3674:, however, argues that artha is the foundation for the other two. Without prosperity and security in society or at individual level, both moral life and sensuality become difficult. Poverty breeds vice and hate, while prosperity breeds virtues and love, suggested Kautiliya. Kautilya adds that all three are mutually connected, and one should not cease enjoying life, nor virtuous behavior, nor pursuit of wealth creation. Excessive pursuit of any one aspect of life with complete rejection of other two, harms all three including the one excessively pursued. The
3367:
49:
4271:
The life span of a man is one hundred years. Dividing that time, he should attend to three aims of life in such a way that they support, rather than hinder each other. In his youth he should attend to profitable aims (artha) such as learning, in his prime to pleasure (kama), and in his old age to
3886:
Abstention from injuring living beings, truthfulness, abstention from appropriating the property of others, abstention from sensual pleasures, liberality (kindness, gentleness) are the major vows. There are five minor vows: abstention from anger, obedience towards the guru, avoidance of rashness,
3765:
Indian scholars offered a creative resolution to the tension between "action"-filled life and "renunciation"-driven life, by suggesting the best of both worlds can be achieved by dedicating oneself to "action with renunciation", that is when "action is without attachment or craving for results".
3482:
Historical Indian scholars recognized and debated the inherent tension between active pursuit of wealth (Artha) and pleasure (Kama), and renunciation of all wealth and pleasure for the sake of spiritual liberation (Moksha). They proposed "action with renunciation" or "craving-free, dharma-driven
5285:
Bk Sarkar (Translator); Chapter 1 verse 43 onwards - Rules of State and Duties of Rulers; Chapter 1 verse 424 onwards - Guidelines on infrastructure for economy; Chapter 1 verse 550 onwards - Guidelines on treasury management, law and military; Chapter 2 - Functions of state officials,
4233:– renunciation). Scholars have attempted to connect the four stages to the four puruṣārthas, however Olivelle dismisses this, as neither ancient nor medieval texts of India state that any of the first three ashramas must devote itself predominantly to one specific goal of life.
5176:
3887:
cleanliness, and purity in eating. He should beg (for food) without annoying others, any food he gets he must compassionately share a portion with other living beings, sprinkling the remainder with water he should eat it as if it were a medicine.
3770:, that is, it is good, virtuous, right, a duty and a moral activity, and not because of one's craving for the results or material rewards without any consideration for Dharma. This idea of "craving-free, dharma-driven action" has been called
3603:, is that which all existing beings must accept and respect to sustain harmony and order in the world. It is, states van Buitenen, the pursuit and execution of one's nature and true calling, thus playing one's role in cosmic concert.
3713:(निवृत्ति, Nivritti), with the former meaning "giving or devoting one's self to" external action, while the latter means "withdrawing and restraining one's self from" external action in order to focus on one's own liberation.
3999:
was subjected to a process of study and extensive literary development in Indian history. This produced numerous treatises, with a diversity of views, in each category. Some
Purushartha-focused literature include,
3478:
is considered the ultimate goal of human life. At the same time, this is not a consensus among all Hindus, and many have different interpretations of the hierarchy, and even as to whether one should exist.
3599:. Hindu dharma includes the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous. Dharma, according to
5282:
4013:
from various religious, social, duties, morals and personal ethics perspective. Each of six major schools of
Hinduism has its own literature on dharma. Examples include Dharma-sutras (particularly by
4789:: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."
4189:
focuses on the first three of the purusharthas (Dharma, Artha, and Kama) without discussing Moksha, suggesting that "the proper pursuit of the other three will inevitably lead to the fourth." The
4135:, the Tamil term for kama, it remains unique in the sense that, unlike the Kamasutra, the Tirukkural's Book of Inbam remains a poetic appreciation of flowering human love as explicated by the
4597:
4616:
3842:
are the first known sources that comprehensively present the notion that integrated living entails the pursuit of four goals or ends. Prasad (2008) states that the division between the
3670:
states the relative value of three goals as follows: artha is more important and should precede kama, while dharma is more important and should precede both kama and artha. Kautiliya's
3613:
incorporates wealth, career, activity to make a living, financial security and economic prosperity. The proper pursuit of artha is considered an important aim of human life in
Hinduism.
3912:
about an established ascetic tradition by the time
Baudhayana Dharmasutra and other texts were written. Katha Upanishad, in hymns 2.1–2.2 contrasts the human feeling of pleasant (
3536:
as "Goals of Man". Prasad clarifies that "Man" includes both man and woman in ancient and medieval Indian texts. Olivelle translates it as the "aims of human life". In his book
3962:केश्यग्निं केशी विषं केशी बिभर्ति रोदसी । केशी विश्वं स्वर्दृशे केशीदं ज्योतिरुच्यते ॥१॥ '''मुनयो''' वातरशनाः पिशङ्गा वसते मला । वातस्यानु ध्राजिं यन्ति यद्देवासो अविक्षत ॥२॥
4400:
3420:
5591:
Gavin Flood (1997), "The
Meaning and Context of the Puruṣārthas", In The Bhagavadgītā for Our Times (Editor: Julius J. Lipner), Oxford University Press, pages 11–27,
5389:
J Ganeri (2010), A Return to the Self: Indians and Greeks on Life as Art and
Philosophical Therapy, Royal Institute of Philosophy supplement, 85(66), pages 119–135
4716:, page 4, Quote: "There are four categories or life-ideals (caturvarga or purusartha) that usually are said to provide the framework for classical Hindu society".
3652:
Ancient Indian literature emphasizes that dharma is foremost. If dharma is ignored, artha and kama - profit and pleasure respectively - lead to social chaos. The
4267:, most texts make no recommendation on the relative preference on Artha or Kama, that an individual must emphasize in what stage of life. The Kamasutra states,
3965:
He with the long loose locks (of hair) supports Agni, and moisture, heaven, and earth; He is all sky to look upon: he with long hair is called this light. The
3627:
explains kāma as "love" without violating dharma (moral responsibility), artha (material prosperity) and one's journey towards moksha (spiritual liberation).
3546:
describes
Purusartha as "material religiosity, economic development, sense gratification and, at the end, the attempt to become one with the Supreme."
97:
3582:
is a key concept in
Hinduism, which holds that every human has four proper goals that are necessary and sufficient for a fulfilling and happy life,
2274:
860:
4153:
These develop and debate the nature and process of liberation, freedom and spiritual release. Major treatises on the pursuit of moksa include the
4594:
4613:
5616:
5596:
5575:
5408:
5368:
5317:
5300:
5236:
5093:
5072:
5032:
4997:
4986:
4964:
4933:
4912:
4860:
4806:
4733:
4693:
4640:
4582:
4472:
4446:
4786:
2153:
3030:
3643:, the cycle of death and rebirth, in other schools moksha connotes freedom, self-knowledge, self-realization and liberation in this life.
