239:
501:, which was effectively, a less-dense, less-expensive, long-range version of Nike-X. In this system, PAR was not only used for early detection and track generation, but was now responsible for long-range guidance of the Spartan as it passed out of the range of the MSRs, requiring further upgrades and making them even more important in the overall battle. The system as a whole also had to have greatly improve data communications as targets would be handed off from radar to radar.
456:, which would render large areas of the sky opaque to radar. This was acceptable for early warning; by the time the warheads were going off the PAR would already have served its purpose, but this would not be acceptable under the cut-down MSR model. It was known that the effect lasted for shorter periods at higher frequencies, so by moving to UHF the PAR would have a clear view more rapidly, without the expense of the microwave-frequency MAR. Experiments at the
51:
1299:
917:"37. Perimeter acquisition radar building, phase shifter service platform, level three; This shows the coaxial switches and transmitter output assembly (Located only on this level) - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Perimeter Acquisition Radar Building, Limited Access Area, between Limited Access Patrol Road & Service Road A, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND"
709:
697:
1303:
464:. However, due to a number of technical factors, this also meant that four times as much power would be required to reach the same detection performance. Some of this cost was offset by the move from separate transmit/receive arrays used on the MAR and early PAR to a single array, a possibility due to the frequencies being used.
964:"26. Perimeter acquisition radar building room #301, transmitter area no. 2; power supply assembly (In foreground) and amplifier modulators - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Perimeter Acquisition Radar Building, Limited Access Area, between Limited Access Patrol Road & Service Road A, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND"
435:
As the cost of deploying Nike-X began to grow with the increase in Soviet ICBM numbers, the Army and Bell began exploring smaller deployments with more limited missions. Among these was the idea of a much lighter Nike-X system consisting solely of autonomous MSRs and early-warning PARs. This led to
444:
won the following development contract in
December. Under this model the PAR would not only be used for initial detection, but also help generate accurate tracks so the MSRs would know precisely where to look for their assigned targets. This demanded higher resolution than the original VHF design,
409:
MAR allowed the entire battle over a wide space to be controlled from a single site. Each MAR, and its associated battle center, would process tracks for hundreds of targets. The system would then select the most appropriate battery for each one, and hand off particular targets for them to attack.
269:
a "phase shifter platform" was inside of the PAR Building's sloped wall, Under computer control this shifted the phase of the current feed to the individual antenna elements, allowing the beam to be instantly pointed in any direction. A "microstrip high power UHF phaser" was later developed for
558:
Major construction on PAR-1 was completed on 21 August 1972, and test operations commenced. Antenna alignment was completed in August 1973, and the first successful tracking of a satellite and a radio star took place that month. The test period ran for two full years before the official
Equipment
533:
Sites were selected for the first two phases of
Safeguard deployment, Phase I at Malmstrom AFB in Montana and Grand Forks AFB in North Dakota, and Phase II at Whiteman AFB Missouri and Warren AFB Wyoming. Only the Phase I sites required PAR, the Phase II sites would use the Phase I PARs for their
525:
missile bases. The idea now was to provide protection to the bases against any attempted sneak attack, ensuring the
Minuteman missiles would survive and thus present a credible deterrent force. The decision to deploy the first two of potential twelve sites passed in the Senate in August 1969 by a
575:
PAR was leased to the Air Force in
September 1977, who began operations in October 1977. The USAF designated the base as the Concrete Missile Early Warning System (CMEWS) after the nearby community of Concrete. When the post office in Concrete closed in 1983, the base was renamed as Cavalier Air
489:
to break up. The advantage to this approach is that the effect works over an area on the order of several kilometers, which allows a single missile to attack an incoming warhead in spite of it being protected by a cloud of decoys. In contrast, Sprint and the even earlier Nike Zeus had to explode
427:
whose primary purpose was to alert bases around the country. The system had only rudimentary tracking capabilities and no decluttering system, these tasks would be handed off to the radars the PAR alerted. This allowed the radar to have a relatively low resolution, which in turn allowed it to be
422:
The cost of the MAR system was so great that it could only realistically be used at high-value sites like large cities. Smaller cities would be left undefended in the original Nike-X concept. Starting in 1965 some effort was put into the concept of an autonomous Sprint base using a cut-down MAR,
559:
Readiness Date was declared on 27 September 1974. Through this period, construction on the MSR and missile batteries was continuing, and the entire
Mickelsen base reached its Initial Operational Capability (IOC) in April 1975. The complex was declared fully operational on 1 October 1975.
