175:
447:, Victoria, Australia, the Bendigo Sustainability Group has proposed the use of the old gold mines under Bendigo for Pumped Hydro Energy Storage. Bendigo has the greatest concentration of deep shaft hard rock mines anywhere in the world with over 5,000 shafts sunk under Bendigo in the second half of the 19th Century. The deepest shaft extends 1,406 metres vertically underground. A recent pre-feasibility study has shown the concept to be viable with a generation capacity of 30 MW and a run time of 6 hours using a water head of over 750 metres.
45:
1404:
440:) would utilize the deepest base metal mine in Europe, with 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) elevation difference. Several new underground pumped storage projects have been proposed. Cost-per-kilowatt estimates for these projects can be lower than for surface projects if they use existing underground mine space. There are limited opportunities involving suitable underground space, but the number of underground pumped storage opportunities may increase if abandoned coal mines prove suitable.
408:. The stored river water is pumped to uplands by constructing a series of embankment canals and pumped storage hydroelectric stations for the purpose of energy storage, irrigation, industrial, municipal, rejuvenation of over exploited rivers, etc. These multipurpose coastal reservoir projects offer massive pumped-storage hydroelectric potential to utilize variable and intermittent solar and wind power that are carbon-neutral, clean, and renewable energy sources.
163:
1468:, but only two are reversible. The lower reservoir is at a higher elevation than the station itself, and thus the water pumped up can only be used once before it has to flow to the next station, Kvilldal, further down the tunnel system. And in addition to the lower reservoir, it will receive water that can be pumped up from 23 river/stream and small reservoir intakes. Some of which will have already gone through a smaller power station on its way.
574:, at the Engeweiher pumped storage facility near Schaffhausen, Switzerland. In the 1930s reversible hydroelectric turbines became available. This apparatus could operate both as turbine generators and in reverse as electric motor-driven pumps. The latest in large-scale engineering technology is variable speed machines for greater efficiency. These machines operate in synchronization with the network frequency when generating, but operate
1477:
4611:
3929:
1493:
grown to 21.6 GW by 2014, with pumped storage comprising 97% of grid-scale energy storage in the United States. As of late 2014, there were 51 active project proposals with a total of 39 GW of new nameplate capacity across all stages of the FERC licensing process for new pumped storage hydroelectric plants in the United States, but no new plants were currently under construction in the United States at the time.
4508:
1537:
1523:
1551:
554:
122:, and other renewables) or excess electricity from continuous base-load sources (such as coal or nuclear) to be saved for periods of higher demand. The reservoirs used with pumped storage can be quite small, when contrasted with the lakes of conventional hydroelectric plants of similar power capacity, and generating periods are often less than half a day.
267:
364:
replaced. Land requirements are also small: about 10 hectares per gigawatt-hour of storage, which is much smaller than the land occupied by the solar and windfarms that the storage might support. Closed loop (off-river) pumped hydro storage has the smallest carbon emissions per unit of storage of all candidates for large-scale energy storage.
1456:
There are 9 power stations capable of pumping with a total installed capacity of 1344 MW and an average annual production of 2247 GWh. The pumped storage hydropower in Norway is built a bit differently from the rest of the world. They are designed for seasonal pumping. Most of them can also not cycle
350:
The main requirement for PSH is hilly country. The global greenfield pumped hydro atlas lists more than 600,000 potential sites around the world, which is about 100 times more than needed to support 100% renewable electricity. Most are closed-loop systems away from rivers. Areas of natural beauty and
213:
with an upper reservoir that is replenished in part by natural inflows from a stream or river. Plants that do not use pumped storage are referred to as conventional hydroelectric plants; conventional hydroelectric plants that have significant storage capacity may be able to play a similar role in the
2159:
Schucht says, in the region he is operating in, 42 percent of the power supply (in output, not capacity), came from wind and solar – about the same as South
Australia. Schucht believes that integration of 60 to 70 percent variable renewable energy – just wind and solar – could be accommodated within
469:
Small (or micro) applications for pumped storage could be built on streams and within infrastructures, such as drinking water networks and artificial snow-making infrastructures. In this regard, a storm-water basin has been concretely implemented as a cost-effective solution for a water reservoir in
234:
The relatively low energy density of pumped storage systems requires either large flows and/or large differences in height between reservoirs. The only way to store a significant amount of energy is by having a large body of water located relatively near, but as high as possible above, a second body
2201:
There are a certain number of myths in the energy industry. One of them is that we need more flexibility in the system to integrate renewables, like energy storage, interruptible loads or backup power plants. That's a myth. We are well on track to having a system that can accommodate between 70-80%
1492:
In 2010, the United States had 21.5 GW of pumped storage generating capacity (20.6% of world capacity). PSH contributed 21,073 GWh of energy in 2020 in the United States, but −5,321 GWh (net) because more energy is consumed in pumping than is generated. Nameplate pumped storage capacity had
523:
In March 2017, the research project StEnSea (Storing Energy at Sea) announced their successful completion of a four-week test of a pumped storage underwater reservoir. In this configuration, a hollow sphere submerged and anchored at great depth acts as the lower reservoir, while the upper reservoir
527:
The quantity of power created when water is let in, grows proportionally to the height of the column of water above the sphere. In other words: the deeper the sphere is located, the more densely it can store energy. As such, the energy storage capacity of the submerged reservoir is not governed by
363:
Water requirements for PSH are small: about 1 gigalitre of initial fill water per gigawatt-hour of storage. This water is recycled uphill and back downhill between the two reservoirs for many decades, but evaporation losses (beyond what rainfall and any inflow from local waterways provide) must be
250:
that provide base-load electricity to continue operating at peak efficiency, while reducing the need for "peaking" power plants that use the same fuels as many base-load thermal plants, gas and oil, but have been designed for flexibility rather than maximal efficiency. Hence pumped storage systems
188:
A pumped-storage hydroelectricity generally consists of two water reservoirs at different heights, connected with each other. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the upper reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the
337:
as larger ones, but some do exist, including a recent 13 MW project in
Germany. Shell Energy has proposed a 5 MW project in Washington State. Some have proposed small pumped storage plants in buildings, although these are not yet economical. Also, it is difficult to fit large reservoirs
351:
new dams on rivers can be avoided because of the very large number of potential sites. Some projects utilise existing reservoirs (dubbed "bluefield") such as the 350 Gigawatt-hour Snowy 2.0 scheme under construction in
Australia. Some recently proposed projects propose to take advantage of
390:
in
Okinawa was the first demonstration of seawater pumped storage. It has since been decommissioned. A 300 MW seawater-based Lanai Pumped Storage Project was considered for Lanai, Hawaii, and seawater-based projects have been proposed in Ireland. A pair of proposed projects in the
1447:
announced plans to invest US$ 5.7 billion in five pumped hydro storage plants with a total 6 GW capacity, to be located in Hebei, Jilin, Zhejiang, Shandong provinces, and in
Xinjiang Autonomous Region. China is seeking to build 40 GW of pumped hydro capacity installed by 2020.