22:
5038:
Ashok S. Chousalkar (2004), Methodology of
Kautilya's Arthashastra, The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 55–76
3397:
3514:
means "spirit", "immaterial essence", or "primaeval human being as the soul and original source of the universe"., depending on the
5556:
5524:
5499:
5475:
5341:
5207:
4953:
4843:
4758:
4713:
4524:
4506:
4495:
4981:
Jorge Ferrer, Transpersonal knowledge, in
Transpersonal Knowing: Exploring the Horizon of Consciousness (editors: Hart et al.),
4398:
3930:(मुनि, monks, mendicants, holy man), with characteristics that mirror those found in later concepts of renunication-practising,
3969:, girdled with the wind, wear garments of soil hue; They, following the wind's swift course go where the Gods have gone before.
2183:
1014:
5445:
Patrick Olivelle (1993), The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press,
4501:
Gautama Dharmashastra at 1.9.46–47, Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras - The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press,
4778:
134:
4519:
Apastamba Dharmasutra 2.20.18–23; Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras - The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press,
4359:
5295:
Patrick Olivelle (2011), Language, Texts, and Society: Explorations in Ancient Indian Culture and Religion, Anthem Press,
1607:
4907:
Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in Julius Lipner (Editor) - The Fruits of Our Desiring,
2163:
2103:
706:
5661:
3333:
4034:
3661:
3224:
1869:
1834:
5601:
Arvind Sharma (1982), "The Puruṣārthas: A Study in Hindu Axiology", Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University,
1874:
3780:. Other Indian texts state the same answer to tension between "pursue wealth and love" versus "renounce everything"
4743:
3352:
3023:
2927:
1543:
1228:
540:
4542:
4513:
4441:
M Hiriyanna (2000), Philosophy of Values, in Indian Philosophy: Theory of value (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,
3875:. Baudhayana Dharmasūtra, completed by about 7th century BC, states the following behavioral vows for a person in
2878:
3784:, but using different words. Isa Upanishad, for example, states "act and enjoy with renunciation, do not covet".
3329:
2975:
2093:
1829:
117:
102:
4967:, pp 89–102; Quote - "Moksa means freedom"; "Moksa is founded on atmajnana, which is the knowledge of the self."
4820:
J. A. B. van Buitenen, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1957), pp 33–40
3678:, states Kane, observe that the relative precedence of artha, kama and dharma are naturally different with age.
3609:– signifies the "means of life", activities and resources that enables one to be in a state one wants to be in.
5129:
5058:
R. V. De Smet (1972), Early Trends in the Indian Understanding of Man, Philosophy East and West, 22(3): 259–268
4046:
2885:
2857:
2566:
2456:
2428:
2158:
1286:
1048:
835:
4111:
These discuss arts, emotions, love, erotics, relationships and other sciences in the pursuit of pleasure. The
4042:
4014:
3653:
5049:
P.V. Kane (1941), History of Dharmasastra, Volume 2, Part 1, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pp. 8–9
4948:
E. Deutsch, The self in Advaita Vedanta, in Roy Perrett (Editor), Indian philosophy: metaphysics, Volume 3,
4925:
3100:
2313:
2218:
2143:
1324:
1246:
701:
139:
107:
4240:
is different, and the overwhelming consensus in ancient and medieval Indian texts is that anyone accepting
3595:, the order that makes life and universe possible, and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and
5258:
3538:
3390:
3299:
3229:
3065:
2694:
2463:
2123:
1024:
5270:
4829:
John Koller, Puruṣārtha as Human Aims, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1968), pp. 315–319
5666:
5012:
3600:
3339:
3317:
3207:
3072:
2645:
2253:
2133:
1536:
1522:
690:
5428:. Sanga Ilakkiyam (in Tamil). Vol. 5 (1 ed.). Chennai: Saradha Pathippagam. pp. vi–viii.
5186:
5125:
2044:
685:
4079:
from individual, social and as a compendium of economic policies, politics and laws. For example, the
1490:
5380:
Daniel H. H. Ingalls (1957), Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2, pages 41–48
5067:
Stephen N Hay and William Theodore De Bary (1988), Sources of Indian Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass,
4026:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3202:
2864:
2442:
2412:
2243:
2148:
1774:
1668:
579:
3357:
3250:
3086:
2617:
2479:
2223:
2113:
2098:
2004:
1944:
1909:
1809:
1389:
1301:
920:
810:
726:
680:
190:
92:
83:
63:
4038:
3904:(ascetic) stage and its behavioral focus, such as in verses II.13.7 and 11.18.13. This reference,
5027:
Kautilya Arthashastra at 1.7.3–7; For English translation - Rangarajan (1987), Penguin Classics,
4890:
4174:
4065:, the Tamil term for dharma, although the entire work of the Tirukkural keeps dharma as its base.
3279:
3265:
2984:
2509:
2405:
2233:
2213:
2208:
2203:
1804:
1570:
1441:
1053:
939:
770:
3826:
2871:
2822:
1854:
5226:
4838:
James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York,
4688:(2 ed.). Mumbai: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. pp. 289 (purport to verse 6.20–6.23).
1261:
5612:
5602:
5592:
5571:
5552:
5520:
5495:
5471:
5446:
5404:
5364:
5337:
5331:
5313:
5296:
5232:
5203:
5089:
5068:
5028:
4993:
4982:
4960:
4949:
4929:
4908:
4856:
4839:
4802:
4754:
4729:
4709:
4689:
4636:
4578:
4520:
4502:
4491:
4468:
4442:
4194:
3664:, as examples, all suggest that dharma comes first and is more important than artha and kama.
