without much effect on its population. In the past 200 years, however, many factors have led to a drastic decrease in the birds' numbers: agricultural development, the construction
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were formally announced. The following month, ten amazons were released at RĂo Abajo. 2013 set a new record for the reproduction program, which produced 51 fledglings and shattered the previous record of 34 that was established in 2011. The wild population grew by 15 chicks, an improvement from the
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sequenced the amazon's genome. On August 15, 2013, the discovery of non-assisted nests in the RĂo Abajo State Forest was announced. Experts considered this a sign of expansion, implying that the reintroduced amazon population was fully adapting to wild life and was dispersing throughout the region.
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In response to the Puerto Rican amazon's low population and endangered status, a recovery plan was drafted and implemented in 1968. Its main objective was to downlist the species to threatened status by the year 2020. Other objectives included establishing two separate viable wild populations (each
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feathers are dark blue. The color of the feathers on the underside varies depending on the body part: the feathers on the underside of the wings, which can be seen during flight, are bright blue; those in the tail have yellow-green tone. Their underparts are paler and yellow-tinged, their foreheads
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Like other amazons, the Puerto Rican amazon is gregarious while performing daily activities, but territorial around its nest. The size of the territory around the nest is usually around 50 meters (164 feet). Pairs are extremely cautious near their nest, usually moving in a slow manner when leaving
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and the Puerto Rican amazon. Subsequent studies showed that size and color patterns were not sufficient to assess evolutionary relationships, and that patterns changed with relative ease even within members of the same species. The research concluded that the Puerto Rican amazon may share a common
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began during the spring of 2015 and extended throughout the summer, benefitting the breeding of the amazons in El Yunque by extending their reproductive season. However, this weather pattern also increased the number of mongooses present in the forest, representing a risk for the population. On
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struck the northeast coast of Puerto Rico inflicting heavy casualties on the remaining birds. In the aftermath of the hurricane the population was estimated at 23 individuals. In 2004, the wild population was 30–35 individuals, and the long-term trend appears to be stable albeit with some
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are red, and they have white ovals around the eyes. The iris is brown, the bill a horn color, and the legs yellow-tan. Aside from DNA tests, males and females can only be distinguished by behavioral differences during the breeding season. Immature birds have plumage similar to adults.
1345:, this was carried out as a uniquely community-funded project. The research budget raised by student organized art and fashion shows dedicated to the effort plus small personal donations from Puerto Rican citizens who wanted to support the work. And from this data producing
1074:). It normally selects the fruits positioned directly in front of its eyes, picking them one at a time with some rare exceptions. When feeding, it uses a foot to pick up the food. The amazon feeds in a slow, paused manner taking 8–60 seconds to consume separate items.
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young display a tendency to stay together. The amazon makes two flight calls, a take-off squawk which consist of a pattern of long squawks, and a loud "bugle", commonly used in flight and which may have several meanings depending on the circumstances when it is used.
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at some point. Some small species would have encountered problems traversing large bodies of water, but parrots have flight strength and various behavioral characteristics that would facilitate "over-water" dispersion. Most
Caribbean bird species originate from
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Afanador, Y.; Velez-ValentĂn, J.; ValentĂn de la Rosa, R.; MartĂnez-Cruzado, J.-C.; vonHoldt, B.; K. Oleksyk, T. (1 December 2014). "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the critically endangered Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata)".
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Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, were not a threat to the Puerto Rican parrot population when it was more readily self-maintaining, but as a result of the fragmentation and reduction of the population these disasters are now a threat as well.
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The Puerto Rican amazon measures 28–30 cm (11.0–11.8 in) and weighs 250–300 g (8.8–10.6 oz), or 275 g (9.7 oz) on average. Although small compared to amazons in general, it is similar in size to other
Greater Antilles
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By the 1950s, there were only 200 parrots in the wild, and in 1975 the population reached an absolute low of 13 individuals. Numbers then recovered, and in August 1989 there were an estimated minimum of 47 individuals. But on
September 18, 1989,
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Human activity once again threatened the amazon during the following years. In 2012, it was reported that the unsanctioned flight of light aircraft from adjacent islands was disrupting the reproductive and social behaviors of the species.
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720:. All the Greater Antillean amazons display characteristics leading to suppositions of relatedness, including predominantly green-toned color patterns and white rings around the eyes. Russello and Amato conclude that all Greater Antillean
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The creation of another aviary and captive reproduction center was considered throughout 2013, with the municipalities of
Maricao and Isabela being analyzed. In November 2013, plans for the establishment of a third population in the
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Captive specimens at the Iguaca Aviary of El Yunque
National Forest (2011). Located in the vicinity of Luquillo, Puerto Rico, this was the first facility of the reproduction program and currently serves as one of three specialized
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The species was historically found in mature or old-growth forests in Puerto Rico at all elevations, and in holes, cliffs, and other diverse habitats at lower elevations. The species could be found at medium elevations in the
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of which would consist of 500 or more individuals for a period of at least five years), protecting habitat for those populations, and controlling predators, parasites and competitors. A third site was planned in 2011 by the
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administration, raised concerns among conservationists due to further deforestation of the regions where the birds feed. New conservation efforts have also begun during this timeframe. In 2011, a research team of the
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it was estimated only 3 of the 50 parrots survived in the wild, representing a loss of 90%. Recovery programs continue and as of 2021 the total population is around 500 including those in captivity and in the wild.
