2716:
386:
273:. Protesters were warned to disperse, but instead knelt in the street. When the cannon was turned on them, some protesters remained kneeling while others fled; some had their feet knocked out from under them by the force of the jet. In Adderley Street, shoppers ran for cover, their eyes streaming, and a young couple with a baby in a pram were hurriedly ushered into a shop which then locked its doors.
332:, now their police have created another problem. They, the government, have made 'provision' for the so-called coloureds and Indians -- how are they going to accommodate the 'purple people? Perhaps the next time they use their water cannon, they would like to consult with their voters as to which colour is fashionable."
287:
A group of about 50 protesters streaming with purple dye ran from Burg Street down to the parade. They were followed by another group of clergymen and others who were stopped in Plein Street. Some were then arrested. On the Parade, a large contingent of policemen arrested everyone they could find who
339:. "As the controversy continues over who is to pay for the clean-up of buildings, streets, cars and clothing sprayed purple by police during Saturday's Mass Democratic Movement's attempted march to parliament, police announced that they would release details of the effects of the dye."
304:
Graffiti artists at the weekend sprayed several Cape Town suburban railway stations with slogans reading: Release our leaders, Free our leaders, unban the ANC and
Forward to purple people's power, -- a reference to the police use of purple dye in the water cannon directed against
288:
had purple dye on them. When they were booed by the crowd, police dispersed them. About 250 protesters marching under a banner stating "The People Shall Govern" dispersed at the intersection of
Darling Street and Sir Lowry Road after being stopped by police.
342:"A spokesperson for the police directorate of public relations said they had approached their forensic science division to prepare a report on the effects of the dye -- including whether it would eventually wash off and possible solutions for washing."
345:
A later statement reported that the dye was a "harmless substance" which was mixed with water and could be washed off clothing with soap and water. Walls sprayed with the dye could be cleaned using a mixture of one part
252:
was fired and the crowd that had knelt defiantly in the purple jet fled. Adderley Street was closed to traffic as scores of shops and businesses closed their doors. More than 500 people were arrested, including Dr
2525:
673:
1303:
2092:
1550:
1254:
2695:
2629:
2702:
2197:
1470:
1261:
666:
2786:
2511:
2490:
2351:
1268:
2745:
2113:
1463:
2029:
1945:
1400:
1379:
2771:
2483:
1310:
1518:
2720:
2162:
659:
1139:
2776:
2546:
2407:
2330:
1620:
2791:
2688:
2476:
2211:
1543:
1021:
959:
2469:
2274:
2022:
1903:
1486:
261:
academic Dr. Charles Villa-Vicencio, Western Cape
Council of Churches official Rev. Pierre van den Heever, lawyer Essa Moosa, and 52 journalists.
243:
2316:
357:
was inspired by the "purple drama" as well as the 50th anniversary of the start of WW2 to deliver a passionate sermon on "fascism in the city".
83:
2737:
2567:
2532:
2050:
1247:
968:
1102:
2441:
2008:
354:
2657:
2448:
2358:
1980:
220:
2594:
2539:
2455:
2302:
1966:
1529:
1196:
1166:
44:
1079:
2766:
2553:
2518:
2462:
1987:
1952:
1641:
1090:
1356:
1349:
2781:
2337:
2204:
2183:
2141:
1683:
609:
582:
2267:
2106:
1275:
1189:
1132:
424:
2497:
2260:
2176:
2057:
2043:
2015:
1282:
1226:
1435:
2246:
2155:
1910:
1669:
39:
328:"What about the purple people?" a reader asked the Cape Times' Teleletters. "Not only has the government messed up with the
269:
The police were using a new water cannon with purple dye whose purpose was to stain protesters for later identification and
2761:
2400:
2386:
2309:
2190:
2148:
2127:
2001:
1564:
1442:
1210:
932:
277:
239:
143:
227:
supporters who poured into the city in an attempt to march on South Africa's
Parliament. White office blocks adjacent to
2796:
2664:
2608:
2434:
2323:
2295:
2232:
1924:
1782:
1449:
2601:
2504:
2379:
2288:
2134:
1493:
451:
320:
The slogan was used as the title of a book, "The Purple shall govern: a South
African A to Z of nonviolent action".