3383:
3289:
3258:
3214:
2757:
2516:
2502:
2248:
2173:
1994:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1779:
1475:
1409:
1004:
999:
741:
32:
2543:
5633:
4882:
4182:
4090:
3905:
3165:
3127:
3107:
3058:
3007:
2906:
2701:
2687:
2638:
2581:
2128:
1784:
1703:
1454:
1374:
425:
279:
176:
4116:
5509:
5180:
4782:
4747:
4620:
4601:
4546:
4490:
Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras - The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press,
4404:
4329:
4206:
4158:
3693:
Indian scholars recognized and have debated the inherent tension between renunciation and
3529:
3371:
3294:
3242:
3051:
2955:
2899:
2836:
2652:
2553:
2449:
2198:
2178:
2049:
1924:
1904:
1824:
1515:
1501:
1399:
1379:
1342:
934:
929:
656:
535:
499:
444:
439:
266:
4728:
A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University,
3954:
clothes (मल, dirty, soil-colored, yellow, orange, saffron) and engaged in the affairs of
1063:
1058:
840:
746:
516:
3639:
886:
666:
112:
5488:
5170:
GS Ghurye (1952), Ascetic Origins, Sociological Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 2, pages 162–184;
4635:
R Prasad (2008), A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals,
4565:
GH Rao (1926), The Basis of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, 37(1): 19–35
4369:
4054:
3772:
3733:. Both are considered important in Hinduism. Manusmriti, for example, describes it as,
3485:
3284:
3093:
2941:
2592:
2486:
2435:
2238:
2064:
1984:
1934:
1919:
1884:
1839:
1736:
1508:
1369:
1251:
1200:
1185:
1165:
1129:
795:
597:
504:
129:
4736:, pp 9–12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140–142;
4030:
1688:
5655:
5628:
Donald David (2004), "Being Hindu or being human: A reappraisal of the puruṣārthas",
5536:
4464:
4319:
4162:
4136:
4128:
4094:
3909:
3777:
2948:
2913:
2850:
2796:
2789:
2750:
2743:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2631:
2575:
2193:
2138:
2118:
2108:
2088:
2059:
1969:
1929:
1759:
1754:
1744:
1693:
1615:
1529:
1362:
1311:
1210:
1145:
984:
751:
205:
4801:
Dharma, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale,
1099:
592:
4211:
4124:
4081:
4050:
3908:
states, is found in many early to mid 1st millennium BC texts, and is clearly from
3671:
2920:
2829:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2708:
2366:
2188:
2024:
2019:
1979:
1889:
1879:
1849:
1819:
1749:
1653:
1575:
1306:
1271:
1195:
1170:
949:
800:
587:
486:
473:
468:
4772:
1124:
4577:
Gerard Delanty (2012), Routledge Handbook of Cosmopolitanism Studies, Routledge,
4753:
Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman,
4364:
4223:
4120:
4093:
states that most Artha-related treatises from ancient India have been lost. The
3838:
3624:
2991:
2715:
2608:
2538:
2351:
2305:
2292:
2266:
2168:
2009:
1999:
1864:
1728:
1718:
1587:
1582:
1485:
1384:
1276:
1266:
1236:
1205:
1114:
695:
618:
610:
412:
181:
5637:
5611:
Karl Potter (1963), "Presuppositions of India's Philosophies", Prentice Hall,
5121:
4750:, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223–256;
4186:
4058:
4022:
3892:
3798:
3633:– signifies emancipation, liberation or release. In some schools of Hinduism,
3543:
3037:
2998:
2962:
2843:
2782:
2389:
2381:
2069:
1844:
1794:
1648:
1638:
1404:
1352:
1281:
1190:
1119:
1109:
1104:
876:
815:
651:
628:
623:
352:
152:
3623:
enjoyment of life, affection, or love, with or without lustful connotations.
4886:
4264:
4217:
4190:
4154:
4112:
4018:
3657:
3620:
3522:
in one context means "purpose", "object of desire" and "meaning". Together,
3147:
3079:
3016:
2934:
2337:
2297:
2228:
2074:
2039:
1989:
1959:
1894:
1814:
1713:
1683:
1663:
1347:
1291:
1256:
1241:
1160:
1155:
1137:
463:
377:
308:
247:
5202:, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge,
4992:
Andrew Fort and Patricia Mumme (1996), Living Liberation in Hindu Thought,
944:
478:
5606:
5549:
The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution
5450:
3425:
4229:
4086:
3863:
3832:
3619:– signifies desire, wish, passion, emotions, pleasure of the senses, the
3432:
3416:
3219:
2775:
2601:
2558:
2525:
2376:
2371:
2344:
2282:
2054:
2034:
1964:
1914:
1789:
1678:
1594:
1565:
1560:
1429:
1419:
1316:
1296:
1220:
1215:
1180:
850:
830:
790:
756:
736:
716:
602:
213:
171:
166:
40:
4740:
3435:, and refers to the four proper goals or aims of a human life. The four
5643:
4894:
4539:
3921:
3526:
literally means "purpose of human being" or "object of human pursuit".
3515:
3502:
3188:
3152:
3142:
2892:
2813:
2805:
2622:
2548:
2533:
2330:
2029:
1974:
1708:
1658:
1628:
1623:
1495:
1470:
1357:
1034:
1029:
989:
896:
891:
881:
868:
855:
845:
820:
731:
721:
530:
494:
382:
367:
362:
298:
293:
257:
252:
239:
5568:
A Conceptual-Analytical Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals
4339:
4314:
4299:
3675:
3630:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3452:
3440:
3157:
2971:
2287:
2014:
1899:
1799:
1769:
1764:
1698:
1673:
1462:
1332:
1175:
1150:
1089:
974:
969:
959:
901:
825:
785:
780:
711:
636:
571:
556:
458:
402:
387:
333:
313:
226:
221:
58:
5173:
4708:
Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (2004), The Hindu World, Routledge,
4463:
Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in
4959:
T. Chatterjee (2003), Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy,
4512:
Yajnavalkya Smrti at 1.115, Translation by Rai Vidyarnava (1918),
4344:
4334:
4304:
3926:
3804:
3606:
3566:
3444:
3174:
3044:
2809:
2766:
2321:
1859:
1723:
1633:
1480:
1434:
1414:
1094:
1079:
1019:
1009:
994:
979:
954:
805:
775:
661:
561:
392:
357:
328:
323:
318:
303:
231:
4407:
Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
4309:
4205:
The four puruṣārthas are often discussed in the context of four
4166:
3667:
3616:
3570:
3448:
1643:
1424:
1394:
1337:
1084:
1071:
964:
566:
407:
397:
372:
338:
288:
270:
5516:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History and Culture
3589:– signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with
3431:) literally means "object(ive) of men". It is a key concept in
5363:
J. L. Brockington (1998), The Sanskrit Epics, Brill Academic,
5273:
Sanskrit Original with English translation by FW Thomas (1921)
4089:, the Kamandakiya Nitisara, Brihaspati Sutra, and Sukra Niti.
3591:
4123:, Jayamangala, Smaradipika, Ratimanjari, Ratiratnapradipika,
4290:
4045:). At personal dharma level, this includes many chapters of
3737:
Activity, according to orthodox tradition, is of two kinds:
3979:
Scharfe states, "there are abundant references both to the
511:
48:
5088:, in A Companion to Ethics (Editor: Peter Singer), Wiley,
4855:
Bruce Sullivan (1997), Historical Dictionary of Hinduism,
4169:, in particular the fourth portion of Patanjali's Sutras.
3850:
is intended to highlight the context between the social (
5333:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
5126:
Baudhayana Dharmasūtra Prasna II, Adhyaya 10, Kandika 18
4325:
Other elements of ethical theories in Hindu traditions:
3824:" or "three categories" of possible human pursuits. The
4924:
John Bowker, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions,
4741:
The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism
4623:
Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
4604:
Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
4295:
The four proper goals of a human in Hindu traditions:
4277:
Kamasutra 1.2.1–1.2.4, Translated by Patrick Olivelle
5403:(First ed.). Gurgaon: Penguin Books. p. 9.
4197:, too, follows similar philosophy as the Tirukkural.
5228:
Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot
5535:
5487:
5231:. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 4333–4334.
5189:Rig Veda, Hymn CXXXVI, Ralph Griffith (Translator)
5132:, Vol. XIV, Oxford University Press, pages 279–281
4282:This text does not mention the ashramas, however.
3455:(liberation, spiritual values, self-realization).
4873:Macy, Joanna (1975). "The Dialectics of Desire".
4549:, International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 239–240
3900:Baudhāyana also makes repeated references to the
4989:, State University of New York Press, Chapter 10
5542:. Cambridge: Dickenson Publishing Company, Inc.
