391:
508:
673:, a court interpreter at the time, became enraged in what he viewed as a violation of the civil rights of his fellow countrymen. He encouraged his fellow Puerto Ricans to protest by telling them that "If you are not allowed to vote, don't answer the draft call". Olivieri Sanchez led a legal battle for the recognition of the Hawaiian Puerto Ricans as citizens of the United States. In the first legal battle the lower court ruled in favor of the county clerk, however Olivieri Sanchez did not give up the fight and took the case before the Territorial Supreme Court, which reversed the decision of the lower court, granting the Puerto Ricans of Hawaii their United States citizenship.
462:
453:, with winds of over 100 miles per hour, struck Puerto Rico and, on August 22, another hurricane followed. The floods, caused by 28 days of continuous rain, damaged the agricultural industry and left 3,400 dead and thousands of people without shelter, food or work. As a result, there was a shortage of sugar from the Caribbean in the world market and a huge demand for the product from Hawaii and other sugar producing countries. To meet the demand, plantation owners began a campaign to recruit the jobless laborers in Puerto Rico. By 1901, the Hawaiian sugar output was 360,000 tons of raw sugar.
50:
558:
608:, referring to the Big Five, said in 1903, "There is a government in this Territory which is centralized to an extent unknown in the United States, and probably almost as centralized as it was in France under Louis XIV." Wages and living accommodations depended upon their job and race. Europeans were paid more and received better quarters. Most of the workers moved from plantation to plantation to work because they did not like the work they did and because of the racial discrimination.
667:", found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union. In 1917, Puerto Ricans in the island, believing that they were entitled to the same rights that every other U.S. citizens had, tried to sign up to vote in a local Hawaiian election and were denied their rights by the county clerk who claimed that early immigrants to Hawaii were not covered by the Jones Act.
1130:
318:
442:
795:
633:
1116:
800:
681:
Olivieri
Sanchez' victory was not welcomed by members of HSPA, who depended on the cheap labor non-citizens provided. In 1930, HSPA began to circulate false rumors, they made it be known that they (HSPA) were planning to recruit laborers in Puerto Rico, while at the same time they had the "Honolulu
710:
The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by the activist descendants of the original immigrant laborers. Because it was recognized that they were born in an incorporated United States territory and that they were legal
American citizens with full local voting rights and therefore were
706:
nationals to the U.S. (National
Origins Quota Action (Immigration Act) and Johnson Immigration Act of 1924). HSPA's secretary treasurer claimed that the association was unwilling to import Puerto Ricans to Hawaii. His defamation of Puerto Ricans condemned not only the Puerto Ricans of Hawaii, but
515:
By
October 17, 1901, 5,000 Puerto Rican men, women and children had made their new homes on the four islands. Records show that, in 1902, 34 plantations had 1,773 Puerto Ricans on their payrolls; 1,734 worked as field hands and another 39 were clerks or luna/overseers (foremen).
381:
owners began to recruit the jobless, but experienced, laborers from Puerto Rico. In thirteen separate groups, 5883 Puerto Rican men, women and children traveled by ship, train then ship again to the islands of Hawaii to begin their new lives in the sugar plantations.
599:
The owners of the "Big Five" were Euro-Americans who would indulge in discrimination and bigotry against ethnic groups who worked the plantations. They had an association called the "Hawaiian Sugar
Planters Association" (HSPA) whose power was equivalent to an
864:
On
December 23, 2000 the Puerto Ricans in Hawaii celebrated a centennial celebration. They published a Puerto Ricans of Hawaii recipe book featuring how the people managed to prepare their cuisine in Hawaii, improvising with other ingredients when necessary.
651:
According to the State of Hawaii Data Book 1982, by the year 1910, there were 4,890 Puerto Ricans living in Hawaii. Puerto Rico and Hawaii were unincorporated and incorporated territories of the United States respectively; however, the passage of the
736:" or "comadre" of the child's parents. There is a relationship of respect, mutual affection and obligation between the child, parents and compadres. The children ask for a blessing "La BendiciĂłn" and the padrinos respond with a "Dios te bendiga" (
660:, gave American citizenship, with limitations, to the Puerto Rican residents in Puerto Rico but excluded those who resided in Hawaii. Yet, the "non-citizen" Puerto Ricans were assigned draft numbers and were expected to serve in the military.
