2194:
335:
2184:
377:
2764:
480:
A new class of white dwarfs, with spectral type DQ and hot, carbon-dominated atmospheres, has recently been discovered by
Patrick Dufour, James Liebert and their coworkers. Theoretically, such white dwarfs should pulsate at temperatures where their atmospheres are partially ionized. Observations made
281:
observed it to vary with a period of approximately 12.5 minutes. The reason for this period being longer than predicted is that the variability of HL Tau 76, like that of the other pulsating variable white dwarfs known, arises from non-radial
970:
Lawrence, George M.; Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Hesser, James E. (1 June 1967). "Ultrashort-Period
Stellar Oscillations. I. Results from White Dwarfs, Old Novae, Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae, 3c 273, and Scorpius XR-1".
471:
in the envelope below the photosphere, but it was thought this mechanism would not function if helium was present in the envelope. However, it now appears that instability can exist even in the presence of helium.
1171:
Bergeron, P.; Fontaine, G.; Billères, M.; Boudreault, S.; Green, E. M. (2004). "On the Purity of the ZZ Ceti
Instability Strip: Discovery of More Pulsating DA White Dwarfs on the Basis of Optical Spectroscopy".
459:. How pulsations are excited in GW Vir stars was first studied in the 1980s but remained puzzling for almost twenty years. From the beginning, the excitation mechanism was thought to be caused by the so-called
119:
These variables all exhibit small (1%–30%) variations in light output, arising from a superposition of vibrational modes with periods of hundreds to thousands of seconds. Observation of these variations gives
1308:
Winget, D. E.; van Horn, H. M.; Tassoul, M.; Fontaine, G.; Hansen, C. J.; Carroll, B. W. (1 January 1982). "Hydrogen-driving and the blue edge of compositionally stratified ZZ Ceti star models".
820:
Hermes, J. J.; Montgomery, M. H.; Winget, D. E.; Brown, Warren R.; Kilic, Mukremin; Kenyon, Scott J. (1 May 2012). "SDSS J184037.78+642312.3: The First
Pulsating Extremely Low Mass White Dwarf".
756:
Montgomery, M. H.; Williams, Kurtis A.; Winget, D. E.; Dufour, Patrick; DeGennaro, Steven; Liebert, James (2008). "SDSS J142625.71+575218.3: A Prototype for a New Class of
Variable White Dwarf".
2169:
273:
Early calculations suggested that white dwarfs should vary with periods around 10 seconds, but searches in the 1960s failed to observe this. The first variable white dwarf found was
354:
and his coworkers suggested that helium-atmosphere DB white dwarfs with surface temperatures around 19,000 K should also pulsate. Winget then searched for such stars and found that
261:
2159:
2230:
416:
in 1985, giving its name to the class. These stars are not, strictly speaking, white dwarfs; rather, they are stars which are in a position on the
1265:
Winget, D. E.; Robinson, E. L.; Nather, R. E.; Fontaine, G. (1 November 1982). "Photometric observations of GD 358 - DB white dwarfs do pulsate".
362:, white dwarf. This was the first prediction of a class of variable stars before their observation. In 1985, this star was given the designation
302:
also refers to this class of pulsating variable white dwarfs, which, as it consists of white dwarfs with hydrogen atmospheres, is also called
1869:
1360:
571:
2223:
1584:"New nonadiabatic pulsation computations on full PG 1159 evolutionary models: the theoretical GW Virginis instability strip revisited"
2702:
141:
1907:
2792:
2164:
2665:
2520:
2351:
2216:
1124:
Kukarkin, B. V.; Kholopov, P. N.; Kukarkina, N. P.; Perova, N. B. (1 September 1972). "58th Name-List of
Variable Stars".
933:
2341:
2066:
1938:
1380:
Kholopov, P. N.; Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Perova, N. B. (1 March 1985). "The 67th Name-List of
Variable Stars".
366:, which is also another name for this class of variable stars. These stars have effective temperatures around 25,000K.
2482:
2308:
2131:
417:
101:
2744:
2541:
2272:
1648:
Dufour, P.; Liebert, James; Fontaine, G.; Behara, N. (November 2007). "White dwarf stars with carbon atmospheres".