4516:Volume XXI, Verse CXV and commentary at pp 232;
4269:
3960:
3881:
3735:
4816:
4814:
4684:Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (2019).
3920:, श्रेयस्), praising the latter. The hymns of
3747:The first kind of activity leads to progress (
3705:on the other. This has led to the concepts of
3648:Relative importance between four goals of life
3500:(पुरुषार्थ) is a composite Sanskrit word from
5312:Alan Soble (2005), Sex from Plato to Paglia,
4181:, in particular debating dharma. The ancient
3391:
8:
4761:, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443
4658:
3451:(pleasure, love, psychological values) and
5648:, Philosophy East and West, 18(4): 315–319
5271:Brihaspati Sutra - Politics and Government
5220:
5218:
5216:
4773:The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions,
4459:
4457:
4455:
3987:in Hindu literature throughout the ages".
3883:These are the vows a Sannyasi must keep –
3398:
3384:
27:
5494:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5470:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
4119:is most well known. Others texts include
3462:are important, but in cases of conflict,
5482:(fourth revised & enlarged edition).
5424:Kowmareeshwari (Ed.), S. (August 2012).
5155:
5142:
5117:
5115:
4671:
4421:
3766:Action must be engaged in because it is
3681:Moksha is considered in Hinduism as the
5570:. Centre for Studies in Civilizations.
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5015:, University of Toronto Archives, pp. 8
5011:The Hindu Kama Shastra Society (1925),
4467:(Editor) - The Fruits of Our Desiring,
4429:
4388:
4131:of the Tirukkural primarily focuses on
4097:of the Tirukkural primarily focuses on
3867:is entirely focussed on the pursuit of
3697:on one hand, and the active pursuit of
3489:as a possible solution to the tension.
2275:Sources and classification of scripture
39:
5630:International Journal of Hindu Studies
5166:
5164:
5106:
4797:
4795:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4573:
4571:
5514:"Hinduism" in: Kitagawa, J. M. (Ed.)
4631:
4629:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4483:
4481:
4417:
4394:
4392:
897:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
892:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)
7:
5336:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 166.
4787:Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
4527:, Miscellaneous Rules 18–23 at pp 64
4425:
18:Four goals of human life in Hinduism
5551:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4029:) and Dharma-sastras (particularly
3549:Purushartha is also referred to as
4252:, with a complete renunciation of
3751:), and the second, to perfection (
3689:Tension between four goals of life
3466:is considered more important than
14:
5468:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
5371:, page 2 and Introduction chapter
4956:, Taylor and Francis, pp 343–360;
4509:, paragraph overlapping pp 92–93;
4139:'s concept of intimacy, known as
3805:Samhitas, Brahmanas and Aranyakas
4143:in the Tamil literary tradition.
3924:in Book 10 Chapter 136, mention
3685:or ultimate goal of human life.
3365:
47:
4424:, pp. 216–219); Cf. also (
4355:Other theories on human needs:
3916:, प्रेयस्) with that of bliss (
3447:(prosperity, economic values),
3443:(righteousness, moral values),
4540:The Principles of Hindu Ethics
3991:Purushartha-focused literature
3950:(केशिन्, long haired) wearing
135:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
1:
5538:The Hindu Religious Tradition
5426:Pathinen Keezhkanakku Noolgal
3995:Each of these four canonical
3974:Rig Veda, Hymn 10.CXXXVI.1–2
3895:, Dharmasūtra, II.10.18.1–10
3196:Other society-related topics:
887:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)
5466:Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965).
5013:The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana
4263:With the known exception of
4075:Artha-related texts discuss
3788:Origins of puruṣārtha theory
3518:, the school of thought.
3307:Hinduism and other religions
2104:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
5534:Hopkins, Thomas J. (1971).
5490:An Introduction to Hinduism
5158:, p. 64, see footnote)
4360:Maslow's hierarchy of needs
4101:, the Tamil term for artha.
3709:(प्रवृत्ति, Pravritti) and
3426:
3052:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3024:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
752:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
696:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)
691:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)
23:Puruṣārtha (disambiguation)
5683:
5547:Olivelle, Patrick (1993).
4514:The Sacred Books of Hindus
3560:
2928:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1608:Gurus, sants, philosophers
1544:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
732:Uparati (self-settledness)
20:
5645:Puruṣārthas as Human Aims
5638:10.1007/s11407-004-0001-3
5566:Prasad, Rajendra (2008).
5185:For English translation:
4781:26 September 2016 at the
4177:devote major sections on
2094:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
747:Samadhana (concentration)
611:Three paths to liberation
118:Tribal religions in India
103:Historical Vedic religion
98:Indus Valley Civilisation
5399:Sundaram, P. S. (1990).
5198:Hartmut Scharfe (2004),
5130:Sacred Books of the East
4746:29 December 2020 at the
4403:16 December 2022 at the
4244:must entirely devote to
4127:among others. While the
923:, sacrifice, and charity
5401:Tiruvalluvar: The Kural
5330:Kamil Zvelebil (1973).
5179:14 January 2015 at the
5172:For Sanskrit original:
4926:Oxford University Press
4887:10.1163/156852775X00095
4498:, Note 24.23 at pp 364;
4061:exclusively focuses on
3101:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2314:Timeline of Hindu texts
2219:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1247:Pumsavana Simantonayana
902:Śabda (word, testimony)
140:Epic-Puranic chronology
108:Dravidian folk religion
4686:Bhagavad-gita As It Is
4545:3 October 2022 at the
4538:Alban Widgery (1930),
4280:
4193:, another work of the
4183:Tamil moral literature
3977:
3898:
3802:, while the preceding
3763:
3637:connotes freedom from
3539:Bhagavad-Gita As It Is
3066:Eighteen Greater Texts
2695:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2124:Krishnananda Saraswati
1363:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
877:Pratyakṣa (perception)
737:Titiksha (forbearance)
5486:Flood, Gavin (1996).
5259:Kamandakiya Niti Sara
4165:, and the sastras on
3934:-motivated ascetics (
3483:action", also called
3474:in Hindu philosophy.
3182:Varna-related topics:
3073:Eighteen Lesser Texts
2646:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1537:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
1523:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1455:Philosophical schools
757:Ahamkara (attachment)
717:Vairagya (dispassion)
645:Mokṣa-related topics:
5642:John Koller (1968),
5261:MN Dutt (Translator)
5084:P Bilimoria (1993),
4881:(2). BRILL: 145–60.
4600:9 April 2016 at the
4236:The fourth stage of
4009:These texts discuss
3958:(mind, meditation).
3314:Hinduism and Jainism
2244:Vethathiri Maharishi
2149:Nisargadatta Maharaj
712:Viveka (discernment)
87:(500/200 BCE–300 CE)
21:For other uses, see
5145:, pp. 215–216)
5109:, pp. 360–362)
4619:7 June 2015 at the
4209:or stages of life (
3597:right way of living
3372:Hinduism portal
3251:Hinduism by country
3087:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3031:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
2114:Dayananda Saraswati
2099:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
2005:Sripada Srivallabha
1945:Raghunatha Siromani
1910:Narasimha Saraswati
1810:Santadas Kathiababa
882:Anumāṇa (inference)
5225:Mohan Lal (1992).