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Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques
1155:. At the time of inclusion the population was estimated at 70 individuals. In 1968, recovery efforts began to increase the population in the wild. In 1972, when the estimated population was 16 individuals, the
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Martinez-Cruzado, Juan-Carlos; Valentin, Ricardo; Figueroa, Luis; Dean, Michael; Logue, David M.; Nickerson, Michael L.; Ruiz-Rodriguez, Christina T.; Afanador, Yashira; Guiblet, Wilfried (1 December 2012).
912:. The species is currently found at elevations between 396 and 823 m (1,299 and 2,700 ft). Since the species requires mature forests with open-cavity trees for reproduction, it does not occur in
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since 1994. Once widespread and abundant, the population declined drastically in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the removal of most of its native habitat; the species has completely vanished from
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sets to aid the captive breeding efforts and population monitoring studies by providing unique identifiers for individual birds. In early 2020, 30 parrots were released into the El Yunque rainforest.
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pet industry, hunting and predation contributed to the sharp population decline. The clearing of mature forests for agricultural development is the main reason for the decline of population.
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To assist in improving the understanding of the overall population health of this species and aid in captive breeding programs the genome was sequenced by researchers at
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2142:"Federal and State Agencies Reaffirm their Commitment to the Recovery of the Endangered Puerto Rican Parrot". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
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12 born during the previous year. During this time frame, the known number of amazon specimens rounded 500 individuals. A severe drought caused by the emergence of
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Russello, Michael A. & George Amato (2004). "A molecular phylogeny of
Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation".
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at 4 years of age in the wild and at 3 years in captivity. The species usually reproduces once a year between the months of
January and July (the
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338:. Once the female lays eggs she will remain in the nest and continuously incubate them until hatching. The chicks are fed by both parents and will
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studies show that the Puerto Rican amazon is more closely related to the
Hispaniolan amazon and the Cuban amazon than to the black-billed amazon.
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3031:"A locally funded Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) genome sequencing project increases avian data and advances young researcher education"
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988:. The species has been recorded to consume more than 60 different materials, although its diet was historically more varied due to its larger
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60 to 65 days after hatching. This parrot's diet is varied and consists of flowers, fruits, leaves, bark and nectar obtained from the forest
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to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist
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2624:"USFWS Seeks Comments to Begin an Environmental Assessment to Select Site for a Third Puerto Rican Parrot Population in Puerto Rico"
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fluctuations. The current range of the species is 16 km (6.2 sq mi), 0.2% of what it once was. In the aftermath of
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The Puerto Rican amazon reaches sexual maturity at between three and four years of age. It reproduces once a year and is a
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is not present. Both males and females have predominantly green plumage, though their feathers have blue edges. The
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in mutual mating dances characterised by coordinated bows, partial extension of the wings and full tail expansion.
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towards the main island's coast to find food. The species was extirpated from
Culebra by the early 20th century. A
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colonialists is uncertain, because of a lack of contemporary records and then the extermination of the indigenous
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in the northwestern part of Puerto Rico was identified as a haven for the species. In particular, a region named
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were inaugurated and dedicated to the late Priscilla Stubbe, who was a major fundraiser for the new facility.
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passed through the species' range in September 1989, and reduced the population from 47 to 23 individuals.
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and is now extinct. It is unclear whether it was substantially different from the nominate subspecies.
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1174:(CITES), which prohibits commercial international trade in the species or its parts/derivatives.
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with a red forehead and white rings around the eyes. Its closest relatives are believed to be the
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880:(until the 1930s). Accounts from the early 1900s describe the parrots traveling away from the
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species found in the Caribbean are divided in two groups: five mid-sized species found in the
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984:. Its diet consists of flowers, fruits, leaves, bark and nectar obtained from the forest's
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Puerto Rican amazon historical range at left (in red) and current range at right (in green)
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The species is the only remaining native parrot to Puerto Rico and has been listed as
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The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural History and Conservation of the Puerto Rican Parrot
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considered that the Puerto Rican amazon had evolved from the Hispaniolan amazon (
311:. Measuring 28–30 cm (11.0–11.8 in), the bird is a predominantly green
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2817:"Investigadores estiman que cotorra puertorriqueña está en vĂa de recuperaciĂłn"
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
1611:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 218.
