469:
765:, the dark patch at the posterior of the gill plate provides the illusion that the eye of the fish is larger and positioned further back on the body, thus making the fish seem up to four times larger than it actually is. When a pumpkinseed feels threatened by a predator, it flares its gills to make it seem larger in size, and shows off the flashy red coloration. Males of the species also flare their gills in the spring spawning season in a show of dominance and territoriality.
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662:. They will also hit at grubs early in the winter, but are less active from mid- to late winter. They may be easy to catch and popular with the youngest anglers, but pumpkinseeds are often sought by adults as well. The fish do put up an aggressive fight on line, and they have an excellent flavor and are low in fat and high in protein.
422:. They were introduced to European waters, and could outcompete native fish. This species is included since 2019 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). It cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.
1262:"Order CENTRARCHIFORMES: Families CENTRARCHIDAE, ELASSOMATIDAE, ENOPLOSIDAE, SINIPERCIDAE, APLODACTYLIDAE, CHEILODACTYLIDAE, CHIRONEMIDAE, CIRRHITIDAE, LATRIDAE, PERCICHTHYIDAE, DICHISTIIDAE, GIRELLIDAE, KUHLIIDAE, KYPHOSIDAE, OPLEGNATHIDAE, TERAPONTIDAE, MICROCANTHIDAE, SCORPIDIDAE, PARASCORPIDIDAE and CAESIOSCORPIDIDAE"
717:
Once released, the eggs stick to gravel, sand, or other debris in the nest, and they hatch in as few as three days. Females leave the nest immediately after spawning, but males remain and guard their offspring. The male guards them for about the first 11 days, returning them to the nest in his mouth
642:
fish, as it bites so easily and frequently when the fisherman is attempting to catch something else. The pumpkinseeds are very popular with young fishermen due to their willingness to bite, their abundance and close locations to the shore. Although many people consider the meat of a pumpkinseed to
499:
of the pumpkinseed is one of the most vibrant of any freshwater fish and can range from an olive-green or brown to bright orange and blue. The sides are covered with vertical bars that are a faint green or blue, which are typically more prevalent in female pumpkinseeds. Orange spots may cover the
768:
In the southernmost regions of its distribution, the pumpkinseed has developed a larger mouth opening and abnormally large jaw muscles to aid in feeding; its forage is small crustaceans and mollusks. The larger bite radius and enhanced jaw muscles allow the pumpkinseed to crack the shells of their
535:
Pumpkinseeds typically live in warm, calm lakes, ponds, and pools of creeks and small rivers with plenty of vegetation. They prefer clear water where they can find shelter to hide. They tend to stay near the shore and can be found in numbers within shallow and protected areas. They will feed at
705:
Nests are arranged in colonies consisting of about three to 15 nests each. Often, pumpkinseeds build their nests near bluegill colonies, and the two species interbreed. Male pumpkinseeds are vigorous and aggressive, and defend their nests by spreading their opercula. Because of this aggressive
543:
Pumpkinseeds are more tolerant of low oxygen levels than bluegills are, but less tolerant of warm water. Groups of young fish school close to shore, but adults tend to travel in groups of two to four in slightly deeper yet still covered waters. Pumpkinseeds are active throughout the day, but they
701:
Once water temperatures reach 55–63 °F (13–17 °C) in the late spring or early summer, the male pumpkinseeds will begin to build nests. Nesting sites are typically in shallow water on sand or gravel lake bottoms. The males will use their caudal fins to sweep out shallow, oval-shaped
713:
and the female releases eggs. Females may spawn in more than one nest, and more than one female may use the same nest. Also, more than one female will spawn with a male in one nest simultaneously. Females are able produce 1,500 to 1,700 eggs, depending on their size and age.
745:
The pumpkinseed sunfish has adapted in many ways to the surroundings where it lives. Its skin reflects camouflage for its habitat. The pattern that appears on the pumpkinseed resembles that of the sunlight patterns that reflect on the shallow water of bays and river beds.
693:. Spawning grounds of the pumpkinseeds can be disturbed by shoreline development and shoreline erosion from heavy lake use. Their susceptibility to silt and pollution makes the pumpkinseed a good indicator of the cleanliness and health of water.