4739:A. Sharma (1999),
4272:dharma and moksha.
4057:moral text of the
3871:without violating
3808:commonly refer to
3760:Manusmriti, 12.88
3266:Caribbean Shaktism
2985:Kanakadhara Stotra
2234:U. G. Krishnamurti
2214:Satyadhyana Tirtha
1805:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1463:Six Astika schools
707:Ānanda (happiness)
686:Anātman (non-self)
5617:978-81-208-0779-2
5597:978-0-19-565039-6
5577:978-81-8069-544-5
5410:978-01-44000-09-8
5369:978-90-04-10260-6
5318:978-0-313-33424-5
5301:978-0-85728-431-0
5238:978-81-260-1221-3
5094:978-0-631-18785-1
5073:978-81-208-0467-8
5033:978-0-14-044603-6
4998:978-0-7914-2706-4
4987:978-0-7914-4615-7
4965:978-0-7391-0692-1
4934:978-0-19-213965-8
4913:978-1-896209-30-2
4861:978-0-8108-3327-2
4807:978-0-7876-5015-5
4734:978-99936-24-31-8
4695:978-93-84564-19-3
4641:978-81-8069-544-5
4583:978-0-415-60081-1
4473:978-1-896209-30-2
4447:978-0-8153-3612-9
4428:, p. 626); (
4380:
4379:
4227:– retirement and
4195:Sangam literature
4035:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
3683:parama-puruṣārtha
3662:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
3408:
3407:
3259:Balinese Hinduism
2758:Markandeya Purana
1995:Satyanatha Tirtha
1950:Raghuttama Tirtha
1940:Raghavendra Swami
1780:Ramdas Kathiababa
861:Sources of dharma
727:Dama (temperance)
722:Sama (equanimity)
88:
5674:
5632:, 8(1–3): 1–27,
5581:
5562:
5543:
5541:
5530:
5510:Hiltebeitel, Alf
5505:
5493:
5481:
5454:
5443:
5430:
5429:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5372:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5327:
5321:
5310:
5304:
5293:
5287:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5222:
5211:
5196:
5190:
5168:
5159:
5152:
5146:
5139:
5133:
5119:
5110:
5103:
5097:
5082:
5076:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5041:
5022:
5016:
5009:
5003:
4976:
4970:
4943:
4937:
4922:
4916:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4870:
4864:
4853:
4847:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4809:
4799:
4790:
4770:
4764:
4723:
4717:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4659:Hiltebeitel 2002
4655:
4644:
4633:
4624:
4611:
4605:
4592:
4586:
4575:
4566:
4563:
4550:
4536:
4530:
4485:
4476:
4461:
4450:
4439:
4433:
4420:, p. 17), (
4414:
4408:
4396:
4291:
4278:
3975:
3896:
3854:) and personal (
3761:
3660:Dharmasutra and
3429:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3330:and Christianity
3300:Pilgrimage sites
3230:Reform movements
3108:Vinayagar Agaval
3059:Five Great Epics
3008:Tamil literature
2907:Sushruta Samhita
2702:Bhavishya Purana
2688:Brahmanda Purana
2639:Bhagavata Purana
2567:Other scriptures
2129:Mahavatar Babaji
1704:Satyakama Jabala
1375:Ganesh Chaturthi
1229:Rites of passage
742:Shraddha (faith)
160:Major traditions
86:
51:
28:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5652:
5651:
5625:
5588:
5586:Further reading
5578:
5565:
5559:
5546:
5533:
5527:
5508:
5502:
5485:
5478:
5465:
5457:
5453:, pages 216–219
5444:
5433:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5362:
5358:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5311:
5307:
5294:
5290:
5281:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5224:
5223:
5214:
5197:
5193:
5184:
5181:Wayback Machine
5171:
5169:
5162:
5153:
5149:
5140:
5136:
5120:
5113:
5104:
5100:
5083:
5079:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5023:
5019:
5010:
5006:
4977:
4973:
4944:
4940:
4923:
4919:
4906:
4902:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4854:
4850:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4812:
4800:
4793:
4783:Wayback Machine
4771:
4767:
4748:Wayback Machine
4724:
4720:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4669:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4634:
4627:
4621:Wayback Machine
4612:
4608:
4602:Wayback Machine
4593:
4589:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4553:
4547:Wayback Machine
4537:
4533:
4486:
4479:
4462:
4453:
4440:
4436:
4415:
4411:
4405:Wayback Machine
4397:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4350:
4330:Ashrama (stage)
4288:
4279:
4276:
4221:– householder,
4203:
4159:Vivekachudamani
3993:
3976:
3973:
3946:are said to be
3897:
3891:
3796:appears in the
3792:The concept of
3790:
3762:
3759:
3746:
3691:
3656:Dharmashastra,
3650:
3577:
3561:Main articles:
3559:
3530:Alf Hiltebeitel
3495:
3404:
3366:
3364:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3308:
3274:
3253:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3197:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3010:
2978:
2900:Charaka Samhita
2879:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
2837:Shilpa Shastras
2816:
2769:
2653:Naradiya Purana
2625:
2620:
2595:
2569:
2528:
2392:
2324:
2308:
2277:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2204:Shirdi Sai Baba
2199:Sathya Sai Baba
2179:Ramana Maharshi
2083:
2050:Vadiraja Tirtha
2045:Vācaspati Miśra
1925:Srinivasacharya
1905:Narahari Tirtha
1885:Matsyendranatha
1870:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
1835:Jagannatha Dasa
1825:Haridasa Thakur
1739:
1618:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1555:
1516:Vishishtadvaita
1465:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1400:Makar Sankranti
1380:Vasant Panchami
1343:Maha Shivaratri
1327:
1231:
1140:
1074:
1043:
924:
915:
907:
906:
871:
765:
702:Prajña (wisdom)
698:
675:
639:
613:
582:
551:
549:Meaning of life
536:God in Hinduism
525:
489:
487:Supreme reality
464:Subtle elements
453:
434:
428:
418:
417:
273:
242:
216:
208:
198:
197:
194:
161:
155:
145:
144:
89:
84:Hindu synthesis
80:
75:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5680:
5678:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5640:
5624:
5623:External links
5621:
5620:
5619:
5609:
5599:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5576:
5563:
5557:
5544:
5531:
5525:
5506:
5500:
5483:
5476:
5456:
5455:
5431:
5416:
5409:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5356:
5342:
5322:
5305:
5288:
5275:
5263:
5251:
5237:
5212:
5191:
5160:
5147:
5134:
5124:(Translator),
5111:
5098:
5077:
5060:
5051:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5017:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4990:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4957:
4938:
4917:
4900:
4865:
4848:
4831:
4822:
4810:
4791:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4751:
4737:
4718:
4701:
4694:
4676:
4674:, p. 216)
4663:
4645:
4625:
4606:
4587:
4567:
4551:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4517:
4510:
4499:
4477:
4451:
4434:
4409:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:Metamotivation
4367:
4362:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4274:
4202:
4199:
4175:Sanskrit Epics
4171:
4170:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4006:
4005:
3992:
3989:
3971:
3889:
3830:and the epics
3789:
3786:
3773:Nishkama Karma
3757:
3690:
3687:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3628:
3614:
3604:
3558:
3555:
3494:
3491:
3486:Nishkama Karma
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3203:Discrimination
3199:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3094:Abirami Antati
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2942:Ramcharitmanas
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2893:Pramana Sutras
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2865:Mimamsa Sutras
2861:
2858:Samkhya Sutras
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2823:Dharma Shastra
2818:
2817:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2457:Shvetashvatara
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2429:Brihadaranyaka
2424:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:Upasni Maharaj
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Vedanta Desika
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Samarth Ramdas
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1935:Purandara Dasa
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Nimbarkacharya
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1840:Jayanta Bhatta
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Raksha Bandhan
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:Simantonnayana
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:Carnatic music
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:Bhagavata Mela
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:Kundalini yoga
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
925:
919:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
872:
867:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
767:
766:
763:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
693:
688:
683:
677:
676:
673:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
647:
641:
640:
635:
632:
631:
626:
621:
615:
614:
609:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
583:
580:Stages of life
578:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
553:
552:
547:
544:
543:
541:God and gender
538:
533:
527:
526:
523:
520:
519:
514:
509:
508:
507:
502:
491:
490:
485:
482:
481:
476:
474:Gross elements
471:
466:
461:
455:
454:
451:
448:
447:
442:
436:
435:
432:
429:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
348:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
284:
275:
274:
264:
261:
260:
255:
250:
244:
243:
238:
235:
234:
229:
224:
218:
217:
212:
209:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
188:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
162:
159:
156:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
130:Itihasa-Purana
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5679:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5560:
5558:0-19-508327-X
5554:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5532:
5528:
5526:0-7007-1762-5
5522:
5519:. Routledge.