557:
561:
560:
556:
555:
230:
of 70–80% or more can be achieved. This technique is currently the most cost-effective means of storing large amounts of electrical energy, but capital costs and the necessity of appropriate geography are critical decision factors in selecting pumped-storage plant sites.
581:
The first use of pumped-storage in the United States was in 1930 by the
Connecticut Electric and Power Company, using a large reservoir located near New Milford, Connecticut, pumping water from the Housatonic River to the storage reservoir 70 metres (230 ft) above.
562:
382:
in France can partially work as a pumped-storage station. When high tides occur at off-peak hours, the turbines can be used to pump more seawater into the reservoir than the high tide would have naturally brought in. It is the only large-scale power plant of its kind.
180:
Energy from a source such as sunlight is used to lift water upward against the force of gravity, giving it potential energy. The stored potential energy is later converted to electricity that is added to the power grid, even when the original energy source is not
235:
of water. In some places this occurs naturally, in others one or both bodies of water were man-made. Projects in which both reservoirs are artificial and in which no natural inflows are involved with either reservoir are referred to as "closed loop" systems.
524:
is the enclosing body of water. Electricity is created when water is let in via a reversible turbine integrated into the sphere. During off-peak hours, the turbine changes direction and pumps the water out again, using "surplus" electricity from the grid.
559:
255:. Capital costs for pumped-storage plants are relatively high, although this is somewhat mitigated by their proven long service life of decades - and in some cases over a century, which is three to five times longer than utility-scale batteries. When
1425:
In June 2018 the
Australian federal government announced that 14 sites had been identified in Tasmania for pumped storage hydro, with the potential of adding 4.8GW to the national grid if a second interconnector beneath Bass Strait was constructed.
201:(PAT) could be implemented respectively for pumping and generating phases. The same pump could be used in both modes by changing rotational direction and speed: the operation point in pumping usually differs from the operation point in PAT mode.
490:. Reservoirs that can be used for small pumped-storage hydropower plants could include natural or artificial lakes, reservoirs within other structures such as irrigation, or unused portions of mines or underground military installations. In
1506:
in the United States was expanded with a pump-back system in 1973. Existing dams may be repowered with reversing turbines thereby extending the length of time the plant can operate at capacity. Optionally a pump back powerhouse such as the
1501:
Conventional hydroelectric dams may also make use of pumped storage in a hybrid system that both generates power from water naturally flowing into the reservoir as well as storing water pumped back to the reservoir from below the dam. The
1457:
the water endlessly, but only pump and reuse once. The reason for this is the design of the tunnels and the elevation of lower and upper reservoirs. Some, like Nygard power station, pump water from several river intakes up to a reservoir.
320:
and wind generation. Increased long-distance transmission capacity combined with significant amounts of energy storage will be a crucial part of regulating any large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable power sources. The high
1749:
2801:
395:
in northern Chile would use 600 MW of photovoltaic solar (Skies of
Tarapacá) together with 300 MW of pumped storage (Mirror of Tarapacá) lifting seawater 600 metres (2,000 ft) up a coastal cliff.
338:
into the urban landscape (and the fluctuating water level may make them unsuitable for recreational use). Nevertheless, some authors defend the technological simplicity and security of water supply as important
2578:
377:
Pumped storage plants can operate with seawater, although there are additional challenges compared to using fresh water, such as saltwater corrosion and barnacle growth. Inaugurated in 1966, the 240 MW
134:, when electricity prices are highest. If the upper lake collects significant rainfall, or is fed by a river, then the plant may be a net energy producer in the manner of a traditional hydroelectric plant.
2726:
544:
RheEnergise aim to improve the efficiency of pumped storage by using fluid 2.5x denser than water ("a fine-milled suspended solid in water"), such that "projects can be 2.5x smaller for the same power."
129:
of PSH varies between 70% and 80%. Although the losses of the pumping process make the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of
450:
US-based start-up
Quidnet Energy is exploring using abandoned oil and gas wells for pumped storage. If successful they hope to scale up, utilizing some of the 3 million abandoned wells in the US.
305:
may be close to zero or occasionally negative on occasions that there is more electrical generation available than there is load available to absorb it. Although at present this is rarely due to
3738:
3560:
2188:
209:
In closed-loop systems, pure pumped-storage plants store water in an upper reservoir with no natural inflows, while pump-back plants utilize a combination of pumped storage and conventional
1432:
In
September 2022, a pumped hydroelectric storage (PHES) scheme was announced at Pioneer-Burdekin in central Queensland that has the potential to be the largest PHES in the world at 5 GW.
907:
1657:
789:
669:
847:
3499:
965:
558:
2967:
730:
252:
3673:
2351:
103:
to a higher elevation. Low-cost surplus off-peak electric power is typically used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through
387:
4694:
1511:(1992) may be added to a dam for increased generating capacity. Making use of an existing dam's upper reservoir and transmission system can expedite projects and reduce costs.
614:
591:
3583:"Report: An Updated Annual Energy Outlook 2009 Reference Case Reflecting Provisions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and Recent Changes in the Economic Outlook"
3466:
2037:
3027:
2063:
1745:
4575:
3641:
2890:
2214:
1015:
Note: The power-generating capacity in megawatts is the usual measure for power station size and reflects the maximum instantaneous output power. The energy storage in
2146:
193:, generating electricity. Pumped storage plants usually use reversible turbine/generator assemblies, which can act both as a pump and as a turbine generator (usually
2853:"Fracking Has a Bad Rep, but Its Tech Is Powering a Clean Energy Shift Texas start-ups are harnessing know-how born of the shale boom in pursuit of a greener future"
604:
had 38.3 GW net capacity (36.8% of world capacity) out of a total of 140 GW of hydropower and representing 5% of total net electrical capacity in the EU.
301:. Pumped storage provides a load at times of high electricity output and low electricity demand, enabling additional system peak capacity. In certain jurisdictions,
2574:
1720:
3780:
2722:
2522:
1922:
494:
one study suggested that the total installed capacity of small pumped-storage hydropower plants in 2011 could be increased by 3 to 9 times by providing adequate
2918:
The facilitation of mini and small hydropower in Switzerland: shaping the institutional framework. With a particular focus on storage and pumped-storage schemes
1973:
495:
197:
designs). Variable speed operation further optimizes the round trip efficiency in pumped hydro storage plants. In micro-PSH applications, a group of pumps and
3529:
141:
available, and, as of 2020, accounts for around 95% of all active storage installations worldwide, with a total installed throughput capacity of over 181
2802:"Press Release: CPS Energy & Quidnet Energy Announce Landmark Agreement to Build Grid-Scale, Long Duration, Geomechanical Pumped Storage Project in Texas"
4453:
3200:
2003:
1885:
3380:
2860:
1862:
3412:
286:
and provide reserve generation. Thermal plants are much less able to respond to sudden changes in electrical demand that potentially cause frequency and
2780:
1611:
1429:
The Snowy 2.0 project will link two existing dams in the New South Wales' Snowy Mountains to provide 2,000 MW of capacity and 350,000 MWh of storage.
