354:
297:, and the molecules absorb the lasing wavelength, making the dye partially opaque. Flashlamp-pumped lasers need a flash with an extremely short duration, to deliver the large amounts of energy necessary to bring the dye past threshold before triplet absorption overcomes singlet emission. Dye lasers with an external pump-laser can direct enough energy of the proper wavelength into the dye with a relatively small amount of input energy, but the dye must be circulated at high speeds to keep the triplet molecules out of the beam path. Due to their high absorption, the pumping energy may often be concentrated into a rather small volume of liquid.
397:
347:. The absorption centers of many dyes are very close to the emission centers. Sometimes the two are close enough that the absorption profile slightly overlaps the emission profile. As a result, most dyes exhibit very small Stokes shifts and consequently allow for lower energy losses than many other laser types due to this phenomenon. The wide absorption profiles make them particularly suited to broadband pumping, such as from a flashtube. It also allows a wide range of pump lasers to be used for any certain dye and, conversely, many different dyes can be used with a single pump laser.
113:
370:
38:, emitting at 580 nm (yellow). The emitted laser beam is visible as faint yellow lines between the yellow window (center) and the yellow optics (upper-right), where it reflects down across the image to an unseen mirror, and back into the dye jet from the lower left corner. The orange dye-solution enters the laser from the left and exits to the right, still glowing from triplet phosphorescence, and is pumped by a 514 nm (blue-green) beam from an argon laser. The pump laser can be seen entering the dye jet, beneath the yellow window.
514:, (in its chloride form), can be very corrosive to all metals except stainless steel. Although dyes have very broad fluorescence spectra, the dye's absorption and emission will tend to center on a certain wavelength and taper off to each side, forming a tunability curve, with the absorption center being of a shorter wavelength than the emission center. Rhodamine 6G, for example, has its highest output around 590 nm, and the conversion efficiency lowers as the laser is tuned to either side of this wavelength.
124:(not shown). A diffraction grating is used as the high-reflector (upper yellow beam, left side). The two meter beam is redirected several times by mirrors and prisms, which reduce the overall length, expand or focus the beam for various parts of the cavity, and eliminate one of two counter-propagating waves produced by the dye cell. The laser is capable of continuous wave operation or ultrashort picosecond pulses (trillionth of a second, equating to a beam less than
213:
inlet/outlet for the liquid on each end. The dye cell is usually side-pumped, with one or more flashtubes running parallel to the dye cell in a reflector cavity. The reflector cavity is often water cooled, to prevent thermal shock in the dye caused by the large amounts of near-infrared radiation which the flashtube produces. Axial pumped lasers have a hollow, annular-shaped flashtube that surrounds the dye cell, which has lower
31:
2187:
471:
1690:
353:
665:
145:
545:, and many others. Solvents can be highly toxic, and can sometimes be absorbed directly through the skin, or through inhaled vapors. Many solvents are also extremely flammable. The various solvents can also have an effect on the specific color of the dye solution, the lifetime of the singlet state, either enhancing or
221:
A ring laser design is often chosen for continuous operation, although a Fabry–Pérot design is sometimes used. In a ring laser, the mirrors of the laser are positioned to allow the beam to travel in a circular path. The dye cell, or cuvette, is usually very small. Sometimes a dye jet is used to help
192:
are also needed to oscillate the light produced by the dye's fluorescence, which is amplified with each pass through the liquid. The output mirror is normally around 80% reflective, while all other mirrors are usually more than 99.9% reflective. The dye solution is usually circulated at high speeds,
761:
is set up and by sweeping the frequency, the frequency of the light returning from the fixed arm is slightly different from the frequency returning from the distance measuring arm. This produces a beat frequency which can be detected and used to determine the absolute difference between the lengths
745:
In spectroscopy, dye lasers can be used to study the absorption and emission spectra of various materials. Their tunability, (from the near-infrared to the near-ultraviolet), narrow bandwidth, and high intensity allows a much greater diversity than other light sources. The variety of pulse widths,
676:
Dye lasers are very versatile. In addition to their recognized wavelength agility these lasers can offer very large pulsed energies or very high average powers. Flashlamp-pumped dye lasers have been shown to yield hundreds of Joules per pulse and copper-laser-pumped dye lasers are known to yield
81:
and pulsed lasers. The dye rhodamine 6G, for example, can be tuned from 635 nm (orangish-red) to 560 nm (greenish-yellow), and produce pulses as short as 16 femtoseconds. Moreover, the dye can be replaced by another type in order to generate an even broader range of wavelengths with the
257:
used in these lasers contain rather large organic molecules which fluoresce. Most dyes have a very short time between the absorption and emission of light, referred to as the fluorescence lifetime, which is often on the order of a few nanoseconds. (In comparison, most solid-state lasers have a
212:
laser cavity is usually used for flashtube pumped lasers, which consists of two mirrors, which may be flat or curved, mounted parallel to each other with the laser medium in between. The dye cell is often a thin tube approximately equal in length to the flashtube, with both windows and an
343:(emitted number of photons per absorbed number), but from the losses when high-energy photons are absorbed and reemitted as photons of longer wavelengths. Because the energy of a photon is determined by its wavelength, the emitted photons will be of lower energy; a phenomenon called the
217:
for a shorter flash, and improved transfer efficiency. Coaxial pumped lasers have an annular dye cell that surrounds the flashtube, for even better transfer efficiency, but have a lower gain due to diffraction losses. Flash pumped lasers can be used only for pulsed output applications.
