3388:
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3555:
3178:
3100:
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3214:
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1138:
2303:
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2105:
1997:
366:
249:
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3117:
3363:
3299:
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3459:
3231:
1200:
3530:
1210:
31:
3419:
2286:
40:
2182:
536:
884:
542:
3075:
1963:
3578:
638:
3387:
3328:
3494:
3554:
3177:
3099:
1859:
1397:
2908:
Hermann, H. P.; Pieske, B.; Schwarzmüller, E.; Keul, J.; Just, H.; Hasenfuss, G. (1999-04-17). "Haemodynamic effects of intracoronary pyruvate in patients with congestive heart failure: an open study".
1786:
1324:
3612:
2964:
Cody, G. D.; Boctor, N. Z.; Filley, T. R.; Hazen, R. M.; Scott, J. H.; Sharma, A.; Yoder, H. S. Jr (2000). "Primordial
Carbonylated Iron-Sulfur Compounds and the Synthesis of Pyruvate".
1861:
1399:
651:
3605:
2465:
799:
characterized this other acid the following year and named pyruvic acid because it was distilled using heat. The correct molecular structure was deduced by the 1870s.
3435:
3275:
3213:
3135:
2816:
Onakpoya, I.; Hunt, K.; Wider, B.; Ernst, E. (2014). "Pyruvate supplementation for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials".
3598:
405:
1809:
1806:
1347:
1344:
3307:
1818:
1356:
1847:
1385:
3807:
2709:
2449:
4120:
3711:
3042:
1826:
1364:
1000:
breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. Pyruvate is converted into
2074:
3716:
1790:
1328:
1837:
1375:
2510:
1828:
1814:
1798:
1366:
1352:
1336:
2749:
2276:
2172:
2064:
1953:
1834:
1793:
1372:
1331:
967:
380:
2861:"Functional response of the isolated, perfused normoxic heart to pyruvate dehydrogenase activation by dichloroacetate and pyruvate"
1858:
1821:
1396:
1359:
2369:. However, all of the trials had methodological weaknesses and the magnitude of the effect was small. The review also identified
1849:
1848:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1387:
1386:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1141:
1856:
1855:
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1811:
1789:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1349:
1327:
3942:
1810:
1792:
1348:
1330:
2377:(LDL) cholesterol. The authors concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support the use of pyruvate for weight loss.
1802:
1801:
1340:
1339:
1137:
3203:
1939:
1923:
1860:
1808:
1398:
1346:
905:
267:
948:
4374:
3971:
3125:
2302:
2202:
1815:
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1353:
1335:
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901:
920:
658:
4379:
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1829:
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1332:
323:
1857:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1395:
1362:
1358:
1351:
4279:
3812:
2104:
1996:
1835:
1827:
1791:
1373:
1365:
1329:
1081:
1059:
344:
1840:
1378:
2392:
evidence in hearts that pyruvate improves metabolism by NADH production stimulation and increases cardiac function.
1830:
1819:
1803:
1368:
1357:
1341:
927:
3288:
3249:
3223:
3015:
2433:
1796:
1334:
1039:
or tricarboxylic acid cycle, because citric acid is one of the intermediate compounds formed during the reactions.
815:
784:
499:
894:
4369:
4168:
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1380:
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4091:
3919:
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2374:
2354:
1158:
796:
244:
138:
4344:
4223:
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186:
916:
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58:
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3116:
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4384:
4336:
4125:
3817:
3797:
3519:
3109:
3028:
1183:
764:
361:
104:
1008:(also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle). Pyruvate is also converted to
3746:
2997:
2942:
2841:
2459:
3590:
2701:
2694:
2215:
2194:
3298:
3256:
2767:"Aqueous Photochemistry of 2-Oxocarboxylic Acids: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Atmospheric Impact"
4284:
4242:
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2989:
2934:
2926:
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2798:
2745:
2705:
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2445:
2358:
1262:
1174:
1104:
1036:
1005:
981:
843:
760:
706:
2544:
2430:
Nomenclature of
Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book)
3792:
3672:
3458:
3362:
2981:
2918:
2880:
2872:
2825:
2788:
2778:
2737:
2612:
2585:
2437:
2038:
1144:, comparing blood content of pyruvate (shown in violet near middle) with other constituents.