2173:
3582:
3552:
3003:
2448:
1098:
895:
723:
168:
Power distribution, over a day, of a pumped-storage hydroelectricity facility. Green represents power consumed in pumping. Red is power generated.
1809:
Morabito, Alessandro; Hendrick, Patrick (7 October 2019). "Pump as turbine applied to micro energy storage and smart water grids: A case study".
1691:
3131:
2667:
779:
1019:(GWh) is the capacity to store energy, determined by the size of the upper reservoir, the elevation difference, and the generation efficiency.
3470:
2482:
1923:"Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage and Spatial Diversity of Wind Resources as Methods of Improving Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources"
1485:
657:
55:
3666:
3491:
2936:
4544:
4511:
955:
837:
174:
3334:
3310:
3286:
2971:
1947:
4350:
3612:
3175:
2360:
1579:
4458:
3928:
3773:
3707:
3254:
718:
4600:
4078:
3057:
1957:
571:
92:
3108:
2757:
278:. The lower power station has four water turbines which generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the need arising.
2033:
600:, while other sources claim 127 GW, which comprises the vast majority of all types of utility grade electric storage. The
4166:
4037:
3474:
3047:
3033:
2700:
2059:
1488:
in Missouri, United States. The lake on the mountain is built upon a flat surface, requiring a dam around the entire perimeter.
1444:
293:
The most important use for pumped storage has traditionally been to balance baseload powerplants, but they may also be used to
3634:
3439:
2882:
2916:
2837:
2828:
2222:
1386:
259:, pumped hydro operators may earn twice - when "buying" the electricity to pump the water to the upper reservoir at negative
96:
2138:
2086:
4413:
4345:
4335:
4211:
4111:
3766:
3073:
479:
458:
2113:
4709:
4266:
4226:
3803:
3358:
2088:
Summary Energy from the Desert - Practical Proposals for Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation (VLS-PV) Systems
1713:
1687:
1407:
1146:
1130:
2514:
4699:
4493:
4488:
4206:
4181:
4171:
4147:
4142:
3848:
1929:
1162:
533:
215:
1981:
3521:
2601:
2552:
4408:
4126:
4096:
3873:
322:
298:
294:
111:
51:
4704:
4463:
3952:
3913:
3206:
2011:
1896:
1114:
1082:
900:
379:
316:
It is particularly likely that pumped storage will become especially important as a balance for very large-scale
290:
instability. Pumped storage plants, like other hydroelectric plants, can respond to load changes within seconds.
2241:
de Oliveira e Silva, Guilherme; Hendrick, Patrick (1 October 2016). "Pumped hydro energy storage in buildings".
416:
The use of underground reservoirs has been investigated. Recent examples include the proposed Summit project in
4537:
4438:
4246:
4186:
3843:
3387:
3227:
2852:
325:
in some regions supplies 40% of annual output, but 60% may be reached before additional storage is necessary.
271:
3418:
1604:
4689:
4377:
4367:
4357:
1542:
1403:
243:
44:
4643:
4298:
4161:
3944:
3833:
1508:
475:
3586:
4433:
4201:
4196:
4176:
2326:
1178:
239:
126:
88:
3743:
3132:"Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs, and Benefits"
428:, which was to have used a former iron mine as the lower reservoir. The proposed energy storage at the
238:
These systems may be economical because they flatten out load variations on the power grid, permitting
1746:"Variable Speed Is Key To World's Biggest Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Project, China's Fengning Plant"
1679:
4027:
3789:
3139:
2393:
2276:
2250:
1818:
529:
518:
454:
2826:
Jacobs, Trent (October 2023). "Is Hydraulic Fracturing the Next Big Breakthrough in Battery Tech?".
2658:
4530:
4398:
4231:
4131:
4106:
4059:
3868:
3858:
3823:
1066:
662:
247:
138:
17:
3153:
313:
power alone, increased use of such generation will increase the likelihood of those occurrences.
4658:
4272:
3883:
2944:
2632:
2429:
1834:
334:
302:
3609:"Table 3.27 Gross/Net Generation by Energy Storage Technology: Total (All Sectors), 2010 - 2020"
3341:
3317:
3293:
2160:
the German market without the need for additional storage. Beyond that, storage will be needed.
4423:
4303:
3908:
3703:
3053:
2624:
2478:
2421:
1953:
405:
404:
Freshwater from the river floods is stored in the sea area replacing seawater by constructing
283:
3608:
1422:
Australia has 15GW of pumped storage under construction or in development. Examples include:
226:
Taking into account conversion losses and evaporation losses from the exposed water surface,
4619:
4561:
4372:
4313:
4017:
4012:
3989:
3898:
3838:
2616:
2496:
2411:
2401:
2258:
2178:
1826:
1784:
1649:
1584:
1503:
256:
210:
162:
3261:
4628:
4610:
4403:
4362:
4340:
4221:
4191:
4156:
4116:
3918:
3733:
3078:
2488:
1564:
1481:
1476:
1465:
352:
227:
198:
194:
433:
2602:"Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change"
2397:
2254:
1822:
4633:
4428:
4418:
4216:
3828:
3100:
2749:
1290:
601:
575:
471:
392:
84:
4684:
4678:
4653:
4638:
4448:
4236:
4121:
4101:
4032:
4022:
3979:
3863:
3818:
3728:
2636:
2449:"NREL: Closed-loop pumped hydro 'smallest emitter' among energy storage technologies"
2433:
1857:
1852:
1838:
1637:
1528:
1461:
1016:
644:
104:
81:
2692:
4648:
4468:
4443:
4308:
4277:
4091:
3893:
3445:
3083:
2660:
Hybrid Modelling of the Hydrodynamic Processes in Underground Pumped Storage Plants
2262:
2218:
1830:
1556:
1274:
417:
355:
such as disused mines such as the Kidston project under construction in Australia.
317:
2922:
2107:"Reducing Wind Curtailment through Transmission Expansion in a Wind Vision Future"
4663:
4590:
4585:
4293:
4261:
4054:
4042:
3962:
3888:
3878:
3808:
2301:
2092:
1574:
1536:
1440:
China has the largest capacity of pumped-storage hydroelectricity in the world.
1226:
491:
487:
339:
310:
131:
115:
2937:"Is energy storage via pumped hydro systems is possible on a very small scale?"
2921:(PhD Thesis N° 5356.). Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. Archived from
2620:
2406:
2381:
1789:
1772:
1653:
4595:
4553:
4256:
4251:
4064:
4047:
3903:
2106:
1569:
1518:
506:
483:
425:
306:
260:
119:
2628:
2425:
981:
967:
923:
909:
863:
849:
805:
791:
746:
732:
685:
671:
263:
and again when selling the electricity at a later time when prices are high.
