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Gonzales during her fieldwork in
Central America. If a death occurred at night, then the wake would begin early the next morning and continue all day, ending with a burial in the late afternoon. However, if the death were during the day, an all-night wake would ensue with people coming and going throughout, with prayers and drinking being a familiar sight. Punta dancing can be considered a salient feature of the all-night watches and was mandatory for many participants. Gonzales reflected on her work and other anthropologists', such as Virginia Kearns, concluding that similar evidence has been found in Belize, as well as her own in Honduras, that most punta dancing and story telling was kept until the ninth-night wake, rather than included at any time.
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while the other retreats; and ends only when one of them, from exhaustion or from lack of further initiative, admits defeat by retiring from the ring, to have his or her place immediately taken by another. Punta dance is a mimetic cock-and-hen mating dance with rapid movements of the buttocks, hips, and feet, while the upper torso remains motionless. Couples attempt to dance more stylistically and seductively, with better hip movements, than their competitors. As the evening progresses, the Punta became extremely "hot"; while the spectators egged on their favorites with cries of: mĂgira-ba labu, "don't leave (off) under him!" or: mĂgira-ba tabu, "don't leave (off) under her!" which has the same effect as, "don't let him (or her) beat you!"
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States. The double-meter rhythm of punta is the primary basis for punta rock. Punta rock is a musical craze that began in the early 1980s and persists today among young adults in the
Garifuna communities of Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. Andy Palacio, a homegrown Belizean artist, believes that punta rock is "a mix of Garifuna rhythms with a little bit of reggae, a little bit of R&B, and a little bit of rock and roll". Although punta rock has achieved national attention for the modern Garifuna youth, it has not replaced the original punta music. Punta is believed to coexist with punta rock, and maintains its significance as the primary musical genre of social commentary.
395:"Punta served as a paradigm for a new language of musical expression (punta rock) as well as a continuum for the revolution of popular contemporary Garifuna music in general". Modernity and punta exist simultaneously as interdependent and interrelated scales of technological and musical transformation, with modernity as the epicenter for the evolution of punta, serving as the medium through which the effects of modernity can be seen. This transformation has also allowed punta rock and punta to appeal to different age groups and be used in a variety of social contexts.
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Honduras (90,000), with smaller populations in Belize (15,000), Guatemala (6,000), and another several thousand scattered in South
America and almost 50,000 living in North America. Three areas of larger Garifuna presences include New York City, Miami, New Orleans and mainly Houston. Though sometimes they go unnoticed in the larger aspect of their communities in America, the Garinagu continue to preserve their language, customs, cuisine, and renowned storytelling through their diverse and unique music and dance styles.
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through music, punta the dance form symbolizes the continuity of life." The basic dance appeals across lines of gender and age, whether it is expressed in its original, more conservative manner with gentle swaying hips that imply sexual desire, or the more aggressive, provocative manner that emulates sex. The constantly pulsating rhythms represent the most direct and physical form of intimacy, which attracts people of various ethnicities as well.
242:. However, most songs are performed in the indigenous Arawak and Carib-based languages of the Garinagu and are often simply contemporary adaptations of traditional Garifuna songs. Being the most popular dance in Garifuna culture, Punta is danced specifically in Garifuna funerals, beaches, and parks. Punta is iconic of Garifuna ethnicity and modernity and can be seen as poetic folk art that connects older cultures and rhythms with new sounds.
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inappropriate for children, who were excluded from the ritual. Now, it is much more common to see children participate in and view a punta dance. Another change that has been developing in the past century has come in the increasing role of women as singers and drummers, which were thought to be solely male roles and women were only allowed to play if there were no men available. Women have expanded their influence in punta, as well as
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first arrived in
Honduras and the women cultivated the homes where West African and indigenous spirituality merged with the Catholic religion into their emerging Garifuna folk expression, and above all, within family, ritual, and celebration. To clarify this statement from Serrano's research, "Juan M. Sambula, a former community activist from Honduras who recently came to New Orleans for reconstruction work shares the following:
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around them. A Garifuna elder, Rutilia
Figueroa, stated: "The Garifuna sing their pain. They sing about their concerns. They sing about what's going on. We dance when there is a death. It's a tradition to bring a little joy to the family, but every song has a different meaning. Different words. The Garifuna does not sing about love. The Garifuna sings about things that reach your heart."