5518:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5501:0-521-43878-0
5497:
5492:
5491:
5484:
5479:
5477:81-208-0567-4
5473:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5420:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5345:
5343:90-04-03591-5
5339:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5208:0-415-21527-7
5205:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5156:Olivelle 1993
5151:
5148:
5144:
5143:Olivelle 1993
5138:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5086:Indian Ethics
5081:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4954:0-8153-3608-X
4951:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4844:0-8239-2287-1
4841:
4835:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4760:
4759:0-415-17281-0
4756:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4714:0-415-21527-7
4711:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4672:Olivelle 1993
4667:
4664:
4661:, p. 17)
4660:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4526:
4525:0-19-283882-2
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:0-19-283882-2
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:0-19-283882-2
4493:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4465:Julius Lipner
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4432:, p. 78)
4431:
4427:
4423:
4422:Olivelle 1993
4419:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4320:Arishadvargas
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4285:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4163:Bhagavad Gita
4160:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4137:Sangam period
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3910:gnomic poetry
3907:
3903:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:Dharmaśāstras
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:Bhagavad Gita
3775:
3774:
3769:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3419:: पुरुषार्थ,
3418:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:Hindu culture
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Organisations
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:Yoga Vasistha
2946:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:Natya Shastra
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:Brahma Sutras
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:Sthapatyaveda
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:Gandharvaveda
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:Varaha Purana
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:Skanda Purana
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:Brahma Purana
2678:
2676:
2675:
2674:Garuda Purana
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:Matsya Purana
2664:
2662:
2661:
2660:Vāmana Purana
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:Vishnu Purana
2629:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:Bhagavad Gita
2573:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Radhakrishnan
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Narayana Guru
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Jaggi Vasudev
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Chinmayananda
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Ramprasad Sen
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Gorakshanatha
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Allama Prabhu
1758:
1756:
1755:Akka Mahadevi
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Abhinavagupta
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Prashastapada
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:Other schools
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:Shuddhadvaita
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Kalaripayattu
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:Bharatanatyam
1144:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:Nritta-Nritya
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
922:
918:
917:
911:
910:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
870:
866:
865:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
762:
761:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
672:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
643:
642:
638:
634:
633:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
608:
607:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
546:
545:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
522:
521:
518:
515:
513:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
492:
488:
484:
483:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
450:
449:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
431:
430:
427:
422:
421:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
283:
281:
277:
276:
272:
268:
263:
262:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
241:
237:
236:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
215:
211:
210:
207:
202:
201:
193:
192:
187:
186:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
158:
157:
154:
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
85:
82:
81:
79:
71:
70:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
24:
16:
5667:Hindu ethics
5644:
5629:
5567:
5548:
5537:
5517:
5513:
5489:
5467:
5460:Cited books:
5459:
5458:
5425:
5419:
5400:
5394:
5385:
5376:
5359:
5347:. Retrieved
5332:
5325:
5308:
5291:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5242:. Retrieved
5227:
5199:
5194:
5150:
5137:
5101:
5085:
5080:
5063:
5054:
5045:
5020:
5007:
4974:
4941:
4920:
4903:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4851:
4834:
4825:
4774:
4768:
4721:
4704:
4685:
4679:
4666:
4609:
4590:
4534:
4449:, pages 1–10
4437:
4430:Hopkins 1971
4412:
4374:
4354:
4349:
4324:
4294:
4281:
4270:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4212:Brahmacharya
4210:
4204:
4179:purusharthas
4178:
4172:
4140:
4132:
4125:Ananga Ranga
4098:
4082:Arthashastra
4080:
4076:
4062:
4010:
3996:
3994:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3901:
3899:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3782:Purusharthas
3781:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3672:Arthashastra
3666:
3651:
3638:
3634:
3610:
3601:van Buitenen
3596:
3590:
3579:
3578:
3550:
3548:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3506:(पुरुष) and
3501:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:Purusharthas
3459:
3457:
3436:
3424:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3332: /
3328: /
3324: /
3320: /
3318:and Buddhism
3316: /
3280:Architecture
3243:Other topics
3181:
3164:
3136:Four varnas:
3135:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2921:Panchatantra
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2872:Nyāya Sūtras
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2830:Artha Śastra
2828:
2821:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2737:Kūrma Purana
2735:
2730:Linga Purana
2728:
2723:Shiva Purana
2721:
2714:
2709:Padma Purana
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2607:
2600:
2585:s (Hinduism)
2582:
2574:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2495:Atharvaveda:
2494:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2359:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2209:Shraddhanand
2184:Ravi Shankar
2164:R. D. Ranade
2025:Śyāma Śastri
2020:Swaminarayan
1980:Rupa Goswami
1890:Morya Gosavi
1850:Jiva Goswami
1750:Adi Shankara
1576:Pratyabhijña
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1307:Samavartanam
1287:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ
1272:Annaprashana
1196:Dandiya Raas
1171:Mohiniyattam
1064:Nididhyāsana
869:Epistemology
801:Brahmacharya
681:Ātman (self)
644:
588:Brahmacharya
548:
517:Saccidānanda
469:Panchikarana
345:
278:
269: /
265:Other major
189:
123:
122:
77:
15:
5662:Puruṣārthas
5183:Wikisource;
5107:Prasad 2008
4365:Need theory
4224:Vanaprastha
4215:– student,
4121:Ratirahasya
4039:Nāradasmṛti
3997:puruṣārthas
3940:Sannyasinis
3858:) spheres.
