425:
33:
59:
373:, although she did not provide a reason for this. In a 1987 publication, Gerould Wilhelm and Douglas Ladd suggested that Krog came to this decision because of "the lightly colored cortex and the presence of lecanoric acid and soredia, combined with the evident rareness of the perriticulate morphology and habitat data". They disagreed with Krog's proposed synonymy and argued that because of its distinct
392:(asexual spores) of the two species; they did not consider that the morphology of the upper face of the thallus was sufficient to clearly define the species. They concluded that both species have a widespread distribution, and can be reliably distinguished from each other only by the length of their conidia. In 2000, LongĂĄn and colleagues found differences in the upper thallus face of the two species:
468:
with farinose (mealy) or granular soredia; these sometimes co-occur with phyllidia. Phyllidia are small, leaf-like or scale-like outgrowths from a foliose thallus, which are constricted at the point of attachment and thus readily detached and dispersed by wind or animals. The
1198:
Hawksworth, David L.; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Ahti, Teuvo; Crespo, Ana (2008). "A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions".
634:) and Central America (Guatemala and Honduras). Its true North American range is thought to be poorly understood because of historical confusions with other similar species. In South America it is known from the
428:
A closeup (30X magnification) of lobe tips. Note darkened lobe tips, scrobiculate surface texture, and some patches of soralia with granular soredia; scale bar is 1 mm.
1432:
1354:
464:) or oblong, sometimes elevated and located on ridges of the upper surface, but rarely restricted to the margins. The pseudocyphellae develop into secondary
515:
are short- or long-filiform (threadlike), usually 6.5â11 ÎŒm long (although a range of 5â15 ÎŒm has been noted) and less than 1 ÎŒm thick.
1592:
1526:
1380:
526:
are K+ (yellow), Câ, KCâ, Pâ, and UVâ; for the medulla they are Kâ, KC+ (red), C+ (red), Pâ, and UVâ. The cortex contains minor or trace amounts of
444:(either bark, wood, or rock). The upper surface of the thallus is grey to greenish grey, and is often marked with shallow depressions and pits (
1468:
448:)âbut not always. The lobes comprising the thallus are typically 2â4 mm (0.08â0.16 in) wide. The peripheral lobes are covered with
1023:
985:
591:, its thallus is rugulose (covered with little wrinkles) to occasionally scrobiculate and its conidia are much shorter (3â5 by 1 ÎŒm).
1602:
1587:
1039:
Szymczyk, RafaĆ; Zalewska, Anna; SzydĆowska, Justyna; Kukwa, Martin (2015). "The lichen family
Parmeliaceae in Poland. IV. The genus
1617:
1612:
638:
and from
Argentina. It also occurs in Australia and New Zealand. In Europe the lichen has a distribution largely restricted to
452:(a powdery deposit), which may be abundant, but not always on every lobe. In fresh specimens, the pruina gives the thallus a
226:. It occurs in Mediterranean Europe and Russia, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand, where it grows on
1627:
1622:
1597:
1079:
1345:
1607:
1437:
58:
1137:
1582:
1307:
1238:
1011:
642:
countries â specifically, Spain, France, and Italy â but it has also been recorded in Russia. In France,
470:
255:
153:
1246:(in French) (2nd ed.). Fontainebleau: Association française de lichénologie (a.f.l.). p. 833.
583:
305:
1554:
1518:
1447:
1372:
655:
557:
531:
374:
369:
264:
251:
908:
822:
441:
285:
1424:
440:
measures 5â10 cm (2â4 in) in diameter. It has either a close or loose attachment to its
424:
32:
1577:
1288:
1216:
1180:
1141:
1060:
886:
769:
710:
611:
607:
519:
364:
235:
231:
179:
53:
1473:
377:(a strongly textured upper surface compared with the substantially less ridged upper surface of
289:
170:
980:(2nd ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society. p. 475.