88:. (Some authors also include non-PG 1159 stars in the class of GW Vir stars.) GW Vir stars may be subdivided into
2573:
2565:
2515:
2374:
2361:
2152:
2056:
1862:
1722:
1174:
1583:
2749:
2510:
486:
2546:
2400:
2379:
2083:
588:
421:
233:
2773:
2477:
2430:
2426:
2395:
2346:
2621:
2313:
2197:
1960:
429:
307:
112:-dominated atmospheres, has also been proposed, and in May 2012, the first extremely low mass variable (
306:. These stars have periods between 30 seconds and 25 minutes and are found in a rather narrow range of
1775:"Mapping the Instability Domains of GW Vir Stars in the Effective Temperature-Surface Gravity Diagram"
2681:
2336:
2331:
2288:
2276:
2187:
1972:
1855:
1786:
1737:
1667:
1605:
1564:
1523:
1477:
1440:
1389:
1317:
1274:
1193:
1133:
1088:
1027:
980:
890:
839:
775:
709:
610:
482:
2551:
448: ≤ 6.5). It is believed that these stars will eventually cool and become DO white dwarfs.
2797:
2739:
2712:
2292:
1996:
1892:
2599:
2487:
2071:
1967:
1761:
1699:
1657:
1629:
1595:
1217:
1183:
914:
863:
829:
799:
765:
733:
699:
634:
600:
690:
O'Brien, M. S. (1 April 2000). "The Extent and Cause of the Pre-White Dwarf
Instability Strip".
2583:
2494:
2438:
2303:
2296:
2247:
2126:
2100:
1933:
1902:
1804:
1753:
1691:
1683:
1621:
1541:
1469:
1427:
Winget, D. E.; Kepler, S. O.; Robinson, E. L.; Nather, R. E.; O’Donoghue, Darragh (May 1985).
1397:
1356:
1333:
1290:
1209:
1141:
1106:
1045:
996:
906:
855:
791:
725:
626:
567:
527:
522:
452:
589:"Detection of non-radial g-mode pulsations in the newly discovered PG 1159 star HE 1429-1209"
2639:
2626:
2256:
2147:
1794:
1745:
1675:
1613:
1609:
1531:
1448:
1325:
1282:
1244:
1201:
1096:
1035:
988:
898:
847:
783:
717:
618:
614:
121:
2449:
2283:
2001:
493:, class, of pulsating white dwarfs. However, it is also possible that it is a white dwarf
278:
159:
1844:, #49 (December 14, 1998), pp. 11247–11261. DOI 10.1088/0953-8984/10/49/014.
290:, was found to have the same type of variability as HL Tau 76; in 1972, it was given the
1790:
1741:
1671:
1568:
1527:
1481:
1444:
1393:
1351:
Kawaler, Steven D.; Novikov, I. D.; Srinivasan, G. (1997). Meynet, G.; Schaerer (eds.).
1321:
1278:
1197:
1137:
1092:
1031:
984:
894:
843:
779:
713:
2734:
2632:
2443:
2267:
2051:
505:
460:
902:
851:
2786:
2686:
2369:
2239:
2090:
2034:
2006:
1912:
1765:
1749:
918:
867:
737:
323:
291:
41:
1828:
1633:
1221:
803:
2593:
2456:
2121:
2095:
2078:
2029:
1979:
1945:
1897:
1703:
1077:"High-Frequency Stellar Oscillations.VI. R548, a Periodically Variable White Dwarf"
638:
409:
318:
pulsations in ZZ Ceti stars is a direct measurement of the cooling timescale for a
315:
283:
85:
45:
622:
1834:
1829:
A Progress Report on the
Empirical Determination of the ZZ Ceti Instability Strip
1617:
2768:
2726:
2061:
1989:
1928:
1878:
1476:. IAU Colloq. 53: White Dwarfs and Variable Degenerate Stars. pp. 377–381.
494:
405:
381:
339:
334:
319:
152:
31:
1563:. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. Vol. 200. p. 85.07.