1024:
823:
584:
428:
332:
4086:
3894:
3538:
3529:
3230:
2518:
1296:
1285:
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1209:
1199:
1188:
1166:
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1112:
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602:
555:
206:
2630:
1785:
1323:
114:
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365:
248:
166:
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2885:
2860:
2793:
2766:
2401:
2370:
2362:
1881:
835:
756:
694:
629:
607:
579:
569:
30:
3418:
2922:
2365:
found a statistically significant difference in body weight with pyruvate compared to
1902:
1885:
1872:
39:
4363:
4266:
4233:
4195:
4053:
3937:
2406:
1032:
811:
792:
788:
612:
489:
479:
237:
3001:
2946:
2845:
2285:
810:
with water. In the laboratory, pyruvic acid may be prepared by heating a mixture of
4304:
4182:
4058:
3889:
3822:
3687:
3677:
3657:
2055:
1108:
1085:
1009:
985:
749:
721:
3741:
2985:
2181:
1016:, which replenishes Krebs cycle intermediates; also, the oxaloacetate is used for
2829:
2548:
312:
4034:
2657:
2441:
2267:
2250:
2073:
1063:
1047:
1028:
883:
803:
772:
745:
574:
564:
541:
535:
3020:
2574:"Ueber eine neue, durch Destillation von Wein-und Traubensäure erhaltene Säure"
4314:
4190:
4155:
4145:
4130:
4111:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3899:
3787:
3766:
3639:
3621:
3083:
3051:
2876:
2783:
1970:
1944:
1927:
1308:
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
1154:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1001:
993:
733:
729:
717:
678:
451:
257:
197:
2930:
2589:
4214:
4030:
3995:
3928:
3914:
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2210:
2189:
819:
551:
2993:
2938:
2894:
2837:
2802:
2275:
2171:
2063:
1952:
2373:
associated with pyruvate such as diarrhea, bloating, gas, and increase in
4270:
4257:
4204:
4026:
3990:
3981:
3885:
3846:
3662:
2616:
2382:
1074:
1043:
807:
530:
217:
1035:, for research into metabolic processes. The cycle is also known as the
226:
3962:
3881:
3860:
3851:
3770:
3756:
3702:
3473:
3067:
2388:
2366:
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2146:
1962:
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997:
989:
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737:
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465:
299:
4067:
3865:
3648:
1067:
831:
686:
177:
2573:
628:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3577:
802:
Pyruvic acid is a colorless liquid with a smell similar to that of
287:
157:
137:
127:
2700:(5th ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. p.
1004:, which is the main input for a series of reactions known as the
2692:
Lehninger, Albert L.; Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2008).
1300:
1289:
1278:
1077:
1055:
278:
3594:
3024:
877:
524:
1177:, to catalyze the reverse transformation of pyruvate to PEP.
1042:
If insufficient oxygen is available, the acid is broken down
1784:
1322:
1165:. This reaction is strongly exergonic and irreversible; in
349:
38:
29:
1900:
The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways:
2357:, though credible science has yet to back this claim. A
1134:. Therefore, it unites several key metabolic processes.
763:(also known as the Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (
2732:(1993). "Ethanol Formation and pH-Regulation in Fish".
646:
2765:
Guzman, Marcelo I.; Eugene, Alexis J. (2021-09-01).
4335:
4328:
4302:
4265:
4255:
4232:
4213:
4144:
4110:
4066:
4051:
4019:
3980:
3961:
3927:
3912:
3859:
3844:
3835:
3765:
3701:
3647:
3634:
908:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
266:
2693:
736:. It can also be used to construct the amino acid
1103:Pyruvate is a key intersection in the network of
311:
2687:
2685:
2341:Pyruvic acid is an abundant carboxylic acid in
1788:
1326:
113:
3606:
3036:
2464:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
8:
1058:). Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted by
2424:
2422:
4332:
4262:
4063:
3924:
3856:
3841:
3644:
3613:
3599:
3591:
3043:
3029:
3021:
2742:11370/3196a88e-a978-4293-8f6f-cd6876d8c428
2605:Journal of the Chemical Society, Abstracts
2498:(12th ed.). McGraw=Hill. p. 146.
484:11.8 °C (53.2 °F; 284.9 K)
364:
247:
205:
18:
2884:
2792:
2782:
968:Learn how and when to remove this message
389:InChI=1S/C3H4O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h1H3,(H,5,6)
331:
1136:
988:. It is the output of the metabolism of
2550:Chemistry of organic bodies, vegetables
2418:
1893:
410:
385:
360:
225:
2479:Dawson, R. M. C.; et al. (1959).
