375:
889:, which causes fuel to be drawn from a fuel supply. In more complex engines the fuel may be injected directly into the combustion chamber. When the induction phase is under way, fuel in atomized form is injected into the combustion chamber to fill the vacuum formed by the departing of the previous fireball; the atomized fuel tries to fill up the entire tube including the tailpipe. This causes atomized fuel at the rear of the combustion chamber to "flash" as it comes in contact with the hot gases of the preceding column of gas—this resulting flash "slams" the reed-valves shut or in the case of valveless designs, stops the flow of fuel until a vacuum is formed and the cycle repeats.
834:. The two most common configurations are the daisy valve, and the rectangular valve grid. A daisy valve consists of a thin sheet of material to act as the reed, cut into the shape of a stylized daisy with "petals" that widen towards their ends. Each "petal" covers a circular intake hole at its tip. The daisy valve is bolted to the manifold through its centre. Although easier to construct on a small scale, it is less effective than a valve grid.
802:
872:. Starting the engine usually requires forced air and an ignition source, such as a spark plug, for the fuel-air mix. With modern manufactured engine designs, almost any design can be made to be self-starting by providing the engine with fuel and an ignition spark, starting the engine with no compressed air. Once running, the engine only requires input of fuel to maintain a self-sustaining combustion cycle.
441:
33:
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generated insufficient thrust for takeoff, the V-1's resonant jet could operate while stationary on the launch ramp. The simple resonant design based on the ratio (8.7:1) of the diameter to the length of the exhaust pipe functioned to perpetuate the combustion cycle, and attained stable resonance frequency at 43
767:, which evens out the pulsating thrust, by harnessing aerodynamic forces in the pulsejet exhaust. The duct, typically called an augmentor, can significantly increase the thrust of a pulsejet with no additional fuel consumption. Gains of 100% increases in thrust are possible, resulting in a much higher
462:
a "flying bomb" powered by
Schmidt's pulsejet. Schmidt's prototype bomb was rejected by the German Air Ministry as they were uninterested in it from a tactical perspective and assessed it as being technically dubious. The original Schmidt design had the pulsejet placed in a fuselage like a modern jet
860:
and the exhaust, but the majority of the force produced leaves through the wider cross section of the exhaust. The larger amount of mass leaving the wider exhaust has more inertia than the backwards flow out of the intake, allowing it to produce a partial vacuum for a fraction of a second after each
759:
Variable intake geometry lets the engine produce full power at most speeds by optimizing for whatever speed at which the air enters the pulsejet. Valveless designs are not as negatively affected by ram air pressure as other designs, as they were never intended to stop the flow out of the intake, and
727:
control of the main rotor is still necessary). This concept was being considered as early as 1947 when the
American Helicopter Company started work on its XA-5 Top Sergeant helicopter prototype powered by pulsejet engines at the rotor tips. The XA-5 first flew in January 1949 and was followed by the
779:
J-1 is a u-shaped device designed for UAVs with up to 200-lb (90-kg) gross vehicle weight. It weighs 18 lb (8.2 kg) and measures 5.5 x 12.5 x 64 inches (14 x 32 x 163 cm). It can run on fuels such as gasoline, E85 bioethanol, or jet fuel. Its thrust reaches up to 55 lbf (240 N). When fuel
706:
The high noise levels usually make them impractical for other than military and other similarly restricted applications. However, pulsejets are used on a large scale as industrial drying systems, and there has been a resurgence in studying these engines for applications such as high-output heating,
881:
The inertial reaction of this gas flow causes the engine to provide thrust, this force being used to propel an airframe or a rotor blade. The inertia of the traveling exhaust gas causes a low pressure in the combustion chamber. This pressure is less than the inlet pressure (upstream of the one-way
504:
The pulsejet was evaluated to be an excellent balance of cost and function: a simple design that performed well for minimal cost. It would run on any grade of petroleum and the ignition shutter system was not intended to last beyond the V-1's normal operational flight life of one hour. Although it
822:
from exiting and disrupting the intake airflow, although with all practical valved pulsejets there is some 'blowback' while running statically or at low speed, as the valves cannot close fast enough to prevent some gas from exiting through the intake. The superheated exhaust gases exit through an