937:
2578:
2536:
2041:
1984:
1248:
651:
649:
517:
376:
351:
38:
1808:
1757:
1687:
1625:
1545:
1493:
1491:
1401:
1337:
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1213:
1145:
1110:
1049:
1000:
910:
859:
795:
729:
630:
2613:
2607:
2046:
1429:"A measurement of secular evolution in the pre-white dwarf star PG 1159-035"
1236:
412:) was observed to vary in 1979, and was given the variable star designation
274:
1695:
1355:. Saas-Fee advanced course 25 lecture notes. Berlin: Springer. p. 89.
1582:
CĂłrsico, A. H.; Althaus, L. G.; Miller
Bertolami, M. M. (1 October 2006).
1955:
1822:
1600:
1188:
704:
670:
668:
666:
664:
605:
287:
156:
57:
1825:, Paul A. Bradley, 22 March 2005 version. Accessed online June 7, 2007.
1679:
48:
pulsations within itself. Known types of pulsating white dwarfs include
322:, which in turn can give an independent measurement of the age of the
2707:
1950:
1831:, A. Gianninas, P. Bergeron, and G. Fontaine, arXiv:astro-ph/0612043.
502:
498:
489:
is such a white dwarf; if so, it would be the first member of a new,
468:
464:
456:
441:
437:
433:
355:
311:
217:
178:
109:
81:
77:
69:
20:
314:. The measurement of the rate of change of period with time for the
2763:
1799:
1774:
1536:
1511:
1453:
1428:
1329:
1286:
1205:
1101:
1076:
1040:
1015:
992:
787:
721:
1662:
1243:. IAU Colloq. 114: White Dwarfs. Vol. 328. pp. 341–345.
834:
770:
432:
between 75,000 K and 200,000 K, and have atmospheres dominated by
375:
333:
2208:
2588:
2024:
392:
The third known class of pulsating variable white dwarfs is the
34:
2212:
1851:
936:. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Archived from
881:
Winget, D. E. (1998). "Asteroseismology of white dwarf stars".
1847:
932:
Association Française des Observateurs d'Etoiles Variables.
1773:
Quirion, P.O.; Fontaine, G.; Brassard, P. (1 July 2007).
100:
which have not yet reached the white dwarf region on the
96:
stars; they are not, strictly speaking, white dwarfs but
2170:
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
1497:
674:
655:
19:"V777 Herculis star" redirects here. For the star, see
1075:
Lasker, Barry M.; Hesser, James E. (1 February 1971).
444:. They may have relatively low surface gravities (log
126:
1367:
Lecture notes for Saas-Fee advanced course number 25.
236:
72:-dominated atmospheres and the spectral type DB; and
455:
of GW Vir stars range from about 300 to about 5,000
2725:
2695:
2674:
2658:
2651:
2564:
2529:
2503:
2468:
2425:
2418:
2388:
2360:
2322:
2255:
2246:
2140:
2109:
2015:
1921:
1885:
1474:
PG1159-035: A new, hot, non-DA pulsating degenerate
566:. Bristol: Nature Publishing Group. p. 3525.
255:
1512:"A Pulsation Mechanism for GW Virginis Variables"
408:. This star (also the prototype for the class of
60:-dominated atmospheres and the spectral type DA;
1414:
1158:
1062:
957:
546:
424:and the white dwarf region. They may be called
124:evidence about the interiors of white dwarfs.
2224:
1863:
1561:An Instability Mechanism for GW Vir Variables
1375:
1373:
1260:
1258:
76:stars, with atmospheres dominated by helium,
8:
815:
813:
1779:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
2655:
2422:
2252:
2231:
2217:
2209:
2183:
1870:
1856:
1848:
564:Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics
286:pulsations. In 1970, another white dwarf,
1798:
1661:
1599:
1535:
1452:
1239:; Winget, D. E.; Robinson, E. L. (1989).
1187:
1100:
1039:
833:
769:
703:
604:
587:Nagel, T.; Werner, K. (1 November 2004).