2457:
2300:
2261:
2200:
2157:
2102:
2049:
1994:
1938:
1228:
1187:
494:165 °C (329 °F; 438 K)
238:
3808:2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde
2553:. London: J. B. Baillière. p. 65
2511:"Pyruvic Acid - Cross Roads Compound"
1871:|alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
1149:Pyruvic acid production by glycolysis
392:Key: LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N
185:
165:
7:
4121:2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
2545:"Chapter II. Of fixed acids Section"
2325:
2317:
2280:
2229:
2221:
2176:
2125:
2117:
2068:
2017:
2009:
1957:
1257:
1249:
1204:
906:adding citations to reliable sources
302:
286:
2517:. Elmhurst College. Archived from
1161:(PEP) is converted to pyruvate by
1054:in plants and microorganisms (and
1027:, the biochemist awarded the 1953
795:and another unknown organic acid.
14:
1903:"GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534"
1107:. Pyruvate can be converted into
3576:
3553:
3528:
3493:
3457:
3434:
3417:
3386:
3361:
3327:
3297:
3274:
3255:
3229:
3212:
3193:
3176:
3151:
3134:
3115:
3098:
3073:
2301:
2284:
2274:
2201:
2180:
2170:
2103:
2072:
2062:
1995:
1961:
1951:
1884:Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
1229:
1208:
1198:
1142:Reference ranges for blood tests
1023:These reactions are named after
882:
755:Pyruvic acid supplies energy to
636:
540:
534:
16:Simplest of the alpha-keto acids
3943:Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid
2736:. CRC Press. pp. 157–170.
893:needs additional citations for
677:COCOOH) is the simplest of the
632:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
3757:β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
3712:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
2434:The Royal Society of Chemistry
1940:pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
1924:pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
712:Pyruvic acid can be made from
1:
3972:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
3717:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA
2986:10.1126/science.289.5483.1337
2923:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)06423-x
2656:Howard, J. W.; Fraser, W. A.
2481:Data for Biochemical Research
2029:Carboxylation to oxaloacetate
1915:Decarboxylation to acetyl CoA
1031:for physiology, jointly with
4102:2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
2830:10.1080/10408398.2011.565890
2637:. Royal Society of Chemistry
826:by a strong oxidizer (e.g.,
4280:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
3813:2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde
2859:Jaimes, R. III (Jul 2015).
2442:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001
834:), or by the hydrolysis of
25:
4406:
4156:generation of homocysteine
3308:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
3289:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
3250:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
3224:Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
3016:Pyruvic acid mass spectrum
2696:Principles of Biochemistry
2677:, vol. 1, p. 475
2483:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2343:secondary organic aerosols
2312:
2309:
2295:
2292:
2214:
2209:
2193:
2188:
2113:
2111:
2090:
2080:
2005:
2003:
1978:
1969:
1242:
1237:
1221:
1216:
816:potassium hydrogen sulfate
740:and can be converted into
3803:3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
3188:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
3061:
2877:10.1007/s00424-015-1717-1
2818:Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr
2784:10.3390/molecules26175278
2283:
2273:
2179:
2169:
2137:Transamination to alanine
2071:
2061:
1960:
1950:
1207:
1197:
980:Pyruvate is an important
626:
516:
421:
401:
376:
97:
81:
69:
57:
52:
24:
4290:4-Maleylacetoacetic acid
4097:3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
3953:Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
2590:10.1002/jlac.18350130109
2494:Fox, Stuart Ira (2011).
1920:Pyruvate decarboxylation
1169:, it takes two enzymes,
838:, formed by reaction of
775:when oxygen is lacking.
732:through a reaction with
4136:2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA
4092:3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA
3628:metabolic intermediates
3428:Phosphoglycerate mutase
3372:Phosphoglycerate kinase
3353:1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2728:; G. Van den Thillart;
2444:(inactive 2024-04-10).
2375:low-density lipoprotein
2337:Environmental chemistry
785:Théophile-Jules Pelouze
4345:Cysteine sulfinic acid
4191:conversion to cysteine
3948:Formiminoglutamic acid
3875:3-Phosphoglyceric acid
3752:β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
2572:Berzelius, J. (1835).
2355:weight-loss supplement
2353:Pyruvate is sold as a
1865:
1403:
1145:
1098:alcoholic fermentation
1090:pyruvate decarboxylase
828:potassium permanganate
724:(such as glucose) via
43:
34:
4077:α-Ketoisovaleric acid
3732:β-Ketoisocaproic acid
3727:α-Ketoisocaproic acid
3204:Fructose-bisphosphate
3162:Phosphofructokinase-1
2578:Annalen der Pharmacie
2436:. 2014. p. 748.