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The intake tube takes in air and mixes it with fuel to combust, and also controls the expulsion of exhaust gas, like a valve, limiting the flow but not stopping it altogether. While the fuel-air mixture burns, most of the expanding gas is forced out of the exhaust pipe of the engine. Because the
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in 1944. Pulsejet engines, being cheap and easy to construct, were the obvious choice for the V-1's designers, given the
Germans' materials shortages and overstretched industry at that stage of the war. Designers of modern cruise missiles do not choose pulsejet engines for propulsion, preferring
908:
A properly designed valveless engine will excel in flight as it does not have valves, and ram air pressure from traveling at high speed does not cause the engine to stop running like a valved engine. They can achieve higher top speeds, with some advanced designs being capable of operating at
392:
French inventor
Georges Marconnet patented his valveless pulsejet engine in 1908. It was the grandfather of all valveless pulsejets. The valveless pulsejet was experimented with by French propulsion research group Société Nationale d'Étude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation
904:
While some valveless engines are known for being extremely fuel-hungry, other designs use significantly less fuel than a valved pulsejet, and a properly designed system with advanced components and techniques can rival or exceed the fuel efficiency of small turbojet engines.
520:
Ignition in the As 014 was provided by a single automotive spark plug, mounted approximately 75 cm (30 in) behind the front-mounted valve array. The spark only operated for the start sequence for the engine; the Argus As 014, like all pulsejets, did not require
1267:
737:. It used XPJ49 pulsejets mounted at the rotor tips. The XH-26 met all its main design objectives but the Army cancelled the project because of the unacceptable level of noise of the pulsejets and the fact that the drag of the pulsejets at the rotor tips made
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The combustion creates two pressure wave fronts, one traveling down the longer exhaust tube and one down the short intake tube. By properly 'tuning' the system (by designing the engine dimensions properly), a resonating combustion process can be achieved.
939:(as well as radio-controlled aircraft), fog generators, and industrial drying and home heating equipment. Because pulsejets are an efficient and simple way to convert fuel into heat, experimenters are using them for new industrial applications such as
780:
ignites, the increased temperature and pressure push hot gasses out of the device, creating thrust. The resulting partial vacuum pulls in fresh air, preparing for the next pulse. The engine family has been tested at up to 200 mph (320 km/h).
892:
Valveless pulsejets come in a number of shapes and sizes, with different designs being suited for different functions. A typical valveless engine will have one or more intake tubes, a combustion chamber section, and one or more exhaust tube sections.
755:
The speed of a free-flying radio-controlled pulsejet is limited by the engine's intake design. At around 450 km/h (280 mph) most valved engines' valve systems stop fully closing owing to ram air pressure, which results in performance loss.
732:
built and tested the Hiller
Powerblade, the world's first hot-cycle pressure-jet rotor. Hiller switched to tip mounted ramjets but American Helicopter went on to develop the XA-8 under a U.S. Army contract. It first flew in 1952 and was known as the
355:
The traditional valved pulsejet has one-way valves through which incoming air passes. When the fuel mix is ignited, the valves close, which means that the heated gases can only leave through the engine's tailpipe, thus creating forward thrust.
36:
Diagram of a valved pulsejet. 1 - Air enters through valve and is mixed with fuel. 2 - The mixture is ignited, expands, closes the valve and exits through the tailpipe, creating thrust.3 - Low pressure in the engine opens the valve and draws in
672:
710:
Pulsejets have been used to power experimental helicopters, the engines being attached to the ends of the rotor blades. In providing power to helicopter rotors, pulsejets have the advantage over turbine or piston engines of not producing
805:
Pulsejet schematic. First part of the cycle: air flows through the intake (1), and is mixed with fuel (2). Second part: the ignited fuel-air mix expands, closes the valve (3) and exits through the exhaust pipe (4), propelling the
810:
Valved pulsejet engines use a mechanical valve to control the flow of expanding exhaust, forcing the hot gas to go out of the back of the engine through the tailpipe only, and allow fresh air and more fuel to enter through the
946:
Some experimenters continue to work on improved designs. The engines are difficult to integrate into commercial crewed aircraft designs because of noise and vibration, though they excel on the smaller-scale uncrewed vehicles.
