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hazard zone, the generator was built on skids and housed in a building which included a crane so that the generator could be removed if lava flows threatened the facility. Additionally, the wellhead was housed in a concrete bunker that could be sealed to prevent lava from damaging the wellhead. Despite the opposition and the operating losses incurred by operating and maintaining the generator, there was enough support to keep the generator operating. In April 1989, county officials raised concerns about the condition of the facility following a minor blowout and considered reviewing and possibly revoking the operating permit for the site. After several additional incidents at the site in 1989, the facility was ordered to shut, which occurred on
December 11. During its life, the HGP generator produced between 15 and 19 million
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subdivisions nearby had been established and were beginning to house residents, including twelve families who lived within one mile of the well. The continued noise pollution and toxic gas discharges began to cause concern and opposition from the residents. Funds were secured from the federal and state governments to turn the well's geothermal energy into electricity. Although HELCO was among the project stakeholders, they assured stockholders that they would not invest the company's capital in the project due to the volcanic and seismic risk at the site.
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596:. The geothermal energy reservoir there is known as the Kapoho Geothermal Reservoir. The geothermal energy potential of the East Rift Zone is estimated to exceed 200 MW. The geothermal reservoir is contained within basaltic rock and relies on the permeability of two major fracture systems. Both fracture systems have large openings, recorded by the drop of 8.5 in (220 mm) drillbits for up to 30 ft (9.1 m).
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537:. Earthquake frequency began increasing and the first cracks appeared in Leilani Estates on May 1–2; the plant was taken off-line approximately three hours after it received the first report that lava had begun to flow on May 3. All pentane stored at PGV, approximately 60,000 US gallons (230,000 L; 50,000 imp gal), was removed by the morning of May 10.
1028:. At PGV, hot brine after being utilized to generate electricity is approximately 300–400 °F (150–200 °C) when it is reinjected; the brine could be tapped for its thermal energy before reinjection. Water wells under 750 ft (230 m) in the vicinity of PGV have recorded temperatures up to 193 °F (89 °C).
571:
In July 2022 it was announced that an expansion of PGV's power output was proposed. The plan, called the
Repower Project, has a goal of 46 MW in Phase 1 and then to 60 MW in Phase 2, and would implement the increase in power generation by replacing 12 operating power-generating units with as many as
545:
in an attempt to stabilize it. The wells were then sealed with metallic plugs, which arrived at the site on May 22, that PGV officials claimed could withstand 2000 °F (1100 °C) lava. Tom Travis of the Hawaii
Emergency Management Agency, claimed that he researched and was unable to find any
478:
PGV had a generating capacity of 25 MW when it opened in 1993, growing to 30 MW in 1995 and 38 MW in 2012. In 2015, HELCO announced that Ormat was the winner of a bid to add 25 MW of geothermal generating capacity in the Puna district. In March 2018, Ormat announced their plan to
999:
In addition to electricity generation, additional uses of the facility have been suggested. Andrea Gill of the Hawaii
Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism—on behalf of a working group established to consider direct uses of the geothermal energy at PGV and its vicinity—outlined
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As of 2008, the five active production wells had a surface elevation of 620 ft (190 m) above sea level and produce a mixture of steam and brine. The five wells produced an average of 600,000 lb/hour (270,000 kg/hour) of steam and 1,200,000 lb/hour (545,000 kg/hour) of
397:
In 1980, HELCO requested a proposal for 25 MW of geothermal electricity generation. A joint venture was formed that year between two of Lyman's companies and two other companies to produce geothermal energy on a 500-acre (200 ha) parcel leased from the Lyman family. The joint venture was
320:
An experimental 3 MW generator was completed in 1981 and remained operational throughout the 1980s. However, families continued to build and move into the nearby subdivisions, resulting in several attempts and a failed lawsuit to stop the noise and pollution. Since the site was within a lava
316:
or a period for public input. At the time, the area around the drill site was rural and undisturbed, but subdivisions were planned nearby. The well was occasionally allowed to discharge gas and fluid from the borehole, which created a loud noise and release pollutants into the air. By 1976, three
549:
Lava approached several of the capped wells on May 27. Capped KS-5 and KS-6 wells were inundated by the lava from fissures 7 and 21 on May 27 and 28. The event was the first time lava had covered a geothermal well. On May 30 a substation and a warehouse containing a drilling rig were overrun and
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described the uniqueness of the encounter: "Before, all we had to deal with were lava flows; but they are the end of a magma's life. They're lying there on the surface, they've de-gassed. It's not the natural habitat. It's the difference between looking at dinosaur bones in a museum and seeing a
579:
Preparation Notice on the July 23, 2022 edition of “The
Environmental Notice”. In February 2024, it was announced that a new power purchase agreement was obtained, allowing a maximum of 46 MW and a minimum of 30 MW. This would be achieved by replacing old units with three new units within three
401:
In 1986, PGV secured a contract with HELCO to supply 25 MW of electricity by 1993. PGV promised that they would adopt technology that would result in zero emissions and operate at a drastically lower noise level. In 1989, when the HGP facility was facing growing problems, the PGV proposed
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following a trip to Japan, where he learned of a project to lay underwater power cables between the country's islands. Upon returning to Hawaii, Lyman promoted geothermal power generation in Puna, distributed to Oahu and other population centers by underwater cables, as a way of developing the
532:
subdivision near the PGV plant, following hundreds of earthquakes over the first two days of May. Concerns of possible toxic hydrogen sulfide gas releases and explosions at the geothermal power facility led to preemptive equipment shutdowns and inventorying its stockpile of highly-flammable
435:
In 2005 during the drilling of the KS-13 well, magma was encountered at a depth of 8,163 ft (2,488 m). The borehole had to be redrilled several times as the magma flowed up the borehole, cooling into clear, colorless glass. The magma, at a temperature of approximately 1922 °F
259:
PGV is the first and only commercial geothermal power plant in Hawaii. Constructed on a site adjacent to failed experimental wells drilled and operated by the Hawaii
Geothermal Project in the 1970s and 80s, construction on the generating facility began in 1989 and was completed in 1993.
540:
Over the following weeks, the wells were stabilized with cold water—the weight of the water was sufficient to prevent steam from rising—and allow them to be plugged. One well, KS-14, possibly super-heated from close proximity to magma, could not be quenched and was filled with
546:
precedent for lava overrunning a geothermal well that had been shut down like the wells at PGV. The PGV team had spoken with scientists in
Iceland who have operated wells within lava fields and provided insights into how lava might affect the wellhead.
311:
In the 1970s, the Hawaii
Geothermal Project was formed to conduct federal and state-funded research. After studies of the geology and geothermal potential of the area were completed, a site for the first well was chosen in 1975. Drilling began without
252:, and resumed power generation in November 2020. The eruption had caused lava to flow over a PGV power substation, a warehouse and at least three geothermal wells that had been preventatively quenched and capped when
991:
brine. The temperature of fluids emerging from the production wells is approximately 640 °F (338 °C), which is returned to the injection wells at approximately 300–400 °F (150–200 °C).
297:
economy. He found business partners to establish Hawaii Magma Power in 1961. Exploratory wells were drilled before the company validated their insufficient potential, although Lyman claimed to the
2249:
2826:
2184:
1133:
202:
1031:
In 2005, after a drill hit an uncommonly-observed type of magma, researchers and PGV expressed a desire to turn the borehole into an observatory for scientific studies.
1226:
398:
renamed Puna
Geothermal Venture in 1981. Over the following years, PGV drilled three wells, but all suffered from well casing mechanical failures and were unusable.
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1828:
1652:
466:, the team said it was possibly the first time that "the actual process of differentiation of continental-type rock from primitive ocean basalt has been observed
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As of early 2022, the Puna
Geothermal Venture power plant was reported to be producing approximately 25.7 MW of electric power for the Big Island.