500:, on December 23, 1900, and were sent to work in one of the different plantations owned by the "Big Five" on Hawaii's four islands. Often, groups of men, women with children would refuse to continue the journey to Hawaii. A December 15, 1900
872:
The following table is in accordance to the U.S. Census 2000 Data for the State of Hawaii. Despite having left Puerto Rico long ago, and being a product of intermarriages, many still identify as Puerto Rican when some
1540:
762:
holidays. The confection of the pastel is an event where the whole family participates. Some of the members of the family cut the green bananas (in place of the plantains) and season them while others prepare the
689:
where he stated that he saw all of the rhetoric as a tactic by HSPA to push all the different ethnic groups in the local labor force back to work on the plantations. He was right, the HSPA wanted to persuade the
719:
Currently, there are over 30,000 Puerto Ricans or
Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans living in Hawaii. Puerto Rican culture and traditions are very strong there. One of the traditions that is still practiced is the
557:
49:
2614:
2272:
682:
Star
Bullentin" and some local newspapers they controlled run anti-Puerto Rican stories, thatâfor exampleâclaimed Puerto Ricans were "unhealthy hookwormers who had bought disease to Hawaii".
549:
In thirteen separate groups, 5883 Puerto Rican men, women and children traveled by ship, train then ship again to the islands of Hawaii to begin their new lives in the sugar plantations.
817:
When the Puerto Ricans immigrated to Hawaii they took along with them their music and their musical instruments. Among the musical instruments introduced to Hawaii was the Puerto Rican
2609:
2325:
79:
390:
1770:
1996:
438:, most of its industries were taken over by American industrialists. Labor was provided by Puerto Ricans who depended on the nation's agriculture as their only source of income.
1243:
707:
also those on the island of Puerto Rico. Despite the efforts of
Olivieri Sanchez, HSPA had their way and Hawaii was exempted from the stern anti-immigration laws of the time.
2370:
2265:
615:, a district of Oahu, joined work strikes that began with the Filipino and Japanese workers, who were demanding better pay and an end to discriminatory practices.
2619:
1454:
2332:
2230:, Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 1989, Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (University of Hawaii at Manoa)., American Studies ; no. 2420.
306:
2161:
Yet, when that U.S. Census form arrives in my mailbox on April 1, I'm going to check that little box marked "Puerto Rican." I am, because that's what I am.
1493:
2258:
225:
999:", a thumbnail-sized tree frog endemic to Puerto Rico, became established in Hawaii, most likely as stowaways in shippings of potted plants. Its loud
2599:
507:
542:
and all these people worked together in the plantations. This mix of people of different tongues led to the need of a common vernacular which led to
346:
754:, a main staple of Puerto Rican cuisine was not found in Hawaii. But as in Puerto Rico, the Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans enjoy the preparation of the
2594:
2584:
2363:
1932:
1886:
1503:
2046:
461:
1762:
1043:
Felicia Garcia-Alves - In 2000, was recognized as one of the most outstanding women's basketball athletes in Hawaii, and in Puerto Rico.
833:(percussion instrument made out of a gourd and played with a scraping stick). Soon, these instruments were not only limited to playing
120:
2021:"Footsteps in the Dark: The Hidden Histories of Popular Music"; By George Lipsitz; page 228; Publisher: University of Minnesota Press;
1596:
1323:
253:
142:
110:
1240:
2034:
1924:
1905:
1878:
147:
127:
115:
496:" dated December 26, 1901, the Puerto Ricans were mistreated and starved by the shippers and the railroad company. They arrived in
1966:
2604:
2517:
2356:
527:
243:
132:
2189:
2174:
605:
1304:
821:. The Cuatro was a four stringed guitar developed in Puerto Rico in 1875; however, it eventually evolved into a ten stringed
561:
American investment in Hawaii's sugar industry is reported in the
November 1901 of the "Evening Bulletin Industrial Edition".