837:
The cycle frequency is primarily dependent on the length of the engine. For a small model-type engine the frequency may be around 250 pulses per second, whereas for a larger engine such as the one used on the German
783:
Wave is working on a second engine, the K-1, with up to 220 lbf (980 N) of thrust for up to 1,000 lb (450 kg). It claims that this will benefit larger commercial applications and a new class of
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intake tube(s) also expel gas during the exhaust cycle of the engine, most valveless engines have the intakes facing backwards so that the thrust created adds to the overall thrust, rather than reducing it.
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since they don't apply force to the shaft, but push the tips. A helicopter may then be built without a tail rotor and its associated transmission and drive shaft, simplifying the aircraft (
1400:
Apocalyptic robotics performance group
Survival Research Labs operates a collection of pulsejet engines in some of their creations, including the Hovercraft, V1, and the Flame Hurricane.
543:, with the technicians having to place a baffle of wood or cardboard in the exhaust pipe to stop the acetylene diffusing before complete ignition. Once the engine ignited and minimum
293:
741:
landings very problematic. Rotor-tip propulsion has been claimed to reduce the cost of production of rotary-wing craft to 1/10 of that for conventional powered rotary-wing aircraft.
577:
The principal military use of the pulsejet engine, with the volume production of the Argus As 014 unit (the first pulsejet engine ever in volume production), was for use with the
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Valveless pulsejet engines have no moving parts and use only their geometry to control the flow of exhaust out of the engine. Valveless pulsejets expel exhaust out of both the
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pulse-jets.com: An international site dedicated to pulsejets, including design and experimentation. Includes an extremely active forum composed of knowledgeable enthusiasts
659:
In 2024 University of
Maryland spinoff Wave Engine Corporation delivered four of its J-1 engines to a customer. J-1 is a digitally controlled pulsejet engine for use in
352:
The two main types of pulsejet engines use resonant combustion and harness the combustion products to form a pulsating exhaust jet that intermittently produces thrust.
1394:
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as the inertia of the escaping exhaust creates a partial vacuum for a fraction of a second after each detonation. This draws in additional air and fuel between pulses.
1452:
707:
biomass conversion, and alternative energy systems, as pulsejets can run on almost anything that burns, including particulate fuels such as sawdust or coal powder.
875:
The combustion cycle comprises five or six phases depending on the engine: Induction, Compression, Fuel
Injection (optional), Ignition, Combustion, and Exhaust.
326:, and is capable of running statically (that is, it does not need to have air forced into its inlet, typically by forward motion). The best known example is the
420:
pioneered a more efficient design based on modification of the intake valves (or flaps), earning him government support from the German Air
Ministry in 1933.
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for ignition — the ignition source being the tail of the preceding fireball during the run. The engine casing did not provide sufficient heat to cause
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286:
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detonation, reversing the flow of the intake to its proper direction, and therefore ingesting more air and fuel. This happens dozens of times per second.
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Three air nozzles in the front of the Argus As 014 were connected to an external high pressure source to start the engine. The fuel used for ignition was
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1439:
1424:
1082:
1108:
Geng, T.; Schoen, M. A.; Kuznetsov, A. V.; Roberts, W. L. (2007). "Combined
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a 15-cm Valveless Pulsejet".
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Another feature of pulsejet engines is that their thrust can be increased by a specially shaped duct placed behind the engine. The duct acts as an
1835:
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The valved pulsejet comprises an intake with a one-way valve arrangement. The valves prevent the explosive gas of the ignited fuel mixture in the
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of the United States Army Air Forces was concerned that this weapon could be built of steel and wood, in 2000 man hours and approximate cost of
1808:
359:
The second type is the valveless pulsejet. The technical terms for this engine are acoustic-type pulsejet, or aerodynamically valved pulsejet.
