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574:, which softens the shell of the chrysalis. Additionally, it uses two sharp claws located on the thick joints at the base of the forewings to help make its way out. Having emerged from the chrysalis, the butterfly will usually sit on the empty shell in order to expand and harden its wings. However, if the chrysalis was near the ground (such as if it fell off from its silk pad), the butterfly would find another vertical surface to rest upon and harden its wings (such as a wall or fence).
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Pupa, chrysalis, and cocoon are frequently confused, but are quite distinct from each other. The pupa is the stage between the larva and adult stages. The chrysalis generally refers to a butterfly pupa although the term may be misleading as there are some moths whose pupae resembles a chrysalis,
233:
Insects emerge (eclose) from pupae by splitting the pupal case. Most butterflies emerge in the morning. In mosquitoes, the emergence is in the evening or night. In fleas, the process is triggered by vibrations that indicate the possible presence of a suitable host. Prior to emergence, the adult
712:, that soften the cocoon. Some cocoons are constructed with built-in lines of weakness along which they will tear easily from inside, or with exit holes that only allow a one-way passage out; such features facilitate the escape of the adult insect after it emerges from the pupal skin.
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665:
then the cocoon is also irritating to the touch. Some larvae attach small twigs, fecal pellets or pieces of vegetation to the outside of their cocoon in an attempt to disguise it from predators. Others spin their cocoon in a concealed location—on the underside of a
288:, pupal mating is an extreme form of reproductive strategy in which the adult male mates with a female pupa about to emerge, or with the newly moulted female; this is accompanied by other actions such as capping of the reproductive system of the female with the
304:
are protected in their pupal stage by ants. Another means of defense by pupae of other species is the capability of making sounds or vibrations to scare potential predators. A few species use chemical defenses including toxic secretions. The pupae of social
916:
514:
When the caterpillar is fully grown, it makes a button of silk which it uses to fasten its body to a leaf or a twig. Then the caterpillar's skin comes off for the final time. Under this old skin is a hard skin called a chrysalis.
554:
Like other types of pupae, the chrysalis stage in most butterflies is one in which there is little movement. However, some butterfly pupae are capable of moving the abdominal segments to produce sounds or to scare away potential
656:
Cocoons may be tough or soft, opaque or translucent, solid or meshlike, of various colors, or composed of multiple layers, depending on the type of insect larva producing it. Many moth caterpillars shed the larval hairs
252:(ants, bees and wasps) the exuvia is so thin and membranous that it becomes "crumpled" as it is shed. Measuring the timing of this emergence is of interest to chronobiologists because the process is regulated by
700:
can be unraveled to harvest silk fibre which makes this moth the most economically important of all lepidopterans. The silk moth is the only completely domesticated lepidopteran; it does not exist in the wild.
213:
268:
158:
stage, or highly active as in mosquitoes. It is during the pupal stage that the adult structures of the insect are formed while the larval structures are broken down. The adult structures grow from
997:
300:
Pupae are usually immobile and are largely defenseless. To overcome this, pupae often are covered with a cocoon, conceal themselves in the environment, or form underground. Some species of
1171:
215:
417:– enclosed in a hardened cuticle of the penultimate larval instar called a puparium. However, the pupa itself is of the exarate adecticous pupal form. (Cyclorrhapha of Dipterans).
592:
develops sharp ridges around the outside called adminicula that allow the pupa to move from its place of concealment inside a tree trunk when it is time for the adult to emerge.