30:"Hydro-storage" redirects here. For storage of water for other purposes, see
3972:
3967:
3853:
3813:
2500:
2492:
1550:
1522:
1411:
1306:
100:
31:
3014:
3233:
2575:"The Mirror of Tarapaca: Chilean power project harnesses both sun and sea"
4086:
3052:. Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). April 1990. p. 1.
2544:
2380:
Blakers, Andrew; Stocks, Matthew; Lu, Bin; Cheng, Cheng (25 March 2021).
2182:
1370:
1354:
1242:
1051:
1040:
637:
597:
421:
142:
509:
may also be effective for "closed loop" home energy generation systems.
4007:
3997:
3758:
3441:
Tymoshenko launches the first unit of Dnister Hydroelectric Power Plant
2416:
1258:
1210:
1027:
Countries with the largest power pumped-storage hydro capacity in 2017
566:
Principle of the pumped storage power plant as an energy storage system
502:
444:
437:
287:
266:
190:
3752:
2723:"German Coal Mine to Be Reborn as Giant Pumped Storage Hydro Facility"
4002:
3747:
2174:"German electricity transmission CEO: '80% renewables is no problem'"
2095:
on 13 June 2007 – via IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme.
1338:
1322:
1194:
470:
a micro-pumped hydro energy storage. Such plants provide distributed
429:
282:
Along with energy management, pumped storage systems help stabilize
611:
The six largest operational pumped-storage plants are listed below
3553:"China's State Grid to Spend $ 5.7 Billion on Pumped Hydro Plants"
3176:"China's State Grid powers up 3.6-GW pumped-storage hydro complex"
3154:"Clean power plant online to ensure sound Beijing Winter Olympics"
2139:"German grid operator sees 70% wind + solar before storage needed"
2085:
Kurokawa, K.; Komoto, K.; van der Vleuten, P.; Faiman, D. (eds.).
1475:
1402:
605:
552:
275:
265:
3957:
3135:
1771:
Joseph, Anto; Chelliah, Thanga; Lee, Sze; Lee, Kyo-Beum (2018).
4526:
3762:
3467:"Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030"
2992:
2202:
renewable energy without the need for more flexibility options.
1636:
Rehman, Shafiqur; Al-Hadhrami, Luai; Alam, Md (30 April 2015).
461:
strata such as shale. The shale used contains no hydrocarbons.
4570:
2781:"Could depleted oil wells be the next step in energy storage?"
146:
4522:
1638:"Pumped hydro energy storage system: A technological review"
424:(underground limestone mine), and the Mount Hope project in
3029:
Another write-off at the Engeweiher pumped storage facility
1974:"Pumped Hydroelectric Storage | Energy Storage Association"
596:
In 2009, world pumped storage generating capacity was 104
3522:"How could pumped hydro energy storage power our future?"
2034:"Pumping power: Pumped storage stations around the world"
608:
had 25.5 GW net capacity (24.5% of world capacity).
1886:"Pumped storage in Switzerland - an outlook beyond 2000"
1684:
U.S. Department of Energy Energy Storage Systems Program
145:
and a total installed storage capacity of over 1.6
3528:. Australian Renewable Energy Agency. 18 January 2021.
2970:. Vol. 146. Home Power. p. 77. Archived from
478:
and can contribute to the decentralized integration of
333:
Smaller pumped storage plants cannot achieve the same
137:
Pumped storage is by far the largest-capacity form of
1605:"Storage for a secure Power Supply from Wind and Sun"
578:(independent of the network frequency) when pumping.
253:
coordinating large groups of heterogeneous generators
3229:
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in China
1773:"Reliability of Variable Speed Pumped-Storage Plant"
4618:
4560:
4477:
4387:
4324:
4286:
4140:
4077:
3988:
3943:
3936:
3796:
2060:"Erneuter Abschreiber beim Pumpspeicher Engeweiher"
1928:. University of Colorado. p. 6. Archived from
615:
List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations
592:
List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations
110:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity allows energy from
2515:"Massive Energy Storage, Courtesy of West Ireland"
4576:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
270:The upper reservoir, Llyn Stwlan, and dam of the
3335:"List of pumped-storage power plants in China 3"
3311:"List of pumped-storage power plants in China 2"
3287:"List of pumped-storage power plants in China 1"
2215:"New record-breaking year for Danish wind power"
1460:The largest one, Saurdal, which is part of the
570:The first use of pumped storage was in 1907 in
4538:
3774:
3700:Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia
3492:"Electricity – installed generating capacity"
218:as pumped storage if appropriately equipped.
95:. A PHS system stores energy in the form of
8:
2327:"250MW Kidston Pumped Storage Hydro Project"
2004:"FERC: Hydropower - Pumped Storage Projects"
4695:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations
3005:Institution of Mechanical Engineers article
2666:. Aachen, Germany: RWTH Aachen University.
2359:. 17 July 2019. p. 188. Archived from
4545:
4531:
4523:
3940:
3781:
3767:
3759:
3635:"2014 Hydropower Market Report Highlights"
2966:Root, Ben (December 2011 – January 2012).
1025:
323:non-firm renewable electricity penetration
3698:Lehr, Jay H.; Keeley, Jack, eds. (2016).
2910:
2908:
2609:Indian Journal of Environment Engineering
2415:
2405:
2382:"A review of pumped hydro energy storage"
1788:
3737:) is being considered for deletion. See
3611:. US Energy Information Administration.
3255:"Guangzhou Pumped-storage Power Station"
1642:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
896:Okutataragi Pumped Storage Power Station
621:
99:of water, pumped from a lower elevation
3381:"2003-2004 Electricity Review in Japan"
2968:"Microhydro Myths & Misconceptions"
1680:"DOE OE Global Energy Storage Database"
1596:
935:Okutataragi Hydroelectric Power Station
3502:from the original on 26 September 2021
3414:Dniester Pumped Storage Plant, Ukraine
3095:
3093:
2863:from the original on 24 September 2021
817:Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station
780:Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station
457:pressure can be stored underground in
3647:from the original on 20 February 2017
3615:from the original on 15 November 2021
3471:International Renewable Energy Agency
2525:from the original on 8 September 2017
2473:Richard A. Dunlap (5 February 2020).
2375:
2373:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2040:from the original on 19 November 2021
1853:"Energy storage - Packing some power"
1804:
1802:
1800:
1617:from the original on 23 February 2011
697:Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station
658:Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station
532:in the traditional sense, but by the
56:Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant
7:
3702:(1st ed.). Wiley. p. 424.
