3685:, however, argues that artha is the foundation for the other two. Without prosperity and security in society or at individual level, both moral life and sensuality become difficult. Poverty breeds vice and hate, while prosperity breeds virtues and love, suggested Kautiliya. Kautilya adds that all three are mutually connected, and one should not cease enjoying life, nor virtuous behavior, nor pursuit of wealth creation. Excessive pursuit of any one aspect of life with complete rejection of other two, harms all three including the one excessively pursued. The
3378:
60:
4282:
The life span of a man is one hundred years. Dividing that time, he should attend to three aims of life in such a way that they support, rather than hinder each other. In his youth he should attend to profitable aims (artha) such as learning, in his prime to pleasure (kama), and in his old age to
3897:
Abstention from injuring living beings, truthfulness, abstention from appropriating the property of others, abstention from sensual pleasures, liberality (kindness, gentleness) are the major vows. There are five minor vows: abstention from anger, obedience towards the guru, avoidance of rashness,
3776:
Indian scholars offered a creative resolution to the tension between "action"-filled life and "renunciation"-driven life, by suggesting the best of both worlds can be achieved by dedicating oneself to "action with renunciation", that is when "action is without attachment or craving for results".
3493:
Historical Indian scholars recognized and debated the inherent tension between active pursuit of wealth (Artha) and pleasure (Kama), and renunciation of all wealth and pleasure for the sake of spiritual liberation (Moksha). They proposed "action with renunciation" or "craving-free, dharma-driven
5296:
Bk Sarkar (Translator); Chapter 1 verse 43 onwards - Rules of State and Duties of Rulers; Chapter 1 verse 424 onwards - Guidelines on infrastructure for economy; Chapter 1 verse 550 onwards - Guidelines on treasury management, law and military; Chapter 2 - Functions of state officials,
4244:– renunciation). Scholars have attempted to connect the four stages to the four puruṣārthas, however Olivelle dismisses this, as neither ancient nor medieval texts of India state that any of the first three ashramas must devote itself predominantly to one specific goal of life.
5187:
3898:
cleanliness, and purity in eating. He should beg (for food) without annoying others, any food he gets he must compassionately share a portion with other living beings, sprinkling the remainder with water he should eat it as if it were a medicine.
3781:, that is, it is good, virtuous, right, a duty and a moral activity, and not because of one's craving for the results or material rewards without any consideration for Dharma. This idea of "craving-free, dharma-driven action" has been called
3614:, is that which all existing beings must accept and respect to sustain harmony and order in the world. It is, states van Buitenen, the pursuit and execution of one's nature and true calling, thus playing one's role in cosmic concert.
3724:(निवृत्ति, Nivritti), with the former meaning "giving or devoting one's self to" external action, while the latter means "withdrawing and restraining one's self from" external action in order to focus on one's own liberation.
4010:
was subjected to a process of study and extensive literary development in Indian history. This produced numerous treatises, with a diversity of views, in each category. Some
Purushartha-focused literature include,
3489:
is considered the ultimate goal of human life. At the same time, this is not a consensus among all Hindus, and many have different interpretations of the hierarchy, and even as to whether one should exist.
3610:. Hindu dharma includes the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous. Dharma, according to
5293:
4024:
from various religious, social, duties, morals and personal ethics perspective. Each of six major schools of
Hinduism has its own literature on dharma. Examples include Dharma-sutras (particularly by
4800:: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."
4200:
focuses on the first three of the purusharthas (Dharma, Artha, and Kama) without discussing Moksha, suggesting that "the proper pursuit of the other three will inevitably lead to the fourth." The
4146:, the Tamil term for kama, it remains unique in the sense that, unlike the Kamasutra, the Tirukkural's Book of Inbam remains a poetic appreciation of flowering human love as explicated by the
4608:
4627:
3853:
are the first known sources that comprehensively present the notion that integrated living entails the pursuit of four goals or ends. Prasad (2008) states that the division between the
3681:
states the relative value of three goals as follows: artha is more important and should precede kama, while dharma is more important and should precede both kama and artha. Kautiliya's
3624:
incorporates wealth, career, activity to make a living, financial security and economic prosperity. The proper pursuit of artha is considered an important aim of human life in
Hinduism.
3923:
about an established ascetic tradition by the time
Baudhayana Dharmasutra and other texts were written. Katha Upanishad, in hymns 2.1–2.2 contrasts the human feeling of pleasant (
3547:
as "Goals of Man". Prasad clarifies that "Man" includes both man and woman in ancient and medieval Indian texts. Olivelle translates it as the "aims of human life". In his book
3973:केश्यग्निं केशी विषं केशी बिभर्ति रोदसी । केशी विश्वं स्वर्दृशे केशीदं ज्योतिरुच्यते ॥१॥ '''मुनयो''' वातरशनाः पिशङ्गा वसते मला । वातस्यानु ध्राजिं यन्ति यद्देवासो अविक्षत ॥२॥
4411:
3431:
5602:
Gavin Flood (1997), "The
Meaning and Context of the Puruṣārthas", In The Bhagavadgītā for Our Times (Editor: Julius J. Lipner), Oxford University Press, pages 11–27,
5400:
J Ganeri (2010), A Return to the Self: Indians and Greeks on Life as Art and
Philosophical Therapy, Royal Institute of Philosophy supplement, 85(66), pages 119–135
4727:, page 4, Quote: "There are four categories or life-ideals (caturvarga or purusartha) that usually are said to provide the framework for classical Hindu society".
3663:
Ancient Indian literature emphasizes that dharma is foremost. If dharma is ignored, artha and kama - profit and pleasure respectively - lead to social chaos. The
4278:, most texts make no recommendation on the relative preference on Artha or Kama, that an individual must emphasize in what stage of life. The Kamasutra states,
3976:
He with the long loose locks (of hair) supports Agni, and moisture, heaven, and earth; He is all sky to look upon: he with long hair is called this light. The
3638:
explains kāma as "love" without violating dharma (moral responsibility), artha (material prosperity) and one's journey towards moksha (spiritual liberation).
3557:
describes
Purusartha as "material religiosity, economic development, sense gratification and, at the end, the attempt to become one with the Supreme."
108:
3593:
is a key concept in
Hinduism, which holds that every human has four proper goals that are necessary and sufficient for a fulfilling and happy life,
2285:
871:
4164:
These develop and debate the nature and process of liberation, freedom and spiritual release. Major treatises on the pursuit of moksa include the
4605:
4624:
5627:
5607:
5586:
5419:
5379:
5328:
5311:
5247:
5104:
5083:
5043:
5008:
4997:
4975:
4944:
4923:
4871:
4817:
4744:
4704:
4651:
4593:
4483:
4457:
4797:
2164:
3041:
3654:, the cycle of death and rebirth, in other schools moksha connotes freedom, self-knowledge, self-realization and liberation in this life.