2318:
2026:
276:
84:
2527:
2436:
1153:
523:
89:
856:), a short-feature video documentary on the music and social history of the century-old Puerto Rican Diaspora in Hawaii.
2456:
535:
248:
1213:; by Sidney W. Mintz.; page 257; Publisher: Yale University Press; Place of Publication: no CT; Publication Year: 1960
2589:
2431:
2245:
2102:
1837:
378:
339:
234:
2461:
1470:
1401:
1033:
574:
450:
1656:
1353:
1706:
1679:"Western Progressives, Old South Planters, or Colonial Oppressors: The Enigma of Hawai'i's "Big Five," 1898-1940"
1148:
1003:, "music to the ears" of Puerto Ricans on their native highland, is considered an annoyance in Hawaii where this
486:
431:
2308:
267:
190:
69:
1224:"Hurricane San Ciriaco - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress)"
2294:
1997:"Recipes from the Heart of Hawaii's Puerto Ricans (The United Puerto Rican Association of Hawaii Inc, 1999)"
1262:
1178:
1158:
1069:
670:
594:
482:
215:
205:
64:
2548:
653:
282:
2482:
841:
is a style of music which began in Hawaii in the early 1900s when the Puerto Ricans immigrated to Hawaii.
691:
582:
501:
478:
435:
332:
161:
2558:
1007:
reaches much higher population densities. Unsuccessful efforts were made to exterminate the infestation.
469:
On November 22, 1900, the first group of Puerto Ricans consisting of 56 men, began their long journey to
2522:
2507:
2415:
1143:
866:
474:
220:
175:
137:
2497:
2487:
2446:
402:
In the 19th century, Puerto Rico depended mainly on its agricultural economy. The island together with
2492:
2512:
612:
370:
in 1899. The devastation caused a worldwide shortage in sugar and a huge demand for the product from
301:
258:
210:
200:
185:
180:
33:
511:
The Olaa Sugar Company, on the Big Island of Hawaii, was Hawaii's Largest Sugar Plantation (c. 1902)
2441:
2203:
845:
818:
570:
539:
195:
519:
Between 1900 and 1901, 11 trips took place to move Puerto Ricans to Hawaii to work in the fields.
2451:
2394:
1811:
1698:
1648:
1513:
1135:
531:
465:
Type of steamship that brought people from Puerto Rico to Hawaii to work on the sugar plantations
395:
322:
105:
2050:
586:
17:
2563:
2553:
2117:
2030:
2022:
1928:
1920:
1901:
1882:
1874:
1743:
1552:
1499:
1462:
1270:
1186:
838:
664:
578:
493:
504:
article said that 60 Puerto Ricans were forced onto the Rio in California, but 50 "escaped".
2543:
2502:
1944:
1690:
1640:
1603:
1049:(Peter Gene Hernandez), singer-songwriter; his paternal grandfather was a Puerto Rican from
1004:
834:
292:
170:
2129:
1823:
1525:
1308:
1247:
543:
1919:, by Carmen Teresa Whalen; Pg. 47; Publisher: Temple University Press (August 30, 2005);
1629:"Puerto Rican Segregation in the United States: Cause or Consequence of Economic Status?"
1974:
1945:"Jim Crow Guide To the USA : The Way it Was by Stetson Kennedy - Free Online Book"
1900:; by George Cooper, Gavan Daws; Published 1990; Publisher: University of Hawaii Press;
1223:
1085:
1055:
750:
590:
1873:, by Asela RodrĂguez-Seda de Laguna, Pgs. 101â102; Publisher: Transaction Publishers;
441:
2578:
2281:
2071:
1731:
1375:
1121:
1050:
737:
427:
407:
41:
2250:
2240:
1427:
1301:
1091:
1075:
1037:
1036:- A former state legislator and the first woman in the United States to serve as a
1023:
777:
leaves and finally tied with a string. The pastel is boiled in water until cooked.