1455:
1019:
981:
706:
650:
603:
551:
330:
227:
587:
is another species with soralia, a pale underside, and lecanoric acid in the medulla; unlike
565:
species with a pale lower thallus surface, and which produce gyrophoric acid in the medulla.
1460:
1278:
1270:
1258:
1208:
1172:
1133:
1052:
878:
800:
761:
635:
942:
Thell, Arne; Herber, B.; Aptroot, A.; Adler, M. T.; Feuerer, T.; KĂ€rnefelt, E. I. (2005).
661:
523:
325:
100:
408:
analysis of specimens collected from the USA and from China also support the notion that
1513:
1367:
804:
689:
have also been recorded. Although it occurs most frequently on trees, it also grows on
667:
539:
535:
478:
457:
356:
301:
259:
243:
219:
1359:
1571:
639:
45:
1292:
1220:
1184:
1145:
1064:
890:
673:
474:
405:
223:
120:
1016:
Lichens of Mexico. The
Parmeliaceae â Keys, distribution and specimen descriptions
1504:
1330:
1274:
1419:
1393:
1339:
1056:
943:
342:
110:
272:
by the texture of the thallus surface, or, more reliably, by the length of its
242:
surface, marked with many shallow depressions, grooves, or pits, and sorediate
1259:"Evaluating the conservation status of epiphytic lichens of Italy: A red list"
1212:
623:
504:
473:
is white, while the thallus undersurface is a light colour, described as pale
385:
313:
90:
41:
460:
are on both the surface of the thallus and its margins. They are point-like (
690:
679:
631:
615:
527:
500:
488:
482:
347:
130:
70:
1176:
882:
626:, and extending north into eastern Canada and south into Mexico (including
1240:
Catalogue des lichens et champignons lichénicoles de France métropolitaine
1539:
1498:
1406:
1324:
619:
508:
453:
309:
1283:
381:) and differences in habitat, it should be considered a unique species.
1531:
1385:
773:
627:
512:
465:
433:
389:
273:
247:
239:
1398:
262:. A lookalike species with which it has been historically confused is
1544:
1411:
449:
393:
80:
1301:
765:
731:
Annales
Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo"
496:
423:
321:
317:
1010:
in Mexico". In
Herrera-Campos, Maria; PĂ©rez-PĂ©rez, Rosa Emilia;
685:
1305:
569:
can be distinguished from these lookalikes microscopically (
1138:
10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0317:ANPOTS]2.0.CO;2
1120:
Aptroot, André (2003). "A new perspective on the sorediate
1098:(lichenized Ascomycetes) from Nueva Galicia, Mexico].
1001:
999:
997:
816:
814:
324:. He promoted it to full species status in 1959 when he
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
581:
is usually marked by conspicuous surface scrobicules).
1159:
van Herk, Kok; Aptroot, André (2000). "The sorediate
1088:(Ascomycetes liquenizados) de Nueva Galicia, MĂ©xico"
902:
900:
388:
corroborated this proposition based on study of the
1484:
1314:
1232:
1230:
861:Adler, M.T.; Ahti, T. (1996). "The distinction of
653:conifers. Frequent substrates include the bark of
907:LongĂĄn, A.; Barbero, M.; Gomez-Bolea, A. (2000).
748:Hale, Mason E. (1958). "The Mediterranean lichen
618:eastern North America, with a westerly range to
250:is ivory to tan towards the centre and the major
1257:Nascimbene, J.; Nimis, P.L.; Ravera, S. (2013).
511:are immersed in the surface of the thallus; the
1115:
1113:
1078:Ălvarez, Isela; GuzmĂĄnâDĂĄvalos, Laura (2009).
577:has hook-like conidia), and macroscopically (
8:
614:. It has been recorded from a large area of
304:, found growing on a rock, was collected by
791:, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae".
503:and typically measure 6.5â10 by 10â13
238:. Its main distinguishing features are its
1302:
1124:(Parmeliaceae) species of North America".
1018:. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 473â474.
485:are very rarely observed in this species.
31:
20:
1282:
976:Ulloa, Miguel; Halin, Richard T. (2012).