3839:Mahabharata
3625:Gavin Flood
3580:Purushartha
3551:Chaturvarga
3534:Purushartha
3532:translates
3524:Purushartha
3437:puruṣārthas
3412:Purushartha
3326:and Judaism
3322:and Sikhism
3290:Iconography
3215:Nationalism
3208:Persecution
2992:Shiva Stuti
2886:Yoga Sutras
2716:Agni Purana
2618:Other texts
2609:Mahabharata
2352:Atharvaveda
2249:Vivekananda
2174:Rama Tirtha
2169:Ramakrishna
2144:Nigamananda
2134:Mahesh Yogi
2010:Sripadaraja
2000:Siddheshwar
1895:Mukundarāja
1875:Madhusūdana
1865:Kanaka Dasa
1785:Chakradhara
1729:Yajnavalkya
1719:Vishvamitra
1588:Pancharatra
1486:Vaisheshika
1442:Ratha Yatra
1390:Janmashtami
1385:Rama Navami
1302:Ritushuddhi
1277:Chudakarana
1267:Nishkramana
1237:Garbhadhana
1206:Pandav Lila
1115:Bhakti yoga
1000:Prāyaścitta
771:Niti śastra
619:Bhakti yoga
598:Vānaprastha
413:Vishvakarma
346:Post-Vedic:
182:Vaishnavism
124:Traditional
5656:Categories
5320:, page 493
5303:, page 174
5283:Sukra Niti
5210:, page 251
5122:Max Muller
5075:, page 211
4915:, pp 11–13
4863:, pp 29–30
4846:, pp 55–56
4643:, page 125
4585:, page 465
4475:, pp 16–21
4418:Flood 1996
4384:References
4187:Tirukkural
4155:Upanishads
4117:Vātsyāyana
4059:Tirukkural
4047:Yogasutras
4043:Viṣṇusmṛti
4023:Baudhayana
3985:caturvarga
3942:). These
3936:Sannyasins
3893:Baudhāyana
3799:Upanishads
3753:nihsreyasa
3557:Discussion
3544:Prabhupada
3498:Puruṣārtha
3427:Puruṣārtha
3166:Varna-less
3038:Tiruppukal
2999:Vayu Stuti
2963:Panchadasi
2956:Swara yoga
2844:Kama Sutra
2783:Dhanurveda
2443:Taittiriya
2421:Yajurveda:
2413:Kaushitaki
2390:Upanishads
2382:Upanishads
2306:Scriptures
2154:Prabhupada
2070:Vidyaranya
1955:Ram Charan
1930:Prabhākara
1845:Jayatīrtha
1795:Dadu Dayal
1790:Chāngadeva
1649:Bharadwaja
1639:Ashtavakra
1405:Kumbh Mela
1353:Durga Puja
1282:Karnavedha
1262:Nāmakaraṇa
1191:Yakshagana
1120:Karma yoga
1110:Jnana yoga
1105:Hatha yoga
1042:Meditation
1015:Tirthadana
796:Aparigraha
652:Paramātman
637:Liberation
629:Karma yoga
624:Jnana yoga
353:Dattatreya
153:Traditions
78:Historical
5607:234144281
5451:466428084
5096:, page 73
4936:, pp. 650
4426:Apte 1965
4265:Kamasutra
4248:aided by
4218:Grihastha
4191:Nalatiyar
4148:On Moksha
4113:Kamasutra
4031:Manusmṛti
4019:Apastamba
4004:On Dharma
3749:abhyudaya
3658:Apastamba
3621:aesthetic
3493:Etymology
3458:All four
3340:Criticism
3334:and Islam
3295:Mythology
3148:Kshatriya
3080:Athichudi
3017:Tirumurai
2935:Tirumurai
2544:Vyākaraṇa
2480:Chandogya
2472:Samaveda:
2360:Divisions
2338:Yajurveda
2298:Ātmatuṣṭi
2254:Yogananda
2229:Trailanga
2224:Sivananda
2089:Aurobindo
2075:Vyasaraja
2040:Tyagaraja
1990:Sankardev
1960:Ramananda
1855:Jñāneśvar
1830:Harivansh
1815:Gaudapada
1775:Chaitanya
1714:Vashistha
1684:Patanjali
1664:Jamadagni
1583:Vaishnava
1571:Pashupata
1348:Navaratri
1325:Festivals
1292:Upanayana
1257:Jatakarma
1242:Pumsavana
1161:Kuchipudi
1156:Kathakali
1125:Rāja yoga
1059:Samādhāna
940:Prarthana
914:Practices
841:Svādhyāya
445:Mythology
440:Cosmology
433:Worldview
378:Kartikeya
309:Prajapati
248:Saraswati
5512:(2002).
5177:Archived
4779:Archived
4744:Archived
4617:Archived
4598:Archived
4543:Archived
4401:Archived
4286:See also
4275:—
4242:Sannyasa
4238:Sannyasa
4230:Sannyasa
4207:ashramas
4129:Book III
4091:Olivelle
4087:Kauṭilya
4070:On Artha
4027:Vāsiṣṭha
3981:trivarga
3972:—
3922:Rig Veda
3906:Olivelle
3902:Sannyasa
3890:—
3877:Sannyasa
3864:Sannyasa
3852:trivarga
3844:trivarga
3833:Ramayana
3822:trivarga
3820:as the "
3758:—
3739:pravrtti
3725:, while
3723:Pravrtti
3707:Pravrtti
3510:(अर्थ).