381:– appendages are free and are not usually encapsulated within a cocoon. Decticous pupae are always exarate; some adecticous pupae are as well. (Neuroptera, Trichoptera,
1527:
170:
The pupal stage may last weeks, months, or even years, depending on temperature and the species of insect. For example, the pupal stage lasts eight to fifteen days in
518:
Because chrysalises are often showy and are formed in the open, they are the most familiar examples of pupae. Most chrysalides are attached to a surface by a
1304:
214:
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391:– appendages are attached closely to the body and are commonly encapsulated within a cocoon. Some adecticous pupa are obtect forms. (Most Lepidoptera,
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559:. Within the chrysalis, growth and differentiation occur. The adult butterfly emerges (ecloses) from this and expands its wings by pumping
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pupae are usually dark in color and either formed in underground cells, loose in the soil, or their pupa is contained in a protective
499:. The term is derived from the metallic–gold coloration found in the pupae of many butterflies, referred to by the Ancient Greek term
1568:
1510:
1075:
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Elliott, J. M. "Temperature‐related fluctuations in the timing of emergence and pupation of
Windermere alder‐flies over 30 years."
433:
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830:
704:
Insects that pupate in a cocoon must escape from it, and they do this either by the pupa cutting its way out, or by secreting
95:. The act of becoming a pupa is called pupation, and the act of emerging from the pupal case is called eclosion or emergence.
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Based on whether the pupal appendages are free or attached to the body, the pupae can be classified as one of three types:
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83:. The processes of entering and completing the pupal stage are controlled by the insect's hormones, especially
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moths. A cocoon is a silk case that the larvae of moths, and sometimes other insects, spin around the pupa.
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that are employed in emerging from a cocoon or pupal case, the pupae can be classified in to two types:
71:
undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are
20:
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1382:
Lowe, Tristan; Garwood, Russell P.; Simonsen, Thomas; Bradley, Robert S.; Withers, Philip J. (2013).
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567:, metamorphosis is really the whole series of changes that an insect undergoes from egg to adult.
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into the wing veins. Although this sudden and rapid change from pupa to imago is often called
203:
242:. Once the pharate adult has eclosed from the pupa, the empty pupal exoskeleton is called an
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75:: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages thereof being egg,
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and this last larval "shell" is called a puparium (plural, puparia). Flies of the group
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Tumbler (pupa) of a mosquito. Unlike most pupae, tumblers can swim around actively.
682:. Contrary to popular belief, larvae do not completely liquify inside the cocoon.
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of
Dipterans, Siphonaptera, most Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and few Lepidoptera).
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292:, denying access to other males, or by exuding an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone.
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1384:"Metamorphosis revealed: three dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis"
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154:) in insects with complete metamorphosis. The pupa is a non-feeding, usually
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Newland, D.E. "Eclosion mechanics, mating and ovipositing behaviour of
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187:
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328:– a pupa with articulated mandibles. Examples are pupae of the orders
98:
The pupae of different groups of insects have different names such as
734:
705:
546:
506:
486:
480:
454:
244:
68:
350:– a pupa without articulated mandibles. Examples include the orders
1587:
1139:
Nielsen, Erik Tetens, and J. St Haeger. "Pupation and emergence in
1243:(Illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 739.
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719:
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210:
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family. Pupae may further be enclosed in other structures such as
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76:
38:
25:
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Borror, D. J.; DeLong, Dwight M.; Triplehorn, Charles A. (2004).
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climates pupae usually stay dormant during winter, while in the
121:
1528:"Mutant butterflies reveal the genetic roots of colorful wings"
182:
until the appropriate season to emerge as an adult insect. In
733:
Some pupae remain inside the exoskeleton of the final larval
570:
When emerging, the butterfly uses a liquid, sometimes called
500:
448:
542:
by which the caterpillar fixes itself to the pad of silk. (
534:
hook or hooks protruding from the rear of the chrysalis or
1070:(Sixth ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
1237:
Boggs, Carol L.; Watt, Ward B.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2003).
530:, usually cemented to the underside of a perch, and the
661:) and incorporate them into the cocoon; if these are
16:
Life stage of some insects undergoing transformation
1498:
1331:
1198:
1197:Preston–Mafham, Rod; Preston–Mafham, Ken (1993).
1240:Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight
1170:University of Minnesota Extension, Monarch Lab.