339:—with Central Logic and Control including redundant Processor, Program Store, and Variable Store units—provided missile/satellite track data for communications equipment to transfer to NORAD, etc. and was listed as a separate procurement item from the Perimeter Acquisition Radar by the
266:(BFN), the phased array of 6888 elements—originally 6144 GE crossed-dipoles of beryllium copper mounted on the building's sloping wall. Each element consists of a support rod and two crossed dipoles, bent back at 45 degrees to form an arrow head shape.
1731:
331:
engines for 5 GE generators. A small "antenna measuring radar" with radome was on the building's top which was later replaced by a satellite communications antenna. EPARCS also includes an electrical substation and heat sink.
213:
role was later added, and in that mission PARCS monitors and tracks over half of all earth-orbiting objects. PARCS was initially slated for closure in 1992, but was instead upgraded with newer electronics to become EPARCs.
554:
required both countries to limit the number of deployment sites protected by an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system to one each. Work on PAR-2 in
Montana stopped, and the partially complete building stands to this day.
476:
generated by a warhead's explosion can travel long distances, whereas at low altitude they quickly interact with air molecules within a few tens of meters. When these X-rays strike metal they rapidly heat it, causing a
566:
voted to shut down
Mickelsen and end the Safeguard program. A follow-up bill in November allowed funds to continue operations at PAR-I. The MSR was shut down in February 1976 and the missiles began to be removed.
504:
In the end, PAR looked a lot like a less-capable version of the original MAR it had intended to replace. In
September 1967, General Electric was given the go-ahead to begin development of a production PAR system.
393:
proposed replacing the Zeus radars with a phased array system in 1960, and were given the go-ahead for development in June 1961. The result was the Zeus Multi-function Array Radar (ZMAR), an early example of an
1452:
497:, with range on the order of 400 miles (640 km). These could offer protection across the entire US from a much smaller number of bases than a defense based on Sprint alone. This concept emerged as the
292:
410:
One battery would normally be associated with the MAR, while others would be distributed around it. Remote batteries were equipped with a much simpler radar whose primary purpose was to track the outgoing
683:
After receiving a $ 35.5 million operations, maintenance, and logistics contract with the U.S. Air Force in 2017, Summit
Technical Solutions is the current contractor maintaining the radar system.
1608:
Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Perimeter Acquisition Radar Building, Limited Access Area, between Limited Access Patrol Road & Service Road A, Nekoma vicinity, Cavalier County, ND
423:
TACMAR. Further work led instead to an upgraded MSR, TACMSR. The MSR didn't have the range needed to alert the base in time to respond, which led to the spring 1965 idea of a very long-range
387:
predicted that the Zeus system could be penetrated with a 90% probability simply by firing four warheads at it, a small cost to destroy a base that would hold as many as a hundred missiles.
414:
before they became visible to the potentially distant MAR. These smaller Missile Site Radars (MSR) were passively scanned, forming only a single beam instead of the MAR's multiple beams.
984:
1635:
1578:
170:
at ranges up to 2,000 miles (3,200 km), feeding data to the interceptor station, equipped with a shorter-range radar. The PAR and other systems were collectively known as the
542:
Construction on PAR-1 in North Dakota began in April 1970, and PAR-2 in Montana in May. Extensive testing was carried out over the next year at GE's Syracuse offices, while the
242:
PARCS seen from the north-west. The main antenna is centred. The radome on the roof protects a satellite communications antenna. The buildings on the right are the power plant.
1901:
1881:
406:
steps, a single MAR was able to perform long-distance detection, track generation, discrimination of warheads from decoys, and tracking of the outbound interceptor missiles.
1906:
673:
1891:
761:
472:
As data from high-altitude nuclear tests carried out in 1962 were studied, a new type of anti-warhead attack was developed. Outside the atmosphere the massive amount of
676:
and by 1 February 2012, "the USAF embarked on a modernisation programme for its AN/FPQ-16" as with the Clear AFS "UEWR modernization in FY12" for replacing Clear's
432:
electronics. As the radar would be used only during the opening phases of the attack, it was not hardened against explosions, greatly lowering construction costs.