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begin to dance punta and the atmosphere grows increasingly festive. Outside, the inevitable crowd of spectators gathers, mainly young adults and children, who hover on the periphery at such ritual events." She also notes that the length of the dancing can go on as long as the next afternoon, depending on the supply of rum and the enthusiasm of the dancers.
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through the vibrating of a solid material that is free of tension, commonly found in shakers, scrapers, and xylophones. Aerophones are instruments that create sound through vibrating air within a column or tube, like pipes and horns. Other instruments used in the
Garifuna culture include calabash rattles called shakkas (chaka) and conch-shell trumpets.
383:, although punta rock does still involve more male-oriented arrangements and performances. Punta also was formerly performed in ancestral celebrations and religious rituals of the recently deceased, but can now be seen in all forms of celebrations, such as birthday parties, communions, or holiday gatherings as a sense of cultural expression.
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325:'For us, the women are dedicated to the children and the church because customs we have are based on the Gari tribe of Africa, mixed with Arawak. So I think that the mother's role in this case is different because she is dedicated to the children and the church while the man is dedicated to his friends.' "
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In 2001, UNESCO proclaimed the
Garifuna language and culture to be "a masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage of humanity", in recognition of the risk of an endangered status and loss of such an interesting culture. The Garifuna communities use punta dance and music to continue their culture and
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During her field study in southern Belize from 1974 to 1976, Virginia Kerns witnessed the women's roles and participation in punta first hand. She recalls: "During the course of the singing, one woman distributes rum to the others present. Later, feeling the full effects of several drinks, the women
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Garifuna culture has grown and transcended national borders through punta's integrative expression of ethnic identity through music, dance, and language in
Central America and the United States. Currently, the largest population of the estimated 200,000 transnational Garfiuna people can be found in
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is the bass drum. The drummer playing this instrument repeats a single duple-meter ostinato throughout the song. While the second drum plays steady, the first drum and the other instruments like the maracas and conch shell improvise solos similar to those in a jazz song. The punta ritual for a wake
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The diaspora of
Garifuna people, commonly called the "Garifuna Nation", dates back to the West African who escaped slavery and the Arawak and Carib Amerindians. Punta is used to reaffirm and express the struggle felt by the indigenous population's common heritage through cultural art forms, such as
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While men in the
Garifuna community tend to learn their customs through informal apprenticeships in New Orleans, women consciously conserve and pass on the cultural dances and songs to the younger generations through storytelling. This continuing practice resembles the past, like when the Garifuna
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The Punta dance is performed by a man and a woman who evolve separately in a circle formed by the spectators. They begin facing each other and the figure varies with the ingenuity of the dancers, but always represents the evolution of a courtship in which first the man pursues, and then the woman,
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Traditional punta music was also played with two wooden drums, a conch shell, and a type of maracas. Today, acoustical and electric instruments have been added to create "punta rock", which has become a main export of the Garinagu and grown in popularity across Central America and into the United
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Punta music is well known for its call and response patterns and rhythmic drumming that reflects an African and Amerindian origin. The Garinagu people say that their music is not about feeling or emotion, as in most other Latin American nations, but more so about events and dealing with the world
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Punta rituals have been observed on holidays such as Christmas Eve and New Year's Day by anthropologist Cynthia Chamberlain Bianchi during her study in the late 1970s-mid 1980s. More commonly were the religious or ancestral rituals, as those seen on the ninth-night wakes by anthropologist Nancie
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Over time due to their difficult history, music and dance became a way to explain their daily lives and surroundings, a vehicle to communicate Garifuna struggles and ideas, and an antidote to celebrate life and release Garifuna pain. "While punta the song form symbolizes the retention of culture
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From its original context, punta has been transformed by time and modernity. Before, punta consisted of a dance between a man and woman, where they competed against each other by shaking their hips and moving their feet to the beat of a drum. This theme of sensuality and intimacy was considered