247:
235:
685:
683:
129:
16:White dwarf whose luminosity is variable
539:
1723:"REVIEW: Physics of white dwarf stars"
1382:Information Bulletin on Variable Stars
1126:Information Bulletin on Variable Stars
557:
555:
256:{\displaystyle \lesssim 0.2M_{\odot }}
1835:Asteroseismology of white dwarf stars
1498:Quirion, Fontaine & Brassard 2007
751:
749:
747:
675:Quirion, Fontaine & Brassard 2007
656:Quirion, Fontaine & Brassard 2007
384:for GW Virginis, adapted from Winget
7:
1839:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
883:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
1721:Koester, D.; Chanmugam, G. (1990).
1817:External links and further reading
1016:"A New Short-Period Blue Variable"
14:
1310:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1267:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1081:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
973:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
822:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
758:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
396:stars, sometimes subdivided into
181:absorption lines in its spectrum
2762:
2193:
2192:
2182:
1823:Variable White Dwarf Data Tables
1014:Landolt, Arlo U. (1 July 1968).
342:for GD 358, adapted from Winget
310:between about 12,500 and 11,100
2165:White dwarf luminosity function
1510:Cox, Arthur N. (1 March 2003).
1468:McGraw, J. T.; Liebert, James;
1241:G117-B15A - How is it evolving?
196:Atmosphere mostly C, He and O;
1730:Reports on Progress in Physics
177:DB spectral type, having only
131:Types of pulsating white dwarf
1:
2352:Blue large-amplitude pulsator
1235:Kepler, S. O.; Vauclair, G.;
1415:Koester & Chanmugam 1990
1159:Koester & Chanmugam 1990
1063:Koester & Chanmugam 1990
958:Koester & Chanmugam 1990
547:Koester & Chanmugam 1990
116:) white dwarf was reported.
2132:Quasi-periodic oscillations
1908:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
903:10.1088/0953-8984/10/49/014
852:10.1088/2041-8205/750/2/L28
623:10.1051/0004-6361:200400079
418:Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
102:Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
2814:
2127:Electron-degenerate matter
1750:10.1088/0034-4885/53/7/001
1618:10.1051/0004-6361:20065423
1588:Astronomy and Astrophysics
593:Astronomy and Astrophysics
562:Murdin, Paul, ed. (2001).
404:stars. Their prototype is
18:
2758:
2178:
2057:Cataclysmic variable star
1559:Cox, A. N. (1 May 2002).
1516:The Astrophysical Journal
1433:The Astrophysical Journal
1249:10.1007/3-540-51031-1_344
1175:The Astrophysical Journal
1020:The Astrophysical Journal
692:The Astrophysical Journal
350:In 1982, calculations by
487:SDSS J142625.71+575218.3
463:associated with ionized
84:, and the spectral type
2401:Solar-like oscillations
2342:Slowly pulsating B-type
2084:Super soft X-ray source
1610:2006A&A...458..259C
615:2004A&A...426L..45N
422:asymptotic giant branch
216:DQ spectral type; hot,
2793:Pulsating white dwarfs
2478:Luminous blue variable
2309:Rapidly oscillating Ap
389:
358:was a variable DB, or
347:
308:effective temperatures
257:
220:-dominated atmosphere
428:. They are hot, with
379:
337:
258:
28:pulsating white dwarf
2666:Rotating ellipsoidal
2574:AM Canum Venaticorum
2521:RS Canum Venaticorum
1472:; Green, R. (1979).
1161:, pp. 891, 895.
483:McDonald Observatory
430:surface temperatures
277:; in 1965 and 1966,
234:
198:may be divided into
2703:α Canum Venaticorum
1997:Extreme helium star
1893:Chandrasekhar limit
1791:2007ApJS..171..219Q
1742:1990RPPh...53..837K
1680:10.1038/nature06318
1672:2007Natur.450..522D
1569:2002AAS...200.8507C
1528:2003ApJ...585..975C
1482:1979wdvd.coll..377M
1445:1985ApJ...292..606W
1394:1985IBVS.2681....1K
1322:1982ApJ...252L..65W
1279:1982ApJ...262L..11W
1198:2004ApJ...600..404B
1138:1972IBVS..717....1K
1093:1971ApJ...163L..89L
1032:1968ApJ...153..151L
985:1967ApJ...148L.161L
934:"ZZ Ceti variables"
895:1998JPCM...1011247W
889:(49): 11247–11261.
