1315:
1225:
842:. Proteins containing PDZ domains play a key role in anchoring receptor proteins in the membrane to cytoskeletal components. Proteins with these domains help hold together and organize signaling complexes at cellular membranes. These domains play a key role in the formation and function of signal transduction complexes. PDZ domains also play a highly significant role in the anchoring of
1351:
21:
958:
1015:
1176:
for degradation or recycled back to the cell membrane. Scientists have demonstrated that when the Ser-411 residue of the β2-AR PDZ binding domain, which interacts directly with EBP50, is phosphorylated, the receptor is degraded. If Ser-411 is left unmodified, the receptor is recycled. The role played
948:
wrote a letter of correction to Trends in
Biomedical Sciences. Earlier that year, another set of scientists had claimed to discover a new protein domain which they called a DHR domain. Dr. Kennedy refuted that her lab had previously described exactly the same domain as a series of “GLGF repeats”. She
1086:
PDZ domains are directly involved in the regulation of different cellular pathways. This mechanism of this regulation varies as PDZ domains are able to interact with a range of cellular components. This regulation is usually a result of the co-localization of multiple signaling molecules such as in
1322:
PSD-95 is a brain synaptic protein with three PDZ domains, each with unique properties and structures that allow PSD-95 to function in many ways. In general, the first two PDZ domains interact with receptors and the third interacts with cytoskeleton-related proteins. The main receptors associated
1022:
The first discovered function of the PDZ domains was to anchor receptor proteins in the membrane to cytoskeletal components. PDZ domains also have regulatory functions on different signaling pathways. Any protein may have one or several PDZ domains, which can be identical or unique (see figure to
1156:
bind to receptor proteins and other signaling components. When the one of these PDZ domains is inhibited, the signaling pathways of the neurons are disrupted, resulting in auditory, visual, and vestibular impairment. This regulation is thought to be based on the physical positioning WHRN and the
1054:
at the synapse. PDZ domains are crucial to this receptor localization process. Proteins with PDZ domains generally associate with both the C-terminus of the receptor and cytoskeletal elements in order to anchor the receptor to the cytoskeleton and keep it in place. Without such an interaction,
1114:. Binding the PDZ domain of this phosphatase results in a loss of enzyme activity, which leads to apoptosis. The normal regulation of this enzyme prevents cells from prematurely going through apoptosis. When the regulation of the PTPN4 enzyme is lost, there is increased
1377:
system helped them discover that out of GRIP's seven PDZ domains, two (domains four and five) were essential for binding of GRIP to the AMPA subunit called GluR2. This interaction is vital for proper localization of AMPA receptors, which play a large part in
939:
and in cell signaling complexes. Since the discovery of PDZ domains more than 20 years ago, hundreds of additional PDZ domains have been identified. The first published use of the phrase “PDZ domain” was not in a paper, but a letter. In
September 1995, Dr.
1023:
right). This variety allows these proteins to be very versatile in their interactions. Different PDZ domains in the same protein can have different roles, each binding a different part of the target protein or a different protein altogether.
1420:
There are roughly 260 PDZ domains in humans. Several proteins contain multiple PDZ domains, so the number of unique PDZ-containing proteins is closer to 180. In the table below are some of the better studied members of this family:
1042:. For cells to function properly it is important for components—proteins and other molecules— to be in the right place at the right time. Proteins with PDZ domains bind different components to ensure correct arrangements. In the
1180:
PDZ domains are being studied further to better understand the role they play in different signaling pathways. Research has increased as these domains have been linked to different diseases including cancer as discussed above.
1327:. The first two PDZ domains of PSD-95 bind to the C-terminus of NMDA receptors and anchor them in the membrane at the point of neurotransmitter release. The first two PDZ domains can also interact in a similar fashion with
4008:- An EU project to advance our understanding of the cellular signaling pathways and therapeutic potential of proteins comprising PDZ domains in healthy and pathological conditions such as cancer and neurological diseases.
1412:). The single GLGF repeat on HOMER binds amino acids on the C-terminus of mGluR5. HOMER expression is measured at high levels during embryologic stages in rats, suggesting an important developmental function.
914:
augmentation. This means that the beta sheet in the PDZ domain is extended by the addition of a further beta strand from the tail of the binding partner protein. The C-terminal carboxylate group is bound by a
949:
continued to explain that in order to “better reflect the origin and distribution of the domain,” the new title of the domain would be changed. Thus, the name “PDZ domain” was introduced to the world.
1217:, disrupting the normal binding patterns. The end result is a loss of PDZ domain function and further signaling. Another way phosphorylation can disrupt regular PDZ domain function is by altering the
3138:
Maisonneuve P, Caillet-Saguy C, Raynal B, Gilquin B, Chaffotte A, PĂ©rez J, et al. (November 2014). "Regulation of the catalytic activity of the human phosphatase PTPN4 by its PDZ domain".