33:
5049:
Ashok S. Chousalkar (2004), Methodology of
Kautilya's Arthashastra, The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 55–76
3408:
3525:
means "spirit", "immaterial essence", or "primaeval human being as the soul and original source of the universe"., depending on the
5567:
5535:
5510:
5486:
5352:
5218:
4964:
4854:
4769:
4724:
4535:
4517:
4506:
4992:
Jorge Ferrer, Transpersonal knowledge, in
Transpersonal Knowing: Exploring the Horizon of Consciousness (editors: Hart et al.),
4409:
3941:(मुनि, monks, mendicants, holy man), with characteristics that mirror those found in later concepts of renunication-practising,
3980:, girdled with the wind, wear garments of soil hue; They, following the wind's swift course go where the Gods have gone before.
2194:
1025:
5456:
Patrick Olivelle (1993), The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press,
4512:
Gautama Dharmashastra at 1.9.46–47, Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras - The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press,
4789:
145:
4530:
Apastamba Dharmasutra 2.20.18–23; Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras - The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press,
4370:
5306:
Patrick Olivelle (2011), Language, Texts, and Society: Explorations in Ancient Indian Culture and Religion, Anthem Press,
1618:
4918:
Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in Julius Lipner (Editor) - The Fruits of Our Desiring,
2174:
2114:
717:
5672:
3344:
4045:
3672:
3235:
1880:
1845:
5612:
Arvind Sharma (1982), "The Puruṣārthas: A Study in Hindu Axiology", Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University,
1885:
3791:. Other Indian texts state the same answer to tension between "pursue wealth and love" versus "renounce everything"
4754:
3363:
3034:
2938:
1554:
1239:
551:
4553:
4524:
4452:
M Hiriyanna (2000), Philosophy of Values, in Indian Philosophy: Theory of value (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,
3886:. Baudhayana Dharmasūtra, completed by about 7th century BC, states the following behavioral vows for a person in
2889:
3795:, but using different words. Isa Upanishad, for example, states "act and enjoy with renunciation, do not covet".
3340:
2986:
2104:
1840:
128:
113:
4978:, pp 89–102; Quote - "Moksa means freedom"; "Moksa is founded on atmajnana, which is the knowledge of the self."
4831:
J. A. B. van Buitenen, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1957), pp 33–40
3689:, states Kane, observe that the relative precedence of artha, kama and dharma are naturally different with age.
3620:– signifies the "means of life", activities and resources that enables one to be in a state one wants to be in.
5140:
5069:
R. V. De Smet (1972), Early Trends in the Indian Understanding of Man, Philosophy East and West, 22(3): 259–268
4057:
2896:
2868:
2577:
2467:
2439:
2169:
1297:
1059:
846:
4122:
These discuss arts, emotions, love, erotics, relationships and other sciences in the pursuit of pleasure. The
4053:
4025:
3664:
5060:
P.V. Kane (1941), History of Dharmasastra, Volume 2, Part 1, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pp. 8–9
4959:
E. Deutsch, The self in Advaita Vedanta, in Roy Perrett (Editor), Indian philosophy: metaphysics, Volume 3,
4936:
3111:
2324:
2229:
2154:
1335:
1257:
712:
150:
118:
4251:
is different, and the overwhelming consensus in ancient and medieval Indian texts is that anyone accepting
3606:, the order that makes life and universe possible, and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and
5269:
3549:
3401:
3310:
3240:
3076:
2705:
2474:
2134:
1035:
5281:
4840:
John Koller, Puruṣārtha as Human Aims, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1968), pp. 315–319
5677:
5023:
3611:
3350:
3328:
3218:
3083:
2656:
2264:
2144:
1547:
1533:
701:
5439:. Sanga Ilakkiyam (in Tamil). Vol. 5 (1 ed.). Chennai: Saradha Pathippagam. pp. vi–viii.
5197:
5136:
2055:
696:
4090:
from individual, social and as a compendium of economic policies, politics and laws. For example, the
1501:
5391:
Daniel H. H. Ingalls (1957), Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2, pages 41–48
5078:
Stephen N Hay and William Theodore De Bary (1988), Sources of Indian Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass,
4037:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3213:
2875:
2453:
2423:
2254:
2159:
1785:
1679:
590:
3368:
3261:
3097:
2628:
2490:
2234:
2124:
2109:
2015:
1955:
1920:
1820:
1400:
1312:
931:
821:
737:
691:
201:
103:
94:
74:
4049:
3915:(ascetic) stage and its behavioral focus, such as in verses II.13.7 and 11.18.13. This reference,
5038:
Kautilya Arthashastra at 1.7.3–7; For English translation - Rangarajan (1987), Penguin Classics,
4901:
4185:
4076:, the Tamil term for dharma, although the entire work of the Tirukkural keeps dharma as its base.
3290:
3276:
2995:
2520:
2416:
2244:
2224:
2219:
2214:
1815:
1581:
1452:
1064:
950:
781:
3837:
2882:
2833:
1865:
5237:
4849:
James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York,
4699:(2 ed.). Mumbai: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. pp. 289 (purport to verse 6.20–6.23).
1272:
5623:
5613:
5603:
5582:
5563:
5531:
5506:
5482:
5457:
5415:
5375:
5348:
5342:
5324:
5307:
5243:
5214:
5100:
5079:
5039:
5004:
4993:
4971:
4960:
4940:
4919:
4867:
4850:
4813:
4765:
4740:
4720:
4700:
4647:
4589:
4531:
4513:
4502:
4479:
4453:
4205:
3675:, as examples, all suggest that dharma comes first and is more important than artha and kama.