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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was created from a revision of this article dated 24 October 2010
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2969:"SequĂa extrema en El Yunque podrĂa beneficiar a la cotorra puertorriqueña"
1978:"Technical/Agency Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Puerto Rican Parrot (
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366:. Conservation efforts commenced in 1968 to save the bird from extinction.
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The precise distribution of the Puerto Rican amazon before the arrival of
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constituting a complex, a cluster of species so closely related that they
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are assumed to be descended from a singular group that immigrated to the
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1246:) and related Hispaniolan amazons may compete for nesting cavities, and
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and only extant subspecies, inhabiting Puerto Rico and formerly nearby
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: "Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program"
1536:(in French). Vol. 11. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 339.
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2734:"Gasoducto presenta una nueva amenaza para la cotorra puertorriqueña"
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382:. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by
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3001:"Bosque estatal de Maricao recibe grupo de cotorras puertorriqueñas"
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The Puerto Rican amazon in flight, showing distinctive blue feathers
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Snyder, Noel F. R.; James W. Wiley & Cameron B. Kepler (1987).
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You may see a listing of the Puerto Rican amazon vocal repertoire
448:. They have also been given the generic epithet of "parrot" by the
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3082:"Genome empowerment for the Puerto Rican parrot – Amazona vittata"
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since 1994. The species is regulated under Appendix I of the
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United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species
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in Puerto Rico, is a natural predator of the Puerto Rican amazon.
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2767:"Comunidad universitaria se une por la cotorra puertorriqueña"
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The Puerto Rican amazon was described by the French polymath
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2937:"Liberan 10 cotorras puertorriqueñas en Bosque de RĂo Abajo"
1631:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 189.
1287:). In 2007, expanded facilities at the Iguaca Aviary at the
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On March 11, 1967, the Puerto Rican amazon entered the
1060:; the bark of bejuco de rana, cupeillo, and cachimbo cumun (
2913:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com. 26 December 2013. Archived from
1906:
Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives
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A pair of Puerto Rican amazons which usually mate for life
1737:"Captive-bred Puerto Rican Parrots released in El Yunque"
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Natural predators of the Puerto Rican amazon include the
2911:"Liberan 10 cotorras puertorriqueñas a estado silvestre"
2493:"Species Profile: Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata)"
1570:. Vol. 8. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 792.
1108:), but uses other trees, including the laurel sabino (
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Like almost all amazons, the Puerto Rican amazon is a
417:. The Puerto Rican amazon is now placed in the large
3209:"Liberan a 30 cotorras puertorriqueñas en el Yunque"
2878:"Cotorras puertorriqueñas alzarĂan vuelo en Maricao"
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1904:Charles A. Woods & Florence E. Sergile (2001).
1764:. Conservation Management Institute. Archived from
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2495:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from
2159:"Puerto Rican Parrot – BirdLife Species Factsheet"
1476:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686239A179276011.en
1281:Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex
2645:Thomas H. White Jr. & Fernando Nuñez-Garcia.
1936:(in Spanish). Washington: Humanitas. p. 13.
876:(until the 1920s), and at high elevations in the
2182:"MarĂa eliminĂł 90% de las cotorras en El Yunque"
2085:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
1285:Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales
27:Parrot endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico
2797:(in Spanish). Metro Puerto Rico. 15 August 2013
2209:"Liberan cotorras puertorriqueñas en El Yunque"
2144:http://www.fws.gov/caribbean/ParrotMoU2012.html
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
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2601:"Hurricane Effects on Wildlife and Ecosystems"
2538:(in Spanish). 27 December 2008. Archived from
1908:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC. p. 183.
1739:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 28 June 2000
1034:); the flowers of bejuco de rana, achiotillo (
464:name that resembled the parrots' flight call.
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2795:"Descubren anidaje de cotorra puertorriqueña"
1987:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. April 1999
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1591:(in French). Utrecht. p. 49, Number 792.
429:that was introduced by the French naturalist
8:
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2207:elvocero.com, RedacciĂłn (11 February 2020).
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2132:
1675:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1628:Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique
390:which was produced under the supervision of
3992:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
2962:
2960:
2732:Gerardo E. Alvarado NegrĂłn (9 March 2012).
2680:(in Spanish). 30 April 2007. Archived from
2153:
2151:
3686:
3394:
3380:
3372:
2999:Cristina del Mar Quiles (13 August 2015).
2672:"Con casa nueva la cotorra puertorriqueña"
1713:. National Audubon Society. Archived from
1166:(IUCN) lists the Puerto Rican amazon as a
247:
59:
40:
31:
3107:
3097:
3056:
3046:
2603:. U.S. Geological Survey. 8 December 1998
2465:
2463:
2336:
2334:
1927:
1925:
1474:
896:(Valley of the Parrots), located between
685:The various native parrot species in the
3350:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3284:Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology
2113:Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World
1701:
1699:
1568:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
1520:
1518:
388:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
3232:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Landsdowne.