566:
470:
522:
People came from different places to work in the sugar plantations of Hawaii: the
711:
entitled to actively campaign for statehood recognition of the Hawaiian Islands.
1097:
1019:
1000:
721:
699:
657:
363:
2144:
1793:
1111:
1046:
806:
799:
773:
is then filled with seasoned pork and other ingredients, wrapped in banana or
695:
641:
367:
1747:
1556:
1466:
1274:
1190:
481:. Once in New Orleans, the travelers boarded a railroad train to the Port of
2314:
1541:"On bilingual "Local Ricans" in Hawai'i: cultural notes and linguistic data"
759:
601:
375:
1841:
1349:
398:
depicted in a newspaper article titled "Porto Rican wealth" in June 8, 1901
2348:
1015:
Some of the Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans who have distinguished themselves are:
2226:
996:
774:
755:
733:
497:
152:
1072:- Led the battle for U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans living in Hawaii
1652:
1628:
1578:
1428:"UHM Library Hawaiian Collection HSPA - Plantations - Honokaa Sugar Co"
1084:
Nancy Ortiz - Host of "Alma Latina", a three-hour Sunday radio show of
1027:
729:
725:
685:
In December 1931, Olivieri Sanchez wrote a letter to the editor of the
419:
1702:
1678:
1376:"Threats and force put 60 Porto Ricos on Rio, but fifty others escape"
1081:
Hilda Ortiz - In 1924, became the first Puerto Rican teacher in Hawaii
2380:
826:
822:
423:
415:
371:
1644:
1694:
694:
to exempt the territory from a law, which in 1924 was requested by
2477:
830:
798:
703:
556:
506:
460:
440:
411:
389:
611:
In 1920, Puerto Rican and Portuguese sugar plantation workers at
869:, a bomba and plena musical group were part of the celebration.
403:
2352:
2254:
2145:"This Puerto Rican Will Check That Little Census Box Properly"
1257:
1255:
854:
A Song Heard in Another Mountain: Puerto Rican Music in Hawaii
837:
songs but, were also absorbed by the typical songs of Hawaii.
1100:â submission wrestler and martial artist; Puerto Rican mother
1094:â submission wrestler and martial artist; Puerto Rican mother
807:
You may listen to Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans playing the "Cuatro"
1725:
1723:
1200:– via Chronicling America « Library of Congress.
879:
850:"Un Canto en Otra Montaña: MĂșsica Puertorriqueña en Hawaii"
485:
or San Francisco. From there they set sail aboard the
565:
The "Big Five" was the name given to a group of sugarcane
2097:
1967:"Puerto Ricans in Hawaii begin centennial celebration"
1798:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press
1795:
The Japanese Conspiracy: The Oahu Sugar Strike of 1920
663:
The Plantation owners, like those that comprised the "
656:
of 1917, the same year that the United States entered
473:. The trip was long and unpleasant first sailing from
2072:"Puerto Rican Centennial Celebration - ArchivesSpace"
1763:"In Puerto Rico, discrimination seems to be cyclical"
2190:"Hawaiians Lose Sleep Over Tiny Frog With Big Voice"
1597:"The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives"
1284:– via Chronicling America Library of Congress.
534:, the fourth group came from Puerto Rico, the fifth
2536:
2470:
2424:
2403:
2387:
2293:
1318:
1316:
787:
625:
2615:Puerto Rican culture in the United States by state
1103:Alex Santiago - Former Hawaii State Representative
636:You may watch a short segment of the documentary "
1732:"Borinki identity in Hawai'i: present and future"
825:. Other musical instruments introduced were the
569:that wielded considerable political power in the
2175:"A Frog Brings Cacophony to Hawaii's Soundscape"
848:and his colleagues wrote, directed and produced
1459:www.mauinokaoimag.com â Maui nĆ ka Ê»oi Magazine
1402:"History of Puerto Ricans In the US - PART TWO"
1211:Worker in the Cane: A Puerto Rican Life History
2610:Hispanic and Latino American culture in Hawaii
1898:Land and Power in Hawaii: The Democratic Years
1324:"Kauaians celebrating Puerto Rican centennial"
2364:
2266:
768:
340:
8:
1269:. Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. 30 November 1901.