487:), typically about 10 cm (4 in) but up to 28 cm (11 in) in length. They typically weigh less than 1 pound (450 g), with the world record being 1 pound 8 ounces (680 g) caught by Robert Warne while fishing
536:
all water levels from the surface to the bottom in the daylight, and their heaviest feeding will be in the afternoon. Pumpkinseed sunfish usually travel together in schools that can also include bluegills and other
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are 10 to 11 spines, and three additional spines on the anal fin. These spines are very sharp, which aid the fish in defense. The pumpkinseed has the ability to anticipate approaching predators (or prey) via a
425:
The pumpkinseed has also been introduced to the United
Kingdom, having arrived in the country around the same time as the populations in Continental Europe. Its range is believed to be restricted to
1019:
994:"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species"
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means 'humped'. The defining characteristic of a pumpkinseed sunfish is the bright red spot at the tip of the ear flap. The pumpkinseed sunfish is widely recognized by its shape of a
1503:
495:
in 2016. They are orange, green, yellow or blue in color, with speckles over their sides and back and a yellow-orange breast and belly, and the coloration of the
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nesting holes that stretch about twice the length of the pumpkinseed itself. The fish will remove debris and large rocks from their nests with their mouths.
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The pumpkinseed sunfish has a terminal mouth, allowing it to open at the anterior end of the snout. Pumpkinseed sunfish that live in waters with larger
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of a pumpkinseed can be amber or clear, while the dorsal spines are black. They have a small mouth with an upper jaw stopping right under the eye.
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on the back portion. Pumpkinseeds have seven or eight vertical, irregular bands on their sides that are duller in color compared to the bluegill.
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The brightly colored gill plates of the pumpkinseed sunfish also serve as a method of protection and dominance. Also known as an
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The pumpkinseed sunfish are typically very likely to bite on a worm bait, which makes them easy to catch while angling. Many
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654:. They will bite at most bait – including garden worms, insects, leeches, or bits of fish meat. They will also take small
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and the cheeks have blue lines across them. The pumpkinseed is noted for the orange-red spot on the margin of its black
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The young fish stay on or near the shallow breeding area and grow to about 2 in (5 cm) in their first year.
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Because pumpkinseeds tend to remain in the shallows and feed all day, pumpkinseeds are relatively easy to catch via
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379:. Pumpkinseed sunfish have however been introduced throughout most of North America. They can now be found from
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1196:"Variation in feeding morphology between pumpkinseed populations: Phenotypic plasticity or evolution?"
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Females arrive after the nests are completed, coming in from deeper waters. The male then releases
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flap, which is black in both species but the pumpkinseed has a crimson spot in the shape of a
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1012:) in Small English Streams: Interactions With Native Fishes and Possible Control Measures"
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prey to attain the soft flesh within, thus providing one common name of 'shellcracker'.
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world record for the species stands at 0.68 kg (1 lb 8 oz), caught near
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972:"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern – Environment – European Commission"
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The pumpkinseed sunfish has developed a specific method of protection. Along the
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This article is about the fish. For the culinary edible seed of a pumpkin, see
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is usually achieved by age two. Pumpkinseeds have lived to be 12 years old in
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and more rarely in the south-central or southwestern region of the continent.
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behavior, pumpkinseeds tend to maintain larger territories than bluegills.
371:. It then runs inland to the middle of North America, and extends through
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Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts, and management
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Danylchuk, A.J. (1994). "Seasonal reproductive patterns of pumpkinseed (
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both at the water surface and at the bottom. Among their favorites are
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790:, from which its common name comes. See also Wiktionary link below.
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have larger mouths and associated jaw muscles to crack the shells.
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rest at night near the bottom or in shelter areas in rocks or near
445:, though the species may potentially be present in the vicinity of
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615:. They also will readily consume human food scraps, most notably
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1106:. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute. Archived from
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other smaller pumpkinseeds. They are effective at destroying
1260:
Christopher
Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (14 June 2024).
681:
The pumpkinseed sunfish is very common and is not listed by
961:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands. pp. 156–162.
729:, but in nature most do not exceed six to eight years old.
1020:
Centre for
Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
363:
The pumpkinseed's natural range in North
America is from
917:"The sun perch is an easy species to fish for beginners"
1233:) populations with varying body size characteristics".
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A young pumpkinseed with visible spines and gill plates
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410:
Invasive range of the pumpkinseed in Europe (in red)
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1268:. v. 8.1. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
399:. Yet they are primarily found in the northeastern
1235:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
1008:"Density and Dispersal of Introduced Pumpkinseed (
1167:"Delaware Fish Facts for The Recreational Angler"
1266:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
941:
939:
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835:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202555A18237003.en
643:be good-tasting, it is typically not a popular
607:and even occasionally consume small pieces of
8:
1131:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
515:Pumpkinseeds are very similar to the larger
479:Pumpkinseeds have a body shaped much like a
23:. For the biological seed of a pumpkin, see
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780:, in Greek, means 'scaled gill cover' and
658:and can be fished for with a fly rod with
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1290:. National Marine Sanctuary Foundation.
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718:if they stray from the nesting site.
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1738:Freshwater fish of the United States
1662:15F8E9D3-D785-707A-1C62-785FFC143BD6
1457:c8eefd82-4c86-47a3-8021-d5ab83210fbe
1698:IUCN Red List least concern species
1053:International Game Fish Association
821:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
433:, with stable populations found in
418:, the pumpkinseed is considered an
1125:"Fishes of Minnesota: Pumpkinseed"
14:
638:consider the pumpkinseed to be a
619:which is commonly used for bait.