132:. It is the second most powerful phased array radar system in the US Space Force's fleet of missile warning and space surveillance systems, behind the more modern
398:
radar system. MAR was made of a large number of small antennas, each one connected to a separate computer-controlled transmitter or receiver. Using a variety of
1628:
288:
278:
1437:
1391:
674:
Making Sense of Ballistic Missile Defense: An Assessment of Concepts and Systems for U.S. Boost-Phase Missile Defense in Comparison to Other Alternatives
513:
As strategic balance and budget issues continued to weight on the decision to deploy an ABM, Sentinel was itself cancelled. On 14 March 1969, President
1886:
1850:
1832:
1365:
751:
624:
534:
early warning. GE released the PAR design for manufacture in early 1970, and the North Dakota site was selected to act as the R&D site for PAR.
1751:
661:
452:
frequencies. This would not only allow a reasonably sized radar to offer the required resolution, but also helped with a serious problem known as
1325:
1777:
1726:
1658:
1644:
1621:
736:
171:
992:
1746:
1585:
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726:
633:
543:
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251:
125:
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within about a hundred meters of the target to be effective, which was extremely difficult to arrange at long range, even without decoys.
1668:
395:
35:
1673:
1273:
859:
799:
1896:
384:
1453:"Summit Technical Solutions Awarded $ 35.5 Million Operations, Maintenance, and Logistical Support Contract with U.S. Air Force"
1716:
1603:
1405:
613:
547:
1515:
Potential Contribution of Nike-Zeus to Defense of the U.S. Population and its Industrial Base, and the U.S. Retaliatory System
238:
1876:
1663:
563:
457:
258:; and the resolution at similar range was enhanceable to less than 9 cm (3.5 in). Original PAR equipment included:
183:
344:
1782:
741:
605:
383:
ABM system, which could only attack three or four missiles at a time due to its use of mechanically steered radars. The
56:
813:
Systems used primarily for early warning...Enhanced Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System (EPARCS)
601:
1855:
1772:
1300:"BAE Systems Awarded $ 60 Million in U.S. Air Force Contract Extensions to Maintain Space Radar and Telescope Systems"
585:
178:
in 1972, the U.S. was limited to a single ABM base protecting missile fields, and a second partially completed PAR in
828:
493:
This led to new studies on systems using an upgraded version of Zeus, originally known as Zeus EX but later renamed
1827:
1812:
700:
876:
789:
645:
356:
190:
122:
746:
1845:
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609:
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took over the PAR site and re-activated it in 1977 in the early warning role. It was later transferred to
159:
31:
1369:
963:
916:
1817:
194:
1329:
660:
was contracted to supply 2004-9 TWTs. Late in the 2000s the USAF began upgrading SSPARS to use Boeing
1074:
340:
201:(CMEWS) after the nearby town of Concrete, but when that town's post office closed in 1983 it became
324:
In addition to the PAR, the system includes a 14 megawatt electricity system with five, 16 cylinder
968:
921:
617:
424:
163:
1513:
657:
210:
101:
1352:"U.S. To Sell Large Early Warning Radar to Qatar (August 7, 2013) (Corrected February 10, 2014)"
50:
1563:
1431:
855:
795:
518:
403:
247:
156:
623:
Since receiving a $ 6.7 million operations, maintenance, and logistics contract in 2003,
945:
522:
498:
453:
441:
380:
140:
379:
ABM program of the early 1960s. Nike-X was at attempt to address problems with the earlier
315:
for simulation of intermediate frequency (IF) signals into the signal processor's IF input.
1802:
669:
486:
328:
1277:
701:
phased array under construction with equipment in front (without antenna measuring radar)
629:
has maintained the radar and other EPARCS subsystems (an extension was granted in 2012).
293:
5820-01-615-6430-CONTROL,TELEMETRIC DATA RECEIVING SET-5820016156430,016156430,R105381-01
1613:
756:
581:
494:
411:
1870:
1232:
514:
218:
1412:
1822:
649:
129:
250:
24 cm (9.4 in) at 3,300 km (2,100 mi), e.g., a warhead from a
521:, which would deploy a small number of Sprint-heavy sites around the Air Force's
221:, and maintained by Summit Technical Solutions, LLC. In addition to contractors,
626:
527:
482:
399:
186:
voted to close Mickelsen and shut down Safeguard, which occurred in July 1976.