2263:lactate dehydrogenase
2247:lactate dehydrogenase
1864:
1402:
1140:
1071:lactate dehydrogenase
767:), and alternatively
709:throughout the cell.
92:Acetylcarboxylic acid
71:Systematic IUPAC name
42:
33:
4375:Cellular respiration
4164:-Adenosyl methionine
3747:β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
3737:β-Ketoisocaproyl-CoA
3693:β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
3146:Fructose 6-phosphate
2617:10.1039/CA8783400019
2509:Ophardt, Charles E.
2241:Reduction to lactate
2159:alanine transaminase
2143:alanine transaminase
2051:pyruvate carboxylase
2035:pyruvate carboxylase
1259:pyruvate carboxylase
1171:pyruvate carboxylase
1153:In the last step of
1014:anaplerotic reaction
902:improve this article
797:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
720:, converted back to
86:α-Ketopropionic acid
59:Preferred IUPAC name
4380:Exercise physiology
4337:Cysteine metabolism
4126:2-Methylbutyryl-CoA
3818:2-Aminomuconic acid
3798:3-Hydroxykynurenine
3520:Phosphoenolpyruvate
3126:Glucose-6-phosphate
3110:Glucose 6-phosphate
2978:2000Sci...289.1337C
2972:(5483): 1337–1340.
2917:(9161): 1321–1323.
1184:phosphoenolpyruvate
1159:phosphoenolpyruvate
765:aerobic respiration
460:g/mol
75:2-Oxopropionic acid
63:2-Oxopropanoic acid
21:
4224:α-Ketobutyric acid
4201:α-Ketobutyric acid
4039:γ-Glutamylcysteine
3783:′-Formylkynurenine
3668:α-Aminoadipic acid
3575:
3566:
3527:
3518:
3456:
3449:2-Phosphoglycerate
3447:
3416:
3409:3-Phosphoglycerate
3407:
3360:
3351:
3296:
3287:
2141:Transamination by
1866:
1404:
1146:
1119:or energy through
1105:metabolic pathways
996:. One molecule of
728:, or converted to
707:metabolic pathways
689:functional group.
659:Infobox references
517:Related compounds
44:
35:
19:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4324:
4323:
4298:
4297:
4285:Homogentisic acid
4251:
4250:
4243:Methylmalonyl-CoA
4047:
4046:
3908:
3907:
3831:
3830:
3588:
3587:
3573:
3564:
3525:
3516:
3454:
3445:
3414:
3405:
3358:
3349:
3294:
3285:
3055:metabolic pathway
2734:Surviving Hypoxia
2711:978-0-7167-7108-1
2675:Collected Volumes
2663:Organic Syntheses
2451:978-0-85404-182-4
2359:systematic review
2331:
2330:
2235:
2234:
2131:
2130:
2033:Carboxylation by
2023:
2022:
1303:Pathway Database.
1292:Pathway Database.
1281:Pathway Database.
1270:
1269:
1263:PEP carboxykinase
1175:PEP carboxykinase
1088:(with the enzyme
1037:citric acid cycle
1002:acetyl-coenzyme A
982:chemical compound
978:
977:
970:
952:
844:potassium cyanide
761:citric acid cycle
667:Chemical compound
665:
664:
595:Related compounds
345:CompTox Dashboard
139:Interactive image
88:Acetylformic acid
48:
47:
4397:
4370:Alpha-keto acids
4333:
4263:
4177:
4176:
4064:
3925:
3857:
3842:
3793:Anthranilic acid
3673:2-Oxoadipic acid
3645:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3592:
3580:
3557:
3532:
3497:
3461:
3438:
3421:
3390:
3365:
3331:
3301:
3278:
3259:
3233:
3216:
3197:
3180:
3155:
3138:
3119:
3102:
3077:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3005:
2951:
2950:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2699:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2603:"Pyruvic acid".