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The music of punta involves responsorial singing accompanied by indigenous membranophones, idiophones, and aerophones. Membranophones are instruments that create sound through a vibrating skin or vellum stretched over an opening, as in all drums. Idiophones are instruments that produce sound
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In a more recent study done in 2009, Amy Serrano took a closer look at Garinagu roots and influence within New Orleans. She notes that during some performances the men partake and the women watch, while others involve both men and women interacting and dancing or solely women performing. These
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Young progressive Garifuna men and women who looked to American style and did not carry on traditions experienced a resurgence of their culture. More artists began composing Garifuna songs to traditional Garifuna rhythms. Their lyrics gave the political, social and economic issues of Belizean
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In their culture, the people refer to themselves as both Garinagu and Garifuna, with Garifuna mainly pertaining to their culture, music, and dance rather than using it to identify their people. There are a variety of possible origins of the
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is sung in Garifuna, with a soloist and a chorus. Although punta music may sound happy, the words can often be sad. One song can be translated as, "Yesterday you were well. Last night you caught a fever. Now in the morning you are dead."
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to teach younger generations of their ancestry. This tradition instills a sense of pride and gives the younger generation a tangible identity to cling to in an environment where globalization can overpower smaller cultures.
476:. Often mixed with Spanish, Punta has a widespread audience due to the immigration of Hondurans and Guatemalans to the United States, other parts of Latin America and Europe, notably
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have had some effect on it. Like calypso and soca, Belizean punta provides social commentary and risqué humor, though the initial wave of punta acts eschewed the former.
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Garifuna people a global platform and inspired a new generation to apply their talents to their own ancestral forms and unique concerns.
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in the Spanish meaning "from point to point", referring to the tips of one's toes or to the movement from place to place.
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influences can be seen in the call and response aspect of punta, as well as the dancing and playing of the instruments.
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dance and music, and to highlight their strong sense of endurance as well as reconnecting back to the ancestors of the
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736:"Gubida illness and religious ritual among the Garifuna of Santa Fe, Honduras: an ethnopsychiatric analysis"
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911:"Andy Palacio and the Garifuna Collective: Reviving the Music of Central America's West African Diaspora"
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Greene, Oliver N., Jr. 2004. "Ethnicity, modernity, and retention in the Garifuna punta".
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sold over 3 million copies of "Sopa De Caracol" ("Conch Soup"), originally written by
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songs about punta - songs such as "Gumagrugu Watah" and "Punta Rock Eena Babylon".
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Belizean punta is distinctive from traditional punta in that songs are usually in
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music are predominantly popular and influential among the entire population in
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764:"Sojourners of the Caribbean: ethnogenesis and ethnohistory of the Garifuna"
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The two principle Garifuna instruments are single-headed drums known as the
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s intended meaning for the Garifuna dance and music it represents. The word
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instruments. Punta rock has grown since the early 1980s to include other
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and from there spread to Garifuna communities in Honduras and Guatemala.
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to the traditional punta rhythm. Cayetano's style caught on quickly in
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Belize Music - The Garifunas. Belize.com Ltd, 2008. Web. 13 May 2010.
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685:"From Punta to Chumba: Garifuna Music and Dance in New Orleans"
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and the Cross Culture Band assisted the acceptance of punta by
187:. Punta is the best-known traditional dance belonging to the
715:. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc
790:"Women and the ancestors: Black Carib kinship and ritual"
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Traditional music and dance performed by Garifuna people
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is an Afro-indigenous dance and cultural music of the
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191:community. It is also known as banguity or bunda.