509:
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1937:
1787:
1387:
1807:
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Prior to the lava damage, the plant had an installed generating capacity of 38 MW from six production wells and five injection wells along
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1981:
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1998:
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igneous rock, which suggested to researchers that the magma had chemically separated as it dwelled for a long period. As quoted in
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213:
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414:
1183:
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403:
203:
hawaiianelectric.com/clean-energy-hawaii/clean-energy-facts/renewable-energy-sources/geothermal/puna-geothermal-venture-(pgv)
413:, causing the state to suspend the permits for the plant. In 2016 the plant's owners were found to be in violation of U.S.
2446:
1051:
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releases and was fined $ 76,500 for two incidents in 2013. Additional concerns and opposition to the plant were raised by
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on the Big Island to be caused by insufficient power generation as older, diesel-fueled generators were brought on-line.
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1017:
2735:
2222:
2801:
2695:
2629:
2619:
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1555:
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1899:
Proctor, Darrell (May 23, 2018). "Officials Say No Risk of Blackout From Lava Breach at Hawaii Geothermal Plant".
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2420:
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destroyed by molten rock, cutting the main access road to the facility. A third well was inundated thereafter.
522:
Southern part of the Puna Geothermal Venture (red circle) is seen nearby the lava fountains of Kīlauea volcano
488:
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249:
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potential direct uses of the fluids as well as shallow groundwater wells in its vicinity, including fruit and
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410:
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The plant raised local concerns as a result of occasional toxic emissions. In 1991, well KS-8 suffered a
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113:
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275:(also known as HELCO). The plant generated up to 10% of the island’s electrical energy as of 2018.
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four upgraded power-generating units, operating on the existing grounds of the current facility.
180:
126:
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2325:
2012:"Geothermal Technologies Program: Tapping the Earth's energy to meet our heat and power needs"
237:
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Work began on drilling in late 2019. The plant resumed reduced operations in November 2020.
554:
462:
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2162:. Hawaii Dept. of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Strategic Industries Division
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facility managed to overcome enough local opposition to be granted a permit from the local
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1100:
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manifestations. They declared geothermal wells and energy production to be a desecration.
241:
2755:
2040:
2017:. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. April 2004
1788:"Lava covers at least 1 well at Puna geothermal plant; governor says risk is 'mitigated'"
2210:
July, 2022 Puna Geothermal Venture Repower Project Environmental Impact Statement notice
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1451:"Abstract: Dacite Melt at the Puna Geothermal Venture Wellfield, Big Island of Hawaii"
389:
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1476:"Abstract:Dacite Melt at the Puna Geothermal Venture Wellfield, Big Island of Hawaii"
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increase production at the plant by 8 MW—from 38 MW to 46 MW—by 2020.
322:
253:
2685:
2745:
2486:
2378:
2214:
1956:"5 years after lava nearly destroyed it, Puna Geothermal announces expansion plans"
1915:"Hawaii Electric Light expects sufficient power even with geothermal plant shut do"
759:
755:
429:
141:
53:
2363:
2092:"Puna Geothermal Venture - Hawai'i Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center"
2740:
2730:
2410:
2315:
2278:
1151:
1073:"Lava speeds up, forcing evacuations and covering well at Puna Geothermal plant"
1005:
2011:
1938:"Puna Geothermal Venture to drill new well as it prepares to resume operations"
762:
OECs that entered service in 2011 and commenced commercial operation in 2012.