3080:O’Brien, Stephen J. (1 December 2012).
2905:
2903:
2901:
2703:Cynthia López Cabán (27 January 2012).
2106:
2104:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1886:
1884:
1836:
1834:
1811:
1809:
1438:
1157:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1094:The Puerto Rican amazon is a secondary
4022:Species endangered by invasive species
2844:Sandra CaquĂas Cruz (16 August 2013).
2765:Keila LĂłpez Alicea (10 October 2012).
2705:"En peligro la cotorra puertorriqueña"
1934:Las aves de Puerto Rico en fotografĂas
1756:
1754:
1310:, a gas pipeline grid proposed by the
992:. Among the items it consumes are the
941:
376:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
3250:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1653:. International Ornithologists' Union
1317:University of Puerto Rico at MayagĂĽez
467:There are two recognized subspecies:
7:
1678:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
1418:List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
1042:; the leaves and twigs of cupeillo (
4027:Species endangered by the pet trade
2622:Serrano, Lilibeth (9 August 2011).
1462:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1339:University of Puerto Rico, MayagĂĽez
597:
575:
553:
546:
509:
4017:Species endangered by habitat loss
2111:Parr, Mike; Juniper, Tony (2003).
25:
2967:Frances Rosario (4 August 2015).
2652:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3332:
3228:& William T. Cooper (1978).
2115:. A & C Black. p. 529.
1608:Check-list of Birds of the World
1548:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
1526:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
1387:
1373:
1359:
1131:The Puerto Rican amazon reaches
950:
679:after Russello and Amato, 2004.
101:
3159:Conservation Genetics Resources
2846:"Coge vuelo la cotorra boricua"
1762:"Taxonomy: Puerto Rican Parrot"
1645:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
1451:BirdLife International (2020).
716:and seven large species in the
413:(modern Haiti), rather than in
2945:(in Spanish). 26 December 2013
2886:(in Spanish). 25 November 2013
2626:. US Fish and Wildlife Service
1534:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
1341:. As an emblematic species of
450:American Ornithologists' Union
433:in 1830. The specific epithet
380:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
1:
4032:Taxa named by Pieter Boddaert
3263:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00192-1
2180:GarcĂa, VerĂłnica B. Fonseca.
1168:critically endangered species
996:of the seeds of sierra palm (
289:), is the only extant parrot
4007:Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
3219:General and cited references
2854:(in Spanish). Archived from
2825:(in Spanish). 15 August 2013
2742:(in Spanish). Archived from
1564:"Perroquet, de St. Domingue"
1530:"Le papegai Ă bandeau rouge"
1413:List of birds of Puerto Rico
2532:"Liberan otras 19 cotorras"
1651:World Bird List Version 9.2
1560:Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie
1262:) may eat eggs and chicks.
824:Population and distribution
778:ancestor with the Jamaican
4048:
2590:Forshaw and Cooper, p. 540
2562:"Appendices I, II and III"
2444:Forshaw and Cooper, p. 541
1878:Forshaw and Cooper, p. 538
1866:Russello and Amato, p. 428
1828:Russello and Amato, p. 433
1672:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1552:Martinet, François-Nicolas
1423:List of Puerto Rican birds
1054:Micropholis garciniaefolia
815:of the wings and the main
3660:
3433:Vinaceous-breasted amazon
3179:10.1007/s12686-014-0232-6
2647:"From Cage to Rainforest"
1469:: e.T22686239A179276011.
1289:El Yunque National Forest
949:
910:El Yunque National Forest
617:
602:
595:
580:
573:
558:
551:
544:
529:
514:
384:François-Nicolas Martinet
246:
227:
222:
203:
196:
98:Scientific classification
96:
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
3559:Yellow-shouldered amazon
2213:El Vocero de Puerto Rico
2161:. BirdLife International
1164:World Conservation Union
1147:Threats and conservation
405:in his catalogue of the
355:World Conservation Union
4002:Birds described in 1783
813:primary flight feathers
437:is Latin for "banded".
4012:ESA endangered species
3675:List of amazon parrots
3328:
3308:Listen to this article
3099:10.1186/2047-217X-1-13
3048:10.1186/2047-217X-1-14
2079:"Puerto Rican Parrot (
1707:"Puerto Rican Parrot (
1300:
1256:small Indian mongooses
1199:
1128:
1087:
890:karst-limestone region
874:Rio Abajo State Forest
870:Guajataca State Forest
864:
799:
753:British ornithologist
444:are commonly known as
370:Taxonomy and evolution
277:cotorra puertorriqueña
3584:Southern mealy amazon
3579:Northern mealy amazon
3547:Yellow-crowned amazon
3443:Red-spectacled amazon
3327:
2482:Snyder et al., p. 139
1932:Oberle, Mark (2003).
