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The purple-throated mountain-gem breeds between
October and April, the rainy season. The female is entirely responsible for nest building, incubation, and nestling care. The nest is a thick-walled open cup of plant fibers with moss and lichen on the outside. It is placed in the understory, on bamboo
402:
Adult females of the nominate subspecies have bright metallic green upperparts that are somewhat bluish on the uppertail coverts and a bit bronzish elsewhere. The face is mostly blackish. The throat, breast, and belly are tawny yellow and the undertail coverts dull white to tawny buff. The central
607:
has assessed the purple-throated mountaingem as being of Least
Concern. Its population is estimated to be between 50,000 and 500,000 mature individuals but is thought to be decreasing. No specific threats have been identified. Though some of its habitat has been altered by humans, much remains
382:
The purple-throated mountaingem is 10 to 11.5 cm (3.9 to 4.5 in) long and weighs 4.5 to 6 g (0.16 to 0.21 oz). Both sexes of all subspecies have a medium-length straight black bill, a white to pale buff stripe behind the eye, and a fairly long tail.
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have a deeper purple gorget than the nominate. The green of their neck and upperatail coverts is significantly darker than the nominates, and their belly and undertail coverts are also darker, with a smaller area of metallic green on the breast.
494:
The purple-throated mountaingem feeds mostly on nectar. Males defend patches of flowers from other hummingbird species, from males of its own species, and also from females after courtship. Females are less territorial and often feed by
421:
are similar to those of the nominate but have a darker gray breast and belly. Females' upperparts are more bluish green than the nominate's, their central tail feathers darker bronze-green, and their underparts darker and more reddish.
359:) as a single species. Others have kept the purple-throated separate but lumped the other two as a single species. These three species form a closely related group that evolved some 3.5 million years ago and has diversified since.
398:
is metallic violet or purple. The breast is bright metallic green with duller flanks and belly that tend to bronzy green or gray. The undertail coverts are deep bronzy gray with paler gray margins. The tail is dull blue-black.
473:, where it favors steep slopes and broken terrain. In central Costa Rica it ranges in elevation from 1,200 to 2,500 m (3,900 to 8,200 ft) and is found as low as 800 m (2,600 ft) in northern Costa Rica.
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or in a small tree, and typically about 2 m (7 ft) above the ground. The female incubates the clutch of two white eggs for 17 to 18 days and fledging occurs 22 to 23 days after hatch.
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14 to 21 mm (0.55 to 0.83 in) long by 3.5 to 8 mm (0.14 to 0.31 in) wide, females far more often than males utilize plants with longer and thinner corollas.
390:
have a glittering emerald green to bluish green forehead and crown. The rest of their upperparts are metallic bronze-green that shades to bluish or grass green on the uppertail
406:
Immature males of the nominate subspecies are much like the adult female, but with a dusky chin and throat and brownish gray undertail coverts with dull white margins.
403:
tail feathers and the upper half of the others are dull metallic green or bronze green. The lower half of the outer tail feathers are mostly black with pale gray tips.
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The purple-throated mountaingem's song is "high, thin, and dry, a complex medley of sputtering and warbling notes." A frequently heard call is variously described as "
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GarcĂa-Moreno, Jaime; CortĂ©s, NandadevĂ; GarcĂa-Deras, Gabriela M.; Hernández-Baños, Blanca E. (2006). "Local origin and diversification among
1153:
1026:
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untouched, and "studies attest to the strong resiliency of Purple-throated
Mountain-gem populations in the face of habitat alteration."
1135:. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club: Number 7. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nuttall Ornithological Club. pp. 45–50.
919:
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443:
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The purple-throated mountaingem's taxonomy is somewhat unsettled. As late as 1999 various authors have treated it, the
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486:
In some areas the purple-throated mountaingem moves to as low as 300 m (980 ft) after the breeding season.
1361:
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124:
964:), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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from a perch. Females hover-glean, often beating their wings against foliage which apparently flushes prey.
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1182:
741:
916:
Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife
International digital checklist of the birds of the world
760:
718:
625:
Composite showing the effect of light reflection on colors of male's gorget, Mount
Totumas cloud forest,
1260:
595:." It also gives "higher-pitched, scratchy, chattering notes" when interacting with other hummingbirds.
522:
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The purple-throated mountaingem currently (2022) is its own species with three subspecies, the nominate
232:
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Like most hummingbirds, the purple-throated mountaingem also feeds on insectes. Males capture them by
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http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip
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The species takes nectar from a wide variety of flowers. It is the primary pollinator of
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1087:"The role of flower width in hummingbird bill length-flower length relationships"
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of purple-throated mountaingem is found from far southwestern
Nicaragua to the
1421:
1045:
Fenster, Charles B. (1991). "Selection on Floral
Morphology by Hummingbirds".
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Temeles, E.J.; Linhart, Y.B.; Masonjones, M.; Masonjones, H.D. (2002).
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Females have slightly longer bills than males. There is some degree of
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Fogden, Michael; Taylor, Marianne; Williamson, Sheri L. (2014).
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Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2022).
844:}}: |volume= / |doi= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch (
525:
between the sexes. Though both prefer flowers with a
1148:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. pp. 226–227.
1437:
1189:
569:
Listen to purple-throated mountaingem on xeno-canto
827:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22729036A167019920.en
1133:Life Histories of Central American Highland Birds
960:Peters, J. (2020). Purple-throated Mountain-gem (
394:. Much of the face is dusky bronze green and the
1019:Hummingbirds: A Life-size Guide to Every Species
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1171:Purple-throated Mountain-Gem photo gallery
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462:and probably also in southern Costa Rica.