3433:Hinduism
3417:Sanskrit
3353:Glossary
3285:Calendar
3220:Hindutva
3143:Brahmana
2814:samhitas
2806:Shastras
2776:Ayurveda
2767:Upavedas
2602:Ramayana
2593:Itihasas
2559:Jyotisha
2526:Vedangas
2510:Mandukya
2406:Aitareya
2398:Rigveda:
2377:Aranyaka
2372:Brahmana
2345:Samaveda
2060:Valluvar
2055:Vallabha
2035:Tulsidas
1965:Ramanuja
1915:Nayanars
1900:Namadeva
1737:Medieval
1679:Kashyapa
1595:Charvaka
1566:Kapalika
1430:Puthandu
1420:Vaisakhi
1317:Antyesti
1297:Keshanta
1221:Adimurai
1216:Silambam
1181:Sattriya
1166:Manipuri
851:Mitahara
831:Santosha
791:Achourya
603:Sannyasa
593:Gṛhastha
452:Ontology
426:Concepts
214:Trimurti
177:Smartism
172:Shaktism
167:Shaivism
41:Hinduism
33:a series
31:Part of
5349:7 March
5244:7 March
5174:Rigveda
4895:3269765
4595:purusha
4201:Ashrama
4185:of the
4106:On Kama
4095:Book II
4053:of the
4015:Gautama
3956:Mananat
3743:nivrtti
3731:Nivrtti
3711:Nivrtti
3676:sastras
3654:Gautama
3640:saṃsāra
3516:darsana
3512:Purusha
3503:Purusha
3358:Outline
3153:Vaishya
3121:Society
2972:Stotras
2623:Puranas
2549:Nirukta
2539:Chandas
2534:Shiksha
2517:Prashna
2503:Mundaka
2367:Samhita
2331:Rigveda
2194:Samarth
2030:Tukaram
1975:Ravidas
1709:Valmiki
1659:Jaimini
1629:Angiras
1624:Agastya
1616:Ancient
1502:Advaita
1496:Vedanta
1491:Mīmāṃsā
1471:Samkhya
1358:Ramlila
1100:Sādhanā
990:Tarpana
975:Kīrtana
970:Bhajana
921:Worship
846:Shaucha
821:Akrodha
667:Saṃsāra
531:Ishvara
500:Nirguna
495:Brahman
459:Tattvas
383:Krishna
368:Hanuman
363:Ganesha
299:Chandra
294:Ashvins
258:Parvati
253:Lakshmi
240:Tridevi
206:Deities
113:Śramaṇa
93:History
74:Origins
64:History
5615:
5605:
5595:
5574:
5555:
5523:
5498:
5474:
5449:
5407:
5367:
5340:
5316:
5299:
5235:
5206:
5187:Kesins
5128:, The
5092:
5071:
5031:
4996:
4985:
4963:
4952:
4932:
4911:
4893:
4859:
4842:
4805:
4785:, The
4775:Dharma
4757:
4732:
4712:
4692:
4639:
4581:
4523:
4505:
4494:
4471:
4445:
4375:
4340:Niyama
4315:Moksha
4300:Dharma
4250:Dharma
4246:Moksha
4051:Book I
4049:. The
4011:dharma
3948:Kesins
3932:Moksha
3918:sreyas
3914:preyas
3873:Dharma
3869:Moksha
3818:dharma
3768:Dharma
3727:Moksha
3695:Moksha
3635:moksha
3631:Moksha
3587:Dharma
3575:Moksha
3573:, and
3563:Dharma
3476:Moksha
3464:Dharma
3453:Moksha
3441:Dharma
3158:Shudra
2976:stutis
2812:, and
2810:sutras
2464:Maitri
2189:Ramdas
2082:Modern
2015:Surdas
1880:Madhva
1800:Eknath
1770:Basava
1765:Alvars
1699:Raikva
1689:Pāṇini
1674:Kapila
1669:Kanada
1654:Gotama
1561:Shaiva
1509:Dvaita
1410:Pongal
1333:Diwali
1312:Vivaha
1176:Odissi
1151:Kathak
1090:Yogini
1054:Dhyana
1005:Tirtha
960:Bhakti
950:Temple
945:Śrauta
826:Arjava
786:Ahimsa
781:Niyama
764:Ethics
572:Moksha
557:Dharma
505:Saguna
403:Shakti
388:Kubera
334:Varuna
314:Pushan
227:Vishnu
222:Brahma
59:Hindus
5200:Artha
5024:See:
4978:See:
4945:See:
4891:JSTOR
4875:Numen
4725:See:
4614:artha
4487:See:
4345:Karma
4335:Yamas
4305:Artha
4254:Artha
4133:inbam
4099:porul
4077:artha
4055:Tamil
3967:Munis
3856:mokṣa
3848:mokṣa
3814:artha
3794:mokṣa
3715:Artha
3703:Artha
3611:Artha
3607:Artha
3567:Artha
3520:Artha
3508:Artha
3468:Artha
3445:Artha
3175:Dalit
3128:Varna
3045:Kural
2583:Agama
2554:Kalpa
2450:Katha
2322:Vedas
2293:Ācāra
2288:Smṛti
2283:Śruti
2267:Texts
1860:Kabir
1724:Vyasa
1634:Aruni
1481:Nyaya
1435:Vishu
1415:Ugadi
1095:Asana
1080:Sadhu
1049:Tapas
1020:Matha
1010:Yatra
995:Vrata
980:Yajna
955:Murti
836:Tapas
811:Damah
806:Satya
776:Yamas
662:Karma
562:Artha
479:Guṇas
393:Radha
358:Durga
329:Ushas
324:Surya
319:Rudra
304:Indra
280:Vedic
271:Devis
267:Devas
232:Shiva
5613:ISBN
5603:OCLC
5593:ISBN
5572:ISBN
5553:ISBN
5521:ISBN
5496:ISBN
5472:ISBN
5447:OCLC
5405:ISBN
5365:ISBN
5351:2018
5338:ISBN
5314:ISBN
5297:ISBN
5246:2018
5233:ISBN
5204:ISBN
5090:ISBN
5069:ISBN
5029:ISBN
4994:ISBN
4983:ISBN
4961:ISBN
4950:ISBN
4930:ISBN
4909:ISBN
4857:ISBN
4840:ISBN
4803:ISBN
4755:ISBN
4730:ISBN
4710:ISBN
4690:ISBN
4637:ISBN
4579:ISBN
4521:ISBN
4503:ISBN
4492:ISBN
4469:ISBN
4443:ISBN
4310:Kama
4258:Kama
4256:and
4173:The
4167:Yoga
4141:agam
4063:aram
4041:and
4025:and
3983:and
3952:Mala
3944:Muni
3938:and
3927:Muni
3861:The
3846:and
3836:and
3816:and
3810:kāma
3741:and
3721:are
3719:Kama
3717:and
3701:and
3699:Kama
3668:Kama
3617:Kama
3571:Kama
3472:Kama
3449:Kama
3439:are
3421:IAST
3189:Jāti
2974:and
2487:Kena
2436:Isha
1644:Atri
1476:Yoga
1425:Bihu
1395:Onam
1338:Holi
1138:Arts
1085:Yogi
1072:Yoga
1035:Sevā
1030:Dāna
985:Homa
965:Japa
935:Ārtī
930:Puja
856:Dāna
816:Dayā
674:Mind
657:Maya
567:Kama
408:Sita
398:Rama
373:Kali
339:Vayu
289:Agni
191:List
5634:doi
5286:etc
4883:doi
4115:of
4085:of
3776:in
3755:).
3729:is
3592:rta
3470:or
524:God
5658::
5434:^
5215:^
5163:^
5114:^
4928:,
4889:.
4879:22
4877:.
4813:^
4794:^
4648:^
4628:^
4570:^
4554:^
4480:^
4454:^
4391:^
4260:.
4161:,
4157:,
4037:,
4033:,
4021:,
4017:,
3879:,
3812:,
3569:,
3565:,
3553:.
3542:,
3423::
2808:,
512:Om
35:on
5636::
5580:.
5561:.
5529:.
5504:.
5480:.
5413:.
5353:.
5248:.
5154:(
5141:(
5105:(
5035:;
5000:;
4897:.
4885::
4698:.
4670:(
4657:(
4416:(
3745:,
3415:(
3399:e
3392:t
3385:v
3168::
282::
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
