513:
1400:
774:
1381:
42:
935:
828:
64:
652:
137:
974:
5674:
112:
6270:
1519:
927:
263:
1074:
1505:
792:, is 39–40 centimetres (15–16 inches) in length, has a 73–90 centimetres (29–35 inches) wingspan, and weighs an average 310 grammes (10.9 oz). Its plumage is velvet-black, green-glossed on the body, and it has a long curved red bill and red legs. The sexes are similar (although adults can be sexed in the hand using a formula involving
1225:, Great Britain and Ireland may now have stabilised. The European breeding population is between 12,265 and 17,370 pairs, but only in Spain is the species still widespread. Since in the rest of the continent breeding areas are fragmented and isolated, the red-billed chough has been categorised as "vulnerable" in Europe.
1427:
did not die after his last battle but rather his soul migrated into the body of a red-billed chough, the red colour of its bill and legs being derived from the blood of the last battle and hence killing this bird was unlucky. Legend also holds that after the last
Cornish chough departs from Cornwall,
1209:
The red-billed chough has an extensive range, estimated at ten million square kilometres (four million square miles), and a large population, including an estimated 86,000 to 210,000 individuals in Europe. Over its range as a whole, the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for
964:
Juveniles have a 43% chance of surviving their first year, and the annual survival rate of adults is about 80%. Choughs generally have a lifespan of about seven years, although an age of 17 years has been recorded. The temperature and rainfall in the months preceding breeding correlates with the
1464:
reference to Becket's name, as they were once known as "beckits". However the latter theory does not stand up to scrutiny, as the use of the term "beckit" to mean a chough is not found before the 19th century. Regardless of its origin, the chough is still used in heraldry as a symbol of Becket, and
1329:
It is counted little better than a kite, for it is of ravenous quality, and is very mischievous; it will steal and carry away any thing it finds about the house, that is not too heavy, tho' not fit for its food; as knives, forks, spoons and linnen cloths, or whatever it can fly away with, sometimes
1228:
In Spain the red-billed chough has recently expanded its range by utilising old buildings, with 1,175 breeding pairs in a 9,716-square-kilometre (3,751 sq mi) study area. These new breeding areas usually surround the original montane core areas. However, the populations with nest sites on
1004:
The preferred feeding habitat is short grass produced by grazing, for example by sheep and rabbits, the numbers of which are linked to the chough's breeding success. Suitable feeding areas can also arise where plant growth is hindered by exposure to coastal salt spray or poor soils. It will use its
1259:
began a project in 2010, aimed at restoring selected areas of Jersey's coastline with the intention of returning those birds that had become locally extinct. The red-billed chough was chosen as a flagship species for this project, having been absent from Jersey since around 1900. Durrell initially
861:
Its main habitat is high mountains; it is found between 2,000 and 2,500 metres (6,600 and 8,200 ft) in North Africa, and mainly between 2,400 and 3,000 metres (7,900 and 9,800 ft) in the
Himalayas. In that mountain range it reaches 6,000 metres (20,000 feet) in the summer, and has been
799:
The red-billed chough is unlikely to be confused with any other species of bird. Although the jackdaw and Alpine chough share its range, the jackdaw is smaller and has unglossed grey plumage, and the Alpine chough has a short yellow bill. Even in flight, the two choughs can be distinguished by
1455:
consisting of three
Cornish choughs on a white field, although as he died 30 to 45 years before the start of the age of heraldry, in reality he bore no arms. These attributed arms appear in many English churches dedicated to him. The symbolism behind the association is not known for certain.
1142:, but a study in Spain showed that the prevalence was less than one percent, and unlikely to affect the life history and conservation of this species. These low levels of parasitism contrast with a much higher prevalence in some other passerine groups; for example a study of
922:
The chough lays three to five eggs 3.9 by 2.8 centimetres (1.5 by 1.1 inches) in size and weighing 15.7 grammes (0.55 oz), of which 6% is shell. They are spotted, not always densely, in various shades of brown and grey on a creamy or slightly tinted ground.
85:
1268:
programme. In 2013, juveniles were released onto the north coast of Jersey using soft-release methods developed at
Durrell. Over the next five years, small cohorts of captive-bred choughs were released, monitored, and provided supplemental food.
1359:
492:, based on its call. The similar red-billed species, formerly particularly common in Cornwall, became known initially as "Cornish chough" and then just "chough", the name transferring from one species to the other. The Australian
1116:
neighbours. The breeding success of the red-billed chough in the vicinity of the kestrels was found to be much higher than that of birds elsewhere, with a lower percentage of nest failures (16% near the falcon, 65% elsewhere).
874:. It was formerly more widespread on coasts but has suffered from the loss of its specialised habitat. It tends to breed at a lower elevation than the Alpine chough, that species having a diet better adapted to high altitudes.
2986:
Palinauskas, Vaidas; Markovets, Mikhail Yu; Kosarev, Vladislav V; Efremov, Vladislav D; Sokolov Leonid V; Valkiûnas, Gediminas (2005). "Occurrence of avian haematozoa in
Ekaterinburg and Irkutsk districts of Russia".
965:
number of young fledging each year and their survival rate. Chicks fledging under good conditions are more likely to survive to breeding age, and have longer breeding lives than those fledging under poor conditions.
1036:
Where the two chough species occur together, there is only limited competition for food. An
Italian study showed that the vegetable part of the winter diet for the red-billed chough was almost exclusively
1330:
they say it has stolen bits of firebrands, or lighted candles, and lodged them in the stacks of corn, and the thatch of barns and houses, and set them on fire; but this I only had by oral tradition.
887:
The red-billed chough breeds from three years of age, and normally raises only one brood a year, although the age at first breeding is greater in large populations. A pair exhibits strong mate and
382:
to its breeding site, which is usually a cave or crevice in a cliff face. It builds a wool-lined stick nest and lays three eggs. It feeds, often in flocks, on short grazed grassland, taking mainly
1221:
However, the
European range has declined and fragmented due to the loss of traditional pastoral farming, persecution and perhaps disturbance at breeding and nesting sites, although the numbers in
1077:
Red-billed chough (left) can be distinguished from Alpine chough in flight by its deeper primary "fingers" and tail wedge. Its wings extend further, to or beyond the tail tip, when it is standing.
84:
907:. The nest is constructed in a cave or similar fissure in a crag or cliff face. In soft sandstone, the birds themselves excavate holes nearly a metre deep. Old buildings may be used, and in
997:
to feed on parasites. Although invertebrates make up most of the chough's diet, it will eat vegetable matter including fallen grain, and in the
Himalayas has been reported as damaging
1532:
1033: in) reflects the thin soils which it feeds on, and the depths at which many invertebrates occur, but it may dig to 10–20 cm (4–8 in) in appropriate conditions.
1394:
Sable, on a cross engrailed argent a lion passant gules between four leopard's faces azure; on a chief or a rose gules barbed vert seeded or between two
Cornish choughs proper
3369:
2031:
Swinhoe, Robert (1871). "A revised catalogue of the birds of China and its islands, with descriptions of new species, references to former notes, and occasional remarks".
389:
Although it is subject to predation and parasitism, the main threat to this species is changes in agricultural practices, which have led to population decline, some local
819:
calls. Small subspecies of the red-billed chough have higher frequency calls than larger races, as predicted by the inverse relationship between body size and frequency.
83:
1610:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
367:
breed on mountains and coastal cliffs from the western coasts of
Ireland and Britain east through southern Europe and North Africa to Central Asia, India and China.
6520:
1240:
in 2001, and nested in the following year. This was the first English breeding record since 1947, and a slowly expanding population has bred every subsequent year.
3292:
6572:
5582:
6665:
1233:. The local extinction of the Alpine chough and the reduced range of red-billed chough in the islands may have been due to climate change or human activity.
2797:
Rolando, Antonio; Caldoni, Riccardo; De Sanctis, Augusto; Laiolo, Paola (2001). "Vigilance and neighbour distance in foraging flocks of red-billed choughs,
2267:
1229:
buildings are threatened by human disturbance, persecution and the loss of old buildings. Fossils of both chough species were found in the mountains of the
2889:
3552:
3399:
2275:
2243:
370:
This bird has glossy black plumage, a long curved red bill, red legs, and a loud, ringing call. It has a buoyant acrobatic flight with widely spread
6494:
6533:
1631:
Ornithologia Britannica: seu Avium omnium Britannicarum tam terrestrium, quam aquaticarum catalogus, sermone Latino, Anglico et Gallico redditus
615:, it is larger, has a longer tail and wings, and its plumage has a greener gloss. It is the longest-billed form, both absolutely and relatively.