418:
Dye lasers' emission is inherently broad. However, tunable narrow linewidth emission has been central to the success of the dye laser. In order to produce narrow bandwidth tuning these lasers use many types of cavities and resonators which include gratings, prisms,
369:
338:
A benefit of organic dyes is their high fluorescence efficiency. The greatest losses in many lasers and other fluorescence devices is not from the transfer efficiency (absorbed versus reflected/transmitted energy) or
746:
from ultra-short, femtosecond pulses to continuous-wave operation, makes them suitable for a wide range of applications, from the study of fluorescent lifetimes and semiconductor properties to
312:. With a dye jet, one avoids reflection losses from the glass surfaces and contamination of the walls of the cuvette. These advantages come at the cost of a more-complicated alignment.
569:
quenchers for rhodamine G, increasing the laser output power. Output power of 1.4 kilowatt at 585 nm was achieved using
Rhodamine 6G with COT in methanol-water solution.
388:
Continuous-wave (CW) dye lasers often use a dye jet. CW dye-lasers can have a linear or a ring cavity, and provided the foundation for the development of femtosecond lasers.
176:
evenly throughout the liquid. The dye solution may be circulated through a dye cell, or streamed through open air using a dye jet. A high energy source of light is needed to
300:
Since organic dyes tend to decompose under the influence of light, the dye solution is normally circulated from a large reservoir. The dye solution can be flowing through a
120:
of a linear dye-laser, showing the beam path. The pump laser (green) enters the dye cell from the left. The emitted beam exits to the right (lower yellow beam) through a
718:
where they are used to make skin tone more even. The wide range of wavelengths possible allows very close matching to the absorption lines of certain tissues, such as
258:
fluorescence lifetime ranging from hundreds of microseconds to a few milliseconds.) Under standard laser-pumping conditions, the molecules emit their energy before a
237:. The liquid is circulated at very high speeds, to prevent triplet absorption from cutting off the beam. Unlike Fabry–Pérot cavities, a ring laser does not generate
245:, a phenomenon where energy becomes trapped in unused portions of the medium between the crests of the wave. This leads to a better gain from the lasing medium.
82:
same laser, from the near-infrared to the near-ultraviolet, although this usually requires replacing other optical components in the laser as well, such as
148:
A ring dye laser. P-pump laser beam; G-gain dye jet; A-saturable absorber dye jet; M0, M1, M2-planar mirrors; OC–output coupler; CM1 to CM4-curved mirrors.
852:
Design and
Analysis of Flashlamp Systems for Pumping Organic Dye Lasers – J. F. Holzrichter and A. L. Schawlow. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1422:
1041:
378:
in
Rhodamine 6G during broadband absorption/emission. In laser operation, the Stokes shift is the difference between the pump wavelength and the output.
410:. Depending on the angle unwanted wavelengths are dispersed, so are used to tune the output of a dye laser, often to a linewidth of a fraction of an
447:
1650:
2147:
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as laser media. The beam needs to make only a few passes through the liquid to reach full design power, and hence, the high transmittance of the
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A wide variety of solvents can be used, although most dyes will dissolve better in some solvents than in others. Some of the solvents used are
1010:
691:
669:
672:
experiment at LLNL. Green light is from a copper vapor pump laser used to pump a highly tuned dye laser which is producing the orange light.