1163:species with lecanoric acid in Europe".
944:"A preliminary phylogeographic study of
921:(Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycotina)"
821:Wilhelm, Gerould; Ladd, Douglas (1987).
268:; this lichen can be distinguished from
729:RÀsÀnen, V. (1944). "Lichenes novi I".
721:
384:Later, lichenologists MĂłnica Adler and
649:The lichen is most commonly found in
7:
1555:a081c184-cdab-475e-b3d1-1d2848c85dd9
1448:6d8cc7a3-3da9-4b75-acf2-fbc20f350d94
573:has short, rod-like conidia, while
218:is a widely distributed species of
1006:Egan, R.S.; Lendemer, J. (2016). "
978:Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology
805:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01191.x
481:, and often darker near the tips.
14:
952:inferred from rDNA ITS-sequences"
518:The expected results of standard
355:to contain species with rounded
57:
869:(Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales)".
1:
1100:Revista Mexicana de MicologĂa
534:, while the medulla contains
1275:10.1080/11263504.2012.748101
827:, a distinct lichen species"
341:In 1982, Norwegian botanist
1057:10.13158/heia.28.2.2015.556
959:Folia Cryptogamica Estonica
754:The Southwestern Naturalist
456:(greyish-blue) appearance.
173:) G.Wilh. & Ladd (1987)
1644:
1603:Lichens of Central America
1593:Taxa named by Veli RÀsÀnen
1237:Roux, C. et coll. (2017).
284:The lichen was originally
1588:Lichens described in 1944
1263:Plant Biosystems Research
1213:10.1017/S0024282908007329
646:is considered very rare.
316:reported discovering the
288:by Finnish lichenologist
185:
178:
159:
152:
54:Scientific classification
52:
39:
30:
23:
1618:Lichens of North America
909:"Comparative studies on
793:Nordic Journal of Botany
595:Distribution and habitat
351:as a segregate genus of
246:. The lower side of the
1346:Punctelia perreticulata
1316:Punctelia perreticulata
863:Punctelia perreticulata
825:Punctelia perreticulata
703:Punctelia perreticulata
600:Punctelia perreticulata
567:Punctelia perreticulata
493:Punctelia perreticulata
438:Punctelia perreticulata
270:Punctelia perreticulata
215:Punctelia perreticulata
163:Punctelia perreticulata
25:Punctelia perreticulata
1613:Lichens of New Zealand
1177:10.1006/lich.1999.0261
883:10.1006/lich.1996.0041
787:Krog, Hildur (1982). "
750:Parmelia perreticulata
429:
410:Parmelia perreticulata
361:Parmelia perreticulata
345:created the new genus
336:Parmelia perreticulata
201:Parmelia perreticulata
644:P. perreticulata
589:P. perreticulata
579:P. perreticulata
427:
398:P. perreticulata
204:(RÀsÀnen) Hale (1959)
145:P. perreticulata
1628:Lichens of Venezuela
1623:Lichens of Argentina
1598:Lichens of Australia
705:was included on the
656:Juniperus virginiana
370:Punctelia subrudecta
265:Punctelia subrudecta
252:secondary metabolite
1486:Parmelia duboscqii
1012:Nash III, Thomas H.
752:in central Texas".
520:chemical spot tests
915:P. perrireticulata
711:endangered species
575:P. subrudecta
558:P. subrudecta
430:
414:P. subrudecta
402:P. subrudecta
379:P. subrudecta
294:Parmelia duboscqii
276:(asexual spores).
189:Parmelia duboscqii
1608:Lichens of Europe
1565:
1564:
1456:Open Tree of Life
1308:Taxon identifiers
1201:The Lichenologist
1165:The Lichenologist
1025:978-3-443-58089-6
987:978-0-89054-400-6
911:Punctelia borreri
871:The Lichenologist
707:Regional Red List
584:Punctelia jeckeri
552:Punctelia caseana
495:number eight per
412:is distinct from
359:. She considered
312:, Italy in 1936.