844:2012ApJ...750L..28H
780:2008ApJ...678L..51M
714:2000ApJ...532.1078O
451:The periods of the
122:asteroseismological
2687:FK Comae Berenices
2483:R Coronae Borealis
2273:Classical cepheids
2072:Intermediate polar
1968:Stellar black hole
549:, p. 891–895.
390:
348:
253:
230:DA spectral type;
44:due to non-radial
2780:
2779:
2745:Planetary transit
2721:
2720:
2642:
2635:
2616:
2602:
2584:Luminous red nova
2560:
2559:
2542:Gamma Cassiopeiae
2495:Yellow hypergiant
2491:
2459:
2452:
2414:
2413:
2300:
2280:
2206:
2205:
2101:Carbon detonation
1934:Type Ia supernova
1903:Stellar evolution
1656:(7169): 522–524.
1470:Starrfield, S. G.
1362:978-3-540-61520-0
573:978-0-333-75088-9
528:Stellar pulsation
523:Instability strip
453:vibrational modes
266:
265:
2805:
2767:
2766:
2656:
2638:
2631:
2612:
2598:
2516:FS Canis Majoris
2485:
2455:
2448:
2423:
2286:
2270:
2253:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2148:Planetary nebula
1872:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1837:, D. E. Winget,
1812:
1802:
1769:
1727:
1708:
1707:
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1639:
1637:
1603:
1601:astro-ph/0607012
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1459:
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1406:
1405:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1353:Stellar remnants
1348:
1342:
1341:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1191:
1189:astro-ph/0309483
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742:
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707:
705:astro-ph/9910495
698:(2): 1078–1088.
687:
678:
672:
659:
653:
644:
642:
608:
606:astro-ph/0409243
584:
578:
577:
559:
550:
544:
426:pre-white dwarfs
262:
260:
259:
254:
252:
251:
162:in its spectrum
160:absorption lines
127:
98:pre-white dwarfs
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2769:Star portal
2761:
2754:
2750:W Ursae Majoris
2717:
2696:Magnetic fields
2691:
2670:
2647:
2556:
2525:
2511:Double periodic
2504:Eruptive binary
2499:
2470:
2464:
2410:
2384:
2356:
2324:
2323:Blue-white with
2318:
2260:
2242:
2237:
2207:
2202:
2174:
2136:
2105:
2017:
2011:
2002:Subdwarf B star
1917:
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811:
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561:
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541:
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478:
374:
332:
279:Arlo U. Landolt
271:
243:
232:
231:
197:
104:. A subtype of
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
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2784:
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2636:
2633:Symbiotic nova
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:Lambda Eridani
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2380:Slow irregular
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2281:
2264:
2262:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2240:Variable stars
2238:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2052:Symbiotic nova
2049:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1800:10.1086/513870
1785:(1): 219–248.
1770:
1736:(7): 837–915.
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1640:
1594:(1): 259–267.
1574:
1551:
1537:10.1086/346228
1522:(2): 975–982.
1502:
1487:
1460:
1454:10.1086/163193
1419:
1417:, p. 895.
1407:
1369:
1361:
1343:
1330:10.1086/183721
1300:
1287:10.1086/183902
1254:
1227:
1206:10.1086/379808
1163:
1151:
1116:
1102:10.1086/180673
1067:
1055:
1041:10.1086/149645
1006:
993:10.1086/180037
962:
950:
924:
873:
809:
788:10.1086/588286
743:
722:10.1086/308613
679:
660:
645:
599:(2): L45–L48.
579:
572:
551:
538:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
525:
520:
513:
510:
506:accretion disk
477:
474:
373:
370:
338:A white-light
331:
328:
320:DA white dwarf
270:
267:
264:
263:
250:
246:
242:
239:
228:
222:
221:
214:
208:
207:
194:
183:
182:
175:
164:
163:
155:, having only
149:
134:
133:
68:, stars, with
56:, stars, with
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2810:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:Stellar spots
2673:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:Non-spherical
2657:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Gamma Doradus
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:PV Telescopii
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:early spectra
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Binary pulsar
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2007:Helium planet
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:Related links
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:Related links
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1913:Mira variable
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Nather, R. E.