3537:
3164:
6700:
6680:
6214:
3515:[Natural Symbols for the Canary Islands] (Ley 7/1991) (in Spanish). Vol. 151. 30 April 1991. pp. 20946–20497 – via
3007:
512:
393:, and range fragmentation in Europe; however, it is not threatened globally. The red-billed chough, which derived its common name from the
2049:
Reliquiae aquitanicae: being contributions to the archaeology and palaeontology of Pèrigord and the adjoining provinces of Southern France
765:
history, and that Italian red-billed choughs are more closely allied to the North African subspecies than to those of the rest of Europe.
3130:
2765:
2448:
1248:
6229:
5642:
3584:
5575:
3377:
3352:
3251:
3220:
3204:
2723:
2418:
2147:
1835:
1750:
1720:
1399:
340:
2739:
919:. The red-billed chough will utilise other artificial sites, such as quarries and mineshafts for nesting where they are available.
807:
call is clearer and louder than the similar vocalisation of the jackdaw, and always very different from that of its yellow-billed
6695:
6690:
3456:
1854:
761:
Detailed analysis of call similarity suggests that the Asiatic and Ethiopian races diverged from the western subspecies early in
2437:
773:
6455:
426:
252:
1009:
and emerging flies off the surface, or to dig for grubs and other invertebrates. The typical excavation depth of 2–3 cm (
647:. It is larger than the African subspecies, but it has a smaller bill and its plumage is very green-tinted, with little gloss.
6046:
1065:
larvae and beetles to its diet. Both choughs will hide food in cracks and fissures, concealing the cache with a few pebbles.
6538:
1767:
1685:
1185:, acquired by young birds a few months after fledging when they join communal roosts, suggested that this parasite actually
6559:
6403:
6239:
6148:
3516:
796:
length and bill width) but the juvenile has an orange bill and pink legs until its first autumn, and less glossy plumage.
957:
the newly hatched chicks for around ten days, and then both parents share feeding and nest sanitation duties. The chicks
6705:
6685:
6224:
5568:
3438:
1301:'Blessed Island', where "The birds of broadest wing their mansions form/The chough, the sea-mew, the loquacious crow."
6629:
6377:
6067:
3736:
1408:
6329:
1465:
appears in the arms of several persons and institutions associated with him, most notably in the arms of the city of
945:
The egg size is independent of the clutch size and the nest site, but may vary between different females. The female
136:
6473:
694:
in the west of its range. It is the largest subspecies, long-tailed, and with blue or purple-blue glossed feathers.
6577:
1001:
crops by breaking off the ripening heads to extract the corn. In the Himalayas, they form large flocks in winter.
6675:
6486:
5637:
5214:
5205:
3975:
2279:
1256:
5751:
2208:
2191:
6249:
3915:
2920:
2165:
1448:
1370:
5141:
4161:
5972:
5886:
5825:
5797:
3403:
1261:
636:
500:, despite its similar shape and habits, is only distantly related to the true choughs, and is an example of
629:, where it occurs in two separate areas. The two populations could possibly represent different subspecies.
6364:
6291:
6010:
5896:
4104:
3966:
3867:
3577:
3253:
A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, divided into circuits or journies (Appendix To Letter III)
1385:
1194:
755:
1189:
the body condition of its host. It is possible that the feather mites enhance feather cleaning and deter
6611:
6243:
6163:
6115:
4836:
3984:
3796:
1339:
1181:
578:
231:
41:
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1583:
1380:
934:
6670:
6442:
6356:
6338:
6060:
5766:
5439:
5123:
4700:
4293:
4095:
4086:
3924:
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3836:
3557:
3483:
1457:
1343:
1125:
501:
3317:
6234:
6120:
6032:
5840:
5591:
5280:
5025:
4585:
4540:
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4338:
4284:
4077:
3993:
3906:
3787:
1440:
1335:
1298:
751:
493:
101:
3156:
2088:"Vocalizations and morphology: interpreting the divergence among populations of Red-billed Chough
2053:
903:
or other plants, and is lined with wool or hair; in central Asia, the hair may be taken from live
63:
6390:
6168:
6095:
5891:
5701:
5511:
5493:
5466:
5448:
4893:
4866:
4718:
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4390:
4245:
4227:
3957:
3933:
3030:
2968:
2912:
2870:
2640:
2595:
2535:
2369:
2344:"Environmental variability, life-history covariation and cohort effects in the red-billed chough
2221:
2013:
1626:
1389:
1214:(i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as
1090:
441:
275:
131:
6616:
6343:
3038:
2715:
827:
6525:
3196:
3190:
651:
6598:
6551:
6416:
6183:
6130:
5983:
5951:
5931:
5792:
5787:
5761:
5721:
5683:
5361:
5307:
5271:
5159:
5150:
4800:
4664:
4576:
4489:
4426:
4417:
4218:
4208:
3570:
3348:
3200:
3134:
2960:
2862:
2833:"Protective association and breeding advantages of choughs nesting in lesser kestrel colonies"
2772:
2719:
2414:
2213:
2143:
1831:
1746:
1716:
1287:
843:
793:
544:
405:. The red-billed chough has been depicted on postage stamps of a few countries, including the
2514:
Laiolo, P.; Bignal, E.M.; Patterson, I.J. (1998). "The dynamics of parental care in Choughs (
1334:
Not all mentions of "chough" refer to this species. Because of the origins of its name, when
6603:
6254:
6105:
6082:
5995:
5926:
5850:
5835:
5711:
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5600:
5457:
5379:
5316:
5247:
5132:
4773:
4709:
4480:
4399:
3805:
3109:
in the Canary Islands: hypotheses to explain its extinction and current narrow distribution"
3083:
3075:
3022:
2950:
2904:
2852:
2844:
2810:
2671:
2630:
2585:
2527:
2494:
2359:
2321:
2203:
2107:
2005:
1911:
1858:
1578:
1537:
1265:
1252:
1082:
954:
946:
939:
701:
625:
and Charles Vaurie under its current name in 1955, is a dull-plumaged subspecies endemic to
390:
320:
6624:
6369:
3547:
3104:
3056:
2937:
Blanco, Guillermo; Merino, Santiago; Tella, Joseé Luis; Fargallo, Juan A; Gajon, A (1997).
2239:
2067:
Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (1975). "Les oiseaux du Pléistocène moyen et supérieur de France".
6710:
6585:
6274:
6158:
6138:
5936:
5916:
5807:
5782:
5726:
5614:
5352:
5334:
4949:
4939:
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4782:
4311:
4302:
4040:
3769:
3760:
1524:
1452:
1362:
1283:
1133:
1043:
bulbs, whilst the Alpine chough took berries and hips. In June, red-billed choughs fed on
371:
6642:
5731:
3228:
2743:
2047:
1428:
then the return of the chough, as happened in 2001, will mark the return of King Arthur.
1346:
is "ordeyned to dystroye Choughes, Crowes and Rookes", they are clearly referring to the
3532:
3512:
1560:
6481:
6468:
6219:
6000:
5966:
5906:
5736:
5647:
5397:
5168:
5016:
4453:
4320:
4049:
3814:
3727:
2888:
Soler, Manuel; Palomino, Jose Javier; Martinez, Juan Gabriel; Soler, Juan Jose (1995).
2708:
2325:
2304:
Rolando, A; Laiolo, P (April 1997). "A comparative analysis of the diets of the chough
1419:
The red-billed chough has a long association with Cornwall, and appears on the Cornish
1314:
1230:
1129:
1121:
1102:
904:
855:
808:
719:
622:
608:
596:
449:
17:
3460:
3079:
2890:"Communal parental care by monogamous magpie hosts of fledgling Great Spotted Cuckoos"
1902:
Vaurie, Charles (May 1954). "Systematic Notes on Palearctic Birds. No. 4 The Choughs (
6659:
6546:
6408:
6090:
6039:
6015:
5946:
5921:
5820:
5502:
5484:
4791:
4764:
4612:
4510:
4408:
3681:
3636:
2832:
2635:
2614:
2452:
2364:
2343:
1862:
1655:
1605:
1569:
1444:
1366:
1215:
1211:
1143:
863:
854:, India and China, with two separate populations in the Ethiopian Highlands. It is a
548:
460:
422:
398:
248:
121:
116:
90:
3562:
3345:
Chatter of Choughs: An Anthology Celebrating the Return of Cornwall's Legendary Bird
3057:"Role of buildings as nest-sites in the range expansion and conservation of choughs
2874:
2599:
2539:
2225:
2017:
870:
it also breeds on coastal sea cliffs, feeding on adjacent short grazed grassland or
6421:
6053:
5961:
5956:
5911:
5901:
5870:
5865:
5632:
5622:
5388:
5325:
5072:
4845:
4739:
4682:
4630:
4558:
4519:
4462:
4435:
4275:
4031:
3897:
3778:
2972:
2477:
Stillman, Richard A.; Bignal, Eric M.; McCracken, David I.; Ovenden, Gy N. (1998).