211:
210:
16:Species of lichen
1635:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1003:
992:
991:
973:
967:
966:
956:
939:
933:
932:
904:
895:
894:
858:
839:
838:
818:
809:
808:
784:
778:
777:
745:
739:
738:
726:
636:Venezuelan Andes
328:it in the genus
306:Camillo Sbarbaro
205:
197:
165:
62:
61:
35:
21:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1310:
1300:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1005:
1004:
995:
988:
975:
974:
970:
954:
941:
940:
936:
906:
905:
898:
860:
859:
842:
820:
819:
812:
786:
785:
781:
766:10.2307/3669053
747:
746:
742:
728:
727:
723:
719:
709:of Italy as an
699:
662:Juniperus ashei
597:
571:P. caesana
548:
546:Similar species
532:chloroatranorin
458:Pseudocyphellae
422:
396:was present in
357:pseudocyphellae
282:
244:pseudocyphellae
203:
195:
174:
167:
161:
148:
101:Lecanoromycetes
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:Lichen species
1580:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1336:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1269:(4): 898â904.
1249:
1226:
1190:
1171:(3): 233â246.
1151:
1132:(2): 317â319.
1126:The Bryologist
1109:
1102:(in Spanish).
1092:Flavopunctelia
1082:Flavopunctelia
1070:
1051:(2): 556â566.
1031:
1024:
993:
986:
968:
946:Flavopunctelia
934:
896:
877:(5): 431â436.
840:
810:
799:(3): 287â292.
779:
740:
720:
718:
715:
698:
695:
668:Pinus echinata
596:
593:
561:are two other
547:
544:
540:lichen product
536:lecanoric acid
421:
418:
400:and absent in
281:
278:
260:lecanoric acid
222:in the family
220:foliose lichen
209:
208:
207:
206:
198:
196:RÀsÀnen (1944)
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
157:
156:
150:
149:
142:
140:
136:
135:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1640:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1490:perreticulata
1483:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
983:
979:
972:
969:
964:
960:
953:
951:
947:
938:
935:
931:(2): 367â378.
930:
926:
922:
920:
919:P. subrudecta
916:
912:
903:
901:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:P. subrudecta
864:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:(1): 249â250.
836:
832:
828:
826:
817:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
741:
736:
732:
725:
722:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
696:
694:
692:
688:
687:
682:
681:
676:
675:
670:
669:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
647:
645:
641:
640:Mediterranean
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
592:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:
554:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
426:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
339:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:type specimen
299:
298:perreticulata
295:
291:
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
202:
199:
194:
193:perreticulata
190:
187:
186:
184:
181:
177:
172:
166:
164:
158:
155:
154:Binomial name
151:
147:
146:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
46:Massachusetts
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1485:
1315:
1284:10447/610973
1266:
1262:
1252:
1239:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1168:
1164:
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1154:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1103:
1099:
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1085:
1081:
1073:
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1040:
1034:
1015:
1007:
977:
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928:
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914:
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874:
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866:
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834:
830:
824:
796:
792:
788:
782:
760:(1/4): 212.
757:
753:
749:
743:
734:
733:(in Latin).
730:
724:
702:
700:
697:Conservation
684:
678:
674:Quercus ilex
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
643:
599:
598:
588:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
556:
550:
549:
517:
492:
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461:
445:
437:
431:
413:
409:
406:Phylogenetic
401:
397:
383:
378:
368:
360:
352:
346:
340:
335:
329:
297:
293:
290:Veli RÀsÀnen
283:
269:
263:
224:Parmeliaceae
214:
213:
212:
200:
192:
188:
162:
160:
144:
143:
131:
121:Parmeliaceae
24:
18:
1420:NatureServe
1394:iNaturalist
1340:Wikispecies
1207:(1): 1â21.
671:, although
612:lignicolous
608:corticolous
538:as a major
499:; they are
446:scrobicules
420:Description
343:Hildur Krog
320:in central
111:Lecanorales
40:Growing on
1572:Categories
965:: 115â122.