1263:"The Sugar Industry of the Hawaiian Islands"
1627:Santiago, Anna M.; Galster, George (1995).
2371:
2357:
2349:
2290:
2273:
2259:
2251:
829:, a rattle containing dried seeds and the
803:A "Thinline" Cumpiano Puerto Rican Cuatro.
347:
333:
48:
28:
877:heritage exists in their family history.
728:somebody's child, he or she becomes the "
434:, as stipulated by the agreements of the
1453:Collins, Kathy (JanuaryâFebruary 2008).
923:Hawaii Puerto Rican Population by County
366:'s sugar industry was devastated by two
1960:
1958:
1170:
291:
266:
233:
160:
97:
56:
40:
2227:The Puerto Ricans in Hawaii, 1900-1958
2125:
2115:
1819:
1809:
1551:(3). Bilingual Review Press: 211â227.
1521:
1511:
1356:from the original on September 1, 2005
860:Puerto Ricans in Hawaii and Centennial
784:
622:
2620:Hawaii people of Puerto Rican descent
2188:Steinberg, Jacques (1 October 2001).
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1539:Smead, Robert N. (1 September 2012).
1350:"Los Angeles Times December 26, 1901"
7:
1965:Kreifels, Susan (23 December 1999).
1773:from the original on 28 January 2022
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
732:" (godfather) of the child and the "
426:. When the island was ceded to the
2143:Arroyo, Ronald (24 February 1980).
1267:Evening Bulletin Industrial Edition
1026:; originator of "jungle noises" in
995:During the late 20th century, the "
1406:Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños
1062:" and the short story collection "
991:The Puerto Rican "coquĂ" in Hawaii
445:Damage after Hurricane San Ciriaco
25:
2204:"Honolulu Star-Bulletin Features"
2173:Gorman, James (25 January 2005).
1183:Holbrook argus. (Holbrook, Ariz.)
1022:(1928-2004) - Percussionist with
457:First immigrants from Puerto Rico
2600:History of immigration to Hawaii
1761:Weingrad, David (5 April 2018).
1683:The Western Historical Quarterly
1128:
1114:
793:
631:
553:Discrimination by the "Big Five"
360:Puerto Rican migration to Hawaii
316:
18:Puerto Rican migration to Hawaii
1709:from the original on 2022-01-28
1659:from the original on 2022-01-28
677:Struggle against discrimination
573:and leaned heavily towards the
2241:Sugar cane varieties of Hawaii
1011:Notable Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans
884:Hawaii Puerto Rican Population
577:. The "Big Five" consisted of
277:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
1:
2595:Social history of Puerto Rico
2585:1900 establishments in Hawaii
1382:. 15 December 1900. p. 1
1154:Spanish immigration to Hawaii
978:Total Puerto Rican Population
619:Struggle for U.S. citizenship
492:to Hawaii. According to the "
1730:LĂłpez, Iris; Forbes, David.
844:In 1998, Master guitarmaker
698:to prevent the migration of
640:" (Puerto Ricans in Hawaii)
394:Drawing of a coffee farm in
2103:United States Census Bureau
2076:Centro Library and Archives
1767:Herald Community Newspapers
1677:Whitehead, John S. (1999).
1492:Velupillai, Viveka (2013).
1060:When the Shark Bites (2002)
911:Percent of population: 2.3%
606:Attorney General of Hawaiâi
2636:
2295:Incorporated United States
1380:The San Francisco Examiner
1034:Faith Evans (U.S. Marshal)
916:Percent of population:2.5%
2289:
2208:archives.starbulletin.com
1917:The Puerto Rican Diaspora
1838:"Puerto Ricans in Hawaii"
1149:Oahu sugar strike of 1920
921:
882:
792:
638:Puertorriqueños en Hawaii
630:
540:came from The Philippines
374:. Consequently, Hawaiian
2192:– via NYTimes.com.