426:"Chrysalis" redirects here. For other uses, see
317:Based on the presence or absence of articulated
1201:The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour
1501:The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity
282:In a few taxa of the Lepidoptera, especially
8:
1271:Chapman, R. F. (Reginald Frederick) (2013).
678:, suspended from a twig or concealed in the
309:are protected by adult members of the hive.
1275:. Cambridge University Press. p. 419.
1205:(Illustrated ed.). MIT Press. p.
596:e.g.: the plume winged moths of the family
1407:
1358:"Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias"
1273:The insects : structure and function
1116:
1091:Aldaz, Silvia; Escudero, Luis M. (2010).
741:have puparia, as do members of the order
256:in many species, necessitating different
1559:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2000).
1540:from the original on September 19, 2017
1058:
760:
653:as a protective covering for the pupa.
588:. The pupa of some species such as the
1388:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1561:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
1486:. Chicago: Benefic Press. p. 41.
543:
7:
1068:Introduction to the Study of Insects
848:Luna moth emerging from pupa within
1563:(2nd ed.). London: Blackwell.
1526:Guarino, Ben (September 19, 2017).
1505:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1008:common Mormon pupa on curry leaves.
60:
1145:Bulletin of Entomological Research
863:Luna moth pupa removed from cocoon
495:) or nympha is the pupal stage of
278:of male with newly emerged female.
14:
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30:Pupa of the rose chafer beetle,
1364:from the original on 2013-05-25
836:Assortment of luna moth cocoons
809:caterpillar spinning its cocoon
190:pupae usually do so during the
696:The silk in the cocoon of the
99:
1:
1590:plus species descriptions at
689:The tough brown cocoon of an
633:A cocoon is a casing spun of
443:) chrysalis illustrating the
1618:Insect developmental biology
547:
507:
487:
481:
455:
260:to measure eclosion timing.
136:The pupal stage follows the
67:) is the life stage of some
1597:Silk worm life cycle photos
1497:Scoble, Malcolm J. (1992).
1307:. Agri Info. Archived from
117:
1636:
1599:(archived 8 November 2012)
674:, down near the base of a
623:Dwarf birch spinner moth (
611:
501:
476:
449:
428:Chrysalis (disambiguation)
425:
140:stage, or in some cases a
89:prothoracicotropic hormone
18:
1436:December 7, 2006, at the
1118:10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.010
772:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
986:Pupa of baron butterfly
922:Specimen of an eclosing
538:at the tip of the pupal
790:Drosophila melanogaster
614:Cocoon (disambiguation)
522:-like arrangement of a
437:Common crow butterfly (
1469:Entomologist's Gazette
1440:Accessed December 2006
1400:10.1098/rsif.2013.0304
957:Centrosema virginianum
730:
693:
630:
468:
460:
279:
225:
208:
132:Position in life cycle
44:
36:
1160:21.3 (1996): 241–247.
1158:Ecological Entomology
1147:45.4 (1954): 757–768.
943:Japanagromyza inferna
723:
688:
645:, and numerous other
626:Eriogaster arbusculae
622:
436:
271:
218:
200:
174:. The pupa may enter
42:
29:
21:Pupa (disambiguation)
1482:Darby, Gene (1958).
1330:Darby, Gene (1958).
1172:"Monarch Life Cycle"
1141:Aedes taeniorhynchus
612:For other uses, see
447:origin of the term:
302:Lycaenid butterflies
207:emerging from cocoon
144:stage, and precedes
19:For other uses, see
1533:The Washington Post
1484:What is a Butterfly
1334:What is a Butterfly
1109:2010CBio...20.R429A
727:Eupeodes americanus
708:, sometimes called
491:, also known as an
407:Coleopterans, many
275:Catopsilia pyranthe
172:monarch butterflies
1311:on 4 February 2017
731:
694:
631:
461:
280:
226:
209:
45:
37:
1613:Insect physiology
1282:978-0-521-11389-2
1250:978-0-226-06318-8
1216:978-0-262-16137-4
1103:(10): R429–R431.