3394:
3300:
3269:
3225:
2768:
2527:
2513:
2259:
2184:
2005:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1790:
1486:
1420:
1015:
1010:
752:
43:
2554:
5644:
4893:
4193:
4101:
3916:
3176:
3138:
3118:
3069:
3018:
2917:
2712:
2698:
2649:
2592:
2139:
1795:
1714:
1465:
1385:
436:
290:
187:
4127:
5520:
5191:
4793:
4758:
4631:
4612:
4557:
4501:
Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras - The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press,
4415:
4340:
4217:
4169:
3704:
Indian scholars recognized and have debated the inherent tension between renunciation and
3540:
3382:
3305:
3253:
3062:
2966:
2910:
2847:
2663:
2564:
2460:
2209:
2189:
2060:
1935:
1915:
1835:
1526:
1512:
1410:
1390:
1353:
945:
940:
667:
546:
510:
455:
450:
277:
4739:
A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University,
3965:
clothes (मल, dirty, soil-colored, yellow, orange, saffron) and engaged in the affairs of
1074:
1069:
851:
757:
527:
3650:
897:
677:
123:
5499:
5181:
GS Ghurye (1952), Ascetic Origins, Sociological Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 2, pages 162–184;
4646:
R Prasad (2008), A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals,
4576:
GH Rao (1926), The Basis of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, 37(1): 19–35
4380:
4065:
3783:
3744:. Both are considered important in Hinduism. Manusmriti, for example, describes it as,
3496:
3295:
3104:
2952:
2603:
2497:
2446:
2249:
2075:
1995:
1945:
1930:
1895:
1850:
1747:
1519:
1380:
1262:
1211:
1196:
1176:
1140:
806:
608:
515:
140:
4747:, pp 9–12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140–142;
4041:
1699:
5666:
5639:
Donald David (2004), "Being Hindu or being human: A reappraisal of the puruṣārthas",
5547:
4475:
4330:
4173:
4147:
4139:
4105:
3920:
3788:
2959:
2924:
2861:
2807:
2800:
2761:
2754:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2642:
2586:
2204:
2149:
2129:
2119:
2099:
2070:
1980:
1940:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1704:
1626:
1540:
1373:
1322:
1221:
1156:
995:
762:
216:
4812:
Dharma, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale,
1110:
603:
4222:
4135:
4092:
4061:
3919:
states, is found in many early to mid 1st millennium BC texts, and is clearly from
3682:
2931:
2840:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2719:
2377:
2199:
2035:
2030:
1990:
1900:
1890:
1860:
1830:
1760:
1664:
1586:
1317:
1282:
1206:
1181:
960:
811:
598:
497:
484:
479:
4783:
1135:
4588:
Gerard Delanty (2012), Routledge Handbook of Cosmopolitanism Studies, Routledge,
4764:
Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman,
4375:
4234:
4131:
4104:
states that most Artha-related treatises from ancient India have been lost. The
3849:
3635:
3002:
2726:
2619:
2549:
2362:
2316:
2303:
2277:
2179:
2020:
2010:
1875:
1739:
1729:
1598:
1593:
1496:
1395:
1287:
1277:
1247:
1216:
1125:
706:
629:
621:
423:
192:
5648:
5622:
Karl Potter (1963), "Presuppositions of India's Philosophies", Prentice Hall,
5132:
4761:, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223–256;
4197:
4069:
4033:
3903:
3809:
3644:– signifies emancipation, liberation or release. In some schools of Hinduism,
3554:
3048:
3009:
2973:
2854:
2793:
2400:
2392:
2080:
1855:
1805:
1659:
1649:
1415:
1363:
1292:
1201:
1130:
1120:
1115:
887:
826:
662:
639:
634:
363:
163:
3634:
enjoyment of life, affection, or love, with or without lustful connotations.
4897:
4275:
4228:
4201:
4165:
4123:
4029:
3668:
3631:
3533:
in one context means "purpose", "object of desire" and "meaning". Together,
3158:
3090:
3027:
2945:
2348:
2308:
2239:
2085:
2050:
2000:
1970:
1905:
1825:
1724:
1694:
1674:
1358:
1302:
1267:
1252:
1171:
1166:
1148:
474:
388:
319:
258:
17:
5213:, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge,
5003:
Andrew Fort and Patricia Mumme (1996), Living Liberation in Hindu Thought,
955:
489:
5617:
5560:
The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution
5461:
3436:
4240:
4097:
3874:
3843:
3630:– signifies desire, wish, passion, emotions, pleasure of the senses, the
3443:
3427:
3230:
2786:
2612:
2569:
2536:
2387:
2382:
2355:
2293:
2065:
2045:
1975:
1925:
1800:
1689:
1605:
1576:
1571:
1440:
1430:
1327:
1307:
1231:
1226:
1191:
861:
841:
801:
767:
747:
727:
613:
224:
182:
177:
51:
4751:
3446:, and refers to the four proper goals or aims of a human life. The four
5654:
4905:
4550:
3932:
3537:
literally means "purpose of human being" or "object of human pursuit".
3526:
3513:
3199:
3163:
3153:
2903:
2824:
2816:
2633:
2559:
2544:
2341:
2040:
1985:
1719:
1669:
1639:
1634:
1506:
1481:
1368:
1045:
1040:
1000:
907:
902:
892:
879:
866:
856:
831:
742:
732:
541:
505:
393:
378:
373:
309:
304:
268:
263:
250:
5579:
A Conceptual-Analytical Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals
4350:
4325:
4310:
3686:
3641:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3463:
3451:
3168:
2982:
2298:
2025:
1910:
1810:
1780:
1775:
1709:
1684:
1473:
1343:
1186:
1161:
1100:
985:
980:
970:
912:
836:
796:
791:
722:
647:
582:
567:
469:
413:
398:
344:
324:
237:
232:
69:
5184:
4719:
Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (2004), The Hindu World, Routledge,
4474:
Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in
4970:
T. Chatterjee (2003), Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy,
4523:
Yajnavalkya Smrti at 1.115, Translation by Rai Vidyarnava (1918),
4355:
4345:
4315:
3937:
3815:
3617:
3577:
3455:
3185:
3055:
2820:
2777:
2332:
1870:
1734:
1644:
1491:
1445:
1425:
1105:
1090:
1030:
1020:
1005:
990:
965:
816:
786:
672:
572:
403:
368:
339:
334:
329:
314:
242:
4418:
Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
4320:
4216:
The four puruṣārthas are often discussed in the context of four
4177:
3678:
3627:
3581:
3459:
1654:
1435:
1405:
1348:
1095:
1082:
975:
577:
418:
408:
383:
349:
299:
281:
5527:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History and Culture
3600:– signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with
3442:) literally means "object(ive) of men". It is a key concept in
5374:
J. L. Brockington (1998), The Sanskrit Epics, Brill Academic,
5284:
Sanskrit Original with English translation by FW Thomas (1921)
4100:, the Kamandakiya Nitisara, Brihaspati Sutra, and Sukra Niti.
3602:
4134:, Jayamangala, Smaradipika, Ratimanjari, Ratiratnapradipika,
4301:
4056:). At personal dharma level, this includes many chapters of
3748:
Activity, according to orthodox tradition, is of two kinds:
3990:
Scharfe states, "there are abundant references both to the
522:
59:
5099:, in A Companion to Ethics (Editor: Peter Singer), Wiley,
4866:
Bruce Sullivan (1997), Historical Dictionary of Hinduism,
4180:, in particular the fourth portion of Patanjali's Sutras.