456:. It was encountered after drilling through a 240 ft (73 m) layer of
2561:
2466:
2288:
1762:
1021:
1009:
743:
Two power plants operate in the Puna Complex. The first plant consists of ten
589:
264:
1626:"Wells are hurriedly plugged at Hawaii power plant under threat of lava flow"
80:
67:
2659:
2481:
2331:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2204:
1318:
268:
2345:
1429:
1600:"Crews remove pentane gas from Puna geothermal plant amid safety concerns"
1184:"A Renewable Energy Solution on Hawaii Island – The Puna Geothermal Plant"
2041:"Gold, silver and Other Metals in scale— Puna Geothermal Venture, Hawaii"
1653:"Official: As lava approaches, workers close to capping geothermal wells"
1509:
441:
186:
1982:"Puna geothermal site in Hawaii to expand capacity with Repower project"
1764:
As Lava Nears, Officials Working To Kill Geothermal Wells (May 21, 2018)
222:
2373:
2195:
The Geothermal Collection, eVols, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library
534:
457:
437:
426:
292:
were drilled in 1961–62. The effort was spearheaded by local landowner
1319:"At Puna Geothermal Venture, Success Is Always Just Around the Corner"
2471:
2394:
2189:
1228:
Geothermal energy in Hawai'i: an analysis of promotion and regulation
449:
445:
289:
245:
1999:
Ormat receives PPA for expanded geothermal capacity at Puna, Hawaii
1829:"Lava covers potentially explosive well at Hawaii geothermal plant"
1681:"Puna Geothermal Venture deemed stable after lava covers two wells"
2496:
2352:
2338:
1733:"VIDEO: As Lava Nears, Officials Working To Kill Geothermal Wells"
1388:"EPA finds Puna Geothermal Venture violated chemical safety rules"
1367:
1363:"EPA finds Puna Geothermal Venture violated chemical safety rules"
444:
rock that forms continents—consisting of approximately two-thirds
272:
2400:
2358:
1808:"Some Leilani Estates residents ordered to evacuate immediately"
2218:
1297:"Is Going Bigger on Geothermal a Good Move for the Big Island?"
1707:"State says well field at Puna Geothermal 'essentially safe'"
248:. The plant was shut down shortly after the start of the May
2434:
2185:
Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV), Hawaii Electric Light Company
303:
that the company "had mechanical difficulties and gave up."
1096:"Puna Geothermal Venture faces challenges amid uncertainty"
553:
Despite the shutdown, Hawaii Electric Light did not expect
528:
On May 3, 2018 earth fissures opened inside and around the
496:
1258:
Boyd, Tonya L.; Thomas, D.; Gill, A. T. (September 2002).
2034:
2032:
256:
erupted nearby, eventually also cutting off road access.
1046:
1044:
2200:
The U.S. Geological Survey Kīlauea eruption update page
1558:. Hawai'i Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
2157:"Prospective Direct Use Enterprises in Kapoho, Hawaii"
1855:"Lava takes 10 homes, covers another geothermal well"
1578:"VIDEO: Puna Geothermal Concerns At Eruption Meeting"
758:
and opened in 1993. The second plant consists of two
2190:
Hawaii Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center
1756:
1754:
1067:
1065:
2678:
2600:
2510:
2445:
2257:
2130:"Noncovered Source Permit Review Summary (Renewal)"
1917:(Press release). Hawaii Electric Light. May 3, 2018
1767:(Press conference recording). Big Island Video News
770:As of December 2017, six production wells and five
209:
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155:
147:
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112:
104:
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2001:, ThinkGeoEnergy, Carlo Cariaga, 12 February 2024
1882:"Lava burns 2 buildings at Puna Geothermal plant"
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1212:
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1208:
1206:
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475:real, living dinosaur roaming out in the field."
2078:Hamilton Library, University of Hawai'i at Manoa
1556:"Puna Geothermal Venture Increasing Production"
1260:"Hawaii and Geothermal-What Has Been Happening"
425:, who viewed all forms of volcanic activity as
2150:
2148:
2146:
1675:
1673:
1533:"Ormat Awarded Big Island Geothermal Contract"
1409:
1407:
1405:
995:Alternative uses of geothermally-heated fluids
2230:
8:
1090:
1088:
588:PGV is located in the East Rift Zone of the
2827:2018 natural disasters in the United States
1498:
1496:
448:, which contrasts with the dark, iron-rich
2237:
2223:
2215:
2205:Hawaii County Civil Defense Alerts website
1052:"Puna Geothermal Venture Goes Back Online"
776:
492:
288:The first exploratory geothermal wells in
20:
2107:
2105:
1338:"Blowout Shuts Geothermal Unit in Hawaii"
1116:"Renewable Energy & Storage Projects"
561:2020 restart and 2022 proposed expansion
1040:
214:Related media on Commons
2797:Geothermal energy in the United States
1888:. The Associated Press. June 2, 2018.