1741:
677:
665:
653:
551:
478:
360:
255:
175:
1505:
Part II: Major Systems and Subsystems, Chapter 8: Perimeter Acquisition Radar
17:
1736:
1721:
731:
641:
437:
390:
325:
133:
30:
This article is about the Space Force radar system in North Dakota. For the
949:
27:
United States Space Force phased-array radar system located in North Dakota
1584:(Report). U. S. Army Space and Missile and Defense Command. Archived from
1560:
A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
546:
installed the heavy equipment. Work continued until August 1972 when the
351:
invented in the 1980s by Lynn O Kesler "translates messages between" the
1607:
1579:
Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex Cultural Resource Management Plan
1807:
652:); but for the EPARCS with "obsolete radar technology" in 1994 and for
179:
152:
460:
suggested that this would also improve performance in the presence of
576:
Force Station and the radar itself became PARCS. Assigned in 1983 to
461:
376:
1504:
1499:
111:
AN/FPQ-16 Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System
598:
Enhanced Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System
1484:
ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History
637:
473:
237:
222:
225:
has U.S. and Canadian military members assigned to the facility.
1535:
1482:
1029:
712:
167:
1617:
600:(EPARCS) was established by 1989 (the "AN/FPQ-16" had become a
1512:
US Army Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (23 September 1959).
449:
429:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1133:
1131:
1243:
1241:
899:
897:
1274:"Cavalier Air Force Station: Instant to Watchful Instant"
672:. In 2010, a committee assessed the status of the EPARCS
445:
although not as high as the MAR's microwave frequencies.
440:
completed a specifications document in October 1966, and
246:
The PAR could originally acquire an object the size of a
1536:"Cavalier Air Force Station: What does the future hold?"
877:"Space Surveillance Sensors: The PARCS (Cavalier) Radar"
612:
took over operations and maintenance from PRC, Inc. An
217:
EPARCS is operated by the 10th Space Warning Squadron,
1818:
RIM-174 Standard Extended Range Active Missile (SM-6)
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
584:'s Detachment 5 (1986 10th Missile Warning Sq, 1992
550:(SALT) agreements were signed. As part of SALT, the
1795:
1765:
1689:
1682:
1651:
689:
97:
86:
71:
63:
791:Bases Abroad: The Global Foreign Military Presence
1558:Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013).
985:"Perimeter Acquisition Radar (PAR), Concrete, ND"
762:List of military electronics of the United States
578:pass "tactical warning and attack assessment data
1851:North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)
938:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter
1717:AN/SPY-7 Long Range Discrimination Radar (LRDR)
1302:. BAE Systems. 27 November 2012. Archived from
831:. ChainHomeHigh.WordPress.com. 28 November 2012
823:
821:
448:In April 1967 the decision was made to move to
189:After Mickelsen was shut down, the Air Force's
1752:AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR)
1747:Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS)
1727:Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS)
580:" from the PARCS to Cheyenne Mountain was the
301:for timing signals in the electronic equipment
1778:Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS)
1712:AN/SPY-6 Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR)
1629:
1259:
8:
1722:PAVE Phased Array Warning System (PAVE PAWS)
1577:Hubbs, Mark E.; Emrick, Michael (May 2003).
43:
1669:Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)
1247:
1902:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
1882:Equipment of the United States Space Force
1686:
1674:Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS)
1636:
1622:
1614:
936:Mitra, R. (1978). "Letter to the editor".
783:
781:
49:
42:
1907:Military electronics of the United States
1276:. Peterson Air Force Base. Archived from
1215:
1196:
1184:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1122:
1098:
1061:
1016:
903:
428:built using conventional and inexpensive
375:The PAR design traces its history to the
308:to allow monitoring of antenna beam shape
34:'s radar with a similar designation, see
1892:United States Space Surveillance Network
1856:United States Space Command (USSPACECOM)
1833:Network Centric Airborne Defense Element
752:United States Space Surveillance Network
662:AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radars
1075:Safeguard Anti-Ballistic-Missile System
854:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 211.
777:
436:contractor studies for the PAR system.