1404:
differs significantly from many known PDZ proteins, including GRIP and PSD-95. Instead of mediating receptors near ion channels, as is the case with GRIP and PSD-95, HOMER is involved in
1283:
PDZ proteins are a family of proteins that contain the PDZ domain. This sequence of amino-acids is found in many thousands of known proteins. PDZ domain proteins are widespread in
3559:
van den Berk LC, Landi E, Walma T, Vuister GW, Dente L, Hendriks WJ (November 2007). "An allosteric intramolecular PDZ-PDZ interaction modulates PTP-BL PDZ2 binding specificity".
3230:
Cao TT, Deacon HW, Reczek D, Bretscher A, von
Zastrow M (September 1999). "A kinase-regulated PDZ-domain interaction controls endocytic sorting of the beta2-adrenergic receptor".
1408:
signaling. Another unique aspect of HOMER is that it only contains a single PDZ domain, which mediates interactions between HOMER and type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (
1189:
PDZ domain function can be both inhibited and activated by various mechanisms. Two of the most prevalent include allosteric interactions and posttranslational modifications.
1263:. Different PDZ domains can even have this allosteric effect on each other. This PDZ-PDZ interaction only acts as an inhibitor. Other experiments have shown that certain
1003:
binding the C-terminal carboxylate of the protein or peptide ligand. Most PDZ domains have such a binding site located between one of the β-strands and the long α-helix.
1221:
and further affecting binding and signaling. In rare cases researchers have seen post-translational modifications activate PDZ domain activity but these cases are few.
2986:
Brakeman PR, Lanahan AA, O'Brien R, Roche K, Barnes CA, Huganir RL, Worley PF (March 1997). "Homer: a protein that selectively binds metabotropic glutamate receptors".
2649:
Cho KO, Hunt CA, Kennedy MB (November 1992). "The rat brain postsynaptic density fraction contains a homolog of the
Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor protein".
160:
3648:
Dong H, O'Brien RJ, Fung ET, Lanahan AA, Worley PF, Huganir RL (March 1997). "GRIP: a synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein that interacts with AMPA receptors".
1358:. 2010). Proteins are indicated by black lines scaled to the length of the primary sequence of the protein. Different shapes refer to different protein domains.
4033:
72:
1910:
1272:
1161:
1172:, thus serving as a link between the cytoskeleton and β2-AR. The β2-AR receptor is eventually endocytosed, where it will either be consigned to a
1034:
PDZ domains are found in diverse proteins, but all assist in localization of cellular elements. PDZ domains are primarily involved in anchoring
931:
PDZ is an acronym derived from the names of the first proteins in which the domain was observed. Post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) is a
4230:
1437:
1362:
96:
935:
protein found only in the brain. Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor (Dlg1) and zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) both play an important role at
4280:
1063:
1087:
the example with nNos and NMDA receptors. Some examples of signaling pathway regulation executed by the PDZ domain include phosphatase
1373:
between the C-termini of AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors, they attempted to determine if a similar PDZ interaction was occurring. A
945:
4225:
1409:
3919:"Crystal structures of a complexed and peptide-free membrane protein-binding domain: molecular basis of peptide recognition by PDZ"
3048:"Crystal structures of a complexed and peptide-free membrane protein-binding domain: molecular basis of peptide recognition by PDZ"
3997:
A concise technical summary and a statement of principal findings and ramifications of the PDZ Domain as a
Complex Adaptive System
3748:
Vogel MJ, van Zon P, Brueton L, Gijzen M, van Tuil MC, Cox P, et al. (May 2012). "Mutations in GRIP1 cause Fraser syndrome".
2862:
Morais Cabral JH, Petosa C, Sutcliffe MJ, Raza S, Byron O, Poy F, et al. (August 1996). "Crystal structure of a PDZ domain".
3985:
3976:
3967:
3880:
Ponting CP, Phillips C, Davies KE, Blake DJ (June 1997). "PDZ domains: targeting signalling molecules to sub-membranous sites".
1252:
1110:. Normally the PDZ domain of this enzyme is unbound. In this unbound state the enzyme is active and prevents cell signaling for
4240:
1405:
1198:
1000:
916:
3332:"Regulation of the NMDA receptor complex and trafficking by activity-dependent phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit PDZ ligand"
4148:
1299:
and these combinations allow them to carry out their specific functions. Three of the most well documented PDZ proteins are
1078:. With nNOS located closely to NMDA receptors, it will be activated immediately after calcium ions begin entering the cell.