1723:Freshwater fish of North America
946:"Pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis)."
915:Duclos, Laurent (3 April 2023).
104:
560:and feed on a variety of small
1:
1288:"Sea Wonder: Pumpkinseedfish"
1200:Evolutionary Ecology Research
317:, is a small to medium–sized
1733:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
697:Reproduction and life cycle
1754:
1703:NatureServe secure species
957:Leppakoski, Erkki (1998).
18:
1718:Fish of the United States
1206:: 111–128. Archived from
1194:Mittelbach, Gary (1999).
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101:Scientific classification
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904:. December 2019 version.
890:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
689:(not threatened) by the
359:Distribution and habitat
1713:Fish of the Great Lakes
647:due to its small size.
367:down the east coast to
333:(true sunfishes), from
289:), also referred to as
1708:Fish described in 1758
948:Discover the Outdoors.
828:: e.T202555A18237003.
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476:
472:Pumpkinseed caught on
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461:Pumpkinseed caught in
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974:. European Commission
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1452:Fauna Europaea (new)
1152:Animal Diversity Web
1082:Pumpkinseed Sunfish"
810:NatureServe (2013).
1636:pumpkinseed-sunfish
1110:on 1 December 2011.
756:lateral line system
685:. It is considered
677:Conservation status
51:Conservation status
857:"Lepomis gibbosus"
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609:aquatic vegetation
500:dorsal, anal, and
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248:Eupomotis gibbosus
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1644:Open Tree of Life
1304:Taxon identifiers
671:Honeoye, New York
556:Pumpkinseeds are
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493:Upstate New York
427:Southern England
420:invasive species
286:Lepomis gibbosus
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259:(Linnaeus, 1758)
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256:Lepomus gibbosus
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369:South Carolina
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299:common sunfish
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21:Pumpkin seed
1566:NatureServe
1491:iNaturalist
1336:Wikispecies
1171:DNREC Alpha
862:NatureServe
841:19 November
733:Adaptations
673:, in 2016.
599:, and even
574:crustaceans
558:carnivorous
502:caudal fins
485:common name
453:Description
439:West Sussex
435:East Sussex
353:Perciformes
281:pumpkinseed
158:Perciformes
91:NatureServe
1692:Categories
1214:11 January
794:References
751:dorsal fin
645:sport fish
624:gastropods
506:gill cover
483:(thus the
381:Washington
295:pond perch
926:29 August
773:Etymology
727:captivity
636:fishermen
525:half moon
521:opercular
449:as well.
348:) in the
291:sun perch
186:Species:
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
1571:2.105048
1509:11164552
1465:FishBase
1363:BioLib:
1321:Wikidata
1272:5 August
1086:rook.org
1026:15 March
901:FishBase
869:17 April
864:Explorer
783:gibbosus
763:eye spot
640:nuisance
613:detritus
597:tadpoles
591:, small
578:crawfish
570:molluscs
568:, small
517:bluegill
443:Somerset
429:and the
342:crappies
231:Synonyms
218:Linnaeus
164:Family:
138:Chordata
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1728:Lepomis
1483:2394486
1327:Q826713
1058:17 June
978:27 July
778:Lepomis
566:insects
538:sunfish
531:Habitat
508:. The
395:on the
393:Georgia
387:on the
330:Lepomis
324:of the
307:sunfish
179:Lepomis
174:Genus:
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
87:Secure
69: (
25:pumpkin
1675:151290
1649:670266
1623:151290
1597:270329
1548:202555
1535:168144
1444:304846
1418:LEPMGI
1405:995125
1176:12 May
586:minnow
447:London
416:Europe
385:Oregon
335:family
315:kivver
313:, and
303:punkie
270:, 1829
268:Cuvier
1670:WoRMS
1657:Plazi
1555:NAS:
1522:77080
1504:IRMNG
1496:49614
1431:10069
1426:EUNIS
1392:3TG2F
1379:11137
1366:16119
1015:(PDF)
683:CITES
656:lures
617:bread
593:frogs
582:worms
350:order
326:genus
311:sunny
1631:ODNR
1618:OBIS
1610:2151
1592:NCBI
1543:IUCN
1530:ITIS
1478:GBIF
1470:3372
1413:EPPO
1374:BOLD
1274:2024
1216:2016
1178:2024
1060:2019
1028:2024
980:2021
928:2024
871:2024
843:2021
826:2013
711:milt
691:IUCN
667:IGFA
665:The
611:and
572:and
562:prey
441:and
383:and
373:Iowa
344:and
279:The
222:1758
1579:NBN
1558:382
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