1659:Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System
1436:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1429:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1049:
829:"United States of America – PARC Life"
737:Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
686:
606:planned to be closed in September 1992
517:announced it would be replaced by the
172:Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex
727:Nuclear weapons and the United States
634:Solid State Phased Array Radar System
199:Concrete Missile Early Warning System
7:
1664:Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD)
1645:Missile defense in the United States
1604:Historic American Engineering Record
1110:
875:Lewis, George, ed. (12 April 2012).
616:was prepared and deposited with the
614:Historic American Engineering Record
526:single vote, that of vice president
252:submarine-launched ballistic missile
182:was abandoned in-place. In 1975 the
126:passive electronically scanned array
1773:Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS)
396:active electronically steered array
345:Advanced Data Communication Control
277:with Sensor Control System Program
36:RCA AN/FPS-16 Instrumentation Radar
1783:Space Surveillance Telescope (SST)
1500:Part I: History of ABM Development
353:PARCS data transmission controller
25:
1813:RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 (SM-3)
1534:Bonham, Kevin (10 January 1993).
1451:LLC, Summit Technical Solutions.
713:1972 PAR Building (Time magazine)
664:(UEWR)—e.g., replacing the 1992
602:Major Defense Acquisition Program
1828:Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI)
1368:. Raytheon.co.uk. Archived from
1326:"EDD - Pyrolytic Graphite Grids"
707:
695:
385:Weapons Systems Evaluation Group
281:for steering/controlling the BFN
1887:Radar equipment of the Cold War
1539:(newspaper images at SRMSC.org)
1078:(Congressional Record – Senate)
548:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
1757:Sea-based X-band Radar (SBX-1)
648:(e.g., with a 1987 AN/FPS-120
564:House Appropriations Committee
458:Prince Albert Radar Laboratory
291:with Power Supply Control set
184:House Appropriations Committee
87:
1:
361:ADCCP communication processor
349:ADCCP communication processor
197:. The site was known as the
1846:Missile Defense Agency (MDA)
742:Missile Defense Alarm System
646:solid state power amplifiers
207:Cavalier Space Force Station
57:Cavalier Space Force Station
1737:AN/FPS-85 Space Track Radar
794:. Oxford University Press.
788:Harkavey, Robert E (1989).
586:10th Space Warning Squadron
481:to form that can cause the
145:Perimeter Acquisition Radar
1923:
1481:Bell Labs (October 1975).
509:Sentinel becomes Safeguard
203:Cavalier Air Force Station
174:. With the signing of the
29:
1841:
1606:(HAER) No. ND-9-P, "
1260:Burns & Siracusa 2013
706:
694:
357:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
306:Radar Maintenance Console
191:Aerospace Defense Command
123:United States Space Force
48:
989:Cold War Tourist webpage
852:A Dictionary of Aviation
850:Wragg, David W. (1973).
640:and upgraded AN/FPS-115
538:Construction and closure
128:radar system located in
1897:Military radar networks
1248:Hubbs & Emrick 2003
747:Defense Support Program
562:The very next day, the
544:Army Corps of Engineers
468:Nike-X becomes Sentinel
1803:RIM-67 Standard (SM-2)
950:10.1109/MAP.1978.27379
881:Mostly Missile Defense
313:Radar Return Generator
275:Beam Steering Computer
243:
160:anti-ballistic missile
64:Country of origin
32:Atlantic Missile Range
1877:Early warning systems
1742:AN/FPS-108 Cobra Dane
1080:(Report). 8 July 1969
241:
195:Strategic Air Command
162:system. PAR provided
1418:on 12 September 2014
610:ITT Federal Services
608:. Instead in 1993,
341:Congressional Record
264:Beam Forming Network
136:phased array radar.
1262:, pp. 212–213.
969:Library of Congress
922:Library of Congress
618:Library of Congress
425:early warning radar
139:PARCS was built by
45:
1543:Grand Forks Herald
1521:(Technical report)
1487:(Technical report)
1457:www.prnewswire.com
983:tbd, Mark (2011).
658:L-3 Communications
636:(SSPARS) replaced
632:Deployment of the
337:PAR Data Processor
326:diesel/natural gas
299:Digital Data Group
244:
211:satellite tracking
102:phased array radar
1864:
1863:
1791:
1790:
1569:978-1-4408-0095-5
718:
717:
519:Safeguard Program
404:signal processing
289:FBO.gov has moved
286:Beam Power Supply
279:FBO.gov has moved
157:Safeguard Program
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
1914:
1808:MIM-104F (PAC-3)
1732:AN/FPQ-16 EPARCS
1687:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1591:on 29 March 2014
1590:
1583:
1573:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1545:. pp. 1C–3C
1540:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1520:
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1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1411:. Archived from
1410:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1394:. February 2012.