279:
382:
Russian inventor and retired artillery officer Nikolaj Afanasievich Teleshov patented a steam pulsejet engine in 1867 while Swedish inventor
842:, the frequency was closer to 45 pulses per second. The low-frequency sound produced resulted in the missiles being nicknamed "buzz bombs."
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The valveless pulsejet operates on the same principle as the valved pulsejet, but the 'valve' is the engine's geometry. Fuel, as a gas or
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1245:
734:
366:, which involves repeated detonations in the engine, and which can potentially give high compression and reasonably good efficiency.
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now have active PDE research programs. Most PDE research programs use pulsejet engines for testing ideas early in the design phase.
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The V-1, being a cruise missile, lacked landing gear, instead the Argus As 014 was launched on an inclined ramp powered by a
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Starting with ignition within the combustion chamber, a high pressure is raised by the combustion of the fuel-air mixture.
771:. However, the larger the augmenter duct, the more drag it produces, and it is only effective within specific speed ranges.
389:
The first working pulsejet was patented in 1906 by Russian engineer V.V. Karavodin, who completed a working model in 1907.
448:
752:. The speed record for control-line pulsejet-powered model aircraft is greater than 200 miles per hour (322 km/h).
1793:
581:. The engine's characteristic droning noise earned it the nicknames "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug". The V-1 was a German
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on 28 October 1942, the first powered flight on 10 December 1942 and the first powered launch on 24 December 1942.
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began work based on Schmidt's work. Other German manufacturers working on similar pulsejets and flying bombs were
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954:(PDE) marks a new approach towards non-continuous jet engines and promises higher fuel efficiency compared to
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Pulsejet engines are characterized by simplicity, low cost of construction, and high noise levels. While the
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the V-1 from the remains of one that had failed to detonate in Britain. The result was the creation of the
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engines. The only other uses of the pulsejet that reached the hardware stage in Nazi Germany were the
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The Argus As 014 valve array was based on a shutter system that operated at 47 cycles-per-second.
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1062:"Patent US6216446 – Valveless pulse-jet engine with forward facing intake duct – Google Patents"
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With Schmidt now working for Argus, the pulsejet was perfected and was officially known by its
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fighter, unlike the eventual V-1, which had the engine placed above the warhead and fuselage.
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invented a pulsejet engine in 1931, and demonstrated it on a jet-propelled bicycle. Engineer
1930:
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976:(PETA), which proposes to use pulsejet engines for vertical lift in military and commercial
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also has a claim to having invented the first pulsejet, in Sweden, but details are unclear.
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liquid spray, is either mixed with the air in the intake or directly injected into the
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in a tube. This limits the maximum pre-combustion pressure ratio, to around 1.2 to 1.
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554:-driven steam catapult. Steam power to fire the piston was generated by the violent
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Pulsejet engines are a lightweight form of jet propulsion, but usually have a poor
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PULSE JET ENGINE CAN BE USE IN BICYCLE TO RUN IT AT HIGH SPEED USING U-SHAPE TUBE
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The advantage of the acoustic-type pulsejet is simplicity. Since there are no
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Video of 21st century-built German reproduction Argus As 014 pulsejet testing
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designation as the Argus As 109-014. The first unpowered drop occurred at
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RamĂłn Casanova and the pulsejet engine he constructed and patented in 1917
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to wear out, they are easier to maintain and simpler to construct.
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533:, as there is insignificant compression within a pulsejet engine.
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The valveless pulsejet's first widespread use was the Dutch drone
405:
373:
1268:"Fire-spitting pulsejet engine delivers bulk thrust at low cost"
977:
785:
1448:
1404:
1342:, Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences (U.S.): 1948, vol. 7.
728:
XA-6 Buck Private with the same pulsejet design. Also in 1949
513:) of static thrust and approximately 3,300 N (740 lb
1367:
885:
In the simplest of pulsejet engines this intake is through a
1440:
US Air Force funds development of pulsejet powered air decoy
691:, which, lacking an external compressive driver such as the
1435:
Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of Pulse Jet Engine
547:
was attained, external hoses and connectors were removed.