2600:
2594:
2593:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2521:on July 31, 2018
2515:Virtual Chembook
2506:
2500:
2499:
2496:Human Physiology
2491:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2455:
2426:
2305:
2288:
2278:
2256:
2255:
2205:
2184:
2174:
2152:
2151:
2107:
2076:
2066:
2044:
2043:
1999:
1965:
1955:
1933:
1932:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1304:
1293:
1282:
1233:
1212:
1202:
1180:
1179:
1025:Hans Adolf Krebs
973:
966:
962:
959:
953:
951:
910:
886:
878:
824:propylene glycol
679:alpha-keto acids
649:
643:
640:
639:
585:Acetoacetic acid
556:carboxylic acids
544:
538:
473:
459:
429:Chemical formula
369:
368:
353:
351:
335:
315:
304:
290:
270:
251:
240:
229:
209:
189:
169:
141:
117:
90:Pyroracemic acid
26:
22:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4349:
4320:
4294:
4247:
4228:
4209:
4174:
4173:
4140:
4106:
4087:Methacrylyl-CoA
4057:
4043:
4015:
3976:
3957:
3920:α-ketoglutarate
3918:
3904:
3895:Phosphocreatine
3864:
3850:
3827:
3761:
3697:
3630:
3619:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:Pyruvate kinase
3534:
3533:
3523:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3468:Phosphopyruvate
3463:
3462:
3452:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3266:Triosephosphate
3261:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3057:
3049:
3012:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2726:Aren van Waarde
2724:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2673:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2541:Thomson, Thomas
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2456:
2452:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2398:
2351:
2339:
2333:
2243:
2237:
2216:α-ketoglutarate
2195:α-ketoglutarate
2139:
2133:
2098:
2088:
2031:
2025:
1982:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1294:
1283:
1272:
1189:pyruvate kinase
1167:gluconeogenesis
1163:pyruvate kinase
1151:
1113:gluconeogenesis
1050:in animals and
1018:gluconeogenesis
974:
963:
957:
954:
911:
909:
899:
887:
876:
868:
864:
857:
854:COCl + KCN → CH
853:
840:acetyl chloride
781:
726:gluconeogenesis
700:
683:carboxylic acid
676:
668:
661:
656:
655:
654: ?)
645:
641:
637:
633:
622:
618:Sodium pyruvate
603:Propionaldehyde
596:
589:
558:
539:
533:
527:
508:
471:
457:
445:
441:
437:
431:
417:
414:
409:
408:
397:
394:
393:
390:
384:
383:
372:
354:
347:
338:
318:
305:
293:
273:
260:
232:
212:
192:
172:
144:
131:
120:
107:
93:
91:
89:
87:
85:
77:
76:
65:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4403:
4401:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4309:
4307:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4260:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4166:
4151:
4149:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Isobutyryl-CoA
4079:
4073:
4071:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3922:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:Isovaleryl-CoA
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:Glutaconyl-CoA
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3631:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3574:2 ×
3572:
3562:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3535:
3526:2 ×
3524:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3465:
3464:
3455:2 ×
3453:
3443:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3415:2 ×
3413:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3368:
3359:2 ×
3357:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3295:2 ×
3293:
3283:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3107:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3010:External links
3008:
3007:
3006:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2900:
2851:
2808:
2757:
2750:
2730:Maria Verhagen
2717:
2710:
2681:
2658:"Pyruvic Acid"
2648:
2631:"Pyruvic Acid"
2622:
2595:
2564:
2532:
2501:
2486:
2471:
2450:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2402:Pyruvate scale
2397:
2394:
2380:There is also
2371:adverse events
2350:
2347:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1879:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1150:
1147:
1092:) and then to
976:
975:
917:"Pyruvic acid"
890:
888:
881:
875:
872:
871:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
836:acetyl cyanide
780:
777:
698:
695:conjugate base
674:
666:
663:
662:
657:
635:
634:
630:standard state
627:
624:
623:
621:
620:
615:
610:
608:Glyceraldehyde
605:
599:
597:
594:
591:
590:
588:
587:
582:
580:Propionic acid
577:
572:
570:Glyoxylic acid
567:
561:
559:
549:
546:
545:
528:
522:
519:
518:
514:
513:
510:
506:
496:
495:
492:
486:
485:
482:
476:
475:
468:
462:
461:
454:
448:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
427:
424:
423:
419:
418:
416:
415:
412:
404:
403:
402:
399:
398:
396:
395:
391:
388:
387:
379:
378:
377:
374:
373:
371:
370:
357:
355:
343:
340:
339:
337:
336:
328:
326:
320:
319:
317:
316:
308:
306:
298:
295:
294:
292:
291:
283:
281:
275:
274:
272:
271:
263:
261:
256:
253:
252:
242:
234:
233:
231:
230:
222:
220:
214:
213:
211:
210:
202:
200:
194:
193:
191:
190:
182:
180:
174:
173:
171:
170:
162:
160:
154:
153:
150:
149:Abbreviations
146:
145:
143:
142:
134:
132:
125:
122:
121:
119:
118:
110:
108:
103:
100:
99:
95:
94:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4402:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:phenylalanine
4264:
4261:
4259:
4254:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:propionyl-CoA
4231:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Cystathionine
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:-homocysteine
4171:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4054:propionyl-CoA
4050:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Urocanic acid
3936:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3556:
3541:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3496:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3389:
3374:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3330:
3312:
3311:
3310:dehydrogenase
3300:
3291:
3290:
3277:
3270:
3269:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3240:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3130:
3129:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3086:
3085:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:(1): 131–42.