450:. The various resonators and oscillator designs developed for dye lasers have been successfully adapted to other laser types such as the
1722:
1449:
Fork, R. L.; Greene, B. I.; Shank, C. V. (1981). "Generation of optical pulses shorter than 0.1 psec by colliding pulse mode locking".
510:, and others. While some dyes are actually used in food coloring, most dyes are very toxic, and often carcinogenic. Many dyes, such as
1391:
396:
1622:
1593:
208:
Because the liquid medium of a dye laser can fit any shape, there are a multitude of different configurations that can be used. A
1886:
726:, while the narrow bandwidth obtainable helps reduce the possibility of damage to the surrounding tissue. They are used to treat
455:
420:
400:
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Flashlamps and several types of lasers can be used to optically pump dye lasers. A partial list of excitation lasers include:
2056:
1129:
I. Shoshan, N. N. Danon, and U. P. Oppenheim, Narrowband operation of a pulsed dye laser without intracavity beam expansion,
747:
359:
A cuvette used in a dye laser. A thin sheet of liquid is passed between the windows at high speeds. The windows are set at
335:, or otherwise made of a material that will not reflect at the lasing wavelength while reflecting at the pump wavelength.
289:, and the dye is transparent to the lasing wavelength. Within a microsecond or less, the molecules will change to their
2112:
1356:
1240:
Duarte, F. J.; Piper, J. A. (1981-06-15). "Prism preexpanded grazing-incidence grating cavity for pulsed dye lasers".
363:(air-to-glass interface) for the pump laser, and at Brewster's angle (liquid-to-glass interface) for the emitted beam.
112:
323:. The high gain also leads to high losses, because reflections from the dye-cell walls or flashlamp reflector cause
1916:
549:
the triplet state, and, thus, on the lasing bandwidth and power obtainable with a particular laser-pumping source.
1146:
Littman, Michael G.; Metcalf, Harold J. (1978-07-15). "Spectrally narrow pulsed dye laser without beam expander".
274:
can be "flipped", quickly changing from the useful, fast-emitting "singlet" state to the slower "triplet" state.
70:
754:
546:
262:
can properly build up, so dyes require rather specialized means of pumping. Liquid dyes have an extremely high
1580:
Costela A, Garcia-Moreno I, Gomez C (2016). "Medical
Applications of Organic Dye Lasers". In Duarte FJ (ed.).
1304:
Duarte, F.J.; Piper, J.A. (1982). "Dispersion theory of multiple-prism beam expanders for pulsed dye lasers".
965:"Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - spatial hole burning, SHB, laser, single-frequency operation"
474:
Rhodamine 6G Chloride powder; mixed with methanol; emitting yellow light under the influence of a green laser
1715:
2086:
1906:
242:
101:
1974:
1694:
1852:
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783:
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194:
77:, often spanning 50 to 100 nanometers or more. The wide bandwidth makes them particularly suitable for
2211:
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202:
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Yee, T. K.; Fan, B.; Gustafson, T. K. (1979-04-15). "Simmer-enhanced flashlamp-pumped dye laser".
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to illuminate the diffraction grating. Next were the grazing-incidence grating designs and the
2152:
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2001:
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1265:
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O. G. Peterson, S. A. Tuccio, B. B. Snavely, "CW operation of an organic dye solution laser",
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895:
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562:
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83:
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820:
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327:, dramatically reducing the amount of energy available to the beam. Pump cavities are often
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dye, which is a carbon-based, soluble stain that is often fluorescent, such as the dye in a
94:
1398:
2190:
2071:
2061:
1872:
1651:"Highly linear, Widerange Swept Frequency Generation at Microwave and Optical Frequencies"
727:
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507:
431:
294:
1550:
1462:
1317:
1253:
1210:
1197:
Duarte, F.J.; Piper, J.A. (1980). "A double-prism beam expander for pulsed dye lasers".