1319:"Boeing's Millennium Falcon Floats Using Nazi Technology"
1156:
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valve), and so the induction phase of the cycle begins.
1425:
Pulse jet designs and valveless pulsejet configurations
1210:
German Jet Engine and Gas Turbine Development 1930-1945
27:
Engine where combustion is pulsed instead of continuous
1382:
1347:
US Airforce Tactical Missiles:1949–1969: The Pioneers
1162:
US Airforce Tactical Missiles:1949–1969: The Pioneers
490:
company, which were all combined to work on the V-1.
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and Munich-based Paul Schmidt proposed to the German
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has a proprietary pulsejet engine technology called
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1821:
1766:
1745:
1736:
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412:in 1917, having constructed one beginning in 1913.
1846:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)
1879:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)
699:'s compression turbine, drives compression with
1405:PETA (Pulse-Ejector-Thrust-Augmentors) article
509:. The engine produced 2,200 N (490 lb
322:. A pulsejet engine can be made with few or no
1836:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)
760:can significantly increase in power at speed.
1460:
287:
8:
1212:. Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 239–240.
1182:
1180:
1178:
447:pulsejet engine of a V-1 flying bomb at the
958:jet engines, at least at very high speeds.
943:conversion, and boiler and heater systems.
1841:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)
1742:
1500:
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1453:
1445:
362:One notable line of research includes the
294:
280:
40:
1430:Interaction behaviour of pulsejet engines
636:American designation, being made by the
31:
1006:
651: (equivalent to $ 10,565 in 2023).
168:
55:
48:
1261:
1259:
1257:
744:Pulsejets have also been used in both
1231:
1229:
1188:Airplane aerodynamics and performance
687:is very poor. The pulsejet uses the
7:
1017:. Gofurther.utsi.edu. Archived from
1186:Jan Roskam, Chuan-Tau Edward Lan;
25:
1709:Thrust specific fuel consumption
1345:George Mindling, Robert Bolton:
1293:"Excerpt of Flight May 12, 1949"
1160:George Mindling, Robert Bolton:
830:The intake valve is typically a
685:thrust specific fuel consumption
531:diesel-type ignition of the fuel
1415:American Helicopter XA-5 Flight
1340:Aeronautical Engineering Review
1110:Flow, Turbulence and Combustion
750:radio-controlled model aircraft
558:chemical reaction created when
1758:Propeller speed reduction unit
1383:Popular Rotocraft Association
974:Pulse Ejector Thrust Augmentor
675:Animation of a pulsejet engine
318:in which combustion occurs in
1:
1266:Weiss, C. C. (11 July 2024).
628:, with the airframe built by
449:Royal Air Force Museum London
1317:Diaz, Jesus (28 July 2011).
928:Pulsejets are used today in
608:Einpersonenfluggerät project
1669:Engine pressure ratio (EPR)
1993:
1936:Auxiliary power unit (APU)
1565:Rotating detonation engine
849:
433:
251:Rotating detonation engine
1410:Ramon Casanova's pulsejet
1240:. Osprey. pp. 9–11.
1236:Zaloga, Steven J (2005).
1122:10.1007/s10494-006-9032-8
1085:. Home.no. Archived from
1015:"Pulse Detonation Engine"
1644:Aircraft engine starting
1238:V-1 Flying Bomb, 1942-52
1190:, DARcorporation: 1997,
990:List of aircraft engines
661:unmanned aerial vehicles
127:External thermal engines
84:Internal thermal engines
1525:Pulse detonation engine
1388:7 February 2011 at the
1378:Pulsejets in aeromodels
952:pulse detonation engine
913:.7 or possibly higher.
589:, most famously in the
408:patented a pulsejet in
364:pulse detonation engine
345:, and hence give a low
246:Pulse detonation engine
1714:Thrust to weight ratio
1684:Overall pressure ratio
1679:Jet engine performance
1603:Centrifugal compressor
1520:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
1208:Kay, Antony L (2002).
995:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
807:
681:thrust-to-weight ratio
676:
564:potassium permanganate
451:
397:), in the late 1940s.
379:
234:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
38:
1951:Ice protection system
1719:Variable cycle engine
1689:Propulsive efficiency
1142:U.S. Patent 1,980,266
804:
674:
545:operating temperature
443:
377:
35:
1851:Flight data recorder
1613:Constant speed drive
1593:Afterburner (reheat)
620:technical personnel
606:and an experimental
604:Messerschmitt Me 328
212:Air-augmented rocket
1089:on 6 September 2013
1083:"Valveless Pulsjet"
1021:on 4 September 2014
960:Pratt & Whitney
472:The Askania Company
456:Georg Hans Madelung
400:RamĂłn Casanova, in
50:Aircraft propulsion
44:Part of a series on
1753:Propeller governor
1298:. flightglobal.com
870:combustion chamber
852:Valveless pulsejet
820:combustion chamber
808:
730:Hiller Helicopters
701:acoustic resonance
695:'s piston, or the
677:
638:Ford Motor Company
622:reverse-engineered
452:
380:
229:Valveless pulsejet
39:
1959:
1958:
1831:Annunciator panel
1817:
1816:
1732:
1731:
1623:Propelling nozzle
1349:, Lulu.com, 200:
1164:, Lulu.com, 200:
932:aircraft, flying
846:Valveless designs
630:Republic Aviation
591:bombing of London
560:hydrogen peroxide
507:cycles per second
486:of Argus and the
484:Dr. Fritz Gosslau
343:compression ratio
304:
303:
146:Electric aircraft
16:(Redirected from
1984:
1977:Aircraft engines
1972:Pulsejet engines
1946:Hydraulic system
1941:Bleed air system
1931:Air-start system
1794:Counter-rotating
1743:
1724:Windmill restart
1694:Specific impulse
1664:Compressor stall
1598:Axial compressor
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964:General Electric
650:
574:) are combined.
430:Argus As 109-014
347:specific impulse
328:Argus As 109-014
296:
289:
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241:Aerospike engine
170:Reaction engines
41:
21:
18:Pulse jet engine
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1789:Contra-rotating
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1583:Accessory drive
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1511:Air turborocket
1493:
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1390:Wayback Machine
1364:
1336:
1334:Further reading
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848:
840:V-1 flying bomb
799:
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777:
769:fuel efficiency
669:
657:
648:
610:for the German
579:V-1 flying bomb
516:
512:
438:
432:
425:Aviolanda AT-21
372:
336:V-1 flying bomb
330:used to propel
314:) is a type of
308:pulsejet engine
300:
207:Air turborocket
140:Electric motors
60:
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1395:Pulsejet Bike
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1362:External links
1360:
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1247:978-1841767918
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937:model aircraft
925:
922:
850:Main article:
847:
844:
827:exhaust pipe.
798:
797:Valved designs
795:
793:
790:
776:
773:
735:XH-26 Jet Jeep
683:is excellent,
668:
665:
656:
653:
583:cruise missile
523:ignition coils
514:
510:
434:Main article:
431:
428:
414:Robert Goddard
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1924:Other systems
1922:
1916:
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1911:
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1901:and induction
1900:
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1654:Brayton cycle
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1628:Turbine blade
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1041:"Google News"
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524:
518:
517:) in flight.
508:
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477:
476:Robert Lusser
473:
469:
468:Argus Company
464:
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384:Martin Wiberg
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159:Human-powered
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138:
134:
131:
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128:
125:
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116:
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111:
110:
108:
105:
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102:Wankel engine
100:
96:
95:Diesel engine
93:
92:
91:
90:Piston engine
88:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
57:Shaft engines
54:
51:
47:
43:
42:
34:
30:
19:
1910:Flame holder
1884:Thrust lever
1874:Autothrottle
1704:Thrust lapse
1659:Bypass ratio
1515:
1491:Gas turbines
1483:gas turbines
1346:
1339:
1322:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1237:
1209:
1203:
1187:
1161:
1138:
1116:(1): 17–33.