2870:
2866:
2865:Pflügers Arch
2862:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2751:0-8493-4226-0
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:. Cambridge:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2407:Uvitonic acid
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2245:Reduction by
2240:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1787:
1325:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1196:
1193:pyruvic acid
1192:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:carbohydrates
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:anaerobically
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:Fritz Lipmann
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
972:
969:
961:
958:December 2023
950:
947:
943:
940:
936:
933:
929:
926:
922:
919: –
918:
914:
913:Find sources:
907:
903:
897:
896:
891:This article
889:
885:
880:
879:
873:
860:
849:
848:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:tartaric acid
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
793:glutaric acid
791:and isolated
790:
789:tartaric acid
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:carbohydrates
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
701:COCOO, is an
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
672:
660:
653:
648:
631:
625:
619:
616:
614:
613:Methylglyoxal
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
598:
593:
592:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
560:
557:
553:
548:
547:
543:
537:
532:
529:
526:
521:
520:
515:
511:
505:
501:
498:
497:
493:
491:
490:Boiling point
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:Melting point
478:
477:
469:
467:
464:
463:
455:
453:
450:
449:
433:
430:
426:
425:
420:
411:
407:
400:
386:
382:
375:
367:
363:
362:DTXSID2021650
359:
358:
356:
346:
342:
341:
334:
330:
329:
327:
325:
322:
321:
314:
310:
309:
307:
301:
297:
296:
289:
285:
284:
282:
280:
277:
276:
269:
265:
264:
262:
259:
255:
254:
250:
246:
243:
241:
239:ECHA InfoCard
236:
235:
228:
224:
223:
221:
219:
216:
215:
208:
204:
203:
201:
199:
196:
195:
188:
187:ChEMBL1162144
184:
183:
181:
179:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
161:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
140:
136:
135:
133:
129:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
80:
72:
68:
60:
56:
51:
41:
37:
32:
28:
27:
23:
20:Pyruvic acid
4312:
4305:oxaloacetate
4189:
4183:Homocysteine
4169:
4161:
4154:
4059:succinyl-CoA
3890:Glycocyamine
3823:Glutaryl-CoA
3780:
3688:Crotonyl-CoA
3678:Glutaryl-CoA
3658:Saccharopine
3567:
3563:
3537:
3515:
3466:
3444:
3426:
3404:
3370:
3348:
3306:
3284:
3264:
3248:
3238:
3222:
3202:
3186:
3160:
3144:
3124:
3108:
3082:
3066:
2969:
2965:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2824:(1): 17–23.
2821:
2817:
2811:
2777:(17): 5278.
2774:
2770:
2760:
2733:
2720:
2695:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2634:
2625:
2611:: 31. 1878.
2608:
2604:
2598:
2584:(1): 61–63.