1159:
964:
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avoid reflection losses. The dye is usually pumped with an external laser, such as a
177:
121:
90:
78:
55:
1486:
470:
2142:
2011:
2006:
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The incoming light excites the dye molecules into the state of being ready to emit
234:
117:
35:
1346:
Amnon Yariv, Optical
Electronics in Modern Communications, Fifth Edition, page 266
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2033:
2016:
1996:
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to enable measurement of absolute distances with very high accuracy. A two axis
715:
586:
538:
487:
451:
161:
153:
51:
17:
913:
2021:
1842:
723:
656:
eventually resulted in the routine emission of femtosecond dye laser pulses.
646:
607:
552:
214:
74:
1570:, F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman, Eds. (Academic, New York, 1990) Chapter 10.
1478:
1333:
1269:
1226:
1175:
891:
2137:
1979:
1959:
1793:
1740:
1700:
1614:
1585:
1541:, F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (eds.)(Academic, New York, 1990) Chapter 8.
1528:, F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (eds.)(Academic, New York, 1990) Chapter 9.
938:
771:
618:
503:
483:
479:
332:
254:
185:
173:
1367:
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1183:
899:
1689:
1113:, Repetitively Pulsed Tunable Dye Laser for High Resolution Spectroscopy,
1748:
1261:
1167:
883:
699:
634:
demonstrated, in 1981, the generation of ultra-short laser pulse using a
530:
491:
411:
169:
104:(SSDL). These SSDL lasers use dye-doped organic matrices as gain medium.
1500:
664:
100:
In addition to the usual liquid state, dye lasers are also available as
1829:
1095:
719:
526:
328:
301:
165:
144:
1070:, 2nd rev. ed., vol. 1, Berlin ; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1977
645:). This kind of laser is capable of generating laser pulses of ~ 0.1
534:
522:
424:
309:
189:
59:
1470:
811:
by Frank J. Duarte, Lloyd W. Hillman -- Academic Press 1990 Page 42
308:, i.e., as a sheet-like stream in open air from a specially-shaped
1895:
780: – Laser that uses a carbon-based material as the gain medium
731:
663:
518:
469:
395:
205:
is usually mounted in the beam path, to allow tuning of the beam.
143:
111:
73:
lasing media, a dye can usually be used for a much wider range of
47:
1290:
P. Zorabedian, Tunable external cavity semiconductor lasers, in
1868:
1704:
66:
1294:, F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (Academic, New York, 1995) Chapter 8.
266:. In addition, the large molecules are subject to complex
1864:
652:
The introduction of grating techniques and intra-cavity
188:
or an external laser is usually used for this purpose.
714:
these lasers are applied in several areas, including
406:
in one direction, providing better illumination of a
27:
Equipment using an organic dye to emit coherent light
1537:
D. Klick, Industrial applications of dye lasers, in
680:
Dye lasers are used in many applications including:
2095:
2042:
1930:
1802:
1739:
914:"General Xenon Flash and Strobe Design Guidelines"
1524:M. A. Akerman, Dye laser isotope separation, in
738:. They can be matched to a variety of inks for
995:– Cambridge University Press 1996 Page 397-399
285:. In this state, the molecules emit light via
34:Close-up of a table-top CW dye laser based on
1880:
1716:
1053:
1051:
786: – Laser with a dye-doped organic matrix
742:, as well as a number of other applications.
555:is added to some dyes to prolong their life.
293:. In the triplet state, light is emitted via
8:
1439:(Academic, New York, 1990) Chapters 5 and 6.
89:Dye lasers were independently discovered by
1005:
1003:
1001:
1887:
1873:
1865:
1723:
1709:
1701:
197:and to decrease degradation of the dye. A
1640:By Jeff Hecht – McGraw Hill 1992 Page 294
1057:"Principles of Lasers", by Orazio Svelto
939:"Sam's Laser FAQ - Home-Built Dye Laser"
792: – Laser with a variable wavelength
164:pen. The dye is mixed with a compatible
29:
2148:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
1566:L. Goldman, Dye lasers in medicine, in
1435:F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (Eds.),
809:Dye Laser Principles: With Applications
801:
677:average powers in the kilowatt regime.
349:
1814:
1421:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1414:
1100:(Academic, New York, 1990) Chapter 4.
1040:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1033:
304:, i.e., a glass container, or be as a
692:atomic vapor laser isotope separation
670:atomic vapor laser isotope separation
448:multiple-prism grating configurations
7:
1248:(12). The Optical Society: 2113–6.