2177:– via NYTimes.com.
2151:. Sacramento, California
1583:Honolulu Star-Advertiser
1064:Speed of Darkness (1988)
595:Theo H. Davies & Co.
575:Hawaiâi Republican Party
2605:Ethnic groups in Hawaii
2246:Puerto Ricans in Hawaii
1159:Stateside Puerto Ricans
1070:Manuel Olivieri Sanchez
758:(meat pies) during the
671:Manuel Olivieri Sanchez
583:Alexander & Baldwin
483:Los Angeles, California
436:Treaty of Paris of 1898
410:'s leading exporter of
2096:Bureau, U. S. Census.
1949:www.stetsonkennedy.com
1792:Masayo Umezawa, Duus.
810:
769:
715:Puerto Rican influence
692:United States Congress
562:
524:first were the Chinese
512:
502:San Francisco Examiner
489:City of Rio de Janeiro
479:New Orleans, Louisiana
466:
446:
399:
323:Puerto Rico portal
80:Holyoke, Massachusetts
2098:"U.S. Census website"
1871:Images and Identities
1144:List of Puerto Ricans
867:Los Pleneros de la 21
802:
560:
510:
464:
451:Hurricane San Ciriaco
444:
393:
1498:. pp. 252â261.
1461:. Wailuku, HI, USA.
1432:University of Hawaii
1179:"Porto Rican wealth"
571:Territory of Hawaiâi
538:and the sixth group
432:SpanishâAmerican War
57:By region or country
2284:outside Puerto Rico
2003:. 18 September 2021
1977:on 28 February 2008
1058:â author of novel "
846:William R. Cumpiano
687:Hawaiian Advertiser
587:C. Brewer & Co.
449:On August 8, 1899,
302:Spanish (Castilian)
2590:People from Hawaii
2483:White and European
2149:The Sacramento Bee
2128:has generic name (
2001:Kau Kau Chronicles
1455:"Da Muddah Tongue"
1408:. 15 February 2022
1307:2009-07-05 at the
1246:2008-02-26 at the
1136:Puerto Rico portal
811:
654:JonesâShafroth Act
579:Castle & Cooke
563:
530:, the third group
528:came from Portugal
513:
467:
447:
400:
283:JonesâShafroth Act
2572:
2571:
2379:Ethnic groups in
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
1933:978-1-59213-413-7
1887:978-0-88738-617-6
1505:978-0-19-969140-1
1330:. 17 October 2000
1328:The Garden Island
1302:The Puerto Ricans
1078:- race car driver
988:
987:
839:Cachi Cachi music
815:
814:
724:". When a person
649:
648:
494:Los Angeles Times
357:
356:
244:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
2627:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2291:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2049:. Archived from
2047:"NUESTRO CUATRO"
2043:
2037:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1973:. Archived from
1971:starbulletin.com
1962:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1914:
1908:
1895:
1889:
1868:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1840:. Archived from
1834:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1602:. Archived from
1601:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1577:staradvertiser.
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1545:Bilingual Review
1536:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1469:. Archived from
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1311:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1259:
1250:
1241:Hawaiian History
1238:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1208:
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1199:
1197:
1175:
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1131:
1124:
1119:
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1005:invasive species
880:
797:
796:
785:
772:
635:
634:
623:
349:
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335:
321:
320:
319:
52:
29:
21:
2635:
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2574:
2573:
2568:
2532:
2466:
2420:
2399:
2383:
2377:
2347:
2338:
2324:Massachusetts (
2285:
2279:
2237:
2221:
2219:Further reading
2216:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2182:
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2167:
2154:
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2090:
2080:
2078:
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2069:
2065:
2056:
2054:
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2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1915:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1869:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1818:
1808:
1801:
1799:
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1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1645:10.2307/3096853
1633:Social Problems
1626:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1473:on June 5, 2013
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1434:. 31 March 1903
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1309:Wayback Machine
1300:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1248:Wayback Machine
1239:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1185:. 8 June 1901.