2581:
2577:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2549:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2514:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2429:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2352:
2340:
2332:
2244:
2236:
2140:
2132:
2092:
2082:
2056:oxaloacetate
2039:oxaloacetate
2032:
2024:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1918:
1896:
1307:
1306:
1271:
1152:
1102:
1086:acetaldehyde
1082:fermentation
1060:fermentation
1041:
1022:
1010:oxaloacetate
986:biochemistry
979:
964:
955:
945:
938:
931:
924:
912:
900:Please help
895:verification
892:
874:Biochemistry
801:
782:
759:through the
754:
750:fermentation
711:
703:intermediate
690:
671:Pyruvic acid
670:
669:
503:
413:O=C(C(=O)O)C
98:Identifiers
84:Pyruvic acid
82:Other names
4035:glutathione
2557:December 1,
2386:as well as
1117:fatty acids
1080:in lactate
1046:, creating
1029:Nobel Prize
1006:Krebs cycle
804:acetic acid
771:to produce
746:lactic acid
730:fatty acids
705:in several
575:Oxalic acid
565:Acetic acid
422:Properties
245:100.004.387
167:CHEBI:32816
4390:Glycolysis
4385:Metabolism
4364:Categories
4315:urea cycle
4172:-Adenosyl-
4146:methionine
4131:Tiglyl-CoA
4112:isoleucine
4011:Putrescine
4006:Cadaverine
4001:Citrulline
3900:Creatinine
3788:Kynurenine
3767:tryptophan
3640:acetyl-CoA
3625:metabolism
3622:Amino acid
3084:Hexokinase
3052:Glycolysis
2958:References
2635:ChemSpider
1945:acetyl-CoA
1928:acetyl-CoA
1155:glycolysis
1125:amino acid
1121:acetyl-CoA
1066:using the
994:glycolysis
928:newspapers
858:COCN + KCl
787:distilled
734:acetyl-CoA
718:glycolysis
552:keto-acids
452:Molar mass
333:8558G7RUTR
258:IUPHAR/BPS
198:ChemSpider
126:3D model (
105:CAS Number
4215:threonine
4031:glutamate
3996:Ornithine
3929:histidine
3915:glutamate
3742:β-Leucine
3470:hydratase
3268:isomerase
3128:isomerase
2931:0140-6736
2771:Molecules
2460:cite book
2259:pyruvate
2249:produces
2211:glutamate
2190:glutamate
2155:pyruvate
2145:produces
2047:pyruvate
2037:produces
1936:pyruvate
1926:produces
1295:Compound
1273:Compound
1130:, and to
1123:, to the
992:known as
865:COCN → CH
820:oxidation
818:, by the
783:In 1834,
779:Chemistry
681:, with a
4271:tyrosine
4258:fumarate
4205:Cysteine
4027:cysteine
3991:Agmatine
3982:arginine
3886:creatine
3847:pyruvate
3663:Allysine
3568:Pyruvate
3342:NADH + H
3322:NADH + H
3206:aldolase
3002:14911449
2994:10958777
2947:25126646
2939:10218531
2895:26142699
2846:20241217
2838:24188231
2803:34500711
2641:21 April
2543:(1838).
2525:April 7,
2396:See also
2383:in vitro
1286:2.7.1.40
1084:, or to
1075:coenzyme
1073:and the
808:miscible
769:ferments
716:through
691:Pyruvate
550:Related
531:Pyruvate
218:DrugBank
115:127-17-3
3963:proline
3882:glycine
3861:glycine
3852:citrate
3771:alanine
3703:leucine
3474:enolase
3068:Glucose
2974:Bibcode
2966:Science
2886:4701640
2794:8433822
2389:in vivo
2367:placebo
2361:of six
2323:
2318:
2281:
2268:lactate
2251:lactate
2227:
2222:
2177:
2164:alanine
2147:alanine
2123:
2118:
2069:
2015:
2010:
1958:
1922:by the
1317:[[File:
1284:Enzyme
1255:
1250:
1205:
1132:ethanol
1128:alanine
1094:ethanol
1064:lactate
1052:ethanol
1048:lactate
998:glucose
990:glucose
942:scholar
806:and is
773:lactate
742:ethanol
738:alanine
714:glucose
652:what is
650: (
500:Acidity
466:Density
446:
300:PubChem