2190:
Laiolo, Paola; Rolando, Antonio; Delestrade, Anne; de Sanctis, Augusto (May 2001).
1510:
1482:
1461:
1420:
1412:
1322:
1094:
1086:
982:
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851:
705:
600:
485:
383:
6460:
6395:
2166:"Age and sex determination of monomorphic non-breeding choughs: a long-term study"
1953:
3553:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.0 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
3055:
Blanco, Guillermo; Fargallo, Juan A.; Tella, José Luis; Cuevas; Jesús A. (1997).
6564:
6507:
6323:
6173:
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5756:
5706:
5652:
5415:
5298:
5192:
5177:
5081:
4902:
4691:
4673:
4639:
4621:
4567:
4329:
3751:
3008:"Feather Mites on Group-Living Red-Billed Choughs: A Non-Parasitic Interaction?"
1970:
1424:
1286:, the red-billed chough, also known as 'sea-crow', was considered sacred to the
1198:
1168:
1159:
1106:
1058:
1044:
1006:
926:
916:
839:
644:
556:
406:
359:
2955:
2938:
2342:
Reid, J. M.; Bignal, E. M.; Bignal, S.; McCracken, D. I.; Monaghan, P. (2003).
2086:
Laiolo, Paola; Rolando, Antonio; Delestrade, Anne; De Sanctis, Augusto (2004).
262:
6637:
6110:
5845:
5815:
5746:
5533:
5343:
5262:
5229:
5110:
5063:
5054:
4818:
4603:
4549:
4064:
3718:
3630:
3624:
2814:
2676:
2659:
2590:
2569:
2499:
2478:
2112:
2087:
1500:
1486:
1466:
1138:
888:
747:
687:
671:
540:
529:
410:
379:
364:
6314:
2217:
1321:, "oftentime it secretly conveieth fire sticks, setting their houses afire".
6100:
5941:
5830:
5741:
5696:
5475:
5430:
5406:
5370:
5289:
5007:
4884:
4875:
4827:
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1151:
1136:
is the primary host. Red-billed choughs can acquire blood parasites such as
981:
The red-billed chough's food consists largely of insects, spiders and other
950:
892:
762:
679:
375:
188:
148:
3267:
2939:"Hematozoa in two populations of the threatened red-billed chough in Spain"
2848:
3542:
2964:
2866:
911:
working monasteries provide sites, as occasionally do modern buildings in
585:, occurs in the red-billed chough's continental European range, excluding
6308:
6198:
6178:
6153:
5691:
5673:
5238:
4982:
4920:
4193:
4022:
3948:
3652:
3612:
3606:
3594:
3293:"Things to see in the garden at Trerice - Kayling lawn and parade ground"
2413:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 239–242.
2069:
Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie de la Faculté des Sciences de Lyon
1490:
1432:
1237:
1193:, and may complement other feather care measures such as sunbathing, and
1190:
1113:
1051:
953:
downy chicks are hatched, and is fed at the nest by the male. The female
912:
867:
781:
626:
604:
568:
564:
402:
198:
168:
54:
6590:
1358:
1309:
Up to the eighteenth century, the red-billed chough was associated with
1112:
is better at detecting a predator and more vigorous in defence than its
1073:
6499:
6351:
5716:
4930:
4126:
3708:
3088:
3034:
2916:
2857:
2644:
2531:
2373:
2046:
Milne-Edwards, Alphonse; Lartet, Édouard; Christy, Henry, eds. (1875).
2009:
1460:
during Becket's murder, while another suggests that the choughs are a
1404:
1347:
1155:
989:
probably being the most significant item. The Central Asian subspecies
896:
871:
831:
731:
552:
477:
394:
5560:
1930:
397:, was formerly associated with fire-raising, and has links with Saint
6188:
4367:
4265:
3887:
3672:
1915:
1478:
1436:
1294:
1290:
1244:
1222:
1109:
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994:
958:
800:
Alpine's less rectangular wings, and longer, less square-ended tail.
586:
208:
158:
76:
6512:
6434:
6285:
3026:
3006:
Blanco, Guillermo; Tella, Jose Luis; Potti, Jaime (September 1997).
2908:
838:
The red-billed chough breeds in Ireland, western Great Britain, the
712:, but its distinctness from the next subspecies has been questioned.
3347:. Wilkinson, Lucy (illustrator). Hypatia Publications. p. 31.
2164:
Blanco, Guillermo; Tella, José Luis; Torre, Ignacio (Summer 1996).
1828:
Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world
6429:
6193:
6005:
5855:
1996:
Stresemann, Erwin (1928). "Die Vögel der Elburs Expedition 1927".
1398:
1379:
1357:
1310:
1098:
1072:
1047:
1039:
972:
933:
925:
908:
900:
826:
772:
683:
660:
650:
560:
511:
81:
6447:
2613:
Blanco, Guillermo; Tella, José Luis; Torre, Ignacio (July 1998).
2574:(L) breeding populations and grazing pressure on the Calf of Man"
895:
is established. The bulky nest is composed of roots and stems of
788:
The adult of the "nominate" subspecies of the red-billed chough,
4357:
3618:
1176:
1054:
847:
521:
468:
354:
178:
6289:
5564:
4979:
4190:
3649:
3566:
2140:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
1338:
writes of "the crows and choughs that wing the midway air" or
977:
The long curved bill is used to dig for invertebrates and bulbs
5100:
5044:
4012:
2557:. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 597–598.
1554:
1552:
1062:
986:
742:
There is one known prehistoric form of the red-billed chough.
730:, breeds in central and northern China, Mongolia and southern
1236:
A small group of wild red-billed chough arrived naturally in
326:
2660:"Feeding habitats of the Chough on Bardsey Island (Gwynedd)"
2209:
10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0287:GVITCO]2.0.CO;2
589:. It is larger and slightly greener than the nominate race.
2615:"Traditional farming and key foraging habitats for chough
1439:
as "a Cornish chough" and is usually shown "proper", with
1715:. London: British Museum (Natural History). p. 151.
1403:
A yellow flag featuring a Cornish chough was used by the
1057:. Later in the summer, the Alpine chough mainly consumed
329:
3439:"Heraldry and the Martyrdom of Archbishop Thomas Becket"
3195:. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. p.
467:. The closest relatives of the choughs are the typical
1612:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 118.
1533:
List of animal and plant symbols of the Canary Islands
3133:. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. Archived from
1061:, whilst the red-billed chough added cranefly pupae,
459:, "raven". The only other member of the genus is the
341:
332:
27:
Bird in the crow family from Eurasia and North Africa
2192:"Geographical Variation in the Calls of the Choughs"
6298:
6207:
6129:
6081:
6024:
5982:
5879:
5806:
5775:
5682:
5613:
5524:
5428:
5260:
5227:
5190:
5108:
5098:
5052:
5042:
5005:
4996:
4928:
4919:
4365:
4355:
4273:
4262:
4216:
4207:
4152:
4143:
4117:
4062:
4020:
4010:
3946:
3895:
3884:
3858:
3827:
3749:
3716:
3707:
3670:
3663:
2831:Blanco, Guillermo; Tella, José Luis (August 1997).
2138:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
862:recorded at 7,950 metres (26,080 feet) altitude on
323:
3424:The age of heraldry started in England c.1200-1215
3225:The Odyssey of Homer, translated by Alexander Pope
2707:
3513:Símbolos de la naturaleza para las Islas Canarias
2619:conservation in a Spanish pseudosteppe landscape"
2390:Roberts, P. J. (1985). "The choughs of Bardsey".