737:(3): 1â34.
717:References
651:old-growth
624:California
604:saxicolous
489:Ascospores
462:punctiform
386:Teuvo Ahti
375:morphology
365:synonymous
326:recombined
314:Mason Hale
91:Ascomycota
87:Division:
42:pitch pine
1578:Punctelia
1505:Q59558817
1355:AusLichen
1331:Q10646757
1161:Punctelia
1122:Punctelia
1096:Punctelia
1086:Punctelia
1041:Punctelia
1008:Punctelia
950:Punctelia
925:Mycotaxon
831:Mycotaxon
789:Punctelia
701:In 2013,
691:siliceous
680:Cupressus
632:Zacatecas
616:temperate
563:Punctelia
528:atranorin
501:ellipsoid
483:Apothecia
442:substrate
348:Punctelia
286:described
139:Species:
132:Punctelia
77:Kingdom:
71:Eukaryota
1540:MycoBank
1514:Fungorum
1499:Wikidata
1425:2.121345
1407:MycoBank
1368:Fungorum
1360:30023248
1325:Wikidata
1293:86320711
1221:84927575
1185:84335673
1146:85945823
1106:: 15â29.
1065:56327944
1045:Herzogia
1014:(eds.).
891:84136576
620:Colorado
509:pycnidia
479:creamish
454:glaucous
353:Parmelia
331:Parmelia
310:Spotorno
280:Taxonomy
180:Synonyms
117:Family:
67:Domain:
1532:3407261
1386:2605228
774:3669053
628:Jalisco
602:can be
522:in the
513:conidia
471:medulla
466:soralia
434:thallus
390:conidia
274:conidia
256:medulla
254:in the
248:thallus
240:thallus
171:RÀsÀnen
127:Genus:
107:Order:
97:Class:
1552:NZOR:
1545:373859
1519:373859
1469:PLANTS
1461:311547
1445:NZOR:
1438:288886
1412:129395
1399:203090
1373:129395
1291:
1219:
1183:
1144:
1063:
1022:
984:
889:
772:
693:rock.
683:, and
665:, and
524:cortex
507:. The
450:pruina
394:pruina
363:to be
300:. The
48:, USA
1289:S2CID
1244:(PDF)
1217:S2CID
1181:S2CID
1142:S2CID
1090:[
1061:S2CID
955:(PDF)
887:S2CID
770:JSTOR
497:ascus
367:with
322:Texas
318:taxon
296:var.
234:, or
228:rocks
191:var.
81:Fungi
1527:GBIF
1488:var.
1474:PUPE
1433:NCBI
1381:GBIF
1094:and
1020:ISBN
982:ISBN
948:and
917:and
865:and
686:Olea
630:and
622:and
555:and
530:and
475:buff
432:The
236:wood
232:bark
1279:hdl
1271:doi
1267:147
1209:doi
1173:doi
1134:doi
1130:106
1053:doi
1043:".
879:doi
801:doi
762:doi
610:or
491:of
477:to
436:of
334:as
308:in
292:as
258:is
44:in
1574::
1542::
1529::
1516::
1501::
1471::
1458::
1435::
1422::
1409::
1396::
1383::
1370::
1357::
1342::
1327::
1287:.
1277:.
1265:.
1261:.
1229:^
1215:.
1205:40
1203:.
1179:.
1169:32
1167:.
1140:.
1128:.
1112:^
1104:29
1084:y
1059:.
1049:28
1047:.
996:^
963:41
961:.
957:.
929:74
927:.
923:.
913:,
899:^
885:.
875:28
873:.
843:^
835:27
833:.
829:.
813:^
795:.
768:.
756:.
735:20
713:.
677:,
659:,
606:,
542:.
505:ÎŒm
416:.
404:.
338:.
230:,
1295:.
1281::
1273::
1223:.
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1187:.
1175::
1148:.
1136::
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1067:.
1055::
1028:.
990:.
893:.
881::
823:"
807:.
803::
797:2
776:.
764::
758:3
169:(
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