1152:"Hawaii Electricity Profile Analysis"
244:, the largest island in the state of
7:
2822:May 2018 events in the United States
2039:Fitch, David; Matlick, Skip (2008).
1580:. Big Island Video News. May 5, 2018
1503:Amos, Jonathan (December 17, 2008).
2792:Geothermal power stations in Hawaii
1531:Cocke, Sophie (February 24, 2015).
1505:"Drillers break into magma chamber"
778:List of wells as of September 2014
470:". Magma specialist Bruce Marsh of
133:Geothermal power station
1386:Higuchi, Dean (January 12, 2016).
1267:Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin
1182:Schroeder, Martin (May 27, 2016).
14:
1936:Daysog, Rick (October 10, 2019).
1414:Dalton, Rex (December 17, 2008).
284:Early exploration and development
2610:1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption
1336:Essoyan, Susan (June 15, 1991).
726:Location of plants and well pads
707:
695:
683:
671:
659:
647:
635:
621:
614:
607:
508:
502:
376:
364:
350:
343:
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29:
16:Geothermal power plant in Hawaii
2706:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
2701:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
2691:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
1225:Szvetecz, Annie (August 2001).
1134:"Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV)"
483:Lava damage and closure in 2018
415:Environmental Protection Agency
1853:Burnett, John (May 28, 2018).
1651:Burnett, John (May 21, 2018).
1390:(Press release). Honolulu: EPA
577:Environmental Impact Statement
1:
1554:Kim, Alice (March 17, 2018).
1416:"Drillers hit Hawaiian magma"
2817:21st-century volcanic events
2716:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1295:Hunt, Tam (March 20, 2015).
735:which purchased it in 2004.
452:rock that forms most of the
314:environmental impact studies
273:Hawaiian Electric Industries
1761:Tom Travis (May 21, 2018).
795:Status after 2018 eruption
584:Kapoho Geothermal Reservoir
2848:
2832:May 2018 events in Oceania
2630:2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
2620:1984 eruption of Mauna Loa
2615:1975 eruption of Mauna Loa
1455:American Geophysical Union
1323:www.environment-hawaii.org
1234:(MSc thesis). ProQuest LLC
774:made up the Puna Complex.
486:
271:. Its output was sold to
2432:
2421:North Arch volcanic field
2269:South Arch volcanic field
2074:"Puna Geothermal Venture"
921:8,297 feet (2,529 m)
905:6,500 feet (2,000 m)
889:5,210 feet (1,590 m)
857:6,532 feet (1,991 m)
325:of electricity annually.
307:Hawaii Geothermal Project
219:
159:8,297 feet (2,529 m)
156:Max. well depth
37:
28:
2625:2018 lower Puna eruption
2155:Gill, Andrea T. (2004).
1886:Honolulu Star-Advertiser
1138:www.hawaiianelectric.com
1120:www.hawaiianelectric.com
489:2018 lower Puna eruption
472:Johns Hopkins University
250:2018 lower Puna eruption
2761:Puna Geothermal Venture
2696:Haleakalā National Park
974:Kapoho State 17 (KS-17)
959:Kapoho State 16 (KS-16)
944:Kapoho State 15 (KS-15)
928:Kapoho State 14 (KS-14)
912:Kapoho State 13 (KS-13)
896:Kapoho State 11 (KS-11)
880:Kapoho State 10 (KS-10)
800:Kapoho State 1A (KS-1A)
748:Ormat Energy Converters
384:Puna Geothermal Venture
329:Puna Geothermal Venture
234:Puna Geothermal Venture
181:Nameplate capacity
105:Construction began
24:Puna Geothermal Venture
2502:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
2439:
1430:10.1038/news.2008.1317
1022:geothermal/health spas
939:In proximity to magma
731:The plant is owned by
2457:French Frigate Shoals
2438:
2118:. Ormat Technologies.