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:: L161–L163.
978:
974:
966:
963:
959:
954:
951:
940:on 2007-02-05
939:
935:
928:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
816:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
767:
763:
759:
752:
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
701:
697:
693:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
583:
580:
575:
569:
565:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
533:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
511:
509:
507:
504:
500:
496:
495:binary system
492:
488:
485:suggest that
484:
475:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:PG 1159 stars
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
383:
378:
371:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
341:
336:
329:
327:
325:
324:galactic disk
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:variable star
289:
285:
280:
276:
268:
248:
244:
240:
237:
229:
227:
224:
223:
219:
215:
213:
210:
209:
205:
201:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
154:
153:spectral type
150:
147:
143:
139:
136:
135:
132:
128:
125:
123:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
33:
29:
22:
2760:
2640:Z Andromedae
2622:SW Sextantis
2600:Intermediate
2439:Herbig Ae/Be
2405:
2314:SX Phoenicis
2261:cepheid-like
2122:Urca process
2116:
2096:Helium flash
2079:X-ray binary
1980:Compact star
1946:Neutron star
1898:PG 1159 star
1841:
1838:
1782:
1778:
1733:
1729:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1560:
1554:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1473:
1463:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1410:
1385:
1381:
1352:
1346:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1270:
1266:
1240:
1230:
1182:(1): 404–8.
1179:
1173:
1166:
1154:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1058:
1023:
1019:
1009:
976:
972:
965:
953:
942:. Retrieved
938:the original
927:
886:
882:
876:
825:
821:
761:
757:
695:
691:
658:, §1.1, 1.2.
596:
592:
582:
563:
542:
490:
479:
450:
445:
425:
420:between the
413:
401:
397:
393:
391:
385:
372:GW Vir stars
368:
363:
359:
349:
343:
316:gravity wave
303:
299:
295:
294:designation
284:gravity wave
272:
225:
211:
203:
199:
190:
186:
171:
167:
145:
137:
130:
118:
113:
108:stars, with
105:
97:
93:
89:
73:
65:
61:
53:
49:
46:gravity wave
27:
25:
2682:BY Draconis
2566:Cataclysmic
2471:supergiants
2406:White dwarf
2375:Semiregular
2362:Long-period
2337:Beta Cephei
2332:Alpha Cygni
2289:BL Herculis
2277:Delta Scuti
2062:AM CVn star
1990:Exotic star
1929:Black dwarf
1879:White dwarf
1439:: 606–613.
1273:: L11–L15.
1087:: L89–L93.
1026:: 151–164.
461:Îş-mechanism
406:PG 1159-035
382:light curve
340:light curve
298:. The name
32:white dwarf
2798:Star types
2787:Categories
2740:Beta Lyrae
2713:SX Arietis
2579:Dwarf nova
2552:Wolf–Rayet
2469:Giants and
2450:FU Orionis
2293:W Virginis
2110:Properties
2042:Dwarf nova
1985:Quark star
1939:Candidates
1715:References
1500:, Table 1.
960:, § 7.1.1.
944:2007-06-06
828:(2): L28.
764:(1): L51.