2071:
1592:
1500:
1456:
1233:
1111:
1010:
2615:
2253:
2085:
2078:
2036:
1750:
1697:
1585:
1536:
1317:
975:
2427:
1690:
1342:
224:
133:
982:
2064:
1959:
1826:
1676:
1557:
1289:
1072:
542:
258:
76:
1634:
1599:
801:
2169:
2099:
1994:
1889:
1743:
1393:
1173:
1086:
881:
701:
476:
329:
276:
A lone protester, Philip Ivey, redirected the water cannon toward the local headquarters of the ruling
1917:
1803:
1571:
1507:
1240:
1003:
996:
948:
731:
366:
148:
2372:
2344:
2218:
1736:
1729:
1662:
1627:
1578:
1058:
865:
517:
1065:
376:
281:
228:
72:
246:), was sprayed purple and the force of the jet smashed windows in the Central Methodist Church.
313:", appeared on the old Townhouse in Greenmarket Square. The statement is play on words of the
2650:
2636:
1973:
1789:
1613:
1203:
793:
723:
605:
578:
432:
347:
2574:
1938:
1648:
1428:
1118:
873:
841:
777:
574:
43:
Cover of "Die Suid-Afrikaan", showing purple rain shower. Afrikaans headline translates to "
1896:
1810:
1704:
1372:
1296:
1217:
941:
825:
817:
809:
785:
314:
296:
After the riot, somebody sprayed graffiti that would make it into the history books. The
2643:
2365:
2239:
1882:
1796:
1479:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1125:
1051:
897:
857:
280:. The headquarters, along with the historic, white-painted Old Town House, overlooking
2755:
2560:
2281:
1386:
1365:
1335:
1328:
1037:
651:
413:
Weekend Argus, "Purple Rain halts city demo", front page, Saturday, 2 September 1989
2741:
2225:
1834:
1655:
1606:
769:
683:
391:
335:"Who's going to pay for the city's day of purple spray?" asked Don Holliday of the
254:
232:
216:
173:
17:
568:
599:
504:"Purple Water Cannons: Why would the police spray protesters with colored water?"
1818:
761:
385:
231:
were sprayed purple four stories high as a protester leapt onto the roof of the
235:
vehicle, seized the nozzle and attempted to turn the jet away from the crowds.
2393:
1931:
1044:
989:
849:
833:
634:
381:
336:
297:
436:
98:
85:
1852:
1843:
1774:
1180:
1157:
1146:
212:
208:
2622:
2120:
1765:
889:
746:
371:
249:
1030:
38:
1757:
913:
692:
270:
601:
The Purple Shall Govern: a South
African A to Z of Nonviolent Action
223:. A police water cannon with purple dye was turned on thousands of
503:
905:
655:
242:. The historic Town House, a national monument (now known as a
570:
Every Step of the Way: The
Journey to Freedom in South Africa
238:
624:
New House for purple people?, Cape Times, 5 September 1989
604:. Oxford University Press, Centre for Intergroup Studies.
452:"Rioters could be sprayed with dye says David Cameron"
2678:
2584:
2417:
1872:
1863:
1721:
1517:
1156:
1101:
1020:
958:
931:
924:
690:
598:Dene Smuts; Shauna Westcott; Margaret Nash (1991).
409:
407:
162:
122:
114:
67:
52:
31:
543:"SAHA / Sunday Times Heritage Project - Memorials"
2744:' memorial page for the protest, including the
1471:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
317:'s declaration that "The people shall govern".
302:
667:
8:
309:Another piece of anti-apartheid graffiti, "
219:'s racially segregated parliament held its
1869:
928:
674:
660:
652:
646:Cape Times, Tuesday, 5 September 1989, pg9
477:"500 Arrested During Protest in Cape Town"
37:
28:
425:"Top 10 Most Influential Protests - TIME"
2746:only existing video footage of the event
1544:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1140:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
403:
1621:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
567:Michael Morris; John Linnegar (2004).
215:on 2 September 1989, four days before
2787:Political terminology in South Africa
637:, font page, Tuesday 5 September 1989
7:
573:. South Africa: HSRC Press. p.
350:to 100 parts water and then rinsed.
1551:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1197:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
518:"The Sunday Times Heritage Project"
423:Rosenfeld, Everett (28 June 2011).
2772:Civil disobedience in South Africa
502:Leibenluft, Jacob (12 June 2008).
25:
2703:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
2338:South African Party (Cape Colony)
2777:Events associated with apartheid
2715:
2714:
384:
2792:September 1989 events in Africa
2352:South African Party (1977–1980)
2345:South African Party (1911–1934)
2261:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
2058:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
450:Mirror.co.uk (11 August 2011).
284:, were doused with purple dye.