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438:in northwestern Costa Rica. The nominate
1545:Birds of the Talamancan montane forests
791:
758:Up to c.20 times as long as wide, e.g.
739:Up to c.40 mm (1.6 in), e.g.
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386:Adult males of the nominate subspecies
914:HBW and BirdLife International (2020)
797:
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984:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
982:hummingbirds: A Mesoamerican taxon".
966:https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ptmgem.01
700:). Other foodplants include assorted
7:
450:of northern and central Costa Rica.
1530:IUCN Red List least concern species
1021:. HarperCollins. pp. 308–309.
813:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
465:The species inhabits humid montane
1146:A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica
1106:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00243.x
587:" or "a sharp, penetrating, buzzy
25:
633:
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454:is found in western Panama from
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802:BirdLife International (2020).
1129:"Purple-throated mountain-gem"
804:"Purple-throated Mountain-gem
1:
661:Stenostephanus blepharorachis
1173:at VIREO (Drexel University)
35:Purple-throated mountaingem
1555:Taxa named by Osbert Salvin
996:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.015
303:purple-throated mountaingem
18:Purple-throated Mountaingem
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345:white-throated mountaingem
918:Version 5. Available at:
820:: e.T22729036A167019920.
446:and northern part of the
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120:Scientific classification
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687:Palicourea lasiorrhachis
436:Cordillera de Guanacaste
426:Distribution and habitat
339:Taxonomy and systematics
1550:Birds described in 1865
511:Palicourea lasiorrachis
448:Cordillera de Talamanca
353:gray-tailed mountaingem
771:Burmeistera tenuiflora
742:Guzmania nicaraguensis
27:Species of hummingbird
968:retrieved 18 May 2022
922:retrieved 27 May 2021
523:niche differentiation
1427:Lampornis-calolaemus
1221:Lampornis calolaemus
1191:Lampornis calolaemus
1142:Skutch, Alexander F.
1125:Skutch, Alexander F.
962:Lampornis calolaemus
860:"Appendices | CITES"
806:Lampornis calolaemus
417:Males of subspecies
409:Males of subspecies
308:Lampornis calolaemus
242:Lampornis calolaemus
894:IOC World Bird List
761:Dicliptera trifurca
719:Psammisia ramiflora
284:Lampornis calolaema
73:Conservation status
49:Male in Costa Rica
1540:Birds of Nicaragua
1439:Oreopyra calolaema
444:Coreillera Central
349:L. castaneoventris
311:) is a species of
224:L. calolaemus
1517:
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1502:Open Tree of Life
1396:Open Tree of Life
1183:Taxon identifiers
1155:978-0-8014-9600-4
1140:Stiles, F. Gary;
1028:978-0-06-228064-0
677:Besleria triflora
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456:ChiriquĂ Province
323:. It is found in
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467:evergreen forest
442:is found in the
440:L. c. calolaemus
432:L. c. pectoralis
411:L. c. pectoralis
388:L. c. calolaemus
368:L. c. pectoralis
364:L. c. calolaemus
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579:Vocalization
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1370:Neotropical
1318:iNaturalist
1215:Wikispecies
900:January 15,
766:Acanthaceae
666:Acanthaceae
497:trap-lining
471:cloudforest
430:Subspecies
378:Description
321:Trochilinae
313:hummingbird
200:Trochilidae
190:Apodiformes
106:Appendix II
1524:Categories
1422:Xeno-canto
1094:Biotropica
1047:Biotropica
869:2022-01-14
786:References
325:Costa Rica
65:Costa Rica
63:Female in
1535:Lampornis
1454:Q41009851
980:Lampornis
864:cites.org
842:cite iucn
714:Ericaceae
698:Rubiaceae
516:Rubiaceae
329:Nicaragua
315:in tribe
267:Range of
218:Species:
211:Lampornis
180:Strisores
143:Kingdom:
137:Eukaryota
1448:Wikidata
1409:Species+
1349:22729036
1248:22729036
1243:BirdLife
1200:Wikidata
1144:(1989).
1127:(1967).
1004:16257241
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540:Breeding
482:Movement
477:Behavior
276:Synonyms
196:Family:
157:Chordata
153:Phylum:
147:Animalia
133:Domain:
93:IUCN 3.1
1507:7663339
1494:1149820
1481:9066509
1310:2476738
1230:Avibase
1206:Q838353
1067:2388696
612:Gallery
534:hawking
527:corolla
490:Feeding
392:coverts
252:, 1865)
206:Genus:
186:Order:
163:Class:
108: (
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1388:199080
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716:(e.g.
627:Panama
599:Status
396:gorget
370:, and
351:) and
333:Panama
331:, and
290:lapsus
250:Salvin
1468:8KD6P
1292:eBird
1284:3S3HF
1268:BOW:
1261:98064
1090:(PDF)
1063:JSTOR
646:Notes
585:trrrt
174:Clade
110:CITES
104:CITES
1489:ITIS
1476:GBIF
1414:3845
1357:NCBI
1344:IUCN
1331:ITIS
1323:5840
1305:GBIF
1256:BOLD
1150:ISBN
1023:ISBN
1000:PMID
902:2022
846:help
835:2022
818:2020
726:and
690:and
674:and
605:IUCN
603:The
593:zeep
589:zeet
508:and
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