1154:(14). The Optical Society: 2224–7.
599:(mainly second and third harmonics)
454:. The physics of narrow-linewidth
421:multiple-prism grating arrangements
1066:F. P. Schäfer and K. H. Drexhage,
870:(8). The Optical Society: 1131–2.
774: – Dye used as a laser medium
730:and other blood vessel disorders,
25:
2186:
2185:
1688:
1096:F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman,
827:(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).
368:
352:
748:lunar laser ranging experiments
2057:Amplified spontaneous emission
1457:(9). AIP Publishing: 671–672.
630:R. L. Fork, B. I. Greene, and
1:
270:transitions during which the
1613:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton:
1584:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton:
1326:10.1016/0030-4018(82)90216-4
1219:10.1016/0030-4018(80)90368-5
2113:Chirped pulse amplification
1557:, 3rd Ed. (Springer, 2003).
1312:(5). Elsevier BV: 303–307.
1205:(1). Elsevier BV: 100–104.
843:(Academic, New York, 1990).
753:Tunable lasers are used in
654:prismatic pulse compressors
486:(orange, 540–680 nm),
392:Narrow linewidth dye lasers
315:Liquid dyes have very high
140:of a millimeter in length).
2228:
1917:List of laser applications
1611:Tunable Laser Applications
1582:Tunable Laser Applications
839:and L. W. Hillman (Eds.),
626:Ultra-short optical pulses
498:(violet 410–480 nm),
490:(green, 530–560 nm),
97:(and colleagues) in 1966.
2181:
1902:
755:swept-frequency metrology
638:(or dye laser exploiting
502:(blue, 450–470 nm),
434:dye laser, introduced by
963:Paschotta, Dr. RĂĽdiger.
494:(blue 490–620 nm),
458:lasers was explained by
1609:Duarte FJ, ed. (2016).
1501:"HIGH POWER DYE LASERS"
1451:Applied Physics Letters
1292:Tunable Lasers Handbook
1907:List of laser articles
673:
565:(COT) can be added as
475:
456:multiple-prism grating
415:
325:parasitic oscillations
180:the liquid beyond its
149:
141:
102:solid state dye lasers
39:
1853:Solid-state dye laser
1505:www.tunablelasers.com
1306:Optics Communications
1199:Optics Communications
784:Solid-state dye laser
667:
473:
399:
147:
115:
33:
2082:Population inversion
1820:Liquid-crystal laser
1697:at Wikimedia Commons
1588:. pp. 293–313.
1568:Dye Laser Principles
1539:Dye Laser Principles
1526:Dye Laser Principles
1437:Dye Laser Principles
1262:10.1364/ao.20.002113
1168:10.1364/ao.17.002224
1098:Dye Laser Principles
969:www.rp-photonics.com
884:10.1364/ao.18.001131
841:Dye Laser Principles
279:stimulated radiation
260:population inversion
243:spatial hole burning
2133:Laser beam profiler
2052:Active laser medium
1992:Free-electron laser
1912:List of laser types
1837:Active laser medium
1667:on 7 September 2012
1638:The Laser Guidebook
1463:1981ApPhL..38..671F
1318:1982OptCo..43..303D
1254:1981ApOpt..20.2113D
1211:1980OptCo..35..100D
1160:1978ApOpt..17.2224L
1136:, 4495-4497 (1977).
1086:, 1917-1918 (1970).
993:William T. Silfvast
876:1979ApOpt..18.1131Y
582:Copper vapor lasers
408:diffraction grating
203:diffraction grating
184:. A fast discharge
152:A dye laser uses a
1555:Laser Spectroscopy
989:Laser fundamentals
674:
619:Krypton ion lasers
476:
440:Galilean telescope
416:
195:triplet absorption
150:
142:
84:dielectric mirrors
40:
2199:
2198:
2153:Optical amplifier
2002:Solid-state laser
1862:
1861:
1693:Media related to
1120:, 895-898 (1972).
1081:Appl. Phys. Lett.
943:www.repairfaq.org
918:members.misty.com
762:of the two arms.