1670:2019 service delivery protests
1656:#FeesMustFall student protests
1401:1983 constitutional referendum
353:The Rev. Herbert Brand of the
1:
2128:Johannesburg Reform Committee
1357:Israel–South Africa Agreement
750:
735:
712:
705:
522:South African History Archive
1783:Black Consciousness Movement
1537:Government of National Unity
1494:Saint James Church massacre
1380:Weapons of mass destruction
2813:
1234:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
1112:South West Africa campaign
1011:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
976:French Huguenot settlement
56:2 September 1989
2767:20th century in Cape Town
2738:"The Purple Shall Govern"
2712:
2689:African National Congress
2149:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
1487:1992 apartheid referendum
167:
127:
36:
2782:Protests in South Africa
2142:Labour Party (1969–1994)
2135:Labour Party (1910–1958)
1691:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
1649:#RhodesMustFall protests
1248:1960 republic referendum
244:provincial heritage site
225:Mass Democratic Movement
134:Mass Democratic Movement
2587:terrorist organisations
1677:2019 Johannesburg riots
1290:Constructive engagement
1255:International isolation
1073:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
311:The purple shall govern
77:Cape Town, South Africa
1600:Attack on Kennedy Road
1211:Congress of the People
802:South African Republic
307:
178:Charles Villa-Vicencio
118:anti-apartheid protest
2170:Natal Indian Congress
1890:Afrikaner Broederbond
1744:Afrikaner nationalism
1530:1994 general election
1501:Bophuthatswana crisis
1394:Church Street bombing
1174:Apartheid legislation
1167:1948 general election
1087:South Africa Act 1909
882:Union of South Africa
702:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
682:Political history of
355:Dutch Reformed Church
184:Pierre van den Heever
99:33.92222°S 18.42056°E
2762:1989 in South Africa
1804:Greater South Africa
1642:2014 platinum strike
1508:Shell House massacre
1436:Transkei coup d'état
1241:Sharpeville massacre
1004:Battle of Blaauwberg
997:Battle of Muizenberg
949:Battle of Salt River
732:Mthethwa Paramountcy
367:1989 in South Africa
149:South African Police
2797:Events in Cape Town
2696:Democratic Alliance
1873:Civic and political
1737:Afrikaner Calvinism
1730:African nationalism
1579:African Renaissance
1269:UNSC Resolution 591
1190:Internal resistance
1091:National Convention
1059:Transvaal Civil War
983:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
866:Orange River Colony
197:Purple Rain Protest
104:-33.92222; 18.42056
95: /
32:Purple Rain protest
18:Purple Rain Protest
1443:Ciskei coup d'état
1262:UN Resolution 1761
1227:Women's March 1956
1080:South African Wars
1066:Mineral Revolution
483:. 3 September 1989
377:Civil disobedience
300:told it this way:
282:Greenmarket Square
229:Greenmarket Square
201:Purple Rain Revolt
73:Greenmarket Square
2728:
2727:
2681:political parties
2674:
2673:
2651:Orde van die Dood
2268:Progressive Party
1974:Congress Alliance
1790:Cape Independence
1722:Political culture
1717:
1716:
1684:COVID-19 pandemic
1614:Marikana massacre
1450:Venda coup d'état
1204:Defiance Campaign
794:Orange Free State
724:Dutch Cape Colony
481:Los Angeles Times
348:hydrochloric acid
330:tricameral system
305:demonstrators....