1584:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705916A87384853.en
2553:Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderson, John C. (2005).
1477:This species has been depicted on the stamps of
1456:According to one legend, a chough strayed into
993:will perch on the backs of wild or domesticated
532:, although differences between them are slight.
3221:"Book V. The departure of Ulysses from Calypso"
2555:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2
2385:
2383:
2033:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1979:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1210:the global population decline criterion of the
659:at 3,800 metres (12,500 feet) at Tilla Lotani,
599:under its current name in 1954, is resident in
1975:from the Himalayas and a new species of Prion"
1931:"A new chough from the highlands of Abyssinia"
1101:, red-billed choughs preferentially nest near
1081:The red-billed chough's predators include the
5576:
3578:
3370:"Cornish chuffed at the return of the chough"
1929:Rand, Austin Loomer; Vaurie, Charles (1955).
421:The red-billed chough was first described by
357:family, one of only two species in the genus
8:
3184:
3182:
2570:"The relationship between Red-Billed Chough
1935:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
708:. It is smaller and less strongly blue than
3318:"Eyes Everywhere! – The Cornish Home Guard"
2695:. London, Groombridge and Sons. p. 29.
2411:Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan
2299:
2297:
1958:(in German). St. Petersburg. volume 3, 365.
1489:. It is the animal symbol of the island of
1162:sampled carried haematozoans, particularly
6286:
5988:
5583:
5569:
5561:
5105:
5049:
5002:
4993:
4976:
4925:
4362:
4270:
4213:
4204:
4187:
4149:
4017:
3892:
3713:
3667:
3660:
3646:
3585:
3571:
3563:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1633:(in Latin). London, J. Dixwell. p. 2.
704:in 1928 under its current name, breeds in
475:, especially the jackdaws in the subgenus
261:
110:
62:
40:
31:
3459:. Canterbury City Council. Archived from
3087:
2954:
2856:
2826:
2824:
2675:
2634:
2589:
2498:
2363:
2276:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
2244:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
2207:
2111:
1897:
1895:
1886:Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1774:. Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1692:. Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1582:
1443:as in nature. Since the 14th century, St
3543:Operation Chough, the return to Cornwall
3402:. Fullhomelydivinity.org. Archived from
2262:
2260:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1711:Goodwin, Derek; Gillmor, Robert (1976).
270:Approximate distribution shown in green
3163:. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust.
2714:. University of Chicago Press. p.
2432:
2430:
2337:
2335:
1971:"Two new species of hummingbird, a new
1548:
1415:(the unit's nickname was "The Choughs")
484:"Chough" was originally an alternative
3437:Humphery-Smith, Cecil (January 1971).
3400:"Keeping the Twelve Days of Christmas"
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
1849:
1847:
803:The red-billed chough's loud, ringing
518:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax erythroramphus
3548:John Harris poem "The Cornish Chough"
3432:
3430:
3256:. London, UK: Dent. pp. 247–248.
3167:from the original on 23 December 2018
3105:"New fossil records of choughs genus
2409:Ali, Salim; Ripley, S Dillon (1986).
1741:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
571:in 2001 after an absence of 50 years.
436:. It was moved to its current genus,
7:
6487:e2a1dcd5-b1ac-4945-9a10-392556d0f391
6215:Federation of Old Cornwall Societies
3558:Red-billed choughs on postage stamps
3368:Carrell, Severin (27 January 2002).
2693:A history of British birds, volume 2
1375:Argent, three Cornish choughs proper
1201:from the insects deters parasites).
1197:—rubbing the plumage with ants (the
850:, and in mountainous country across
6666:IUCN Red List least concern species
3533:RSPB information, sounds and videos
2742:. BirdWatch Ireland. Archived from
2691:Morris, Rev. Francis Orpen (1862).
2479:"Clutch and egg size in the Chough
2449:Joint Nature Conservation Committee
2142:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1826:Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1994).
1570:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1325:was also familiar with this story:
1260:received two pairs of choughs from
1249:Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust
6230:Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society
2771:. Operation Chough. Archived from
2326:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04639.x
1451:, has retrospectively acquired an
1179:, but a study of the feather mite
1175:Red-billed choughs can also carry
409:, with four different stamps, and
25:
3192:Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery
3103:Reyes, Juan Carlos Rando (2007).
2568:Mccanch, Norman (November 2000).
1952:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1774).
1830:. A&C Black. pp. 133–5.
1614:U. atra, rostro pedibusque rubris
1097:will take nestlings. In northern
754:, which was described in 1875 by
448:. The genus name is derived from
413:, where the bird does not occur.
6268:
5672:
2706:Wall, Stephen B. Vander (1990).
2636:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00296.x
2365:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00673.x
1517:
1503:
961:31–41 days after hatching.
780:; nominate subspecies flying in
758:from finds in southwest France.
750:that lived in Europe during the
319:
135:
2740:"A year in the life of Choughs"
1884:Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1817).
1745:. London: Chatto & Windus.
1666:. British Trust for Ornithology
1559:BirdLife International (2016).
1005:long curved bill to pick ants,
949:for 17–18 days before the
643:in 1774, breeds from Greece to
6047:Come, all ye jolly tinner boys
2766:"Release Update December 2003"
1423:. According to Cornish legend
1:
6240:Royal Institution of Cornwall
3737:Black racket-tailed treepie (
3457:"The City Arms of Canterbury"
3080:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00118-8
2052:. London: Williams. pp.
1120:This species is occasionally
6225:Institute of Cornish Studies
2943:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2173:Journal of Field Ornithology
1768:"ITIS Standard Report Page:
1686:"ITIS Standard Report Page:
985:taken from the ground, with
551:, where it is restricted to
6701:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
6681:Birds of the Horn of Africa
6068:The Song of the Western Men
5215:White-throated Magpie-jay (
5206:Black-throated magpie-jay (
3976:Yellow-billed blue magpie (
3445:(85). The Heraldry Society.
1050:whereas Alpine choughs ate
866:. In the British Isles and
6727:
3916:Indochinese green magpie (
3268:"A yellow flag at Trerice"
3157:"Choughs: Field Programme"
2956:10.7589/0090-3558-33.3.642
2623:Journal of Applied Ecology
1888:(in French). volume 8, 12.
1251:, in partnership with the
842:, southern Europe and the
567:, although it recolonised
6263:
5991:
5669:
5638:Cornish kilts and tartans
5598:
4992:
4975:
4203:
4186:
3659:
3645:
3601:
3593:Extant species of family
2815:10.1017/S095283690100019X
2677:10.1080/00063658309476777
2591:10.1080/00063650009461189
2500:10.1080/00063659809461085
2352:Journal of Animal Ecology
2312:coexisting in the Alps".
2268:"Cornwall Chough Project"
2113:10.1080/00063650409461360
1908:American Museum Novitates
1257:National Trust for Jersey
281:
274:
269:
260:
237:
230:
132:Scientific classification
130:
108:
99:
70:
61:
48:
39:
34:
6250:Movyans Skolyow Meythrin
5788:Cornish pilot-gig racing
3967:Red-billed blue magpie (
3868:Ratchet-tailed treepie (
3015:Journal of Avian Biology
2710:Food hoarding in animals
1658:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
1577:: e.T22705916A87384853.
1449:Archbishop of Canterbury
1371:Archbishop of Canterbury
1264:in Cornwall and began a
823:Distribution and habitat
455:, "flame-coloured", and
374:. The red-billed chough
6696:Birds described in 1758
6691:Environment of Cornwall
6643:Pyrrhocorax-pyrrhocorax
6344:Pyrrhocorax_pyrrhocorax
6330:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
6300:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
5973:The Pirates of Penzance
5887:List of Cornish writers
5798:Rugby union in Cornwall
5142:Woodhouse's scrub jay (
4837:Hispaniolan palm crow (
4162:Stresemann's bushcrow (
3985:Sri Lanka blue magpie (
3797:White-bellied treepie (
3486:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
3068:Biological Conservation
3059:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2799:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2658:Roberts, P. J. (1983).
2617:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2572:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2516:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2481:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2440:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2346:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2306:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2090:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
1563:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
1453:attributed coat of arms
1313:, and was described by
738:but with a weaker bill.
637:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
583:Coracia erythrorhamphos
528:There are eight extant
498:Corcorax melanorhamphos
446:Ornithologia Britannica
350:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
241:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
18:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
5897:Cornwall Film Festival
5440:Silvery-throated jay (
5124:California scrub jay (
4701:Eastern carrion crow (
4294:Yellow-billed magpie (
4096:Turkestan ground jay (
4087:Mongolian ground jay (
3925:Bornean green magpie (
3846:Bornean black magpie (
3837:Malayan black magpie (
3250:Defoe, Daniel (1962).
2849:10.1006/anbe.1996.0465
2520:Journal of Ornithology
2308:and the alpine chough
1998:Journal of Ornithology
1416:
1396:
1386:Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
1377:
1332:
1146:in Russia showed that
1078:
978:
942:
931:
858:throughout its range.
856:non-migratory resident
835:
785:
756:Alphonse Milne-Edwards
663:
559:, and the far west of
543:and smallest form, is
525:
488:name for the jackdaw,
378:for life and displays
94:
6612:Paleobiology Database
6244:Royal Cornwall Museum
6164:Jack the Giant Killer
6116:Prayer Book Rebellion
5281:Purplish-backed jay (
5026:Azure-winged magpie (
4586:Eastern jungle crow (
4541:Slender-billed crow (
4445:New Caledonian crow (
4339:Black-rumped magpie (
4285:Black-billed magpie (
4078:Xinjiang ground jay (
3994:White-winged magpie (
3907:Common green magpie (
3788:Black-faced treepie (
3492:Theme Birds on Stamps
3343:Newlyn, Lucy (2005).
3272:National Trust Prints
3189:de Vries, Ad (1976).
1407:unit of the Cornwall
1402:
1383:
1361:
1327:
1105:colonies. This small
1076:
976:
937:
929:
878:Behaviour and ecology
830:
811:, which has rippling
776:
654:
613:P. p. erythropthalmus
579:Louis Pierre Vieillot
575:P. p. erythropthalmus
515:
88:
6482:Fauna Europaea (new)
6061:Hail to the Homeland
5512:White-collared jay (
5494:Black-throated jay (
5467:White-throated jay (
5449:Black-collared jay (
4894:Thick-billed raven (
4867:White-necked raven (
4719:Brown-necked raven (
4595:Indian jungle crow (
4246:Kashmir nutcracker (
4237:Clark's nutcracker (
4228:Spotted nutcracker (
4105:Iranian ground jay (
3958:Taiwan blue magpie (
3934:Javan green magpie (
3137:on 27 September 2021
2310:Pyrrhocorax graculus
1969:Gould, John (1862).
1955:Reise durch Russland
1855:"The Cornish Chough"
1458:Canterbury Cathedral
1126:great spotted cuckoo
678:, is found from the
676:Fregilus himalayanus
502:convergent evolution
465:Pyrrhocorax graculus
353:), is a bird in the
49:Adult of subspecies
6706:Calypso (mythology)
6686:Culture of Cornwall
6275:Cornwall portal
6235:Royal Cornwall Show
6121:Radyo an Gernewegva
6033:Bro Goth agan Tasow
6011:Fisherman's Friends
5841:Cornish Gilliflower
5592:Culture of Cornwall
5362:Bushy-crested jay (
5308:Plush-crested jay (
5272:Black-chested jay (
5160:Transvolcanic jay (
5151:Florida scrub jay (
4801:White-necked crow (
4665:Mesopotamian crow (
4577:Large-billed crow (
4490:White-billed crow (
4427:Bougainville crow (
4418:Brown-headed crow (
3691:Red-billed chough (
3484:"Red-billed Chough
3131:"Red-billed Chough"
2483:on Islay, Scotland"
1627:Tunstall, Marmaduke
1435:the bird is always
1367:Saint Thomas Becket
834:habitat in Scotland
734:. It is similar to
541:nominate subspecies
494:white-winged chough
296:Linnaeus, 1766
288:Linnaeus, 1758
223:P. pyrrhocorax
102:Conservation status
89:Calls, recorded in
6096:Cornish literature
5892:Tristan and Iseult
5702:Chewidden Thursday
5658:Saint Piran's Flag
5458:Azure-hooded jay (
5380:White-tailed jay (
5317:Curl-crested jay (
5133:Island scrub jay (
4774:Chihuahuan raven (
4710:Fan-tailed raven (
4481:Long-billed crow (
4400:Australian raven (
3806:Sumatran treepie (
3482:Scharning, Kjell.
3380:on 9 November 2012
2803:Journal of Zoology
2532:10.1007/BF01653340
2458:on 4 February 2011
2092:and Alpine Chough
2010:10.1007/BF01940684
1713:Crows of the World
1417:
1397:
1390:Archbishop of York
1378:
1182:Gabucinia delibata
1091:Eurasian eagle-owl
1079:
979:
943:
932:
836:
786:
664:
623:Austin Loomer Rand
526:
442:Marmaduke Tunstall
293:Corvus pyrrhocorax
95:
35:Red-billed chough
6653:
6652:
6599:Open Tree of Life
6292:Taxon identifiers
6283:
6282:
6184:Mermaid of Zennor
6077:
6076:
5952:Rosamunde Pilcher
5932:Daphne du Maurier
5831:Cornish cream tea
5793:Cornish wrestling
5767:Tom Bawcock's Eve
5722:Kernewek Lowender
5643:Jonathan Trelawny
5606:Gonisogeth Kernow
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5353:Azure-naped jay (
5335:White-naped jay (
5094:
5093:
5038:
5037:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4915:
4914:
4810:Cuban palm crow (
4803:C. leucognaphalus
4783:Tamaulipas crow (
4767:C. brachyrhynchos
4351:
4350:
4312:Oriental magpie (
4303:Eurasian magpie (
4258:
4257:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4139:
4138:
4041:Lanceolated jay (
4006:
4005:
3969:U. erythrorhyncha
3880:
3879:
3770:Bornean treepie (
3761:Andaman treepie (
3703:
3702:
3161:Birds on the Edge
2926:on 26 March 2009.
1865:on 17 August 2023
1660:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
915:towns, including
790:P. p. pyrrhocorax
778:P. p. pyrrhocorax
744:P. p. primigenius
724:Fregilus graculus
710:P. p. himalayanus
668:P. p. himalayanus
657:P. p. himalayanus
537:P. p. pyrrhocorax
434:Upupa pyrrhocorax
307:red-billed chough
303:
302:
285:Upupa pyrrhocorax
125:
86:
73:P. p. himalayanus
57:, Canary Islands
16:(Redirected from
6718:
6676:Birds of Eurasia
6646:
6645:
6633:
6632:
6620:
6619:
6607:
6606:
6594:
6593:
6581:
6580:
6568:
6567:
6565:NHMSYS0000530800
6555:
6554:
6542:
6541:
6529:
6528:
6516:
6515:
6503:
6502:
6490:
6489:
6477:
6476:
6464:
6463:
6451:
6450:
6438:
6437:
6425:
6424:
6412:
6411:
6399:
6398:
6386:
6385:
6373:
6372:
6360:
6359:
6357:18D2C42A9AD30CD8
6347:
6346:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6287:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6255:Akademi Kernewek
6106:Beunans Meriasek
5996:Cornish bagpipes
5989:
5927:Barbara Hepworth
5836:Cornish fairings
5677:
5676:
5663:Scillonian Cross
5585:
5578:
5571:
5562:
5536:G. cyanocephalus
5398:Violaceous jay (
5364:C. melanocyaneus
5199:
5169:Unicolored jay (
5117:
5106:
5050:
5017:Iberian magpie (
5003:
4994:
4987:
4977:
4926:
4896:C. crassirostris
4863:
4859:Tropical African
4761:
4757:Central American
4736:
4661:
4579:C. macrorhynchos
4537:
4507:
4454:Torresian crow (
4420:C. fuscicapillus
4387:
4363:
4321:Maghreb magpie (
4271:
4248:N. multipunctata
4230:N. caryocatactes
4214:
4205:
4198:
4188:
4150:
4071:
4018:
3893:
3815:Rufous treepie (
3728:Hooded treepie (
3714:
3668:
3661:
3647:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3443:The Coat of Arms
3434:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3406:on 27 March 2016
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3376:. Archived from
3365:
3359:
3358:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3231:on 13 March 2016
3227:. Archived from
3217:
3211:
3210:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3074:(2–3): 117–122.
3065:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3044:on 19 June 2013.