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1372:on 11 March 2014
1362:
1356:
1355:
1354:. 7 August 2013.
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1332:on 28 March 2014
1328:. Archived from
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1306:on 28 March 2014
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1269:
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1230:
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1213:
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1188:
1182:
1165:
1159:
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1147:
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1096:
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1071:
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1059:
1053:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
998:on 28 March 2014
997:
991:. Archived from
980:
974:
973:
960:
954:
953:
933:
927:
926:
913:
907:
901:
892:
891:
889:
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866:
865:
847:
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840:
838:
836:
825:
816:
815:
810:
808:
785:
711:
710:
699:
698:
687:
499:Sentinel program
454:nuclear blackout
442:General Electric
141:General Electric
121:) is a powerful
89:
82:
80:
53:
46:
21:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1867:
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1522:
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1511:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1459:(Press release)
1450:
1449:
1445:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:"Archived copy"
1404:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
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1324:
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1271:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1203:
1199:, p. 8-10.
1195:
1191:
1183:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:, p. I-38.
1148:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1125:, p. I-35.
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:, p. I-33.
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1064:, p. 8-14.
1060:
1056:
1048:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
995:
982:
981:
977:
962:
961:
957:
935:
934:
930:
915:
914:
910:
902:
895:
885:
883:
874:
873:
869:
862:
849:
848:
844:
834:
832:
827:
826:
819:
806:
804:
802:
787:
786:
779:
770:
723:
708:
696:
690:External images
670:RAF Fylingdales
594:
573:
540:
511:
487:reentry vehicle
470:
420:
412:Sprint missiles
373:
368:
347:Procedure, the
329:Cooper Bessemer
322:
236:
231:
151:), part of the
78:
76:
59:
44:AN/FPQ-16 PARCS
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
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1853:
1848:
1842:
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1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
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1763:
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1655:
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1618:
1612:
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1574:
1568:
1555:
1531:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1443:
1397:
1383:
1357:
1343:
1317:
1291:
1280:on 10 May 2012
1272:Godfrey, Jim.
1264:
1252:
1237:
1220:
1218:, p. 8-3.
1216:Bell Labs 1975
1201:
1197:Bell Labs 1975
1189:
1187:, p. 8-2.
1185:Bell Labs 1975
1166:
1164:, p. 8-1.
1162:Bell Labs 1975
1154:
1150:Bell Labs 1975
1142:
1140:, p. 2-3.
1138:Bell Labs 1975
1127:
1123:Bell Labs 1975
1115:
1103:
1099:Bell Labs 1975
1091:
1066:
1062:Bell Labs 1975
1054:
1035:
1021:
1017:Bell Labs 1975
1009:
975:
955:
928:
908:
906:, p. 8-7.
904:Bell Labs 1975
893:
867:
860:
842:
817:
800:
776:
775:
774:
769:
766:
765:
764:
759:
757:List of radars
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
722:
719:
716:
715:
704:
703:
692:
691:
593:
592:Enhanced PARCS
590:
582:1st Space Wing
572:
569:
539:
536:
510:
507:
469:
466:
419:
416:
372:
369:
367:
364:
321:
318:
317:
316:
309:
302:
295:
282:
271:
267:
235:
232:
230:
227:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
84:
83:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1919:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
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1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1834:
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1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
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1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
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1692:
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1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1371:
1367:
1366:"Fylingdales"
1361:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:, p. 11.
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1019:, Figure 8-9.
1018:
1013:
1010:
996:(trip report)
994:
990:
986:
979:
976:
971:
970:
965:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
923:
918:
912:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
882:
878:
871:
868:
863:
861:9780850451634
857:
853:
846:
843:
830:
824:
822:
818:
814:
803:
801:9780198291312
797:
793:
792:
784:
782:
778:
772:
771:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
720:
714:
705:
702:
693:
688:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
570:
568:
565:
560:
556:
553:
549:
545:
537:
535:
531:
529:
524:
520:
516:
515:Richard Nixon
508:
506:
502:
500:
496:
491:
488:
484:
480:
475:
467:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
443:
439:
433:
431:
426:
417:
415:
413:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
370:
365:
363:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
330:
327:
320:Other systems
319:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
260:
259:
257:
253:
249:
240:
233:
228:
226:
224:
220:
219:Space Delta 4
215:
212:
209:in 2021. The
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:early warning
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
103:
100:
96:
92:
85:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:PARCS (radar)
1823:Boeing YAL-1
1593:. Retrieved
1586:the original
1562:. ABC-CLIO.