1860:Hawaii Tribune-Herald
1813:Hawaii Tribune-Herald
1737:Big Island Video News
1657:Hawaii Tribune Herald
1056:Big Island Video News
1026:geothermal heat pumps
865:Kapoho State 9 (KS-9)
848:Kapoho State 6 (KS-6)
832:Kapoho State 5 (KS-5)
817:Kapoho State 3 (KS-3)
750:(OEC) made up of ten
592:volcano, which forms
487:Further information:
175:Power generation
2389:East Molokai Volcano
2384:West Molokai Volcano
2113:"2017 Annual report"
1535:. Honolulu City Beat
1189:. Ormat Technologies
1058:. November 12, 2020.
679:Combined cycle plant
436:(1050 °C), was
417:standards regarding
114:Commission date
81:19.4785°N 154.8888°W
2736:Mauna Loa eruptions
2635:Keanakakoi eruption
2096:www.higp.hawaii.edu
1375:. January 12, 2016.
1373:Nexstar Media Group
779:
404:planning commission
300:Honolulu Advertiser
240:power plant on the
193:External links
165:Combined cycle
77: /
2440:
2246:Hawaiian volcanism
1986:thinkgeoenergy.com
1632:. AP. May 23, 2018
777:
733:Ormat Technologies
667:Binary cycle plant
127:Ormat Technologies
86:19.4785; -154.8888
2802:Geothermal energy
2774:
2773:
2721:Kīlauea eruptions
2711:Hawaiian eruption
2640:ʻAilāʻau eruption
2601:Notable eruptions
2462:Gardner Pinnacles
2137:health.hawaii.gov
1786:Lincoln, Mileka.
1630:Los Angeles Times
1342:Los Angeles Times
1299:. Greentech Media
988:
987:
575:PGV published an
526:
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517:
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238:geothermal energy
230:
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2787:Energy in Hawaii
2477:Lisianski Island
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2274:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
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1104:. July 8, 2018.
1101:Star Advertiser
1094:
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1081:. May 27, 2018.
1078:Star Advertiser
1071:
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772:injection wells
768:
756:binary turbines
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2179:External links
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1991:
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1901:Power Magazine
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1739:. May 21, 2018
1724:
1713:. May 21, 2018
1698:
1687:. May 28, 2018
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1962:. May 9, 2023
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27:
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19:
2760:
2756:Pele's tears
2746:Pele (deity)
2645:Halemaʻumaʻu
2487:Midway Atoll
2393:
2379:Penguin Bank
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2164:. Retrieved
2136:
2124:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2051:
2047:
2019:. Retrieved
2006:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1941:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1858:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1811:
1802:
1791:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1763:
1741:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1684:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1508:
1483:. Retrieved
1480:ResearchGate
1479:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1419:
1392:. Retrieved
1381:
1366:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1275:. Retrieved