3679:from the original on 1 February 2017
3563:from the original on 19 January 2019
3532:from the original on 19 January 2021
3360:Huizhou Pumped-storage Power Station
3082:. July 1930. p. 60 – via
2750:"Bendigo Mines Pumped Hydro Project"
2673:from the original on 4 November 2020
2477:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
2191:from the original on 18 October 2016
2149:from the original on 2 February 2017
2119:from the original on 16 January 2017
1726:from the original on 31 October 2020
1660:from the original on 8 February 2022
993:Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant
956:Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant
875:Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station
838:Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station
420:, the proposed Maysville project in
1580:List of energy storage power plants
74:pumped hydroelectric energy storage
18:Pumped hydroelectric energy storage
4459:Renewable energy commercialization
3473:. 2017. p. 30. Archived from
3202:Bath County Pumped-storage Station
3111:from the original on 27 April 2017
3016:RheEnergise 'how it works' article
2851:Russell Gold (21 September 2021).
2703:from the original on 15 March 2018
2600:Sasidhar, Nallapaneni (May 2023).
2475:Renewable Energy: Combined Edition
2447:Colthorpe, Andy (21 August 2023).
2066:from the original on 20 April 2021
1921:Levine, Jonah G. (December 2007).
1752:from the original on 7 August 2020
758:Bath County Pumped-storage Station
719:Bath County Pumped Storage Station
650:
257:electricity prices become negative
25:
4601:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
3741:to help reach a consensus. ›
3101:"International Energy Statistics"
2943:. 24 October 2016. Archived from
2893:from the original on 26 June 2016
2760:from the original on 15 July 2018
2555:from the original on 18 June 2017
2353:European Renewable Energy Network
2221:. 15 January 2016. Archived from
1865:from the original on 6 March 2020
501:Using a pumped-storage system of
4609:
4507:
4506:
3927:
3755:, with over 600K potential sites
2889:. Imperial Irrigation District.
2729:from the original on 9 July 2019
1694:from the original on 9 July 2021
1549:
1535:
1521:
272:Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme
173:
161:
43:
4581:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
3744:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
3667:"2014 Hydropower Market Report"
3551:Shen, Feifei (9 January 2019).
3386:. Japan Nuclear. Archived from
3156:. China Daily. 31 December 2021
2829:Journal of Petroleum Technology
2581:from the original on 4 May 2019
1946:Yang, Chi-Jen (11 April 2016).
1445:State Grid Corporation of China
66:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
3049:Institution of Civil Engineers
2838:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2779:Lo, Chris (27 November 2016).
2263:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.046
2172:Dehmer, Dagmar (8 June 2016).
1884:Jacob, Thierry (7 July 2011).
1831:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.018
1486:Taum Sauk pumped storage plant
97:gravitational potential energy
27:Electric energy storage system
1:
4454:Renewable Energy Certificates
4414:Cost of electricity by source
4336:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
4212:High-voltage shore connection
3672:. U.S. Department of Energy.
3640:. U.S. Department of Energy.
1714:"Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage"
480:intermittent renewable energy
400:Freshwater coastal reservoirs
4469:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
4267:Transmission system operator
4227:Mains electricity by country
3804:Automatic generation control
3340:(in Chinese). Archived from
3316:(in Chinese). Archived from
3292:(in Chinese). Archived from
3134:. et al. Palo Alto, Calif.:
3074:"A Ten-Mile Storage Battery"
2754:Bendigo Sustainability Group
2545:"Project Espejo de Tarapacá"
1949:Pumped Hydroelectric Storage
1688:Sandia National Laboratories
1408:Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant
1396:
1393:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1003:
945:
885:
827:
768:
707:
284:electrical network frequency
4494:List of electricity sectors
4489:Electric energy consumption
4207:High-voltage direct current
4182:Electric power transmission
4172:Electric power distribution
3849:Energy return on investment
2993:RheEnergise company website
2091:. Earthscan. Archived from
534:vertical pressure variation
299:intermittent energy sources
107:to produce electric power.
58:in Tennessee, United States
54:pumped storage facility at
4726:
4409:Carbon offsets and credits
4127:Three-phase electric power
3026:Jung, Daniel (June 2017).
2621:10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123
1790:10.3390/electronics7100265
1654:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.040
589:
516:
297:the fluctuating output of
189:lower reservoir through a
29:
4607:
4502:
4464:Renewable Energy Payments
3953:Fossil fuel power station
3925:
3753:Global pumped hydro atlas
1668:– via ResearchGate.
1464:complex, has four 160 MW
1013:
613:(for a detailed list see
540:High-density pumped hydro
474:and distributed flexible
380:Rance tidal power station
4247:Single-wire earth return
4187:Electrical busbar system
3844:Energy demand management
3739:templates for discussion
2407:10.1088/2516-1083/abeb5b
386:In 1999, the 30 MW
4378:Residual-current device
4368:Power system protection
4358:Generator interlock kit
2915:Crettenand, N. (2012).
1543:Renewable energy portal
4644:Gorlov helical turbine
4162:Distributed generation
3834:Electric power quality
2657:Pummer, Elena (2016).
1489:
1414:
924:35.23694°N 134.83194°E
864:23.26861°N 114.31389°E
806:23.76444°N 113.95333°E
686:41.66611°N 116.52889°E
567:
505:and small generators,
482:technologies, such as
476:electricity production
412:Underground reservoirs
368:Potential technologies
353:"brownfield" locations
329:Small-scale facilities
279:
240:thermal power stations
89:electric power systems
4434:Fossil fuel phase-out
4202:Electricity retailing
4197:Electrical substation
4177:Electric power system
2925:on 13 September 2018.
1479:
1443:In January 2019, the
1406:
982:43.89361°N 86.44528°W
747:38.20889°N 79.80000°W
565:
517:Further information:
513:Underwater reservoirs
465:Decentralised systems
346:Location requirements
269:
127:round-trip efficiency
3790:Electricity delivery
2521:. 18 February 2012.
2036:. 30 December 2020.
1048:generating capacity
634:Installed generation
530:gravitational energy
519:Stored Energy at Sea
455:hydraulic fracturing
359:Environmental impact
248:nuclear power plants
211:hydroelectric plants
112:intermittent sources
4710:Grid energy storage
4399:Availability factor
4351:Sulfur hexafluoride
4232:Overhead power line
4132:Virtual power plant
4107:Induction generator
4060:Sustainable biofuel
3869:Home energy storage
3859:Grid energy storage
3824:Droop speed control
2974:on 5 September 2018
2453:Energy-Storage.News
2398:2021PrEne...3b2003B
2255:2016ApEn..179.1242D
2225:on 25 January 2016.
2145:. 7 December 2015.
1952:. Duke University.
1823:2019ApEn..241..567M
1037:generating capacity
1028:
987:43.89361; -86.44528
977: /
929:35.23694; 134.83194
919: /
869:23.26861; 114.31389
859: /
811:23.76444; 113.95333
801: /
752:38.20889; -79.80000
742: /
691:41.66611; 116.52889
681: /
222:Economic efficiency
139:grid energy storage
4700:Water conservation
4659:Cross-flow turbine
4273:Transmission tower
3884:Nameplate capacity
3496:The World Factbook
3480:on 31 August 2018.