193:
192:
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
2804:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2585:Paramilitary and
2577:
2575:Umkosi Wezintaba
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2420:social movements
2418:Trade unions and
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1939:Boerestaat Party
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1870:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1710:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1429:Dakar Conference
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1352:
1350:Israeli alliance
1345:
1338:
1331:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1304:Sporting boycott
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1276:Academic boycott
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1133:Great Depression
1128:
1121:
1119:Maritz rebellion
1114:
1094:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
969:Dutch settlement
951:
944:
942:Bantu migrations
929:
917:
909:
901:
893:
885:
877:
874:Transvaal Colony
869:
861:
853:
845:
842:Nieuwe Republiek
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
778:Natalia Republic
773:
765:
757:
755:
752:
747:Ndwandwe Kingdom
742:
740:
737:
727:
719:
717:
714:
710:
707:
676:
669:
662:
653:
647:
644:
638:
631:
625:
622:
616:
615:
595:
589:
588:
564:
558:
557:
555:
553:
547:sthp.saha.org.za
539:
533:
532:
530:
528:
514:
508:
507:
499:
493:
492:
490:
488:
473:
467:
466:
464:
462:
447:
441:
440:
420:
414:
411:
394:
389:
388:
211:protest held in
205:Purple Rain Riot
129:
128:
110:
109:
107:
106:
105:
100:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
63:
61:
41:
29:
21:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2752:
2751:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2086:HNP (Herstigte)
2084:
2079:HNP (Herenigde)
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1897:Afrikaner Party
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1811:Honorary whites
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1713:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1572:Soweto bombings
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1373:Soweto Uprising
1371:
1364:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1297:Tar Baby Option
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:Freedom Charter
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1097:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
954:
947:
940:
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
818:Griqualand West
816:
810:Griqualand East
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
768:
760:
753:
745:
738:
730:
722:
715:
708:
700:
686:
680:
650:
645:
641:
632:
628:
623:
619:
612:
597:
596:
592:
585:
566:
565:
561:
551:
549:
541:
540:
536:
526:
524:
516:
515:
511:
501:
500:
496:
486:
484:
475:
474:
470:
460:
458:
449:
448:
444:
422:
421:
417:
412:
405:
401:
390:
383:
363:
326:
315:Freedom Charter
294:
267:
189:
188:
187:
154:
153:
136:
103:
101:
97:
94:
89:
86:
84:
82:
81:
80:
79:
59:
57:
48:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2733:
2732:External links
2730:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2644:Ossewabrandwag
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2387:Unionist Party
2383:
2376:
2369:
2366:Torch Commando
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2240:Orde Boerevolk
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2016:DP (1989–2000)
2012:
2009:DP (1973–1977)
2005:
2002:Dominion Party
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1883:Afrikaner Bond
1878:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1797:Day of the Vow
1793:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1565:Floor crossing
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1480:Bisho massacre
1476:
1475:
1474:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1422:Operation Vula
1418:
1415:Rubicon speech
1411:
1408:Langa massacre
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1126:Rand Rebellion
1122:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1052:Boer Republics
1048:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
964:
962:
956:
955:
953:
952:
945:
937:
935:
926:
922:
921:
919:
918:
910:
902:
898:Bophuthatswana
894:
886:
878:
870:
862:
858:Klein Vrystaat
854:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
743:
728:
720:
697:
695:
688:
687:
681:
679:
678:
671:
664:
656:
649:
648:
639:
626:
617:
610:
590:
583:
559:
534:
509:
494:
468:
442:
415:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
380:
379:
374:
369:
362:
359:
325:
322:
293:
290:
278:National Party
266:
263:
240:National Party
191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
144:National Party
140:
139:
137:
132:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
71:
69:
65:
64:
54:
50:
49:
42:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2809:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:Die Spoorbund
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:Workers Party