3043:
3037:. Archived from
3012:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2958:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2919:. Archived from
2894:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2860:
2837:Animal Behaviour
2828:
2819:
2818:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2746:on 11 April 2016
2736:
2730:
2729:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2451:. Archived from
2446:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2278:. Archived from
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2135:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1861:. Archived from
1859:Cornwall Council
1851:
1842:
1841:
1823:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1743:Birds Britannica
1738:
1727:
1726:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1664:BTOWeb BirdFacts
1652:
1635:
1634:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1556:
1538:Operation Chough
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1354:Cornish heraldry
1305:Nuisance species
1266:captive breeding
1253:States of Jersey
1083:peregrine falcon
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1013:
940:Museum Wiesbaden
938:Egg, Collection
702:Erwin Stresemann
453:πυρρός (pyrrhos)
427:10th edition of
344:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
297:
289:
265:
243:
140:
139:
119:
114:
113:
87:
66:
44:
32:
21:
6726:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6641:
6636:
6628:
6623:
6615:
6610:
6602:
6597:
6589:
6586:Observation.org
6584:
6576:
6571:
6563:
6558:
6550:
6545:
6537:
6532:
6524:
6519:
6511:
6506:
6498:
6493:
6485:
6480:
6472:
6467:
6459:
6454:
6446:
6441:
6433:
6428:
6420:
6415:
6407:
6402:
6394:
6389:
6381:
6376:
6368:
6363:
6355:
6350:
6342:
6337:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6294:
6284:
6279:
6269:
6267:
6259:
6203:
6159:Cruel Coppinger
6139:Beast of Bodmin
6125:
6073:
6020:
5978:
5937:William Golding
5917:Charles Causley
5875:
5826:Cornish cheeses
5802:
5783:Cornish hurling
5771:
5727:Montol Festival
5678:
5671:
5667:
5609:
5594:
5589:
5559:
5542:
5520:
5503:Turquoise jay (
5485:Beautiful jay (
5424:
5391:C. sanblasianus
5319:C. cristatellus
5256:
5248:Steller's jay (
5223:
5197:
5196:
5186:
5153:A. coerulescens
5115:
5114:
5090:
5084:P. internigrans
5034:
4998:
4988:
4985:
4959:
4950:Western jackdaw
4940:Daurian jackdaw
4911:
4856:
4846:Sinaloan crow (
4792:Jamaican crow (
4776:C. cryptoleucus
4765:American crow (
4750:
4729:
4650:
4613:Collared crow (
4588:C. levaillantii
4530:
4511:Hawaiian crow (
4500:
4447:C. moneduloides
4409:Bismarck crow (
4376:
4347:
4264:
4254:
4199:
4196:
4170:
4145:
4135:
4113:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4002:
3978:U. flavirostris
3942:
3886:
3876:
3854:
3823:
3745:
3699:
3682:Alpine chough (
3655:
3641:
3597:
3591:
3529:
3524:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3374:The Independent
3367:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3324:. 21 March 2022
3316:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3027:10.2307/3676970
3010:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2909:10.2307/1369188
2892:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2778:on 19 July 2011
2775:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2629:(23): 232–239.
2612:
2611:
2607:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2282:on 14 July 2014
2266:
2265:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2121:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1525:Cornwall portal
1523:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1475:
1363:Attributed arms
1356:
1344:Vermin Act 1532
1319:incendaria avis
1307:
1284:Greek mythology
1280:
1278:Greek mythology
1275:
1207:
1134:Eurasian magpie
1071:
1069:Natural threats
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1010:
991:P. p. centralis
971:
885:
880:
825:
771:
736:P. p. centralis
718:, described by
716:P. p. brachypus
700:, described by
698:P. p. centralis
670:, described by
635:, described by
595:, described by
577:, described by
510:
490:Corvus monedula
429:Systema Naturae
419:
342:
322:
318:
295:
287:
256:
245:
239:
226:
134:
126:
115:
111:
104:
82:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6724:
6722:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6658:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6634:
6621:
6608:
6595:
6582:
6569:
6556:
6543:
6530:
6517:
6504:
6491:
6478:
6469:Fauna Europaea
6465:
6452:
6439:
6426:
6413:
6400:
6387:
6374:
6361:
6348:
6335:
6320:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6220:Gorsedh Kernow
6217:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6001:Brenda Wootton
5998:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5969:
5967:Minack Theatre
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5907:St Ives School
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5762:St Piran's Day
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:Nickanan Night
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:Michael An Gof
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5628:Cornish chough
5625:
5619:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5514:C. viridicyana
5509:
5500:
5491:
5482:
5473:
5464:
5455:
5446:
5442:C. argentigula
5436:
5434:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:C. yucatanicus
5413:
5404:
5395:
5389:San Blas jay (
5386:
5377:
5368:
5359:
5350:
5341:
5332:
5326:Purplish jay (
5323:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5175:
5166:
5162:A. ultramarina
5157:
5148:
5144:A. woodhouseii
5139:
5130:
5126:A. californica
5120:
5118:
5103:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5079:
5073:Siberian jay (
5070:
5060:
5058:
5047:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5023:
5013:
5011:
5000:
4990:
4989:
4980:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4936:
4934:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4853:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4794:C. jamaicensis
4789:
4780:
4771:
4762:
4747:
4746:
4740:Common raven (
4737:
4726:
4725:
4716:
4707:
4698:
4689:
4683:Carrion crow (
4680:
4671:
4662:
4647:
4646:
4637:
4631:Banggai crow (
4628:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4559:Palawan crow (
4556:
4547:
4538:
4533:Tropical Asian
4527:
4526:
4520:Mariana crow (
4517:
4513:C. hawaiiensis
4508:
4503:Pacific island
4497:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4469:
4463:Forest raven (
4460:
4451:
4442:
4436:Little raven (
4433:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4397:
4388:
4373:
4371:
4360:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:P. bottanensis
4336:
4327:
4323:P. mauritanica
4318:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4281:
4279:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4191:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:Z. stresemanni
4158:
4156:
4154:Zavattariornis
4147:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4047:
4043:G. lanceolatus
4038:
4032:Eurasian jay (
4028:
4026:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3843:
3839:P. leucopterus
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3808:D. occipitalis
3803:
3799:D. leucogastra
3794:
3785:
3779:Grey treepie (
3776:
3772:D. cinerascens
3767:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3693:P. pyrrhocorax
3688:
3678:
3676:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3527:External links
3525:
3523:
3522:
3504:
3474:
3463:on 1 June 2012
3448:
3426:
3417:
3391:
3360:
3353:
3335:
3309:
3297:National Trust
3284:
3259:
3242:
3212:
3205:
3178:
3148:
3122:
3095:
3047:
3021:(3): 197–206.
2998:
2978:
2929:
2903:(3): 804–810.
2880:
2843:(2): 335–342.
2820:
2809:(2): 225–232.
2789:
2757:
2731:
2724:
2698:
2683:
2650:
2605:
2584:(3): 295–303.
2560:
2545:
2526:(3): 297–305.
2506:
2469:
2426:
2419:
2401:
2379:
2331:
2320:(2): 388–395.
2293:
2256:
2231:
2202:(2): 287–297.
2182:
2156:
2148:
2119:
2106:(3): 248–255.
2078:
2059:
2038:
2023:
2004:(2): 313–326.