686:laser guide stars
573:Excitation lasers
563:cyclooctatetraene
430:The first narrow
232:frequency doubled
156:consisting of an
16:(Redirected from
2219:
2189:
2188:
2163:Optical isolator
2128:Injection seeder
2108:Beam homogenizer
2087:Ultrashort pulse
2077:Lasing threshold
1889:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1815:Excitation laser
1725:
1718:
1711:
1702:
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1677:
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1672:
1666:
1660:. Archived from
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1427:
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1409:
1403:
1397:. Archived from
1396:
1388:
1382:
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1378:
1372:
1366:. Archived from
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828:
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728:port-wine stains
621:in the CW regime
615:in the CW regime
613:Argon ion lasers
559:Cycloheptatriene
372:
361:Brewster's angle
356:
264:lasing threshold
182:lasing threshold
139:
137:
136:
133:
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86:or pump lasers.
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18:Pulsed dye laser
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2062:Continuous wave
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1931:Types of lasers
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1471:10.1063/1.92500
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1394:
1392:"Archived copy"
1390:
1389:
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1357:"Tuning Curves"
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1011:"Archived copy"
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835:
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819:
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803:
799:
768:
662:
640:colliding pulse
628:
603:Nitrogen lasers
575:
508:malachite green
468:
404:expand the beam
401:Multiple prisms
394:
386:
379:
373:
364:
357:
295:phosphorescence
251:
168:, allowing the
134:
131:
128:
127:
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118:internal cavity
110:
58:, usually as a
28:
23:
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15:
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11:
5:
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2197:
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2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:Output coupler
2165:
2160:
2158:Optical cavity
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:Gain-switching
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
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2067:Laser ablation
2064:
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2019:
2014:
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1999:
1994:
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1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1965:Carbon dioxide
1957:
1956:
1955:
1953:Liquid-crystal
1950:
1940:
1938:Chemical laser
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1922:Laser acronyms
1919:
1914:
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1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1848:Ring-dye laser
1845:
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1822:
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1812:
1806:
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1800:
1799:
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1734:(liquid state)
1730:
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1684:
1683:External links
1681:
1679:
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1348:
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1296:
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1242:Applied Optics
1232:
1189:
1148:Applied Optics
1138:
1131:J. Appl. Phys.
1122:
1103:
1088:
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1047:
997:
981:
955:
930:
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864:Applied Optics
854:
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813:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
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775:
767:
764:
759:interferometer
740:tattoo removal
712:laser medicine
708:
707:
702:
697:
694:
689:
684:astronomy (as
661:
658:
636:ring-dye laser
627:
624:
623:
622:
616:
610:
605:
600:
594:
592:Excimer lasers
589:
584:
574:
571:
467:
466:Chemicals used
464:
393:
390:
385:
382:
381:
380:
374:
367:
365:
358:
351:
321:output coupler
250:
247:
239:standing waves
193:to help avoid
109:
106:
79:tunable lasers
65:. Compared to
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2224:
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2123:Gaussian beam
2121:
2119:
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2103:Beam expander
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2044:Laser physics
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1825:Organic laser
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Tunable laser
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Umbelliferone
1777:
1775:
1774:Rhodamine 123
1772:
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1418:
1404:on 2015-02-21
1400:
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1373:on 2011-09-20
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822:
821:F. P. Schäfer
817:
814:
810:
805:
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796:
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790:Tunable laser
788:
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782:
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778:Organic laser
776:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
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756:
751:
749:
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741:
737:
736:kidney stones
733:
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696:manufacturing
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597:Nd:YAG lasers
595:
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579:
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560:
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500:umbelliferone
497:
493:
489:
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449:
445:
444:beam expander
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
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413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
391:
389:
384:CW dye lasers
383:
377:
371:
366:
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355:
350:
348:
346:
342:
341:quantum yield
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
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298:
296:
292:
291:triplet state
288:
284:
283:singlet state
280:
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268:excited state
265:
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171:
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123:
122:cavity dumper
119:
114:
107:
105:
103:
98:
96:
95:F. P. Schäfer
92:
91:P. P. Sorokin
87:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
56:lasing medium
53:
50:that uses an
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2143:Mode locking
2096:Laser optics
1942:
1789:(E)-Stilbene
1784:(Z)-Stilbene
1764:Rhodamine 6G
1731:
1669:. Retrieved
1662:the original
1657:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1610:
1604:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1551:W. Demtröder
1546:
1538:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1406:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1386:
1375:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1363:
1351:
1342:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1111:T. W. Hänsch
1106:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1025:. Retrieved
1018:the original
988:
984:
972:. Retrieved
968:
958:
946:. Retrieved
942:
933:
921:. Retrieved
917:
908:
867:
863:
857:
848:
840:
837:F. J. Duarte
832:
824:
816:
808:
804:
752:
744:
709:
705:spectroscopy
679:
675:
660:Applications
651:
643:mode-locking
629:
587:Diode lasers
576:
557:
551:
543:cyclodextrin
516:
512:rhodamine 6G
478:Some of the
477:
429:
417:
387:
376:Stokes shift
345:Stokes shift
337:
314:
305:
299:
287:fluorescence
276:
252:
241:which cause
235:Nd:YAG laser
220:
207:
151:
108:Construction
99:
88:
43:
41:
36:rhodamine 6G
2212:Laser types
2173:Q-switching
2034:X-ray laser
2027:Ti-sapphire
1997:Laser diode
1975:Helium–neon
1769:Rhodamine B
1759:Fluorescein
1068:Dye Lasers.