1113:
1109:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:the original
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1009:
968:
949:
945:
941:biomass fuel
934:control line
930:target drone
927:
918:moving parts
915:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
880:
877:
874:
863:
855:
836:
829:
817:
809:
782:
778:
765:annular wing
762:
758:
754:
746:control-line
743:
739:autorotation
709:
705:
689:Lenoir cycle
678:
658:
642:
633:
618:Wright Field
616:
587:World War II
576:
549:
538:
535:
519:
503:
492:
465:
460:Air Ministry
453:
445:Argus As 014
436:Argus As 014
422:
418:Paul Schmidt
399:
391:
388:
381:
361:
358:
354:
351:
340:
332:Nazi Germany
324:moving parts
311:
307:
305:
223:
29:
1824:instruments
1779:Blade pitch
1774:Autofeather
1476:Jet engines
1198:, 711 pages
1046:23 February
924:Future uses
133:Steam power
71:ducted fans
1966:Categories
1767:Principles
1746:Components
1738:Propellers
1637:Principles
1588:Air intake
1576:components
1574:Mechanical
1550:Turboshaft
1001:References
980:aircraft.
832:reed valve
725:collective
693:Otto cycle
645:Hap Arnold
556:exothermic
499:PeenemĂĽnde
316:jet engine
118:Turboshaft
63:propellers
1799:Proprotor
1649:Bleed air
1608:Combustor
1545:Turboprop
1302:31 August
1277:24 August
1272:New Atlas
1130:122906134
792:Operation
715:upon the
626:JB-2 Loon
596:turbojets
541:acetylene
454:In 1934,
410:Barcelona
312:pulse jet
266:Shcramjet
153:Clockwork
113:Turboprop
1915:Jet fuel
1804:Scimitar
1674:Flameout
1618:Impeller
1540:Turbojet
1535:Turbofan
1516:Pulsejet
1480:aircraft
1386:Archived
1357:. pp6–31
1172:. pp6-31
984:See also
956:turbofan
866:atomized
825:resonant
717:fuselage
663:(UAVs).
643:General
585:used in
566:(termed
527:magnetos
480:Fieseler
261:Scramjet
224:Pulsejet
219:Motorjet
190:Turbofan
185:Turbojet
179:Turbines
155:drives:
107:Turbines
75:propfans
61:driving
1903:systems
1530:Propfan
1093:3 March
1067:3 March
1025:3 March
887:venturi
858:intakes
649:US$ 600
572:Z-Stoff
568:T-Stoff
488:Siemens
370:History
195:Propfan
1822:Engine
1699:Thrust
1560:Rocket
1555:Ramjet
1353:
1244:
1216:
1194:
1168:
1128:
970:Boeing
813:intake
806:craft.
721:cyclic
713:torque
667:Design
600:rocket
552:piston
402:Ripoll
395:SNECMA
320:pulses
256:Ramjet
67:rotors
1504:Types
1323:Wired
1296:(PDF)
1126:S2CID
406:Spain
1899:Fuel
1494:and
1478:and
1351:ISBN
1304:2014
1279:2024
1242:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1095:2014
1069:2014
1048:2016
1027:2014
978:VTOL
962:and
950:The
911:Mach
786:VTOL
775:Wave
748:and
723:and
655:Wave
634:PJ31
612:Heer
570:and
562:and
466:The
310:(or
37:air.
1118:doi
598:or
525:or
495:RLM
478:of
334:'s
73:or
65:,
1968::
1321:.
1270:.
1256:^
1228:^
1177:^
1147:^
1124:.
1114:78
1112:.
788:.
640:.
614:.
482:,
474:,
404:,
349:.
338:.
306:A
181::
142::
129::
109::
86::
69:,
1518:/
1468:e
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1120::
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1050:.
1029:.
515:f
511:f
393:(
295:e
288:t
281:v
59::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