1556:Daubenton, Edme-Louis
1428:List of Vieques birds
1347:microsatellite marker
1297:
1185:
1126:
1085:
1062:Psychotria berteriana
1058:Piptocarpha tetrantha
1052:), caimitillo verde (
1040:Piptocarpha tetrantha
1032:Rheedia portoricensis
1016:Marcgravia sintenisii
894:Valle de las Cotorras
872:(until 1910) and the
862:
797:
351:critically endangered
301:, and belongs to the
267:), also known as the
66:Critically Endangered
3606:Orange-winged amazon
3530:Yellow-headed amazon
3478:Lilac-crowned amazon
3458:Yellow-billed amazon
3453:White-fronted amazon
3359:More spoken articles
3230:Parrots of the World
2083:) – Species account"
1717:on 27 September 2006
1647:"Parrots, cockatoos"
1498:"Appendices | CITES"
1403:Fauna of Puerto Rico
1326:Maricao State Forest
1232:pearly-eyed thrasher
1044:Clusia grisebachiana
1022:), cupey de altura (
737:Amazona leucocephala
501:Evolutionary history
392:Edme-Louis Daubenton
321:Amazona leucocephala
35:Puerto Rican amazon
3665:Neotropical parrots
3564:Blue-fronted amazon
3542:Yellow-naped amazon
3510:Blue-cheeked amazon
3473:Puerto Rican amazon
3448:Black-billed amazon
3211:. 11 February 2020.
3171:2014ConGR...6..885A
3136:www.bio-itworld.com
2684:on 6 September 2012
2542:on 12 February 2009
1127:Newly hatched chick
1105:Cyrilla racemiflora
1036:Alchornea latifolia
1008:Matayba domingensis
1006:), and negra lora (
878:Carite State Forest
767:black-billed amazon
440:Birds in the genus
407:Planches Enluminées
269:Puerto Rican parrot
259:Puerto Rican amazon
51:Conservation status
18:Puerto Rican Parrot
3652:Blue-winged amazon
3611:St. Vincent amazon
3569:Scaly-naped amazon
3535:Tres MarĂas amazon
3500:Red-crowned amazon
3468:Hispaniolan amazon
3329:
3226:Forshaw, Joseph M.
2917:on 16 January 2014
1408:El Toro Wilderness
1367:Puerto Rico portal
1301:
1236:Margarops fuscatus
1200:
1129:
1110:Magnolia splendens
1088:
1049:Magnolia splendens
1046:), laurel sabino (
1020:Miconia sintenisii
906:Cordillera Central
865:
800:
782:. However, recent
403:Psittacus vittatus
325:Hispaniolan amazon
3979:
3978:
3938:Open Tree of Life
3692:Taxon identifiers
3683:
3682:
3636:Martinique amazon
3631:Guadeloupe amazon
3601:Red-tailed amazon
3520:Red-necked amazon
3515:Red-browed amazon
3325:
2858:on 21 August 2013
2746:on 21 August 2013
2122:978-1-4081-3575-4
2089:on 4 January 2006
1768:on 8 October 1999
1689:978-1-4081-2501-4
1603:Peters, James Lee
1260:Urva auropunctata
1220:Buteo platypterus
1216:broad-winged hawk
1212:Buteo jamaicensis
1192:B. j. jamaicensis
1114:Dacryodes excelsa
1024:Clusia gundlachii
1010:); the fruits of
1003:Dacryodes excelsa
964:
963:
918:secondary forests
809:Sexual dimorphism
743:Amazona ventralis
727:Amazona albifrons
683:
682:
674:Greater Antillean
672:Phylogeny of the
666:
665:
657:
656:
648:
647:
639:
638:
630:
629:
329:Amazona ventralis
255:
254:
91:
74:
16:(Redirected from
4039:
3972:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3945:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3907:
3906:
3894:
3893:
3881:
3880:
3868:
3867:
3855:
3854:
3842:
3841:
3829:
3828:
3816:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3687:
3645:Disputed species
3525:St. Lucia amazon
3483:Red-lored amazon
3396:
3389:
3382:
3373:
3349:
3347:
3336:
3335:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3297:
3274:
3243:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2568:. Archived from
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1974:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1582:Boddaert, Pieter
1578:
1572:
1571:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1448:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1228:Falco peregrinus
1224:peregrine falcon
1112:) and tabonuco (
998:Prestoea montana
954:
953:
942:
714:Greater Antilles
598:
576:
554:
547:
510:
505:
504:
490:A. v. gracilipes
251:
236:A. v. gracilipes
209:
106:
105:
85:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4036:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3969:Amazona-vittata
3967:
3962:
3954:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3928:
3925:Observation.org
3923:
3915:
3910:
3902:
3897:
3889:
3884:
3876:
3871:
3863:
3858:
3850:
3845:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3750:
3744:Amazona_vittata
3742:
3737:
3730:Amazona vittata
3728:
3727:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3700:Amazona vittata
3694:
3684:
3679:
3656:
3640:
3623:extinct species
3622:
3615:
3596:Imperial amazon
3591:Kawall's amazon
3495:Diademed amazon
3488:Lilacine amazon
3414:
3400:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3340:This audio file
3337:
3330:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3294:
3282:. Los Angeles:
3277:
3246:
3240:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2935:
2934:
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2920:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2130:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2081:Amazona vittata
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:Amazona vittata
1976:
1975:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1709:Amazona vittata
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1455:Amazona vittata
1450:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1276:
1208:red-tailed hawk
1188:red-tailed hawk
1180:
1149:
1133:sexual maturity
1080:
978:
951:
940:
931:Hurricane MarĂa
886:Sierra de Cayey
884:forest and the
826:
792:
732:Amazona vittata
718:Lesser Antilles
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
605:A. leucocephala