1177:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1013:
993:
930:Honolulu County
862:
809:
804:
794:
783:
746:
717:
679:
632:
621:
555:
544:Hawaiian Pidgin
536:came from Korea
532:came from Japan
459:
388:
353:
317:
315:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2407:
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2398:
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2378:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:Pennsylvania (
2329:
2322:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2235:External links
2233:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2195:
2180:
2165:
2135:
2088:
2063:
2038:
2014:
1988:
1954:
1936:
1909:
1890:
1854:
1829:
1820:|website=
1784:
1753:
1742:(1): 110â127.
1738:(in Spanish).
1736:Centro Journal
1719:
1695:10.2307/971375
1689:(3): 295â326.
1669:
1639:(3): 361â389.
1619:
1588:
1569:
1531:
1522:|journal=
1504:
1495:Hawai'i Creole
1484:
1445:
1419:
1393:
1367:
1341:
1312:
1287:
1251:
1233:
1215:
1203:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1086:Latin-American
1082:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1056:Rodney Morales
1053:
1044:
1041:
1031:
1012:
1009:
992:
989:
986:
985:
980:
974:
973:
968:
962:
961:
956:
950:
949:
944:
938:
937:
932:
926:
925:
919:
918:
913:
907:
906:
901:
895:
894:
891:
887:
886:
861:
858:
813:
812:
805:
790:
789:
788:External audio
782:
779:
767:(dough). The
745:
742:
716:
713:
678:
675:
647:
646:
628:
627:
626:External audio
620:
617:
554:
551:
458:
455:
387:
384:
355:
354:
352:
351:
344:
337:
329:
326:
325:
312:
311:
310:
309:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
279:
271:
270:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
238:
237:
231:
230:
229:
228:
223:
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213:
208:
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198:
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188:
183:
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145:
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125:
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113:
108:
100:
99:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
38:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2632:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:New York City
2316:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2282:Puerto Ricans
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2119:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2053:on 2007-02-20
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:9780816650194
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:1-59213-413-0
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:0-8248-1303-0
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:0-88738-617-2
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1844:on 2005-09-21
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1813:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1609:on 2013-11-05
1605:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1126:
1123:
1122:Hawaii portal
1112:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
943:
942:Hawaii County
940:
939:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
920:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:Total: 30,005
902:
900:
899:Total: 25,778
897:
896:
892:
889:
888:
885:
881:
878:
876:
870:
868:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
808:
801:
791:
786:
780:
778:
776:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
752:
743:
741:
739:
738:God bless you
735:
731:
727:
723:
714:
712:
708:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
666:
661:
659:
655:
645:
644:
639:
629:
624:
618:
616:
614:
609:
607:
603:
597:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
559:
552:
550:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:, the second
525:
520:
517:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
484:
480:
476:
472:
463:
456:
454:
452:
443:
439:
437:
433:
429:
428:United States
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:Spanish Crown
405:
397:
392:
385:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
350:
345:
343:
338:
336:
331:
330:
328:
327:
324:
314:
313:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
294:
290:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
269:
265:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:Protestantism
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
236:
232:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
167:
166:
163:
159:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
88:
86:
85:New York City
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
65:United States
63:
62:
61:
60:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
42:Puerto Ricans
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2411:Puerto Rican
2410:
2333:Philadelphia
2302:
2225:
2207:
2198:
2183:
2168:
2160:
2153:. Retrieved
2148:
2138:
2107:. Retrieved
2101:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2055:. Retrieved
2051:the original
2041:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1970:
1948:
1939:
1916:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1870:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:the original
1832:
1800:. Retrieved
1794:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1766:
1756:
1739:
1735:
1711:. Retrieved
1686:
1682:
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1636:
1632:
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1604:the original
1591:
1582:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1548:
1544:
1534:
1494:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1458:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1379:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1327:
1278:. Retrieved
1266:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1182:
1173:
1092:Kade Ruotolo
1076:Danny Ongais
1063:
1059:
1038:U.S. Marshal
1024:Martin Denny
1014:
994:
982:
977:
970:
966:Kauai County
965:
958:
953:
946:
941:
934:
929:
922:
915:
910:
903:
898:
883:
875:Puerto Rican
874:
871:
863:
853:
849:
843:
816:
764:
749:
747:
718:
709:
686:
684:
680:
669:
662:
650:
642:
637:
610:
598:
567:corporations
564:
548:
521:
518:
514:
488:
471:Maui, Hawaii
468:
448:
401:
359:
358:
281:
90:Philadelphia
74:
26:
2549:Marshallese
2126:|last=
2007:21 December
1981:28 February
1802:21 December
1477:October 18,
1438:21 December
1386:21 December
1280:21 December
1228:www.loc.gov
1196:21 December
1098:Tye Ruotolo
1020:Augie ColĂłn
1001:mating call
954:Maui County
722:compadrazgo
658:World War I
364:Puerto Rico
362:began when
2579:Categories
2518:Portuguese
2307:Illinois (
2109:2019-05-29
2057:2007-09-18
2027:0816650195
1848:2005-07-22
1777:28 January
1713:2022-01-28
1663:2022-01-28
1613:2007-09-12
1165:References
1047:Bruno Mars
696:California
477:harbor to
430:after the
379:plantation
368:hurricanes
307:Vocabulary
226:Television
206:Literature
2224:N. Carr,
1822:ignored (
1812:cite book
1748:1538-6279
1557:0094-5366
1524:ignored (
1514:cite book
1467:226379163
1275:2157-2119
1191:2375-172X
760:Christmas
700:Filipinos
602:oligarchy
376:sugarcane
191:Education
98:Subgroups
2559:Tahitian
2544:Hawaiian
2452:Japanese
2442:Filipino
2416:Mexicans
2404:Americas
2315:New York
2118:cite web
1771:Archived
1707:Archived
1657:Archived
1360:July 22,
1354:Archived
1305:Archived
1244:Archived
1108:See also
1051:New York
775:ti plant
756:pasteles
734:compadre
726:baptizes
704:Japanese
665:Big Five
498:Honolulu
487:SS
475:San Juan
406:was the
293:Language
235:Religion
216:Politics
201:Language
121:Corsican
34:a series
32:Part of
2537:Oceania
2528:Spanish
2523:Russian
2508:Italian
2488:British
2437:Chinese
2395:African
2326:Holyoke
2309:Chicago
2155:14 July
1653:3096853
1562:4 April
1412:4 April
1028:exotica
835:Spanish
827:Maracas
751:platano
730:padrino
604:. The
420:tobacco
386:Prelude
268:History
254:Judaism
181:Cuisine
162:Culture
148:Spanish
138:Italian
111:Chinese
106:African
70:Chicago
2564:Tongan
2554:Samoan
2513:Polish
2498:German
2493:French
2471:Europe
2462:Taiwan
2457:Korean
2447:Indian
2388:Africa
2381:Hawaii
2303:Hawaii
2081:11 May
2033:
2025:
1931:
1923:
1904:
1885:
1877:
1746:
1703:971375
1701:
1651:
1579:"News"
1555:
1502:
1465:
1334:11 May
1273:
1189:
1088:music.
1030:music.
983:30,005
935:18,933
823:guitar
819:cuatro
424:cotton
416:coffee
372:Hawaii
221:Sports
176:Cinema
143:Jewish
128:German
116:French
75:Hawaii
2503:Greek
2478:Haole
2432:Asian
1699:JSTOR
1649:JSTOR
1607:(PDF)
1600:(PDF)
997:coquĂ
971:1,539
959:3,290
947:6,243
893:2000
890:1990
831:Guiro
781:Music
591:Amfac
412:sugar
396:Lares
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