227:DB00119
4068:valine
3866:serine
3649:lysine
3502:
3481:
3336:NAD+ P
3316:NAD+ P
3000:
2992:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2911:Lancet
2893:
2883:
2844:
2836:
2801:
2791:
2748:
2708:
2448:
2363:trials
1297:C00022
1275:C00074
1068:enzyme
1012:by an
944:
937:
930:
923:
915:
869:COCOOH
832:bleach
693:, the
687:ketone
685:and a
647:verify
644:
525:anions
523:Other
472:
458:
406:SMILES
288:C00022
178:ChEMBL
53:Names
4329:Other
4020:other
2998:S2CID
2943:S2CID
2842:S2CID
2413:Notes
2310:NADH
2293:NADH
1986:NADH
1115:, to
949:JSTOR
935:books
842:with
757:cells
512:2.50
474:g/cm
470:1.250
456:88.06
381:InChI
158:ChEBI
128:JSmol
4313:see
3565:2 ×
3517:2 ×
3446:2 ×
3406:2 ×
3350:2 ×
3286:2 ×
2990:PMID
2935:PMID
2927:ISSN
2891:PMID
2834:PMID
2799:PMID
2746:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2670:: 63
2643:2017
2559:2010
2527:2017
2466:link
2446:ISBN
2349:Uses
2313:NAD
2296:NAD
2091:ADP
2081:ATP
1976:NAD
1886:edit
1873:edit
1301:KEGG
1290:KEGG
1279:KEGG
1261:and
1173:and
1111:via
1078:NADH
1056:carp
921:news
814:and
748:via
697:, CH
324:UNII
313:1060
279:KEGG
268:4809
207:1031
152:Pyr
3548:ATP
3545:ADP
3398:ATP
3395:ADP
3381:ATP
3378:ADP
3171:ADP
3168:ATP
3093:ADP
3090:ATP
2982:doi
2970:289
2919:doi
2915:353
2881:PMC
2873:doi
2869:468
2826:doi
2789:PMC
2779:doi
2738:hdl
2702:528
2613:doi
2586:doi
2438:doi
1971:CoA
1299:at
1288:at
1277:at
1244:ATP
1239:ADP
1223:ATP
1218:ADP
1096:in
1062:to
984:in
904:by
830:or
822:of
744:or
673:(CH
350:EPA
303:CID
4366::
4303:G→
4256:G→
4203:+
4052:G→
4037::
3913:G→
3888::
3849:→
3845:G→
2996:.
2988:.
2980:.
2968:.
2941:.
2933:.
2925:.
2913:.
2889:.
2879:.
2867:.
2863:.
2840:.
2832:.
2822:54
2820:.
2797:.
2787:.
2775:26
2773:.
2769:.
2744:.
2704:.
2684:^
2672:;
2666:.
2660:.
2633:.
2609:34
2607:.
2582:13
2580:.
2576:.
2547:.
2513:.
2462:}}
2458:{{
2421:^
2345:.
2253:.
2149:.
2085:CO
2041:.
1990:H
1979:CO
1930:.
1875:]]
1157:,
1100:.
1020:.
861:CH
850:CH
846::
752:.
554:,
509:)
502:(p
4273:→
4269:→
4236:→
4217:→
4193::
4175:L
4170:S
4162:S
4158::
4148:→
4114:→
4070:→
4056:→
4033:→
4029:+
3984:→
3965:→
3931:→
3917:→
3884:→
3868:→
3863:→
3837:G
3781:N
3773:→
3769:→
3705:→
3651:→
3638:→
3636:K
3614:e
3607:t
3600:v
3509:O
3507:2
3505:H
3488:O
3486:2
3484:H
3476:)
3472:(
3338:i
3318:i
3243:+
3239:+
3044:e
3037:t
3030:v
3004:.
2984::
2976::
2949:.
2921::
2897:.
2875::
2848:.
2828::
2805:.
2781::
2754:.
2740::
2714:.
2679:.
2668:4
2645:.
2619:.
2615::
2592:.
2588::
2561:.
2529:.
2468:)
2454:.
2440::
2097:i
2095:P
2093:+
2087:2
2083:+
1988:+
1984:+
1981:2
1974:+
1905:.
1779:]
1774:]
1769:]
1764:]
1759:]
1754:]
1749:]
1744:]
1739:]
1734:]
1729:]
1724:]
1719:]
1714:]
1709:]
1704:]
1699:]
1694:]
1689:]
1684:]
1679:]
1674:]
1669:]
1664:]
1659:]
1654:]
1649:]
1644:]
1639:]
1634:]
1629:]
1624:]
1619:]
1614:]
1609:]
1604:]
1599:]
1594:]
1589:]
1584:]
1579:]
1574:]
1569:]
1564:]
1559:]
1554:]
1549:]
1544:]
1539:]
1534:]
1529:]
1524:]
1519:]
1514:]
1509:]
1504:]
1499:]
1494:]
1489:]
1484:]
1479:]
1474:]
1469:]
1464:]
1459:]
1454:]
1449:]
1444:]
1439:]
1434:]
1429:]
1424:]
1419:]
1414:]
1409:]
971:)
965:(
960:)
956:(
946:·
939:·
932:·
925:·
898:.
867:3
863:3
856:3
852:3
699:3
675:3
642:N
507:a
504:K
444:3
442:O
440:4
438:H
436:3
434:C
352:)
348:(
130:)
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