503:
396:Pieter Boddaert
378:in 1780 in his
372:
264:Amazona vittata
218:
211:
207:Amazona vittata
205:
192:
189:A. vittata
100:
92:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4045:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Amazon parrots
3994:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3960:
3947:
3934:
3921:
3908:
3895:
3882:
3869:
3856:
3843:
3830:
3817:
3807:
3794:
3781:
3771:
3758:
3748:
3735:
3720:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:Yucatan amazon
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Tucumán amazon
3435:
3430:
3428:Festive amazon
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3403:Amazon parrots
3401:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3352:
3338:
3331:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:External links
3300:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3275:
3257:(2): 421–437.
3244:
3238:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3200:
3165:(4): 885–889.
3148:
3132:"Bio-IT World"
3123:
3072:
3020:
2988:
2956:
2928:
2897:
2869:
2836:
2808:
2786:
2757:
2724:
2695:
2663:
2637:
2614:
2592:
2583:
2572:on 14 May 2008
2553:
2523:
2510:
2499:on 23 May 2008
2484:
2475:
2459:
2446:
2437:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2359:
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2278:
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2199:
2172:
2147:
2128:
2121:
2100:
2070:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2011:
1998:
1962:
1949:
1942:
1921:
1914:
1896:
1880:
1868:
1859:
1846:
1830:
1821:
1805:
1792:
1779:
1750:
1728:
1695:
1688:
1664:
1634:
1614:
1605:, ed. (1937).
1594:
1573:
1539:
1514:
1489:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1381:Biology portal
1370:
1354:
1351:
1275:
1272:
1268:Hurricane Hugo
1244:Apis mellifera
1179:
1176:
1148:
1145:
1079:
1076:
1012:bejuco de rana
977:
974:
962:
961:
947:
946:
945:External audio
939:
936:
926:Hurricane Hugo
846:Virgin Islands
825:
822:
791:
788:
681:
680:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
651:
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637:
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632:
628:
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613:
612:
609:
608:
601:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
579:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
513:
508:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:Culebra Island
487:
480:Vieques Island
456:called it the
411:Saint-Domingue
371:
368:
253:
252:
244:
243:
242:
241:
233:
225:
224:
220:
219:
212:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
155:Psittaciformes
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
80:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4044:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
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3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3804:
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3778:
3772:
3768:
3763:
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3755:
3749:
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3703:
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3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3621:Hypothetical
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3552:Panama amazon
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
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3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
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3466:
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3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
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3441:
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3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
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3423:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3341:
3301:
3295:
3293:0-935868-27-5
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3239:0-7018-0690-7
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3149:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
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3040:
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3024:
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3002:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2976:
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2906:
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2898:
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2870:
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2852:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2464:
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2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2395:
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2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1943:0-9650104-2-2
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:0-8493-2001-1
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
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1822:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
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1757:
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1716:
1712:
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1700:
1696:
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1677:
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1630:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1562:(1765–1783).