3861:
is intended to highlight the context between the social (
5344:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
5137:
Baudhayana Dharmasūtra Prasna II, Adhyaya 10, Kandika 18
4336:
Other elements of ethical theories in Hindu traditions:
3835:" or "three categories" of possible human pursuits. The
4935:
John Bowker, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions,
4752:
The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism
4634:
Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
4615:
Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
4306:
The four proper goals of a human in Hindu traditions:
4288:
Kamasutra 1.2.1–1.2.4, Translated by Patrick Olivelle
5414:(First ed.). Gurgaon: Penguin Books. p. 9.
4208:, too, follows similar philosophy as the Tirukkural.
5239:
Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot
5546:
5498:
5242:. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 4333–4334.
5200:Rig Veda, Hymn CXXXVI, Ralph Griffith (Translator)
5143:, Vol. XIV, Oxford University Press, pages 279–281
4293:This text does not mention the ashramas, however.
3466:(liberation, spiritual values, self-realization).
4884:Macy, Joanna (1975). "The Dialectics of Desire".
4560:, International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 239–240
3911:Baudhāyana also makes repeated references to the
5000:, State University of New York Press, Chapter 10
5553:. Cambridge: Dickenson Publishing Company, Inc.
4527:Volume XXI, Verse CXV and commentary at pp 232;
4280:
3971:
3892:
3746:
4827:
4825:
4695:Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (2019).
3931:, श्रेयस्), praising the latter. The hymns of
3758:The first kind of activity leads to progress (
3716:on the other. This has led to the concepts of
3659:Relative importance between four goals of life
3511:(पुरुषार्थ) is a composite Sanskrit word from
5323:Alan Soble (2005), Sex from Plato to Paglia,
4192:, in particular debating dharma. The ancient
3402:
8:
4772:, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443
4669:
3462:(pleasure, love, psychological values) and
5659:, Philosophy East and West, 18(4): 315–319
5282:Brihaspati Sutra - Politics and Government
5231:
5229:
5227:
4784:The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions,
4470:
4468:
4466:
3998:in Hindu literature throughout the ages".
3894:These are the vows a Sannyasi must keep –
3409:
3395:
38:
5505:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5481:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
4130:is most well known. Others texts include
3473:are important, but in cases of conflict,
5493:(fourth revised & enlarged edition).
5435:Kowmareeshwari (Ed.), S. (August 2012).
5166:
5153:
5128:
5126:
4682:
4432:
3777:Action must be engaged in because it is
3692:Moksha is considered in Hinduism as the
5581:. Centre for Studies in Civilizations.
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5026:, University of Toronto Archives, pp. 8
5022:The Hindu Kama Shastra Society (1925),
4478:(Editor) - The Fruits of Our Desiring,
4440:
4399:
4142:of the Tirukkural primarily focuses on
4108:of the Tirukkural primarily focuses on
3878:is entirely focussed on the pursuit of
3708:on one hand, and the active pursuit of
3500:as a possible solution to the tension.
2286:Sources and classification of scripture
50:
5641:International Journal of Hindu Studies
5177:
5175:
5117:
4808:
4806:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4584:
4582:
5525:"Hinduism" in: Kitagawa, J. M. (Ed.)
4642:
4640:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4494:
4492:
4428:
4405:
4403:
908:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
903:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)
7:
5347:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 166.
4798:Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
4538:, Miscellaneous Rules 18–23 at pp 64
4436:
29:Four goals of human life in Hinduism
5562:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4040:) and Dharma-sastras (particularly
3560:Purushartha is also referred to as
4263:, with a complete renunciation of
3762:), and the second, to perfection (
3700:Tension between four goals of life
3477:is considered more important than
25:
5479:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
5382:, page 2 and Introduction chapter
4967:, Taylor and Francis, pp 343–360;
4520:, paragraph overlapping pp 92–93;
4150:'s concept of intimacy, known as
3816:Samhitas, Brahmanas and Aranyakas
4154:in the Tamil literary tradition.
3935:in Book 10 Chapter 136, mention
3696:or ultimate goal of human life.
3376:
58:
4435:, pp. 216–219); Cf. also (
4366:Other theories on human needs:
3927:, प्रेयस्) with that of bliss (
3458:(prosperity, economic values),
3454:(righteousness, moral values),
4551:The Principles of Hindu Ethics
4002:Purushartha-focused literature
3961:(केशिन्, long haired) wearing
146:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
1:
5549:The Hindu Religious Tradition
5437:Pathinen Keezhkanakku Noolgal
4006:Each of these four canonical
3985:Rig Veda, Hymn 10.CXXXVI.1–2
3906:, Dharmasūtra, II.10.18.1–10
3207:Other society-related topics:
898:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)
5477:Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965).
5024:The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana
4274:With the known exception of
4086:Artha-related texts discuss
3799:Origins of puruṣārtha theory
3529:, the school of thought.
3318:Hinduism and other religions
2115:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
5545:Hopkins, Thomas J. (1971).
5501:An Introduction to Hinduism
5169:, p. 64, see footnote)
4371:Maslow's hierarchy of needs
4112:, the Tamil term for artha.
3720:(प्रवृत्ति, Pravritti) and
3437:
3063:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3035:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
763:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
707:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)
702:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)
34:Puruṣārtha (disambiguation)
5694:
5558:Olivelle, Patrick (1993).
4525:The Sacred Books of Hindus
3571:
2939:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1619:Gurus, sants, philosophers
1555:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
743:Uparati (self-settledness)
31:
5656:Puruṣārthas as Human Aims
5649:10.1007/s11407-004-0001-3
5577:Prasad, Rajendra (2008).
5196:For English translation:
4792:26 September 2016 at the
4188:devote major sections on
2105:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
758:Samadhana (concentration)
622:Three paths to liberation
129:Tribal religions in India
114:Historical Vedic religion
109:Indus Valley Civilisation
5410:Sundaram, P. S. (1990).
5209:Hartmut Scharfe (2004),
5141:Sacred Books of the East
4757:29 December 2020 at the
4414:16 December 2022 at the
4255:must entirely devote to
4138:among others. While the
934:, sacrifice, and charity
5412:Tiruvalluvar: The Kural
5341:Kamil Zvelebil (1973).
5190:14 January 2015 at the
5183:For Sanskrit original:
4937:Oxford University Press
4898:10.1163/156852775X00095
4509:, Note 24.23 at pp 364;
4072:exclusively focuses on
3112:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2325:Timeline of Hindu texts
2230:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1258:Pumsavana Simantonayana
913:Śabda (word, testimony)
151:Epic-Puranic chronology
119:Dravidian folk religion
4697:Bhagavad-gita As It Is
4556:3 October 2022 at the
4549:Alban Widgery (1930),
4291:
4204:, another work of the
4194:Tamil moral literature
3988:
3909:
3813:, while the preceding
3774:
3648:connotes freedom from
3550:Bhagavad-Gita As It Is
3077:Eighteen Greater Texts
2706:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2135:Krishnananda Saraswati
1374:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
888:Pratyakṣa (perception)
748:Titiksha (forbearance)
5497:Flood, Gavin (1996).