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1542:
1523:. Retrieved
1514:
1489:. Retrieved
1483:
1475:Bibliography
1461:. Retrieved
1456:
1446:
1420:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1400:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:the original
1360:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:the original
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1267:
1255:
1192:
1157:
1145:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1069:
1057:
1030:"Usaf Parcs"
1024:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
993:the original
988:
978:
967:
958:
941:
937:
931:
920:
911:
884:. Retrieved
880:
870:
851:
845:
833:. Retrieved
812:
805:. Retrieved
790:
682:
631:
622:
597:
595:
574:
561:
557:
541:
532:
512:
503:
492:
471:
447:
434:
421:
408:
389:
374:
352:
348:
336:
334:
323:
312:
305:
298:
285:
274:
263:
254:launched in
245:
216:
206:
202:
198:
188:
166:of incoming
148:
144:
138:
130:North Dakota
118:
114:
110:
108:
40:
1525:11 February
1392:"StackPath"
1050:Bonham 1993
656:in Alaska,
627:BAE Systems
528:Spiro Agnew
483:heat shield
400:beamforming
229:Description
1871:Categories
768:References
678:AN/FPS-123
666:AN/FPS-126
654:Cobra Dane
604:) and was
552:ABM Treaty
479:shock wave
343:. For the
256:Hudson Bay
248:basketball
205:, renamed
176:ABM Treaty
72:Introduced
55:EPARCS at
1463:4 October
1233:Safeguard
1111:WSEG 1959
773:Citations
732:PAVE PAWS
642:PAVE PAWS
523:Minuteman
438:Bell Labs
391:Bell Labs
381:Nike Zeus
297:a duplex
134:PAVE PAWS
1707:AN/SPY-3
1702:AN/TPY-2
1697:AN/SPY-1
1549:25 March
1432:cite web
1336:28 March
1284:1 August
1084:25 March
1002:19 March
944:(6): 8.
886:25 March
835:26 March
807:25 March
721:See also
650:at Thule
355:and the
270:the BFN.
1796:Weapons
1766:Optical
1683:Sensors
1652:Systems
1376:8 March
1310:1 March
495:Spartan
366:History
180:Montana
153:US Army
143:as the
77: (
1595:13 May
1566:
1491:13 May
1422:27 May
858:
798:
474:X-rays
462:aurora
377:Nike-X
119:EPARCS
1690:Radar
1589:(PDF)
1582:(PDF)
1519:(PDF)
1416:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1235:, FAS
644:with
638:BMEWS
571:CMEWS
485:on a
234:Radar
223:NORAD
168:ICBMs
115:PARCS
90:built
1597:2015
1564:ISBN
1551:2014
1527:2019
1493:2015
1465:2017
1438:link
1424:2014
1378:2014
1338:2014
1312:2014
1286:2012
1086:2014
1004:2014
888:2014
856:ISBN
837:2014
809:2014
796:ISBN
596:The
402:and
335:The
109:The
98:Type
79:1975
75:1975
946:doi
668:at
588:).
450:UHF
430:VHF
418:PAR
371:MAR
155:'s
149:PAR
117:or
88:No.
1873::
1541:.
1455:.
1434:}}
1430:{{
1240:^
1223:^
1204:^
1169:^
1130:^
1038:^
987:.
966:.
942:20
940:.
919:.
896:^
879:.
820:^
811:.
780:^
680:.
620:.
530:.
311:a
304:a
284:a
273:a
262:a
67:US
1637:e
1630:t
1623:v
1610:"
1599:.
1572:.
1553:.
1529:.
1495:.
1467:.
1440:)
1426:.
1380:.
1340:.
1314:.
1288:.
1250:.
1088:.
1052:.
1032:.
1006:.
972:.
952:.
948::
925:.
890:.
864:.
839:.
359:.
147:(
113:(
93:1
81:)
38:.
20:)
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