3421:on 21 October 2007
3236:on 8 December 2012
3142:on 17 August 2011.
2386:Progress in Energy
1984:on 19 January 2019
1490:
1415:
1026:
643:Storage capacity (
568:
496:policy instruments
406:coastal reservoirs
335:economies of scale
303:electricity prices
280:
4672:
4671:
4520:
4519:
4424:Environmental tax
4304:Cascading failure
4073:
4072:
3909:Utility frequency
3209:on 3 January 2012
3180:Renewablesnow.com
3036:on 20 April 2021.
2806:quidnetenergy.com
2725:. 17 March 2017.
2551:. 11 March 2015.
2484:978-1-68173-600-6
1978:energystorage.org
1935:on 1 August 2014.
1401:
1400:
1059:total generating
1024:
1023:
563:
251:are crucial when
244:coal-fired plants
50:A diagram of the
16:(Redirected from
4717:
4705:Swiss inventions
4620:Hydroelectricity
4613:
4562:Hydroelectricity
4547:
4540:
4533:
4524:
4510:
4509:
4419:Energy subsidies
4373:Protective relay
4314:Rolling blackout
3941:
3931:
3899:Power-flow study
3839:Electrical fault
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3714:
3713:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3585:. Archived from
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3444:, archived from
3436:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3417:, archived from
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3260:. Archived from
3259:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3232:, archived from
3224:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3205:, archived from
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3138:. Archived from
3130:Rastler (2010).
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3032:. Archived from
3023:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2697:Callio Pyhäjärvi
2693:"Energy storage"
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2419:
2409:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2366:on 17 July 2019.
2365:
2358:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2281:re100.anu.edu.au
2273:
2267:
2266:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2179:Der Tagesspiegel
2169:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2062:. 28 June 2017.
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2010:. Archived from
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1980:. Archived from
1970:
1964:
1963:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1895:. Archived from
1890:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1861:. 3 March 2011.
1849:
1843:
1842:
1806:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1585:Methanol economy
1559:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1504:Grand Coulee Dam
1480:A shaded-relief
1466:Francis turbines
1046:Total installed
1029:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
996:
994:
989:
988:
983:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
943:
942:
940:
939:
938:
936:
931:
930:
925:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
883:
882:
880:
879:
878:
876:
871:
870:
865:
860:
857:
856:
855:
852:
825:
824:
822:
821:
820:
818:
813:
812:
807:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
766:
765:
763:
762:
761:
759:
754:
753:
748:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
705:
704:
702:
701:
700:
698:
693:
692:
687:
682:
679:
678:
677:
674:
652:
622:
564:
177:
165:
80:), is a type of
47:
21:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4629:Francis turbine
4614:
4605:
4556:
4551:
4521:
4516:
4498:
4482:
4480:
4473:
4404:Capacity factor
4392:
4390:
4383:
4363:Numerical relay
4341:Circuit breaker
4329:
4327:
4320:
4282:
4222:Load management
4192:Electrical grid
4157:Demand response
4150:
4145:
4136:
4117:Microgeneration
4069:
3984:
3932:
3923:
3919:Vehicle-to-grid
3792:
3787:
3742:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3448:on 11 July 2011
3438:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3347:on 7 July 2011.
3344:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3323:on 7 July 2011.
3320:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3299:on 7 July 2011.
3296:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3079:Popular Science
3072:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2748:Smith, Trevor.
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2277:"ANU RE100 Map"
2275:
2274:
2270:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2194:
2192:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2152:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2014:on 20 July 2017
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1748:. 4 July 2018.
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1690:. 8 July 2020.
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1565:Gravity battery
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1499:
1474:
1454:
1438:
1420:
1060:
1058:
1057:Pumped storage/
1049:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1020:
992:
990:
986:
984:
980:
979:
976:
971:
968:
966:
964:
963:
934:
932:
928:
926:
922:
921:
918:
913:
910:
908:
906:
905:
874:
872:
868:
866:
862:
861:
858:
853:
850:
848:
846:
845:
816:
814:
810:
808:
804:
803:
800:
795:
792:
790:
788:
787:
757:
755:
751:
749:
745:
744:
741:
736:
733:
731:
729:
728:
696:
694:
690:
688:
684:
683:
680:
675:
672:
670:
668:
667:
635:
594:
588:
553:
551:
542:
521:
515:
467:
414:
402:
388:Yanbaru project
375:
370:
361:
348:
331:
228:energy recovery
224:
216:electrical grid
207:
199:Pump As Turbine
195:Francis turbine
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
178:
170:
169:
166:
155:
153:Basic principle
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4723:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4690:Energy storage
4687:
4677:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4634:Kaplan turbine
4631:
4625:
4623:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4479:Statistics and
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:Feed-in tariff
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Interconnector
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4167:Dynamic demand
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:Combined cycle
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3949:
3947:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:Load-following
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3829:Electric power
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3726:
3722:
3721:External links
3719:
3716:
3715:
3709:978-0470894415
3708:
3690:
3658:
3626:
3600:
3589:on 28 May 2010
3574:
3543:
3513:
3483:
3458:
3431:
3404:
3393:on 4 June 2013
3372:
3350:
3326:
3302:
3278:
3267:on 7 July 2011
3246:
3219:
3192:
3167:
3145:
3122:
3089:
3065:
3058:
3039:
3018:
3007:
2996:
2985:
2958:
2947:on 10 May 2017
2928:
2904:
2883:"Senator Wash"
2874:
2843:
2818:
2793:
2771:
2740:
2714:
2684:
2649:
2592:
2577:. 4 May 2016.
2566:
2536:
2519:sciencemag.org
2506:
2483:
2465:
2439:
2369:
2343:
2318:
2293:
2268:
2243:Applied Energy
2228:
2206:
2164:
2130:
2098:
2077:
2051:
2025:
1995:
1965:
1958:
1938:
1913:
1902:on 7 July 2011
1876:
1844:
1811:Applied Energy
1796:
1763:
1737:
1705:
1671:
1628:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1546:
1532:
1516:
1513:
1498:
1497:Hybrid systems
1495:
1473:
1470:
1453:
1450:
1437:
1434:
1419:
1416:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:United Kingdom
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1044:
1035:Pumped storage
1033:
1022:
1021:
1017:gigawatt-hours
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
961:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
944:
903:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
884:
843:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
826:
785:
782:
776:
775:
773:
770:
767:
726:
721:
715:
714:
712:
709:
706:
665:
660:
654:
653:
648:
641:
632:
629:
626:
602:European Union
587:
584:
576:asynchronously
550:
547:
541:
538:
514:
511:
472:energy storage
466:
463:
413:
410:
401:
398:
393:Atacama Desert
374:
371:
369:
366:
360:
357:
347:
344:
330:
327:
223:
220:
206:
203:
179:
172:
171:
167:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
154:
151:
93:load balancing
85:energy storage
49:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4722:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:Turgo turbine
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Tyson turbine
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4513:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:Pigouvian tax
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Earth-leakage
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:Failure modes
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Power station
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Rankine cycle
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Cooling tower
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3945:Non-renewable
3942:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Grid strength
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Demand factor
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3691:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3562:
3558:
3557:Bloomberg.com
3554:
3547:
3544:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3469:. Abu Dhabi:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3059:9780727715869
3055:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2946:
2942:
2941:Science Daily
2938:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2857:Texas Monthly
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2819:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:(2): 022003.