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1503:
1499:
1493:
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1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1447:
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1439:
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1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1274:Recovery plan
1273:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:Rattus rattus
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:Palo colorado
1097:
1096:cavity nester
1092:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:), tabonuco (
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
973:
970:
960:
959:
948:
943:
937:
935:
932:
927:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:San Sebastián
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
796:
789:
787:
785:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
729:
728:
724:descend from
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
704:South America
701:
697:
692:
688:
678:
675:
671:
670:
662:
661:
653:
652:
644:
643:
635:
634:
626:
625:
622:
621:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
600:
599:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
578:
577:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
556:
555:
549:
548:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
512:
511:
507:
506:
500:
495:
491:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:A. v. vittata
470:
469:
468:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
427:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
400:binomial name
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
361:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:cavity nester
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:
260:
250:
245:
240:
237:
234:
232:
231:A. v. vittata
229:
228:
226:
221:
216:
210:
208:
202:
199:
198:Binomial name
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
89:
83:
78:
72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3699:
3574:Mealy amazon
3472:
3463:Cuban amazon
3410:
3279:
3254:
3248:
3229:
3203:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3135:
3126:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3038:
3034:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3009:(in Spanish)
3006:El Nuevo DĂa
3004:
2979:. Retrieved
2977:(in Spanish)
2974:El Nuevo DĂa
2972:
2947:. Retrieved
2942:El Nuevo DĂa
2940:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2915:the original
2888:. Retrieved
2883:Primera Hora
2881:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:the original
2851:El Nuevo DĂa
2849:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2822:El Nuevo DĂa
2820:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2775:(in Spanish)
2772:El Nuevo DĂa
2770:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:the original
2739:El Nuevo DĂa
2737:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2713:(in Spanish)
2710:El Nuevo DĂa
2708:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:the original
2677:Primera Hora
2675:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:the original
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2540:the original
2535:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:the original
2487:
2478:
2470:
2454:
2449:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2215:(in Spanish)
2212:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2188:(in Spanish)
2185:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2112:
2091:. Retrieved
2087:the original
2080:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2026:
2006:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1979:
1957:
1952:
1933:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1824:
1816:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:the original
1741:. Retrieved
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1708:
1674:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1650:
1637:
1627:
1623:Lesson, René
1617:
1607:
1597:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1542:
1533:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1466:
1460:
1454:
1395:Birds portal
1336:
1322:
1312:Luis Fortuño
1305:
1302:
1284:
1277:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1194:), known as
1191:
1161:
1150:
1141:
1130:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:palo de cruz
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:), camasey (
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
997:
979:
965:
957:
922:
893:
866:
854:
834:TaĂno people
827:
804:
801:
784:phylogenetic
779:
770:
759:A. ventralis
758:
752:
741:
735:
731:
725:
721:
707:
684:
676:
619:
618:
604:
603:
583:A. ventralis
582:
581:
560:
559:
531:
530:
517:A. albifrons
516:
515:
489:
471:
466:
462:onomatopoeic
457:
454:TaĂno people
441:
439:
434:
424:
406:
402:
387:
379:
373:
348:
333:
328:
320:
317:Cuban amazon
306:
281:
280:
276:
268:
263:
262:
258:
256:
235:
230:
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
29:
3912:Neotropical
3847:iNaturalist
3724:Wikispecies
3086:GigaScience
3035:GigaScience
2546:21 February
2289:, pp. 81–83
2186:www.wapa.tv
2055:, pp. 29–36
2009:, pp. 21–22
1960:, pp. 18–19
1643:Gill, Frank
1482:12 November
1343:Puerto Rico
1064:); and the
790:Description
761:) found in
687:West Indies
561:A. collaria
484:Mona Island
431:René Lesson
419:Neotropical
415:Puerto Rico
398:coined the
364:Mona Island
303:Neotropical
299:Puerto Rico
295:archipelago
223:Subspecies
165:Psittacidae
3986:Categories
3964:Xeno-canto
3355:Audio help
3346:2010-10-24
2949:14 January
2921:14 January
2890:14 January
1507:14 January
1248:black rats
1230:) and the
1137:dry season
1068:of cuaba (
763:Hispaniola
755:David Lack
748:intergrade
620:A. vittata
492:inhabited
323:) and the
84:Appendix I
3187:1877-7260
3092:(1): 13.
3041:(1): 14.
3013:13 August
2981:13 August
2862:21 August
2829:21 August
2801:21 August
2779:21 August
2750:21 August
2717:21 August
2688:13 August
2536:El Vocero
1657:11 August
1588:enluminés
1502:cites.org
1434:Citations
1307:Via Verde
1299:reserves.
1240:honeybees
1196:Guaraguao
1071:Inga vera
982:herbivore
807:species.
780:A. agilis
771:A. agilis
691:Caribbean
532:A. agilis
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
3951:Species+
3891:22686239
3865:11428823
3767:22686239
3762:BirdLife
3751:BioLib:
3709:Wikidata
3671:: Arini)
3357: ·
3271:14715233
3195:15255988
3118:23587407
3067:23587420
2521:, p. 225
2473:, p. 136
2457:, p. 157
2435:, p. 156
2422:, p. 155
2409:, p. 148
2396:, p. 150
2383:, p. 149
2370:, p. 141
2357:, p. 132
2344:, p. 131
2219:6 August
2192:6 August
1625:(1831).
1584:(1783).
1528:(1780).