1988:
1961:
1944:
1921:
1891:
1876:
1843:
1836:
1785:
1759:
1751:
1728:
1721:
1703:
1677:
1636:
1618:
1597:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1498:
1495:
1481:, The Gambia,
1474:
1471:
1355:
1352:
1315:William Camden
1306:
1303:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1231:Canary Islands
1206:
1203:
1132:for which the
1130:brood parasite
1103:lesser kestrel
1070:
1067:
970:
967:
905:Himalayan tahr
884:
881:
879:
876:
824:
821:
770:
767:
740:
739:
720:Robert Swinhoe
713:
695:
649:
648:
641:Corvus docilis
630:
616:
611:. Compared to
609:Canary Islands
597:Charles Vaurie
593:P. p. barbarus
590:
572:
509:
506:
418:
415:
311:Cornish chough
301:
300:
299:
298:
290:
279:
278:
272:
271:
267:
266:
258:
257:
246:
235:
234:
228:
227:
220:
218:
214:
213:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
109:
106:
105:
100:
97:
96:
68:
67:
59:
58:
51:P. p. barbarus
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6723:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6276:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6208:Organisations
6206:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6091:Anglo-Cornish
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6040:Camborne Hill
6037:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:H. C. McNeile
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5922:Newlyn School
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:Hog's pudding
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5821:Clotted cream
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:Cornish heath
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5416:Yucatan jay (
5414:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5382:C. mystacalis
5378:
5376:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5337:C. cyanopogon
5333:
5331:
5329:
5328:C. cyanomelas
5324:
5322:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5299:Cayenne jay (
5297:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5198:(Magpie-Jays)
5195:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5180:A. wollweberi
5178:Mexican jay (
5176:
5174:
5172:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5082:Sichuan jay (
5080:
5078:
5076:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5066:P. canadensis
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5001:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4908:
4906:
4903:Somali crow (
4901:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4869:C. albicollis
4865:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4830:C. ossifragus
4826:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:C. ruficollis
4717:
4715:
4713:
4712:C. rhipidurus
4708:
4706:
4704:
4703:C. orientalis
4699:
4697:
4695:
4694:C. frugilegus
4690:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4674:Hooded crow (
4672:
4670:
4668:
4667:C. capellanus
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:North African
4654:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:Violet crow (
4638:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4622:Piping crow (
4620:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4597:C. culminatus
4593:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4568:Flores crow (
4566:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4552:C. samarensis
4548:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4465:C. tasmanicus
4461:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4402:C. coronoides
4398:
4396:
4394:
4391:Little crow (
4389:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4330:Asir magpie (
4328:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4239:N. columbiana
4235:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4089:P. hendersoni
4085:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4070:(Ground jays)
4067:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4050:Lidth's jay (
4048:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4034:G. glandarius
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3996:U. whiteheadi
3992:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3936:C. thalassina
3932:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3637:Passeriformes
3634:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:ARKIVE images
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3475:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3354:1-872229-49-2
3350:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3243:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3206:0-7204-8021-3
3202:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3119:(2): 185–195.
3118:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2725:0-226-84735-7
2721:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2470:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2420:0-19-562063-1
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2392:British Birds
2386:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2179:(3): 428–433.
2178:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2149:0-19-854099-X
2145:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2071:(in French).
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:(in German).
1999:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:0-7136-3999-7
1833:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1752:0-7011-6907-9
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:0-565-00771-8
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:Other nations
1472:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:Thomas Becket
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:and dwelt on
1292:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:Paradise Park
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1216:least concern
1213:
1212:IUCN Red List
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1160:song thrushes
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:insectivorous
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:invertebrates
975:
968:
966:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
936:
928:
924:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:site fidelity
882:
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
864:Mount Everest
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:Mediterranean
841:
833:
829:
822:
820:
818:
815:and whistled
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
795:
791:
783:
779:
775:
768:
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
693:
692:P. p. docilis
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
665:
662:
658:
653:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:P. p. docilis
631:
628:
624:
621:described by
620:
619:P. p. baileyi
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:British Isles
546:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
531:
523:
519:
514:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Alpine chough
458:
457:κόραξ (korax)
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
424:
423:Carl Linnaeus
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Thomas Becket
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
351:
346:
345:
337:
316:
312:
308:
294:
291:
286:
283:
282:
280:
277:
273:
268:
264:
259:
254:
250:
244:
242:
236:
233:
232:Binomial name
229:
225:
224:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:Passeriformes
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
123:
118:
117:Least Concern
107:
103:
98:
92:
91:Cardiganshire
78:
74:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6299:
6054:Delkiow Sivy
5971:
5962:D. M. Thomas
5957:Derek Tangye
5912:W. J. Burley
5902:Tate St Ives
5871:Cornish Yarg
5866:Stargazy pie
5732:Mummer's Day
5627:
5623:Celtic cross
5605:
5604:
5535:
5534:Pinyon jay (
5525:
5513:
5504:
5495:
5486:
5477:
5469:C. mirabilis
5468:
5460:C. cucullata
5459:
5451:C. armillata
5450:
5441:
5429:
5417:
5408:
5400:C. violaceus
5399:
5390:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5355:C. heilprini
5354:
5345:
5344:Tufted jay (
5336:
5327:
5318:
5309:
5300:
5292:C. caeruleus
5291:
5282:
5273:
5261:
5249:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5207:
5191:
5179:
5170:
5161:
5152:
5143:
5135:A. insularis
5134:
5125:
5116:(Scrub jays)
5109:
5083:
5075:P. infaustus
5074:
5065:
5064:Canada jay (
5053:
5027:
5018:
5006:
4997:Azure-winged
4953:
4944:C. dauuricus
4943:
4929:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4838:
4829:
4820:
4819:Cuban crow (
4811:
4802:
4793:
4785:C. imparatus
4784:
4775:
4766:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4642:C. violaceus
4641:
4632:
4623:
4615:C. torquatus
4614:
4606:C. splendens
4605:
4604:House crow (
4596:
4587:
4578:
4570:C. florensis
4569:
4560:
4551:
4550:Small crow (
4542:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4512:
4502:
4501:
4492:C. woodfordi
4491:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4419:
4411:C. insularis
4410:
4401:
4392:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4340:
4332:P. asirensis
4331:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4274:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4217:
4163:
4153:
4144:Stresemann's
4128:
4118:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4080:P. biddulphi
4079:
4063:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4021:
3995:
3986:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3926:
3918:C. hypoleuca
3917:
3909:C. chinensis
3908:
3896:
3869:
3859:
3848:P. aterrimus
3847:
3838:
3828:
3817:D. vagabunda
3816:
3807:
3798:
3790:D. frontalis
3789:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3730:C. cucullata
3729:
3717:
3692:
3690:
3683:
3671:
3629:Superorder:
3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3491:
3485:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3461:the original
3451:
3442:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3404:the original
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3378:the original
3373:
3363:
3344:
3338:
3328:26 September
3326:. Retrieved
3321:
3312:
3302:26 September
3300:. Retrieved
3296:
3287:
3277:26 September
3275:. Retrieved
3271:
3262:
3252:
3245:
3233:. Retrieved
3229:the original
3224:
3215:
3191:
3169:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3135:the original
3125:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3050:
3039:the original
3018:
3014:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2949:(3): 642–5.
2946:
2942:
2932:
2921:the original
2900:
2896:
2883:
2840:
2836:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2773:the original
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:the original
2734:
2709:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2670:(1): 67–72.
2667:
2663:
2653:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2453:the original
2439:
2410:
2404:
2398:(5): 217–32.
2395:
2391:
2358:(1): 36–46.
2355:
2351:
2345:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2284:. Retrieved
2280:the original
2271:
2247:. Retrieved
2234:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2159:
2139:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1907:
1903:
1885:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1827:
1776:. Retrieved
1769:
1762:
1742:
1712:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1687:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1663:
1657:
1630:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1574:
1568:
1562:
1511:Birds portal
1483:Turkmenistan
1476:
1430:
1421:coat of arms
1418:
1413:World War II
1393:
1374:
1333:
1328:
1323:Daniel Defoe
1318:
1311:fire-raising
1308:
1281:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1220:
1208:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1167:
1164:Haemoproteus
1163:
1147:
1137:
1119:
1095:common raven
1093:, while the
1087:golden eagle
1080:
1059:grasshoppers
1038:
1035:
1007:dung beetles
1003:
990:
980:
963:
944:
921:
886:
860:
852:Central Asia
837:
816:
812:
804:
802:
798:
789:
787:
777:
763:evolutionary
760:
752:last ice age
743:
741:
735:
727:
723:
715:
709:
706:Central Asia
697:
691:
675:
667:
656:
640:
632:
618:
612:
601:North Africa
592:
582:
574:
536:
527:
517:
497:
489:
486:onomatopoeic
483:
476:
472:
464:
456:
452:
445:
444:in his 1771
437:
433:
428:
425:in his 1758
420:
388:
384:invertebrate
369:
363:. Its eight
358:
349:
348:
314:
310:
306:
304:
292:
284:
240:
238:
222:
221:
209:
72:
50:
29:
6671:Pyrrhocorax
6508:iNaturalist
6324:Wikispecies
6174:King Arthur
6144:Blunderbore
5861:Saffron bun
5757:Picrous Day
5707:Furry Dance
5653:Saint Piran
5526:Gymnorhinus
5476:Dwarf jay (
5407:Green jay (
5371:Brown jay (
5310:C. chrysops
5290:Azure jay (
5283:C. beecheii
5250:C. stelleri
5241:C. cristata
5171:A. unicolor
4986:(continued)
4954:C. monedula
4887:C. capensis
4885:Cape crow (
4876:Pied crow (
4848:C. sinaloae
4839:C. palmarum
4828:Fish crow (
4633:C. unicolor
4561:C. pusillus
4472:Grey crow (
4393:C. bennetti
4296:P. nuttalli
4287:P. hudsonia
4209:Nutcrackers
4197:(continued)
4119:Ptilostomus
3960:U. caerulea
3927:C. jefferyi
3870:T. temnurus
3829:Platysmurus
3781:D. formosae
3752:Dendrocitta
3684:P. graculus
3673:Pyrrhocorax
3467:16 December
3384:27 November
3322:Bodmin Keep
3089:10261/58104
2858:10261/58091
2493:: 122–126.