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:: 1242–1250.
2248:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2143:Renew Economy
2140:
2134:
2131:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1959:9780128034491
1955:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:The Economist
1854:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1529:Energy portal
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1472:United States
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1100:
1099:United States
1097:
1096:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1006:
999:
962:
960:United States
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
948:
941:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
890:
888:
881:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
830:
823:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
771:
764:
727:
725:
724:United States
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
710:
703:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
649:
646:
642:
639:
633:
630:
627:
624:
623:
620:
618:
616:
609:
607:
603:
599:
593:
586:Worldwide use
585:
583:
579:
577:
573:
548:
546:
539:
537:
535:
531:
525:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
464:
462:
460:
456:
451:
448:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
409:
407:
399:
397:
394:
389:
384:
381:
372:
367:
365:
358:
356:
354:
345:
343:
341:
340:externalities
336:
328:
326:
324:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
277:
273:
268:
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
229:
221:
219:
217:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
176:
164:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:hydroelectric
79:
75:
71:
67:
57:
53:
46:
37:
33:
19:
4649:Pelton wheel
4580:
4444:Net metering
4391:and policies
4309:Power outage
4278:Utility pole
4242:Pumped hydro
4241:
4148:distribution
4143:Transmission
4092:Cogeneration
3894:Power factor
3732:
3699:
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3587:the original
3577:
3565:. Retrieved
3556:
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
3525:
3516:
3506:26 September
3504:. Retrieved
3495:
3486:
3475:the original
3461:
3450:, retrieved
3446:the original
3440:
3434:
3423:, retrieved
3419:the original
3413:
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3388:the original
3375:
3364:, retrieved
3359:
3353:
3342:the original
3329:
3318:the original
3305:
3294:the original
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3262:the original
3249:
3238:, retrieved
3234:the original
3228:
3222:
3211:, retrieved
3207:the original
3201:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3179:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3148:
3140:the original
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3104:
3084:Google Books
3077:
3068:
3048:
3042:
3034:the original
3028:
3021:
3010:
2999:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2972:the original
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2945:the original
2940:
2931:
2923:the original
2917:
2895:. Retrieved
2886:
2877:
2867:23 September
2865:. Retrieved
2856:
2846:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2753:
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2696:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2659:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2615:(1): 30–45.
2612:
2608:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2548:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2474:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:
2442:
2389:
2385:
2361:the original
2352:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2280:
2271:
2246:
2242:
2223:the original
2219:Energinet.dk
2209:
2200:
2193:. Retrieved
2177:
2167:
2158:
2151:. Retrieved
2142:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2101:
2093:the original
2087:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:the original
2008:www.ferc.gov
2007:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1977:
1968:
1948:
1941:
1930:the original
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1897:the original
1892:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1814:
1810:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1645:
1641:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1599:
1557:Water portal
1500:
1491:
1459:
1455:
1442:
1439:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1275:South Africa
612:
610:
595:
580:
569:
543:
526:
522:
500:
468:
452:
449:
442:
418:Norton, Ohio
415:
403:
385:
376:
362:
349:
332:
318:photovoltaic
315:
292:
281:
237:
233:
225:
208:
187:
136:
124:
109:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
36:
4664:Water wheel
4591:Micro hydro
4586:Small hydro
4439:Load factor
4294:Black start
4262:Transformer
3963:Natural gas
3914:Variability
3889:Peak demand
3879:Merit order
3809:Backfeeding
3727:‹ The
3683:19 February
3651:19 February
3452:1 September
3425:1 September
3397:1 September
3213:30 December
3105:www.eia.gov
2978:6 September
2951:6 September
2887:www.iid.com
2417:1885/296928
2331:Genex Power
2306:Snowy Hydro
2044:19 November
1906:13 February
1817:: 567–579.
1783:(10): 265.
1777:Electronics
1664:15 November
1648:: 586–598.
1575:Tidal power
1509:Russell Dam
1227:South Korea
1179:Switzerland
985: /
927: /
914:134°49′55″E
867: /
854:114°18′50″E
809: /
796:113°57′12″E
750: /
689: /
676:116°31′44″E
572:Switzerland
492:Switzerland
488:solar power
459:impermeable
261:spot prices
132:peak demand
4679:Categories
4596:Pico hydro
4564:generation
4554:Hydropower
4481:production
4326:Protective
4257:Super grid
4252:Smart grid
4079:Generation
4013:Geothermal
3904:Repowering
3593:29 October
3567:18 January
3536:18 January
3160:23 January
2501:Q107212803
2195:1 February
2153:20 January
2123:14 January
2018:15 January
1988:15 January
1621:21 January
1591:References
1570:Hydropower
1462:Ulla-Førre
991: (
972:86°26′43″W
969:43°53′37″N
933: (
911:35°14′13″N
873: (
851:23°16′07″N
815: (
793:23°45′52″N
756: (
737:79°48′00″W
734:38°12′32″N
695: (
673:41°39′58″N
636:capacity (
590:See also:
507:pico hydro
484:wind power
426:New Jersey
181:available.
4622:equipment
4389:Economics
4112:Micro CHP
3990:Renewable
3973:Petroleum
3968:Oil shale
3854:Grid code
3814:Base load
3619:4 January
3526:ARENAWIRE
2637:258753397
2629:2582-9289
2493:37291231M
2458:26 August
2434:233653750
2426:2516-1083
2336:26 August
2311:26 August
2286:26 August
1839:117172774
1756:28 August
1730:28 August
1418:Australia
1412:Lithuania
1307:Australia
1061:capacity
434:Pyhäjärvi
274:in North
114:(such as
101:reservoir
32:Reservoir
4512:Category
4299:Brownout
4087:AC power
3797:Concepts
3729:template
3674:Archived
3642:Archived
3613:Archived
3561:Archived
3530:Archived
3500:Archived
3185:10 March
3109:Archived
2897:6 August
2891:Archived
2861:Archived
2840:: 36–41.