518:G 117-B15A
352:Don Winget
39:luminosity
2727:Eclipsing
2627:Symbiotic
2614:Hypernova
2608:Supernova
2488:DY Persei
2427:Protostar
2248:Pulsating
2117:Pulsating
2047:Micronova
2016:In binary
1886:Formation
1809:0067-0049
1766:250915046
1758:0034-4885
1688:0028-0836
1663:0711.3227
1626:0004-6361
1546:0004-637X
1402:0374-0676
1338:0004-637X
1295:0004-637X
1214:0004-637X
1146:0374-0676
1111:0004-637X
1050:0004-637X
1001:0004-637X
919:250749380
911:0953-8984
868:119188878
860:0004-637X
835:1204.1338
796:1538-4357
771:0803.2646
738:115958740
730:0004-637X
631:0004-6361
476:DQV stars
330:DBV stars
275:HL Tau 76
269:DAV stars
249:⊙
238:≲
2652:Rotating
2419:Eruptive
2304:RR Lyrae
2297:RV Tauri
2257:Cepheids
2198:Category
1956:Magnetar
1696:18033290
1634:16700443
1222:16636294
804:15385909
512:See also
364:V777 Her
288:Ross 548
157:hydrogen
66:V777 Her
58:hydrogen
2457:T Tauri
2284:Type II
2141:Related
2030:Remnant
2018:systems
1787:Bibcode
1738:Bibcode
1704:4398697
1668:Bibcode
1606:Bibcode
1565:Bibcode
1524:Bibcode
1478:Bibcode
1441:Bibcode
1390:Bibcode
1318:Bibcode
1316:: L67.
1275:Bibcode
1194:Bibcode
1134:Bibcode
1089:Bibcode
1028:Bibcode
981:Bibcode
891:Bibcode
840:Bibcode
776:Bibcode
710:Bibcode
677:, §1.1.
639:9481357
611:Bibcode
497:with a
457:seconds
300:ZZ Ceti
296:ZZ Ceti
189:(GCVS:
170:(GCVS:
86:PG 1159
54:ZZ Ceti
2708:Pulsar
2268:Type I
2160:RAMBOs
1951:Pulsar
1807:
1764:
1756:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1650:Nature
1632:
1624:
1544:
1400:
1359:
1336:
1293:
1220:
1212:
1144:
1109:
1065:, § 7.
1048:
999:
917:
909:
866:
858:
802:
794:
736:
728:
637:
629:
570:
503:oxygen
499:carbon
469:oxygen
465:carbon
442:oxygen
440:, and
438:carbon
434:helium
414:GW Vir
394:GW Vir
388:(1985)
386:et al.
356:GD 358
346:(1982)
344:et al.
218:carbon
206:stars
187:GW Vir
179:helium
110:carbon
82:oxygen
80:, and
78:carbon
74:GW Vir
70:helium
42:varies
37:whose
21:GD 358
2735:Algol
2594:Polar
2537:Flare
2530:Other
2444:Orion
2389:Other
2067:Polar
1762:S2CID
1726:(PDF)
1700:S2CID
1658:arXiv
1630:S2CID
1596:arXiv
1388:: 1.
1218:S2CID
1184:arXiv
1132:: 1.
915:S2CID
864:S2CID
830:arXiv
800:S2CID
766:arXiv
734:S2CID
700:arXiv
635:S2CID
601:arXiv
534:Notes
64:, or
52:, or
30:is a
2774:List
2589:Nova
2429:and
2370:Mira
2188:List
2153:List
2035:List
2025:Nova
1922:Fate
1805:ISSN
1754:ISSN
1692:PMID
1684:ISSN
1622:ISSN
1542:ISSN
1398:ISSN
1386:2681
1357:ISBN
1334:ISSN
1291:ISSN
1210:ISSN
1142:ISSN
1107:ISSN
1046:ISSN
997:ISSN
907:ISSN
856:ISSN
792:ISSN
726:ISSN
627:ISSN
568:ISBN
467:and
402:PNNV
400:and
226:ELMV
204:PNNV
202:and
142:GCVS
114:ELMV
94:PNNV
92:and
35:star
2431:PMS
2259:and
1795:doi
1783:171
1746:doi
1676:doi
1654:450
1638:§1.
1614:doi
1592:458
1532:doi
1520:585
1449:doi
1437:292
1326:doi
1314:252
1283:doi
1271:262
1245:doi
1202:doi
1180:600
1130:717
1097:doi
1085:163
1036:doi
1024:153
989:doi
977:148
899:doi
848:doi
826:750
784:doi
762:678
718:doi
696:532
643:§1.
619:doi
597:426
491:DQV
481:at
398:DOV
360:DBV
304:DAV
241:0.2
212:DQV
200:DOV
191:ZZO
172:ZZB
168:DBV
151:DA
146:ZZA
138:DAV
106:DQV
90:DOV
62:DBV
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