989:Euthalia aconthea
908:Monarch butterfly
272:Mating in pierid
234:inside the pupal
216:
204:Hercus fontinalis
112:for those of the
104:for the pupae of
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1451:The Entomologist
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1394:(84). 20130304.
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1174:. Archived from
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1093:"Imaginal discs"
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807:emperor gum moth
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691:emperor gum moth
663:urticating hairs
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526:pad spun by the
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254:circadian clocks
222:Papilio dardanus
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85:juvenile hormone
62:
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1438:Wayback Machine
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1305:"Types of Pupa"
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1182:20 September
1180:. Retrieved
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743:Strepsiptera
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724:Puparium of
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440:Euploea core
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409:Chalcidoidea
388:
383:Cyclorrhapha
379:Exarate pupa
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368:Siphonaptera
352:Strepsiptera
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1592:Insecta.pro
1588:Pupa photos
1338:. Chicago:
1256:16 November
1222:16 November
925:Dryas iulia
850:silk cocoon
787:Fruit fly (
751:Aleyrodidae
739:Muscomorpha
680:leaf litter
590:hornet moth
528:caterpillar
497:butterflies
488:chrysalides
389:Obtect pupa
360:Hymenoptera
342:Lepidoptera
338:Trichoptera
236:exoskeleton
106:butterflies
1607:Categories
1368:2013-01-20
1342:. p.
1143:(Wied.)."
1053:References
747:Hemipteran
745:, and the
676:tree trunk
561:haemolymph
532:cremastral
485:, plural:
482:chrysallís
469:chrysallis
459:) for gold
397:Brachycera
393:Nematocera
356:Coleoptera
330:Neuroptera
285:Heliconius
248:; in most
238:is termed
192:dry season
51:(from
1291:794624696
1037:Bee brood
940:Pupae of
928:butterfly
910:chrysalis
893:Aglais io
822:Luna moth
710:cocoonase
698:silk moth
602:geometrid
600:and some
572:cocoonase
557:predators
548:kremastos
536:cremaster
477:χρυσαλλίς
422:Chrysalis
344:families.
334:Mecoptera
319:mandibles
229:Emergence
184:temperate
146:adulthood
101:chrysalis
1538:Archived
1434:Archived
1418:23676900
1362:Archived
1315:28 April
1127:20504747
1031:See also
1025:emerging
971:Pupa of
948:gall fly
716:Puparium
637:by many
629:) cocoon
340:and few
290:sphragis
180:diapause
176:dormancy
166:Duration
142:prepupal
114:mosquito
93:ecdysone
1544:July 6,
1409:3673169
1105:Bibcode
757:Gallery
749:family
706:enzymes
672:crevice
670:, in a
649:insect
540:abdomen
508:chrysós
493:aurelia
471:, from
456:chrysós
364:Diptera
296:Defense
240:pharate
188:tropics
156:sessile
118:cocoons
110:tumbler
69:insects
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735:instar
651:larvae
608:Cocoon
586:cocoon
524:silken
520:Velcro
502:χρυσός
450:χρυσός
258:assays
245:exuvia
201:Adult
138:larval
126:shells
91:, and
1042:Larva
950:, in
659:setae
639:moths
465:Latin
313:Types
151:imago
124:, or
122:nests
81:imago
77:larva
65:pupae
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53:Latin
1565:ISBN
1546:2024
1507:ISBN
1431:AMNH
1414:PMID
1317:2016
1287:OCLC
1277:ISBN
1258:2010
1245:ISBN
1224:2010
1211:ISBN
1184:2017
1123:PMID
1072:ISBN
1047:Silk
952:gall
946:, a
775:pupa
668:leaf
641:and
635:silk
582:silk
578:Moth
403:and
395:and
366:and
108:and
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1467:".
1404:PMC
1396:doi
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544:Gr.
178:or
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