5270:Kamandakiya Niti Sara
4176:, and the sastras on
3945:-motivated ascetics (
3494:action", also called
3485:in Hindu philosophy.
3193:Varna-related topics:
3084:Eighteen Lesser Texts
2657:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1548:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
1534:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1466:Philosophical schools
768:Ahamkara (attachment)
728:Vairagya (dispassion)
656:Mokṣa-related topics:
5653:John Koller (1968),
5272:MN Dutt (Translator)
5095:P Bilimoria (1993),
4892:(2). BRILL: 145–60.
4611:9 April 2016 at the
4247:The fourth stage of
4020:These texts discuss
3969:(mind, meditation).
3325:Hinduism and Jainism
2255:Vethathiri Maharishi
2160:Nisargadatta Maharaj
723:Viveka (discernment)
98:(500/200 BCE–300 CE)
32:For other uses, see
5156:, pp. 215–216)
5120:, pp. 360–362)
4630:7 June 2015 at the
4220:or stages of life (
3608:right way of living
3383:Hinduism portal
3262:Hinduism by country
3098:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3042:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
2125:Dayananda Saraswati
2110:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
2016:Sripada Srivallabha
1956:Raghunatha Siromani
1921:Narasimha Saraswati
1821:Santadas Kathiababa
893:Anumāṇa (inference)
5236:Mohan Lal (1992).
4750:A. Sharma (1999),
4283:dharma and moksha.
4068:moral text of the
3882:without violating
3819:commonly refer to
3771:Manusmriti, 12.88
3277:Caribbean Shaktism
2996:Kanakadhara Stotra
2245:U. G. Krishnamurti
2225:Satyadhyana Tirtha
1816:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1474:Six Astika schools
718:Ānanda (happiness)
697:Anātman (non-self)
5628:978-81-208-0779-2
5608:978-0-19-565039-6
5588:978-81-8069-544-5
5421:978-01-44000-09-8
5380:978-90-04-10260-6
5329:978-0-313-33424-5
5312:978-0-85728-431-0
5249:978-81-260-1221-3
5105:978-0-631-18785-1
5084:978-81-208-0467-8
5044:978-0-14-044603-6
5009:978-0-7914-2706-4
4998:978-0-7914-4615-7
4976:978-0-7391-0692-1
4945:978-0-19-213965-8
4924:978-1-896209-30-2
4872:978-0-8108-3327-2
4818:978-0-7876-5015-5
4745:978-99936-24-31-8
4706:978-93-84564-19-3
4652:978-81-8069-544-5
4594:978-0-415-60081-1
4484:978-1-896209-30-2
4458:978-0-8153-3612-9
4439:, p. 626); (
4391:
4390:
4238:– retirement and
4206:Sangam literature
4046:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
3694:parama-puruṣārtha
3673:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
3419:
3418:
3270:Balinese Hinduism
2769:Markandeya Purana
2006:Satyanatha Tirtha
1961:Raghuttama Tirtha
1951:Raghavendra Swami
1791:Ramdas Kathiababa
872:Sources of dharma
738:Dama (temperance)
733:Sama (equanimity)
99:
16:(Redirected from
5685:
5643:, 8(1–3): 1–27,
5592:
5573:
5554:
5552:
5541:
5521:Hiltebeitel, Alf
5516:
5504:
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5465:
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4670:Hiltebeitel 2002
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4616:
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4586:
4577:
4574:
4561:
4547:
4541:
4496:
4487:
4472:
4461:
4450:
4444:
4431:, p. 17), (
4425:
4419:
4407:
4302:
4289:
3986:
3907:
3865:) and personal (
3772:
3671:Dharmasutra and
3440:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3341:and Christianity
3311:Pilgrimage sites
3241:Reform movements
3119:Vinayagar Agaval
3070:Five Great Epics
3019:Tamil literature
2918:Sushruta Samhita
2713:Bhavishya Purana
2699:Brahmanda Purana
2650:Bhagavata Purana
2578:Other scriptures
2140:Mahavatar Babaji
1715:Satyakama Jabala
1386:Ganesh Chaturthi
1240:Rites of passage
753:Shraddha (faith)
171:Major traditions
97:
62:
39:
21:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5663:
5662:
5636:
5599:
5597:Further reading
5589:
5576:
5570:
5557:
5544:
5538:
5519:
5513:
5496:
5489:
5476:
5468:
5464:, pages 216–219
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5195:
5192:Wayback Machine
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4416:Wayback Machine
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4341:Ashrama (stage)
4299:
4290:
4287:
4232:– householder,
4214:
4170:Vivekachudamani
4004:
3987:
3984:
3957:are said to be
3908:
3902:
3807:appears in the
3803:The concept of
3801:
3773:
3770:
3757:
3702:
3667:Dharmashastra,
3661:
3588:
3572:Main articles:
3570:
3541:Alf Hiltebeitel
3506:
3415:
3377:
3375:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3319:
3285:
3264:
3256:
3246:
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3133:
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3124:
3021:
2989:
2911:Charaka Samhita
2890:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
2848:Shilpa Shastras
2827:
2780:
2664:Naradiya Purana
2636:
2631:
2606:
2580:
2539:
2403:
2335:
2319:
2288:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2215:Shirdi Sai Baba
2210:Sathya Sai Baba
2190:Ramana Maharshi
2094:
2061:Vadiraja Tirtha
2056:Vācaspati Miśra
1936:Srinivasacharya
1916:Narahari Tirtha
1896:Matsyendranatha
1881:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
1846:Jagannatha Dasa
1836:Haridasa Thakur
1750:
1629:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1566:
1527:Vishishtadvaita
1476:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1411:Makar Sankranti
1391:Vasant Panchami
1354:Maha Shivaratri
1338:
1242:
1151:
1085:
1054:
935:
926:
918:
917:
882:
776:
713:Prajña (wisdom)
709:
686:
650:
624:
593:
562:
560:Meaning of life
547:God in Hinduism
536:
500:
498:Supreme reality
475:Subtle elements
464:
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429:
428:
284:
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95:Hindu synthesis
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5634:External links
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4186:Sanskrit Epics
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4114:
4113:
4083:
4082:
4078:
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4016:
4003:
4000:
3982:
3900:
3841:and the epics
3800:
3797:
3784:Nishkama Karma
3768:
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3657:
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3639:
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3497:Nishkama Karma
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2914:
2907:
2904:Pramana Sutras
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2876:Mimamsa Sutras
2872:
2869:Samkhya Sutras
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2834:Dharma Shastra
2829:
2828:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2468:Shvetashvatara
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2440:Brihadaranyaka
2435:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Upasni Maharaj
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:Vedanta Desika
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Samarth Ramdas
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Purandara Dasa
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:Nimbarkacharya
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Jayanta Bhatta
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:Raksha Bandhan
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Simantonnayana
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1212:Carnatic music
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:Bhagavata Mela
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:Kundalini yoga
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
937:
936:
930:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
883:
878:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
778:
777:
774:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
704:
699:
694:
688:
687:
684:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
658:
652:
651:
646:
643:
642:
637:
632:
626:
625:
620:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
595:
594:
591:Stages of life
589:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
564:
563:
558:
555:
554:
552:God and gender
549:
544:
538:
537:
534:
531:
530:
525:
520:
519:
518:
513:
502:
501:
496:
493:
492:
487:
485:Gross elements
482:
477:
472:
466:
465:
462:
459:
458:
453:
447:
446:
443:
440:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
359:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
296:
295:
286:
285:
275:
272:
271:
266:
261:
255:
254:
249:
246:
245:
240:
235:
229:
228:
223:
220:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
173:
170:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
141:Itihasa-Purana
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5690:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5569:0-19-508327-X
5565:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5543:
5539:
5537:0-7007-1762-5
5533:
5530:. Routledge.