183:elements which are also the characteristics of the
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568:Punta and Garifuna culture beyond Central America
556:Prominent broadcasters of Punta music include
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843:"Punta's Names Show Different Origins"
738:. University Microfilms International
713:"The Black Carib of British Honduras"
643:Rosenberg, Dan. 1998. Parrandalised.
402:and the Turtle Shell Band introduced
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167:originating prior to their exile to
875:"Interview with Adebisi Akinrimisi"
1035:British Honduras (1862–1981)
391:Popular Punta and Punta rock bands
25:
948:Popular Music: Style and Identity
909:Pryor, Tom (September 1, 2007).
687:. Louisiana Division of the Arts
267:is a Latinization of an ancient
217:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
203:, punta also has a following in
173:Saint Vincent And The Grenadines
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1284:Environmental issues in Belize
792:. University of Illinois Press
766:. University of Illinois Press
734:Bianchi, Cynthia Chamberlain.
374:Evolution and changes in Punta
254:Origins and historical context
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171:from the Caribbean island of
762:Gonzales, Nancie L. Solien.
618:Black Music Research Journal
1030:Battle of St. George's Caye
819:. Wesleyan University. 2003
817:"Virtual Instrument Museum"
630:Punta Dance and Punta Songs
410:, Belize. His songs in the
406:in 1978, at 5 Moho Street,
398:Musician and visual artist
2007:
1309:Water resources management
345:, Guatemala. December 2015
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788:Kearns, Virginia (1983).
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1656:Lean wit It, Rock wit It
711:Taylor, Douglas MacRae.
1930:Novelty and fad dances
455:electronic instruments
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156:Example of Punta music
32:Punta (disambiguation)
877:. Stanford University
845:. Stanford University
547:Belizean Kriol people
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30:For other uses, see
1591:Chicken Noodle Soup
873:Stevens, Kristina.
647:20 nos. 2-3: 47-51.
620:22, no. 2: 189-216.
429:Punta musicians in
66:Typical instruments
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683:Serrano, Amy.
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521:and rarely in
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271:rhythm called
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72:Garifuna drums
69:
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26:
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14:
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1762:Electro dance
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1681:Shoulder Lean
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1606:Cupid Shuffle
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1581:Cabbage Patch
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1153:Chief Justice
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1008:Pre-Columbian
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504:South America
501:
500:United States
497:
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486:
481:
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475:
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461:and electric
460:
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373:
371:
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328:
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319:
315:
309:Role of women
308:
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221:United States
218:
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143:
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124:United States
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54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Punta (music)
1631:Harlem shake
1544:Breakdancing
1523:Street dance
1397:Coat of arms
1354:Prostitution
1339:Demographics
1266:Central bank
1188:Human rights
1163:Constitution
1082:Conservation
947:
925:November 25,
923:. Retrieved
918:
914:
881:November 20,
879:. Retrieved
849:November 20,
847:. Retrieved
823:November 25,
821:. Retrieved
796:November 20,
794:. Retrieved
770:November 20,
768:. Retrieved
742:November 20,
740:. Retrieved
729:
719:November 20,
717:. Retrieved
691:November 25,
689:. Retrieved
652:
644:
625:
617:
575:
571:
555:
543:Lord Rhaburn
539:Calypso Rose
512:
485:Banda Blanca
482:
467:
457:such as the
428:
424:
400:Pen Cayetano
397:
394:
385:
377:
366:
362:
358:
354:
352:
348:
324:
320:
316:
312:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
272:
269:West African
264:
260:
257:
225:
193:
160:
159:
133:Other topics
36:
1910:Headbanging
1721:House dance
1686:Stanky Legg
1676:Running man
1651:Laffy Taffy
1564:Power moves
549:by singing
496:Chico Ramos
463:bass guitar
459:synthesizer
329:Instruments
1975:Categories
1898:Folk dance
1868:Air guitar
1835:Charleston
1822:Jazz dance
1802:Rebolation
1777:Industrial
1772:Hard dance
1754:Rave dance
1596:Crank That
1437:Television
1417:Newspapers
1273:(currency)
1013:Preclassic
921:(3): 43–49
645:Folk Roots
581:References
562:Krem Radio
558:WAVE Radio
404:punta rock
381:punta rock
339:Livingston
248:hunguhungu
219:, and the
142:Punta Rock
1850:Tap dance
1840:Lindy Hop
1797:Para Para
1782:Jumpstyle
1636:John Wall
1601:Crip Walk
1586:Cat Daddy
1576:Bird Walk
1359:Languages
1344:Education
1304:Transport
1173:Elections
1168:Districts
1107:Mountains
1060:Geography
915:Sing Out!