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:Radio Freedom
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:Oranjewerkers
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:organisations
1871:
1868:
1866:organisations
1862:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:Tshwane riots
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:Project Coast
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:Mafeje affair
1363:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:Durban Moment
1333:
1330:
1329:Rivonia Trial
1326:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:Disinvestment
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:1820 Settlers
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
987:
984:
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
965:
963:
961:
957:
950:
946:
943:
939:
938:
936:
934:
930:
927:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
748:
744:
733:
729:
725:
721:
703:
699:
698:
696:
694:
689:
685:
677:
672:
670:
665:
663:
658:
657:
654:
643:
640:
636:
630:
627:
621:
618:
613:
611:9780195706598
607:
603:
602:
594:
591:
586:
584:0-7969-2061-3
580:
576:
572:
571:
563:
560:
548:
544:
538:
535:
523:
519:
513:
510:
505:
498:
495:
482:
478:
472:
469:
457:
453:
446:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
419:
416:
410:
408:
404:
398:
393:
387:
382:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
360:
358:
356:
351:
349:
343:
340:
338:
333:
331:
323:
321:
318:
316:
312:
306:
301:
299:
291:
289:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
183:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
166:
161:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
131:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
108:
78:
74:
70:
66:
55:
51:
46:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
2742:Sunday Times
2719:
2679:Histories of
2380:United Party
2289:Reform Party
2226:Orangia Unie
1851:
1842:
1835:Swart gevaar
1833:
1817:
1773:
1764:
1705:
1607:Blikkiesdorp
933:Pre-colonial
786:Natal Colony
770:Zulu Kingdom
684:South Africa
642:
629:
620:
600:
593:
569:
562:
550:. Retrieved
546:
537:
525:. Retrieved
521:
512:
497:
485:. Retrieved
480:
471:
459:. Retrieved
455:
445:
428:
418:
392:1980s portal
352:
344:
341:
334:
327:
319:
310:
308:
303:
295:
286:
275:
268:
255:Allan Boesak
248:
237:
233:water cannon
217:South Africa
207:was an anti-
204:
200:
196:
194:
174:Allan Boesak
163:Lead figures
45:ELECTION '89
26:
1819:Rooi gevaar
1698:2021 unrest
1628:Nkandlagate
1457:Third Force
1318:Rugby union
916:(1981–1994)
908:(1979–1994)
900:(1977–1994)
892:(1976–1994)
884:(1910–1961)
876:(1902–1910)
868:(1902–1910)
860:(1886–1891)
852:(1885–1887)
844:(1884–1888)
836:(1882–1885)
828:(1882–1883)
820:(1870–1873)
812:(1861–1879)
804:(1856–1902)
796:(1854–1902)
788:(1843–1910)
780:(1839–1843)
772:(1816–1897)
764:(1795–1910)
762:Cape Colony
754: 1780
739: 1780
726:(1652–1806)
716: 1220
709: 1075
527:28 December
487:24 February
461:22 February
102: /
2756:Categories
2630:Greyshirts
2394:Volksparty
1932:Black Sash
1593:Xenophobia
1586:Travelgate
1343:Border War
1147:Bantustans
1045:Great Trek
990:Xhosa Wars
850:Upingtonia
834:Stellaland
635:Cape Argus
399:References
337:Cape Argus
298:Cape Times
181:Essa Moosa
90:18°25′14″E
87:33°55′20″S
60:1989-09-02
1853:Volkstaat
1844:Uitlander
1775:Boerehaat
1751:Anarchism
1558:Arms Deal
1521:apartheid
1181:Pass laws
1158:Apartheid
1103:1910–1948
1022:1815–1910
960:1652–1815
437:0040-781X
221:elections
213:Cape Town
209:apartheid
2721:Category
2623:Boeremag
2121:Jeugkrag
2072:Het Volk
1766:Baasskap
1708:incident
1311:Olympics
890:Transkei
693:polities
691:Defunct
506:. Slate.
372:Activism
361:See also
324:Comments
292:Graffiti
250:Tear gas
68:Location
2526:SAAPAWU
1864:Defunct
1827:Slavery
1031:Mfecane
552:6 March
123:Parties
115:Methods
58: (
2740:- the
2477:FOSATU
2331:SAYRCO
2303:SADECO
2219:Occupy
1758:Azania
1706:Lady R
1635:Racism
1464:CODESA
925:Events
914:Ciskei
826:Goshen
756:–1819)
741:–1817)
608:
581:
456:mirror
435:
271:arrest
265:Climax
2658:PAGAD
2554:SATUC
2547:SARHU
2533:SACTU
2512:NURHS
2470:FNETU
2456:CTSWU
2449:CNETU
2442:BLATU
2324:SAYCO
2212:NUSAS
2093:IDASA
1904:AITUP
1519:Post-
906:Venda
2665:SANF
2595:APLA
2540:SAIF
2519:PAWE
2505:NEUM
2498:MUSA
2463:FCWU
2408:WOSA
2359:TNIP
2317:SASO
2310:SAIC
2296:SABP
2247:PAVN
1981:COSG
1960:CTEG
1953:CNIP
633:The
606:ISBN
579:ISBN
554:2016
529:2015
489:2021
463:2021
433:ISSN
429:Time
195:The
53:Date
2616:BBB
2609:AWB
2602:ARM
2568:UDF
2491:IWW
2484:ICU
2435:BCM
2428:APF
2373:UFP
2275:PRP
2254:PFP
2205:NRP
2198:NPP
2184:NNP
2177:NLP
2163:NCP
2114:ISL
2065:GNP
2037:ECC
2030:DSM
2023:DPP
1995:DLF
1967:COD
1946:CDA
1925:BPC
1918:AVF
1911:APO
575:223
259:UCT
203:or
2758::
2637:MK
2191:NP
2156:NA
2107:IP
2100:ID
2051:FD
2044:FA
1988:CP
751:c.
736:c.
713:c.
706:c.
577:.
545:.
520:.
479:.
454:.
431:.
427:.
406:^
257:,
199:,
75:,
2748:.
1093:)
1089:(
749:(
734:(
718:)
711:–
704:(
675:e
668:t
661:v
614:.
587:.
556:.
531:.
491:.
465:.
439:.
62:)
47:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.