1353:See also
1078:Breeding
994:pericarp
938:Behavior
882:Luquillo
850:San Juan
844:and the
476:nominate
435:vittatus
426:Amazona
215:Boddaert
161:Family:
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
3917:purpar1
3839:2479642
3803:purpar1
3777:purpar1
3715:Q510792
3420:Species
3411:Amazona
3344: (
3315:minutes
3167:Bibcode
3141:12 July
3109:3626504
3058:3626513
2630:2 March
2576:14 July
2517:Snyder
2503:18 June
2469:Snyder
2453:Snyder
2431:Snyder
2418:Snyder
2405:Snyder
2392:Snyder
2379:Snyder
2366:Snyder
2353:Snyder
2340:Snyder
2328:, p. 82
2324:Snyder
2315:, p. 81
2311:Snyder
2302:, p. 79
2298:Snyder
2285:Snyder
2276:, p. 70
2272:Snyder
2263:, p. 68
2259:Snyder
2250:, p. 67
2246:Snyder
2237:, p. 71
2233:Snyder
2165:18 June
2068:, p. 22
2064:Snyder
2051:Snyder
2042:, p. 21
2038:Snyder
2029:, p. 16
2025:Snyder
2005:Snyder
1991:18 June
1956:Snyder
1894:, p. 15
1890:Snyder
1857:, p. 52
1853:Snyder
1844:, p. 47
1840:Snyder
1819:, p. 46
1815:Snyder
1803:, p. 44
1799:Snyder
1790:, p. 42
1786:Snyder
1772:18 June
1721:18 June
1331:El Niño
1222:), the
1214:), the
1178:Threats
1102:trees (
1056:), and
1038:), and
1026:), and
969:fledged
902:Morovis
842:Barbuda
838:Antigua
830:Spanish
805:Amazona
775:Jamaica
722:Amazona
709:Amazona
696:Central
677:Amazona
474:is the
446:amazons
442:Amazona
386:in the
360:Vieques
353:by the
308:Amazona
293:to the
291:endemic
273:Spanish
217:, 1783)
176:Amazona
171:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
69: (
3943:256853
3904:241585
3878:177807
3826:913268
3810:ECOS:
3290:
3269:
3236:
3193:
3185:
3116:
3106:
3065:
3055:
2656:4 June
2607:18 May
2519:et al.
2471:et al.
2455:et al.
2433:et al.
2420:et al.
2407:et al.
2394:et al.
2381:et al.
2368:et al.
2355:et al.
2342:et al.
2326:et al.
2313:et al.
2300:et al.
2287:et al.
2274:et al.
2261:et al.
2248:et al.
2235:et al.
2119:
2093:4 June
2066:et al.
2053:et al.
2040:et al.
2027:et al.
2007:et al.
1958:et al.
1940:
1912:
1892:et al.
1855:et al.
1842:et al.
1817:et al.
1801:et al.
1788:et al.
1743:2 June
1686:
1254:) and
986:canopy
817:covert
740:, and
706:. The
458:iguaca
344:canopy
340:fledge
313:parrot
305:genus
282:Iguaca
3930:71645
3860:IRMNG
3852:19006
3798:eBird
3774:BOW:
3754:22225
3669:tribe
3407:genus
3191:S2CID
2650:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
990:range
914:dwarf
773:) of
730:with
700:North
460:, an
422:genus
287:TaĂno
279:) or
88:CITES
82:CITES
3956:9524
3899:NCBI
3886:IUCN
3873:ITIS
3834:GBIF
3813:3067
3790:CKFB
3288:ISBN
3267:PMID
3234:ISBN
3183:ISSN
3143:2019
3114:PMID
3063:PMID
3015:2015
2983:2015
2951:2014
2923:2014
2892:2014
2864:2013
2831:2013
2803:2013
2781:2013
2752:2013
2719:2013
2690:2012
2658:2008
2632:2012
2609:2008
2578:2008
2548:2009
2505:2008
2221:2021
2194:2021
2167:2008
2117:ISBN
2095:2008
1993:2008
1938:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1774:2008
1745:2008
1723:2008
1684:ISBN
1659:2019
1509:2022
1484:2021
1467:2020
1186:The
1162:The
1118:nest
1066:buds
976:Diet
958:here
916:and
900:and
702:and
482:and
362:and
257:The
145:Aves
3821:EoL
3785:CoL
3739:ADW
3259:doi
3175:doi
3104:PMC
3094:doi
3053:PMC
3043:doi
1680:404
1471:doi
331:).
297:of
3988::
3966::
3953::
3940::
3927::
3914::
3901::
3888::
3875::
3862::
3849::
3836::
3823::
3800::
3787::
3764::
3741::
3726::
3711::
3409::
3313:26
3286:.
3265:.
3255:30
3253:.
3189:.
3181:.
3173:.
3161:.
3134:.
3112:.
3102:.
3088:.
3084:.
3061:.
3051:.
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2971:.
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2939:.
2900:^
2880:.
2848:.
2819:.
2769:.
2736:.
2707:.
2674:.
2564:.
2534:.
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2184:.
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2103:^
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1698:^
1682:.
1649:.
1566:.
1558:;
1554:;
1550:;
1532:.
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1500:.
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1459:.
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3395:e
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1946:.
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