508:Caribbean
470:Reggaeton
281:" in the
213:Nicaragua
209:Guatemala
119:Nicaragua
114:Guatemala
1960:Waacking
1935:Pantsula
1925:Moonwalk
1915:Grinding
1903:Clogging
1883:Capoeira
1830:Cakewalk
1812:X-Outing
1729:Footwork
1691:Twerking
1646:Krumping
1571:Boogaloo
1554:Downrock
1476:Category
1369:Religion
1215:Monarchy
1210:Military
1148:Belmopan
1131:Politics
992:articles
519:Garifuna
506:and the
493:Belizean
489:Honduras
474:Honduras
443:woodwind
408:Dangriga
279:buttocks
228:Garifuna
201:Honduras
197:Garifuna
189:Garifuna
165:Garifuna
104:Honduras
60:Garifuna
1920:Moshing
1893:Flexing
1807:Wu-tang
1739:Jacking
1711:Wu-tang
1696:Turfing
1666:Popping
1661:Locking
1641:Jerkin'
1559:Freezes
1549:Toprock
1531:Hip-hop
1460:Outline
1432:Symbols
1402:Cuisine
1384:Culture
1323:Society
1299:Tourism
1271:Dollar
1261:Bananas
1249:Economy
1102:Islands
1097:Geology
1077:Climate
1018:Classic
1000:History
551:calypso
531:calypso
527:English
523:Spanish
367:segunda
363:primera
359:segunda
355:primera
240:Spanish
236:English
177:African
139:Paranda
81:maracas
76:shekere
1878:Budots
1873:Azonto
1767:Hakken
1734:Hustle
1701:Uprock
1616:Dougie
1539:2 step
1481:Portal
1392:Anthem
1364:People
1349:Health
1279:Energy
1235:Senate
1117:Rivers
1072:Cities
990:
988:Belize
451:string
433:, the
420:Belize
414:added
361:. The
343:Izabal
277:, or "
261:punta'
244:Chumba
205:Belize
181:Arawak
169:Roatan
109:Belize
1955:Tango
1950:Gwoka
1945:Salsa
1860:Other
1845:Swing
1744:Vogue
1671:Robot
1467:Index
1427:Sport
1412:Music
1289:Ports
1092:Flora
1087:Fauna
515:Kriol
483:When
478:Spain
447:brass
439:piano
287:punta
283:Mandé
274:bunda
265:punta
232:Kriol
161:Punta
86:conch
42:Punta
1940:Pogo
1407:Flag
1193:LGBT
927:2013
883:2013
851:2013
825:2013
798:2013
772:2013
744:2013
721:2013
693:2013
560:and
535:soca
533:and
502:and
449:and
357:and
246:and
179:and
1706:Wop
1611:Dab
525:or
517:or
487:of
238:or
1977::
935:^
919:51
917:.
913:.
891:^
859:^
833:^
806:^
780:^
752:^
701:^
663:^
636:^
589:^
564:.
541:,
529:.
510:.
445:,
441:,
435:US
341:,
234:,
230:,
223:.
215:,
211:,
207:,
1515:e
1508:t
1501:v
980:e
973:t
966:v
929:.
885:.
853:.
827:.
800:.
774:.
746:.
723:.
695:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