2442:(breeding)"
2094:P. graculus
1904:Pyrrhocorax
1688:Pyrrhocorax
1606:Linnaeus, C
1590:12 November
1431:In English
1425:King Arthur
1336:Shakespeare
1199:formic acid
1169:Trypanosoma
1122:parasitised
1045:Lepidoptera
917:Ulaanbaatar
846:basin, the
840:Isle of Man
769:Description
722:in 1871 as
688:intergrades
682:to western
674:in 1862 as
645:Afghanistan
581:in 1817 as
557:Isle of Man
438:Pyrrhocorax
407:Isle of Man
391:extirpation
360:Pyrrhocorax
210:Pyrrhocorax
6660:Categories
6638:Xeno-canto
6111:Bewnans Ke
6025:Folk songs
5846:Hevva cake
5816:Cloam oven
5752:'Obby 'Oss
5747:Noze looan
5505:C. turcosa
5487:C. pulchra
5346:C. dickeyi
5301:C. cayanus
5274:C. affinis
5263:Cyanocorax
5239:Blue jay (
5230:Cyanocitta
5217:C. formosa
5208:C. colliei
5111:Aphelocoma
5099:New World
5055:Perisoreus
4905:C. edithae
4821:C. nasicus
4812:C. minutus
4624:C. typicus
4522:C. kubaryi
4483:C. validus
4474:C. tristis
4438:C. mellori
4383:Melanesian
4379:Australian
4314:P. sericea
4107:P. pleskei
4098:P. panderi
4011:Old World
3763:D. bayleyi
3719:Crypsirina
3631:Neognathae
3625:Neornithes
3623:Subclass:
3410:6 February
3107:Pyrhocorax
2897:The Condor
2782:6 February
2750:6 February
2664:Bird Study
2578:Bird Study
2487:Bird Study
2462:6 February
2249:5 February
2196:The Condor
2100:Bird Study
1778:5 February
1696:5 February
1670:6 February
1544:References
1487:Yugoslavia
1467:Canterbury
1447:(d.1170),
1409:Home Guard
1388:(d.1530),
1369:(d.1170),
1340:Henry VIII
1273:In culture
1152:fieldfares
1139:Plasmodium
748:subspecies
672:John Gould
530:subspecies
508:Subspecies
411:the Gambia
365:subspecies
313:or simply
6131:Mythology
6101:Ordinalia
5942:Alan Kent
5742:Nos Lowen
5697:Allantide
5684:Festivals
5496:C. pumilo
5431:Cyanolyca
5193:Calocitta
5028:C. cyanus
5008:Cyanopica
4732:Holarctic
4685:C. corone
4676:C. cornix
4263:Holarctic
4219:Nucifraga
4127:Piapiac (
4052:G. lidthi
3987:U. ornata
3605:Kingdom:
3061:in Spain"
2989:Ekologija
2218:0010-5422
1916:2246/3595
1441:tinctures
1299:Calypso's
1191:pathogens
951:altricial
947:incubates
913:Mongolian
728:brachypus
680:Himalayas
655:Immature
372:primaries
217:Species:
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
6552:22705916
6526:11164046
6448:45515240
6409:bob15590
6370:22705916
6365:BirdLife
6309:Wikidata
6199:Spriggan
6179:Lyonesse
6154:Cormoran
6083:Language
5692:AberFest
5373:C. morio
5019:C. cooki
4983:Corvidae
4921:Jackdaws
4878:C. albus
4742:C. corax
4653:Eurasian
4429:C. meeki
4194:Corvidae
4146:bushcrow
4023:Garrulus
3949:Urocissa
3885:Oriental
3860:Temnurus
3739:C. temia
3709:Treepies
3653:Corvidae
3613:Chordata
3611:Phylum:
3607:Animalia
3595:Corvidae
3235:22 March
3165:Archived
2875:38852266
2600:85161238
2540:42610400
2438:"Chough
2272:Projects
2240:"Chough"
2226:85866352
2018:27450092
1973:Fregilus
1910:(1658).
1869:10 April
1770:Corcorax
1656:"Chough
1629:(1771).
1608:(1758).
1497:See also
1491:La Palma
1437:blazoned
1433:heraldry
1384:Arms of
1255:and the
1238:Cornwall
1187:improved
1156:redwings
1144:thrushes
1052:cranefly
883:Breeding
868:Brittany
817:sweeeooo
809:congener
782:Cornwall
627:Ethiopia
605:La Palma
569:Cornwall
565:Scotland
516:eggs of
417:Taxonomy
403:Cornwall
380:fidelity
276:Synonyms
249:Linnaeus
199:Corvidae
195:Family:
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
122:IUCN 3.1
55:La Palma
6500:2482552
6435:rebcho1
6396:rebcho1
6352:Avibase
6315:Q643836
6169:Knocker
5808:Cuisine
5717:Guldize
5712:Golowan
5615:Symbols
5601:Cornish
5478:C. nana
5409:C. ynca
4999:magpies
4981:Family
4931:Coloeus
4861:species
4759:species
4734:species
4659:species
4543:C. enca
4535:species
4505:species
4456:C. orru
4385:species
4305:P. pica
4266:magpies
4192:Family
4129:P. afer
4065:Podoces
3888:magpies
3664:Choughs
3651:Family
3635:Order:
3617:Class:
3171:15 July
3141:15 July
3113:Ardeola
3035:3676970
2995:: 8–12.
2973:9353982
2965:9249715
2917:1369188
2867:9268465
2645:2405122
2374:3505541
2154:1466–68
2054:226–247
1462:canting
1411:during
1405:Newquay
1348:jackdaw
1124:by the
1028:⁄
1014:⁄
995:mammals
969:Feeding
897:heather
891:once a
872:machair
832:Machair
805:chee-ow
732:Siberia
607:in the
603:and on
553:Ireland
547:to the
545:endemic
478:Coloeus
395:jackdaw
205:Genus:
185:Order:
175:Class:
120: (
93:, Wales
79:, India
6711:Cronus
6617:365955
6604:662798
6539:562653
6456:EURING
6194:Piskie
6189:Owlman
6016:Crowns
5776:Sports
4692:Rook (
4368:Corvus
3497:4 June
3351:
3203:
3033:
2971:
2963:
2915:
2873:
2865:
2722:
2643:
2598:
2538:
2417:
2372:
2286:1 June
2224:
2216:
2146:
2035:: 383.
2016:
1985:: 125.
1834:
1749:
1719:
1479:Bhutan
1295:Ogygia
1291:Cronus
1247:, the
1245:Jersey
1223:France
1205:Status
1195:anting
1114:corvid
1110:falcon
1048:larvae
999:barley
959:fledge
955:broods
794:tarsus
690:with
686:, but
587:Greece
555:, the
539:, the
473:Corvus
386:prey.
315:chough
77:Sikkim
71:Adult
6630:15278
6578:56790
6521:IRMNG
6474:97138
6461:15590
6430:eBird
6422:4QVPX
6149:Bucca
6006:Dalla
5984:Music
5856:Pasty
5043:Grey
4753:North
4358:crows
4356:True
3898:Cissa
3064:(PDF)
3042:(PDF)
3031:JSTOR
3011:(PDF)
2969:S2CID
2924:(PDF)
2913:JSTOR
2893:(PDF)
2871:S2CID
2776:(PDF)
2769:(PDF)
2641:JSTOR
2596:S2CID
2536:S2CID
2456:(PDF)
2445:(PDF)
2370:JSTOR
2222:S2CID
2169:(PDF)
2014:S2CID
1941:: 28.
1757:406–8
1288:Titan
1177:mites
1099:Spain
1055:pupae
1040:Gagea
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