5529:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5512:0-521-43878-0
5508:
5503:
5502:
5495:
5490:
5488:81-208-0567-4
5484:
5480:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5431:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5356:
5354:90-04-03591-5
5350:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5263:
5251:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5219:0-415-21527-7
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5167:Olivelle 1993
5162:
5159:
5155:
5154:Olivelle 1993
5149:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:Indian Ethics
5092:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4965:0-8153-3608-X
4962:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4855:0-8239-2287-1
4852:
4846:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4780:
4777:
4771:
4770:0-415-17281-0
4767:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4725:0-415-21527-7
4722:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4683:Olivelle 1993
4678:
4675:
4672:, p. 17)
4671:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4537:
4536:0-19-283882-2
4533:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:0-19-283882-2
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:0-19-283882-2
4504:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4476:Julius Lipner
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4443:, p. 78)
4442:
4438:
4434:
4433:Olivelle 1993
4430:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4331:Arishadvargas
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4174:Bhagavad Gita
4171:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4148:Sangam period
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3981:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3921:gnomic poetry
3918:
3914:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:Dharmaśāstras
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:Bhagavad Gita
3786:
3785:
3780:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3430:: पुरुषार्थ,
3429:
3425:
3424:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:Hindu culture
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Organisations
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:Yoga Vasistha
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:Natya Shastra
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:Brahma Sutras
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:Sthapatyaveda
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:Gandharvaveda
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:Varaha Purana
2759:
2757:
2756:
2755:Skanda Purana
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:Brahma Purana
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:Garuda Purana
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:Matsya Purana
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:Vāmana Purana
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:Vishnu Purana
2640:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
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2622:
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2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
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2588:
2587:Bhagavad Gita
2584:
2583:
2579:
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2571:
2568:
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2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Radhakrishnan
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Narayana Guru
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Jaggi Vasudev
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Chinmayananda
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:
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2079:
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2034:
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2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Ramprasad Sen
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
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1954:
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1949:
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1831:Gorakshanatha
1829:
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1799:
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1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Allama Prabhu
1769:
1767:
1766:Akka Mahadevi
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Abhinavagupta
1754:
1753:
1749:
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1726:
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1705:Prashastapada
1703:
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1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:Other schools
1563:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:Shuddhadvaita
1538:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
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1524:
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1249:
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1233:
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1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Kalaripayattu
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Bharatanatyam
1155:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
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1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
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1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Nritta-Nritya
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
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828:
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815:
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584:
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569:
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248:
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226:
222:
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218:
213:
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204:
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198:
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194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
165:
160:
159:
152:
149:
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142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
96:
93:
92:
90:
82:
81:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
35:
27:
19:
5678:Hindu ethics
5655:
5640:
5578:
5559:
5548:
5528:
5524:
5500:
5478:
5471:Cited books:
5470:
5469:
5436:
5430:
5411:
5405:
5396:
5387:
5370:
5358:. Retrieved
5343:
5336:
5319:
5302:
5289:
5277:
5265:
5253:. Retrieved
5238:
5210:
5205:
5161:
5148:
5112:
5096:
5091:
5074:
5065:
5056:
5031:
5018:
4985:
4952:
4931:
4914:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4862:
4845:
4836:
4785:
4779:
4732:
4715:
4696:
4690:
4677:
4620:
4601:
4545:
4460:, pages 1–10
4448:
4441:Hopkins 1971
4423:
4385:
4365:
4360:
4335:
4305:
4292:
4281:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4223:Brahmacharya
4221:
4215:
4190:purusharthas
4189:
4183:
4151:
4143:
4136:Ananga Ranga
4109:
4093:Arthashastra
4091:
4087:
4073:
4021:
4007:
4005:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3912:
3910:
3896:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3793:Purusharthas
3792:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3683:Arthashastra
3677:
3662:
3649:
3645:
3621:
3612:van Buitenen
3607:
3601:
3590:
3589:
3561:
3559:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3517:(पुरुष) and
3512:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:Purusharthas
3470:
3468:
3447:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3343: /
3339: /
3335: /
3331: /
3329:and Buddhism
3327: /
3291:Architecture
3254:Other topics
3192:
3175:
3147:Four varnas:
3146:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2932:Panchatantra
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2883:Nyāya Sūtras
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2841:Artha Śastra
2839:
2832:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2748:Kūrma Purana
2746:
2741:Linga Purana
2739:
2734:Shiva Purana
2732:
2725:
2720:Padma Purana
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2618:
2611:
2596:s (Hinduism)
2593:
2585:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2506:Atharvaveda:
2505:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2370:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2220:Shraddhanand
2195:Ravi Shankar
2175:R. D. Ranade
2036:Śyāma Śastri
2031:Swaminarayan
1991:Rupa Goswami
1901:Morya Gosavi
1861:Jiva Goswami
1761:Adi Shankara
1587:Pratyabhijña
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1318:Samavartanam
1298:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ
1283:Annaprashana
1207:Dandiya Raas
1182:Mohiniyattam
1075:Nididhyāsana
880:Epistemology
812:Brahmacharya
692:Ātman (self)
655:
599:Brahmacharya
559:
528:Saccidānanda
480:Panchikarana
356:
289:
280: /
276:Other major
200:
134:
133:
88:
26:
18:Purusharthas
5673:Puruṣārthas
5194:Wikisource;
5118:Prasad 2008
4376:Need theory
4235:Vanaprastha
4226:– student,
4132:Ratirahasya
4050:Nāradasmṛti
4008:puruṣārthas
3951:Sannyasinis
3869:) spheres.