1270:
1266:
1236:. Retrieved
1227:
1191:. Retrieved
1156:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1099:
1076:
1055:
1030:
998:
989:
769:
760:Binary cycle
742:
739:Power plants
730:
587:
574:
570:
567:
564:
552:
548:
543:drilling mud
539:
527:
477:
467:
461:
434:
408:
400:
396:
319:
310:
298:
287:
262:
258:
233:
231:
142:Binary cycle
54:Puna, Hawaii
18:
2751:Pele's hair
2731:Limu o Pele
2686:ʻAʻā (lava)
2655:Kīlauea Iki
2293:Kīlauea Iki
1158:February 3,
1006:aquaculture
236:(PGV) is a
100:Operational
84: /
72:154°53′20″W
60:Coordinates
2781:Categories
2467:Kure Atoll
2332:Kahoʻolawe
1273:(3): 11–21
1154:. U.S. EIA
1035:References
1010:greenhouse
980:Production
965:Production
934:Production
886:Production
871:Production
854:Production
838:Production
600:Facilities
69:19°28′43″N
2670:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
2660:Mauna Ulu
2603:and vents
2532:Daikakuji
2514:Seamounts
2482:Maro Reef
2369:West Maui
2364:Haleakalā
2321:Mauna Kea
2311:Mauna Loa
2305:Mauna Ulu
2301:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
2054:: 385–388
1012:heating,
950:Injection
918:Injection
902:Injection
823:Injection
807:Injection
786:Wellfield
555:blackouts
269:rift zone
2426:Waiʻanae
2406:Honolulu
2374:Molokaʻi
2316:Hualālai
2279:Māhukona
2259:Windward
2248:topics (
1510:BBC News
1277:June 14,
754:and ten
450:basaltic
442:granitic
360:2.5miles
267:’s East
123:Owner(s)
50:Location
2807:Kīlauea
2592:Yuryaku
2572:Nintoku
2542:Hancock
2537:Detroit
2527:Colahan
2512:Emperor
2447:Leeward
2416:Koʻolau
2395:Niʻihau
2289:Kīlauea
2284:Hawaiʻi
2166:June 2,
2058:June 2,
2021:June 2,
1921:May 30,
1866:May 29,
1838:May 28,
1833:Reuters
1771:May 21,
1743:May 30,
1717:May 30,
1691:May 30,
1662:May 30,
1636:May 30,
1610:May 30,
1584:May 30,
1562:May 30,
1539:May 30,
1516:June 2,
1485:June 2,
1460:June 2,
1435:June 2,
1394:May 30,
1347:June 9,
1303:May 30,
1238:May 30,
1193:May 30,
590:Kīlauea
580:years.
535:pentane
468:in situ
458:diorite
438:dacitic
427:demigod
411:blowout
279:History
265:Kīlauea
210:Commons
198:Website
42:Country
2679:Topics
2557:Kimmei
2522:Abbott
2472:Laysan
2411:Kaʻena
2353:Lānaʻi
2346:Kaʻula
2339:Kauaʻi
2326:Kohala
1966:May 9,
1421:Nature
1024:, and
631:220yds
463:Nature
446:silica
290:Kapoho
246:Hawaii
97:Status
2587:Yomei
2582:Suiko
2567:Meiji
2552:Kammu
2547:Jingū
2497:Nihoa
2449:Isles
2401:Oʻahu
2261:Isles
2160:(PDF)
2133:(PDF)
2116:(PDF)
2044:(PDF)
2015:(PDF)
1368:KHON2
1263:(PDF)
1232:(PDF)
1187:(PDF)
977:Pad E
962:Pad A
947:Pad B
931:Pad E
915:Pad A
899:Pad A
883:Pad A
868:Pad A
851:Pad E
835:Pad E
820:Pad E
803:Pad A
792:Depth
766:Wells
715:Pad D
703:Pad E
691:Pad F
655:Pad B
643:Pad A
221:[
148:Wells
2577:Ojin
2562:Koko
2359:Maui
2250:list
2168:2018
2060:2018
2023:2018
1968:2023
1923:2018
1868:2018
1840:2018
1773:2018
1745:2018
1719:2018
1693:2018
1685:KHON
1664:2018
1638:2018
1612:2018
1586:2018
1564:2018
1541:2018
1518:2018
1487:2018
1462:2018
1437:2018
1396:2018
1349:2018
1305:2018
1279:2018
1240:2018
1195:2018
1160:2021
1016:and
1008:and
789:Type
783:Well
629:200m
430:Pele
232:The
138:Type
118:1993
108:1989
1426:doi
358:4km
185:38
170:Yes
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2303:,
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187:MW
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