2758:Archived
2733:20 March
2727:Archived
2707:14 March
2701:Archived
2668:Archived
2579:Archived
2553:Archived
2549:Valhalla
2523:Archived
2497:Wikidata
2189:Archived
2183:EurActiv
2147:Archived
2114:Archived
2064:Archived
2038:Archived
1869:11 March
1863:Archived
1750:Archived
1721:Archived
1692:Archived
1658:Archived
1612:Archived
1515:See also
1482:topo map
1371:Bulgaria
1355:Thailand
1243:Portugal
631:Location
503:cisterns
432:site in
422:Kentucky
373:Seawater
242:such as
105:turbines
87:used by
4328:devices
4038:Thermal
4033:Osmotic
4028:Current
4008:Biomass
3998:Biofuel
3980:Nuclear
3937:Sources
3731:below (
3366:25 June
3271:25 June
3240:25 June
2764:13 July
2559:19 June
2529:21 June
2394:Bibcode
2302:"About"
2251:Bibcode
2070:9 March
1819:Bibcode
1698:12 July
1484:of the
1387:Belgium
1259:Ukraine
1211:Austria
1163:Germany
1032:Country
628:Country
625:Station
549:History
445:Bendigo
438:Finland
288:voltage
191:turbine
4023:Marine
4003:Biogas
3748:Curlie
3734:Curlie
3706:
3056:
2836:(10).
2811:16 May
2786:16 May
2677:19 May
2642:23 May
2635:
2627:
2499:
2491:
2481:
2432:
2424:
1956:
1893:Stucky
1837:
1452:Norway
1339:Poland
1323:Russia
1253:17.8%
1221:18.7%
1195:France
1189:32.6%
1106:1074.0
1074:1646.0
453:Using
430:Callio
72:), or
4380:(GFI)
4269:(TSO)
4055:Solar
4043:Tidal
4018:Hydro
3677:(PDF)
3670:(PDF)
3645:(PDF)
3638:(PDF)
3478:(PDF)
3391:(PDF)
3384:(PDF)
3345:(PDF)
3338:(PDF)
3321:(PDF)
3314:(PDF)
3297:(PDF)
3290:(PDF)
3265:(PDF)
3258:(PDF)
3115:4 May
2671:(PDF)
2664:(PDF)
2633:S2CID
2605:(PDF)
2585:4 May
2430:S2CID
2364:(PDF)
2357:(PDF)
2117:(PDF)
2110:(PDF)
1933:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1889:(PDF)
1835:S2CID
1724:(PDF)
1717:(PDF)
1615:(PDF)
1608:(PDF)
1436:China
1397:5.7%
1381:9.6%
1365:3.4%
1349:4.6%
1333:0.8%
1330:263.5
1317:3.9%
1301:3.0%
1285:5.1%
1269:5.4%
1237:4.6%
1234:103.0
1205:4.5%
1202:129.3
1173:3.2%
1170:204.1
1157:2.2%
1154:308.8
1147:India
1141:6.1%
1138:117.0
1131:Italy
1125:7.5%
1122:106.7
1115:Spain
1109:2.1%
1093:8.8%
1090:322.2
1083:Japan
1077:1.9%
1067:China
1004:1,872
946:1,932
901:Japan
886:2,400
842:China
828:2,400
784:China
769:3,003
708:3,600
663:China
606:Japan
311:solar
295:abate
276:Wales
205:Types
116:solar
4685:Dams
4146:and
4065:Wind
4048:Wave
3958:Coal
3704:ISBN
3685:2017
3653:2017
3621:2022
3595:2010
3569:2019
3538:2021
3508:2021
3454:2010
3427:2010
3399:2010
3368:2010
3273:2010
3242:2010
3215:2011
3187:2022
3162:2023
3136:EPRI
3117:2019
3054:ISBN
2980:2018
2953:2018
2899:2016
2869:2021
2813:2022
2788:2022
2766:2020
2735:2017
2709:2018
2679:2020
2644:2023
2625:ISSN
2587:2019
2561:2017
2531:2017
2479:ISBN
2460:2023
2422:ISSN
2338:2023
2313:2023
2288:2023
2197:2017
2185:.com
2155:2017
2125:2017
2072:2020
2046:2021
2020:2017
1990:2017
1954:ISBN
1908:2012
1871:2012
1758:2020
1732:2020
1700:2020
1666:2016
1623:2011
1394:21.2
1378:12.5
1362:41.0
1346:37.3
1314:67.0
1298:94.6
1282:56.6
1266:56.9
1250:19.6
1218:25.2
1186:19.6
1103:22.6
1087:28.3
1071:32.0
651:Refs
528:the
486:and
307:wind
246:and
125:The
120:wind
91:for
78:PHES
4571:Dam
3746:at
2617:doi
2412:hdl
2402:doi
2259:doi
2247:179
1827:doi
1815:241
1785:doi
1650:doi
1391:1.2
1375:1.4
1359:1.4
1343:1.7
1327:2.2
1311:2.6
1295:2.8
1279:2.9
1263:3.1
1247:3.5
1231:4.7
1215:4.7
1199:5.8
1183:6.4
1167:6.5
1151:6.8
1135:7.1
1119:8.0
645:GWh
443:In
309:or
147:TWh
70:PSH
52:TVA
4681::
3559:.
3555:.
3524:.
3498:.
3494:.
3178:.
3107:.
3103:.
3092:^
3076:.
2939:.
2907:^
2885:.
2859:.
2855:.
2834:75
2832:.
2804:.
2756:.
2752:.
2699:.
2695:.
2631:.
2623:.
2611:.
2607:.
2547:.
2517:.
2495:.
2489:OL
2487:.
2451:.
2428:.
2420:.
2410:.
2400:.
2388:.
2384:.
2372:^
2329:.
2304:.
2279:.
2257:.
2245:.
2231:^
2217:.
2199:.
2187:.
2181:/
2176:.
2157:.
2141:.
2112:.
2006:.
1976:.
1891:.
1855:.
1833:.
1825:.
1813:.
1799:^
1779:.
1775:.
1719:.
1686:.
1682:.
1656:.
1646:44
1644:.
1640:.
1610:.
1410:,
1052:GW
1041:GW
1007:20
772:24
711:40
638:MW
619::
598:GW
536:.
498:.
342:.
149:.
143:GW
118:,
4546:e
4539:t
4532:v
3782:e
3775:t
3768:v
3712:.
3687:.
3655:.
3623:.
3597:.
3571:.
3540:.
3510:.
3401:.
3275:.
3189:.
3164:.
3119:.
3086:.
3062:.
2982:.
2955:.
2901:.
2871:.
2815:.
2790:.
2768:.
2737:.
2711:.
2681:.
2646:.
2619::
2613:3
2589:.
2563:.
2533:.
2503:.
2462:.
2436:.
2414::
2404::
2396::
2390:3
2340:.
2315:.
2290:.
2265:.
2261::
2253::
2127:.
2074:.
2048:.
2022:.
1992:.
1962:.
1910:.
1873:.
1841:.
1829::
1821::
1793:.
1787::
1781:7
1760:.
1734:.
1702:.
1652::
1625:.
1054:)
1050:(
1043:)
1039:(
995:)
937:)
877:)
819:)
760:)
699:)
647:)
640:)
617:)
436:(
76:(
68:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