3850:Mahabharata
3636:Gavin Flood
3591:Purushartha
3562:Chaturvarga
3545:Purushartha
3543:translates
3535:Purushartha
3448:puruṣārthas
3423:Purushartha
3337:and Judaism
3333:and Sikhism
3301:Iconography
3226:Nationalism
3219:Persecution
3003:Shiva Stuti
2897:Yoga Sutras
2727:Agni Purana
2629:Other texts
2620:Mahabharata
2363:Atharvaveda
2260:Vivekananda
2185:Rama Tirtha
2180:Ramakrishna
2155:Nigamananda
2145:Mahesh Yogi
2021:Sripadaraja
2011:Siddheshwar
1906:Mukundarāja
1886:Madhusūdana
1876:Kanaka Dasa
1796:Chakradhara
1740:Yajnavalkya
1730:Vishvamitra
1599:Pancharatra
1497:Vaisheshika
1453:Ratha Yatra
1401:Janmashtami
1396:Rama Navami
1313:Ritushuddhi
1288:Chudakarana
1278:Nishkramana
1248:Garbhadhana
1217:Pandav Lila
1126:Bhakti yoga
1011:Prāyaścitta
782:Niti śastra
630:Bhakti yoga
609:Vānaprastha
424:Vishvakarma
357:Post-Vedic:
193:Vaishnavism
135:Traditional
5667:Categories
5331:, page 493
5314:, page 174
5294:Sukra Niti
5221:, page 251
5133:Max Muller
5086:, page 211
4926:, pp 11–13
4874:, pp 29–30
4857:, pp 55–56
4654:, page 125
4596:, page 465
4486:, pp 16–21
4429:Flood 1996
4395:References
4198:Tirukkural
4166:Upanishads
4128:Vātsyāyana
4070:Tirukkural
4058:Yogasutras
4054:Viṣṇusmṛti
4034:Baudhayana
3996:caturvarga
3953:). These
3947:Sannyasins
3904:Baudhāyana
3810:Upanishads
3764:nihsreyasa
3568:Discussion
3555:Prabhupada
3509:Puruṣārtha
3438:Puruṣārtha
3177:Varna-less
3049:Tiruppukal
3010:Vayu Stuti
2974:Panchadasi
2967:Swara yoga
2855:Kama Sutra
2794:Dhanurveda
2454:Taittiriya
2432:Yajurveda:
2424:Kaushitaki
2401:Upanishads
2393:Upanishads
2317:Scriptures
2165:Prabhupada
2081:Vidyaranya
1966:Ram Charan
1941:Prabhākara
1856:Jayatīrtha
1806:Dadu Dayal
1801:Chāngadeva
1660:Bharadwaja
1650:Ashtavakra
1416:Kumbh Mela
1364:Durga Puja
1293:Karnavedha
1273:Nāmakaraṇa
1202:Yakshagana
1131:Karma yoga
1121:Jnana yoga
1116:Hatha yoga
1053:Meditation
1026:Tirthadana
807:Aparigraha
663:Paramātman
648:Liberation
640:Karma yoga
635:Jnana yoga
364:Dattatreya
164:Traditions
89:Historical
5618:234144281
5462:466428084
5107:, page 73
4947:, pp. 650
4437:Apte 1965
4276:Kamasutra
4259:aided by
4229:Grihastha
4202:Nalatiyar
4159:On Moksha
4124:Kamasutra
4042:Manusmṛti
4030:Apastamba
4015:On Dharma
3760:abhyudaya
3669:Apastamba
3632:aesthetic
3504:Etymology
3469:All four
3351:Criticism
3345:and Islam
3306:Mythology
3159:Kshatriya
3091:Athichudi
3028:Tirumurai
2946:Tirumurai
2555:Vyākaraṇa
2491:Chandogya
2483:Samaveda:
2371:Divisions
2349:Yajurveda
2309:Ātmatuṣṭi
2265:Yogananda
2240:Trailanga
2235:Sivananda
2100:Aurobindo
2086:Vyasaraja
2051:Tyagaraja
2001:Sankardev
1971:Ramananda
1866:Jñāneśvar
1841:Harivansh
1826:Gaudapada
1786:Chaitanya
1725:Vashistha
1695:Patanjali
1675:Jamadagni
1594:Vaishnava
1582:Pashupata
1359:Navaratri
1336:Festivals
1303:Upanayana
1268:Jatakarma
1253:Pumsavana
1172:Kuchipudi
1167:Kathakali
1136:Rāja yoga
1070:Samādhāna
951:Prarthana
925:Practices
852:Svādhyāya
456:Mythology
451:Cosmology
444:Worldview
389:Kartikeya
320:Prajapati
259:Saraswati
5523:(2002).
5188:Archived
4790:Archived
4755:Archived
4628:Archived
4609:Archived
4554:Archived
4412:Archived
4297:See also
4286:—
4253:Sannyasa
4249:Sannyasa
4241:Sannyasa
4218:ashramas
4140:Book III
4102:Olivelle
4098:Kauṭilya
4081:On Artha
4038:Vāsiṣṭha
3992:trivarga
3983:—
3933:Rig Veda
3917:Olivelle
3913:Sannyasa
3901:—
3888:Sannyasa
3875:Sannyasa
3863:trivarga
3855:trivarga
3844:Ramayana
3833:trivarga
3831:as the "
3769:—
3750:pravrtti
3736:, while
3734:Pravrtti
3718:Pravrtti
3521:(अर्थ).