716:dermatology
632:C. V. Shank
608:Ruby lasers
539:cyclohexane
488:fluorescein
462:and Piper.
452:diode laser
210:Fabry–Pérot
162:highlighter
154:gain medium
75:wavelengths
71:solid state
52:organic dye
1843:Adamantane
1754:Polyphenyl
1741:Laser dyes
1732:Dye lasers
1695:Dye lasers
1408:2012-08-15
1377:2023-11-03
1115:Appl. Opt.
1027:2017-02-13
825:Dye Lasers
797:References
724:hemoglobin
649:duration.
553:Adamantane
480:laser dyes
215:inductance
2138:M squared
1960:Gas laser
1943:Dye laser
1794:Tetracene
1615:CRC Press
1586:CRC Press
1479:0003-6951
1334:0030-4018
1270:0003-6935
1227:0030-4018
1176:0003-6935
892:0003-6935
772:Laser dye
547:quenching
504:tetracene
484:rhodamine
438:, used a
432:linewidth
249:Operation
186:flashtube
170:molecules
69:and most
44:dye laser
2206:Category
2191:Category
1985:Nitrogen
1749:Coumarin
1671:19 April
1658:nasa.gov
1510:19 April
1487:45813878
1417:cite web
1278:20332895
1184:20203761
1036:cite web
974:19 April
948:19 April
923:19 April
900:20208893
766:See also
700:medicine
531:methanol
496:stilbene
492:coumarin
412:angstrom
333:anodized
224:nitrogen
63:solution
1970:Excimer
1830:Ormosil
1803:Aspects
1459:Bibcode
1364:Exciton
1314:Bibcode
1250:Bibcode
1207:Bibcode
1156:Bibcode
872:Bibcode
823:(Ed.),
720:melanin
567:triplet
527:ethanol
425:etalons
306:dye jet
302:cuvette
228:excimer
190:Mirrors
174:diffuse
166:solvent
158:organic
138:
126:
54:as the
2012:Nd:YAG
2007:Er:YAG
1948:Bubble
1896:Lasers
1855:(SSDL)
1621:
1592:
1485:
1477:
1332:
1276:
1268:
1225:
1182:
1174:
898:
890:
535:hexane
523:glycol
460:Duarte
436:Hänsch
423:, and
329:coated
310:nozzle
281:; the
178:'pump'
60:liquid
2017:Raman
1665:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1483:S2CID
1402:(PDF)
1395:(PDF)
1371:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
732:scars
519:water
230:, or
199:prism
67:gases
48:laser
46:is a
2022:Ruby
1673:2018
1619:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1512:2018
1475:ISSN
1423:link
1330:ISSN
1274:PMID
1266:ISSN
1223:ISSN
1180:PMID
1172:ISSN
1042:link
976:2018
950:2018
925:2018
896:PMID
888:ISSN
734:and
561:and
482:are
317:gain
272:spin
255:dyes
253:The
116:The
93:and
1980:Ion
1467:doi
1322:doi
1258:doi
1215:doi
1164:doi
991:by
880:doi
722:or
710:In
668:An
442:as
201:or
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