3444:Hinduism
3428:Sanskrit
3364:Glossary
3296:Calendar
3231:Hindutva
3154:Brahmana
2825:samhitas
2817:Shastras
2787:Ayurveda
2778:Upavedas
2613:Ramayana
2604:Itihasas
2570:Jyotisha
2537:Vedangas
2521:Mandukya
2417:Aitareya
2409:Rigveda:
2388:Aranyaka
2383:Brahmana
2356:Samaveda
2071:Valluvar
2066:Vallabha
2046:Tulsidas
1976:Ramanuja
1926:Nayanars
1911:Namadeva
1748:Medieval
1690:Kashyapa
1606:Charvaka
1577:Kapalika
1441:Puthandu
1431:Vaisakhi
1328:Antyesti
1308:Keshanta
1232:Adimurai
1227:Silambam
1192:Sattriya
1177:Manipuri
862:Mitahara
842:Santosha
802:Achourya
614:Sannyasa
604:Gṛhastha
463:Ontology
437:Concepts
225:Trimurti
188:Smartism
183:Shaktism
178:Shaivism
52:Hinduism
44:a series
42:Part of
5360:7 March
5255:7 March
5185:Rigveda
4906:3269765
4606:purusha
4212:Ashrama
4196:of the
4117:On Kama
4106:Book II
4064:of the
4026:Gautama
3967:Mananat
3754:nivrtti
3742:Nivrtti
3722:Nivrtti
3687:sastras
3665:Gautama
3651:saṃsāra
3527:darsana
3523:Purusha
3514:Purusha
3369:Outline
3164:Vaishya
3132:Society
2983:Stotras
2634:Puranas
2560:Nirukta
2550:Chandas
2545:Shiksha
2528:Prashna
2514:Mundaka
2378:Samhita
2342:Rigveda
2205:Samarth
2041:Tukaram
1986:Ravidas
1720:Valmiki
1670:Jaimini
1640:Angiras
1635:Agastya
1627:Ancient
1513:Advaita
1507:Vedanta
1502:Mīmāṃsā
1482:Samkhya
1369:Ramlila
1111:Sādhanā
1001:Tarpana
986:Kīrtana
981:Bhajana
932:Worship
857:Shaucha
832:Akrodha
678:Saṃsāra
542:Ishvara
511:Nirguna
506:Brahman
470:Tattvas
394:Krishna
379:Hanuman
374:Ganesha
310:Chandra
305:Ashvins
269:Parvati
264:Lakshmi
251:Tridevi
217:Deities
124:Śramaṇa
104:History
85:Origins
75:History
5626:
5616:
5606:
5585:
5566:
5534:
5509:
5485:
5460:
5418:
5378:
5351:
5327:
5310:
5246:
5217:
5198:Kesins
5139:, The
5103:
5082:
5042:
5007:
4996:
4974:
4963:
4943:
4922:
4904:
4870:
4853:
4816:
4796:, The
4786:Dharma
4768:
4743:
4723:
4703:
4650:
4592:
4534:
4516:
4505:
4482:
4456:
4386:
4351:Niyama
4326:Moksha
4311:Dharma
4261:Dharma
4257:Moksha
4062:Book I
4060:. The
4022:dharma
3959:Kesins
3943:Moksha
3929:sreyas
3925:preyas
3884:Dharma
3880:Moksha
3829:dharma
3779:Dharma
3738:Moksha
3706:Moksha
3646:moksha
3642:Moksha
3598:Dharma
3586:Moksha
3584:, and
3574:Dharma
3487:Moksha
3475:Dharma
3464:Moksha
3452:Dharma
3169:Shudra
2987:stutis
2823:, and
2821:sutras
2475:Maitri
2200:Ramdas
2093:Modern
2026:Surdas
1891:Madhva
1811:Eknath
1781:Basava
1776:Alvars
1710:Raikva
1700:Pāṇini
1685:Kapila
1680:Kanada
1665:Gotama
1572:Shaiva
1520:Dvaita
1421:Pongal
1344:Diwali
1323:Vivaha
1187:Odissi
1162:Kathak
1101:Yogini
1065:Dhyana
1016:Tirtha
971:Bhakti
961:Temple
956:Śrauta
837:Arjava
797:Ahimsa
792:Niyama
775:Ethics
583:Moksha
568:Dharma
516:Saguna
414:Shakti
399:Kubera
345:Varuna
325:Pushan
238:Vishnu
233:Brahma
70:Hindus
5211:Artha
5035:See:
4989:See:
4956:See:
4902:JSTOR
4886:Numen
4736:See:
4625:artha
4498:See:
4356:Karma
4346:Yamas
4316:Artha
4265:Artha
4144:inbam
4110:porul
4088:artha
4066:Tamil
3978:Munis
3867:mokṣa
3859:mokṣa
3825:artha
3805:mokṣa
3726:Artha
3714:Artha
3622:Artha
3618:Artha
3578:Artha
3531:Artha
3519:Artha
3479:Artha
3456:Artha
3186:Dalit
3139:Varna
3056:Kural
2594:Agama
2565:Kalpa
2461:Katha
2333:Vedas
2304:Ācāra
2299:Smṛti
2294:Śruti
2278:Texts
1871:Kabir
1735:Vyasa
1645:Aruni
1492:Nyaya
1446:Vishu
1426:Ugadi
1106:Asana
1091:Sadhu
1060:Tapas
1031:Matha
1021:Yatra
1006:Vrata
991:Yajna
966:Murti
847:Tapas
822:Damah
817:Satya
787:Yamas
673:Karma
573:Artha
490:Guṇas
404:Radha
369:Durga
340:Ushas
335:Surya
330:Rudra
315:Indra
291:Vedic
282:Devis
278:Devas
243:Shiva
5624:ISBN
5614:OCLC
5604:ISBN
5583:ISBN
5564:ISBN
5532:ISBN
5507:ISBN
5483:ISBN
5458:OCLC
5416:ISBN
5376:ISBN
5362:2018
5349:ISBN
5325:ISBN
5308:ISBN
5257:2018
5244:ISBN
5215:ISBN
5101:ISBN
5080:ISBN
5040:ISBN
5005:ISBN
4994:ISBN
4972:ISBN
4961:ISBN
4941:ISBN
4920:ISBN
4868:ISBN
4851:ISBN
4814:ISBN
4766:ISBN
4741:ISBN
4721:ISBN
4701:ISBN
4648:ISBN
4590:ISBN
4532:ISBN
4514:ISBN
4503:ISBN
4480:ISBN
4454:ISBN
4321:Kama
4269:Kama
4267:and
4184:The
4178:Yoga
4152:agam
4074:aram
4052:and
4036:and
3994:and
3963:Mala
3955:Muni
3949:and
3938:Muni
3872:The
3857:and
3847:and
3827:and
3821:kāma
3752:and
3732:are
3730:Kama
3728:and
3712:and
3710:Kama
3679:Kama
3628:Kama
3582:Kama
3483:Kama
3460:Kama
3450:are
3432:IAST
3200:Jāti
2985:and
2498:Kena
2447:Isha
1655:Atri
1487:Yoga
1436:Bihu
1406:Onam
1349:Holi
1149:Arts
1096:Yogi
1083:Yoga
1046:Sevā
1041:Dāna
996:Homa
976:Japa
946:Ārtī
941:Puja
867:Dāna
827:Dayā
685:Mind
668:Maya
578:Kama
419:Sita
409:Rama
384:Kali
350:Vayu
300:Agni
202:List
5645:doi
5297:etc
4894:doi
4126:of
4096:of
3787:in
3766:).
3740:is
3603:rta
3481:or
535:God
5669::
5445:^
5226:^
5174:^
5125:^
4939:,
4900:.
4890:22
4888:.
4824:^
4805:^
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4639:^
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3564:.
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2819:,
523:Om
46:on
5647::
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