180:
2609:
Ponting CP, Phillips C (March 1995). "DHR domains in syntrophins, neuronal NO synthases and other intracellular proteins".
4103:
4026:
1074:(nNOS) is brought close to NMDA receptors via interactions with PDZ domains on PSD-95, which concurrently binds nNOS and
1213:
activity. In some examples, phosphorylation of amino acid side chains eliminates the ability of the PDZ domain to form
1382:. Other researchers discovered that domains six and seven of GRIP are responsible for connecting GRIP to a family of
1177:
by PDZ domains and their binding sites indicate a regulative relevance beyond simply receptor protein localization.
4363:
4292:
1165:
1339:
is mediated by the second PDZ domain. The third and final PDZ domain links to cysteine-rich PDZ-binding protein (
965:
PDZ domain structure is partially conserved across the various proteins that contain them. They usually have 5-6
116:
1369:
in a fashion analogous to PSD-95 interactions with NMDA receptors. When researchers noticed apparent structural
4358:
4019:
1383:
1260:
888:
168:
1035:
1379:
974:
843:
3095:
Hopper R, Lancaster B, Garthwaite J (April 2004). "On the regulation of NMDA receptors by nitric oxide".
1255:
have been observed to alter the effectiveness of PDZ domains binding to ligands. These studies show that
4183:
1256:
1210:
1071:
2957:
2916:
Harris BZ, Lim WA (September 2001). "Mechanism and role of PDZ domains in signaling complex assembly".
164:
3701:"PDZ proteins bind, cluster, and synaptically colocalize with Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands"
3657:
3422:"Domain-swapped dimerization of ZO-1 PDZ2 generates specific and regulatory connexin43-binding sites"
3239:
2995:
2871:
1525:
1395:
1374:
1058:
PDZ domains are also utilized to localize elements other than receptor proteins. In the human brain,
1011:
PDZ domains have two main functions: Localizing cellular elements, and regulating cellular pathways.
109:
4000:
1853:
1152:
that the body can interpret. WHRN proteins contains three PDZ domains. The domains located near the
121:
77:
4265:
3599:
Niethammer M, Valtschanoff JG, Kapoor TM, Allison DW, Weinberg RJ, Craig AM, Sheng M (April 1998).
1336:
816:
1709:
4332:
4250:
3948:
3905:
3822:
3773:
3730:
3699:
Torres R, Firestein BL, Dong H, Staudinger J, Olson EN, Huganir RL, et al. (December 1998).
3681:
3630:
3541:
3263:
3183:"The PDZ-domain protein Whirlin facilitates mechanosensory signaling in mammalian proprioceptors"
3163:
3120:
3077:
3019:
2895:
2674:
1370:
999:
amino acids, apart from the GLGF sequence mentioned earlier, the mainchain atoms of which form a
2089:
4327:
3940:
3897:
3857:
3814:
3765:
3722:
3673:
3622:
3576:
3533:
3492:
3451:
3402:
3361:
3312:
3255:
3212:
3155:
3112:
3069:
3011:
2933:
2887:
2844:
2793:
2758:
2709:
2666:
2626:
2588:
2550:
2498:
2438:
2386:
1756:
1674:
1550:
1545:
1130:
985:
808:
187:
155:
2238:
2171:
2151:
4317:
3930:
3889:
3849:
3804:
3757:
3712:
3665:
3612:
3568:
3523:
3482:
3441:
3433:
3392:
3351:
3343:
3302:
3294:
3247:
3202:
3194:
3147:
3104:
3059:
3003:
2925:
2879:
2834:
2824:
2785:
2748:
2740:
2701:
2658:
2618:
2580:
2540:
2532:
2488:
2478:
2428:
2420:
2376:
2366:
2223:
2017:
1992:
1935:
1669:
1664:
1642:
1587:
1206:
1149:
1145:
1092:
1047:
1031:
PDZ domains play a vital role in organizing and maintaining complex scaffolding formations.
977:
differs across PDZ domains. This domain tends to be globular with a diameter of about 35 Ă….
932:
3181:
de Nooij JC, Simon CM, Simon A, Doobar S, Steel KP, Banks RW, et al. (February 2015).
2253:
2218:
2002:
1997:
1982:
1848:
1843:
1741:
1736:
1602:
1505:
1454:
147:
2568:
1900:
1883:
1878:
1801:
1432:
1391:
1387:
1232:
Another post-translational modification that can regulate PDZ domains is the formation of
1202:
1134:
1055:
receptors would diffuse out of the synapse due to the fluid nature of the lipid membrane.
941:
1398:
syndrome that can cause severe deformations, can be caused by a simple mutation in GRIP.
879:
combining the first letters of the first three proteins discovered to share the domain —
3661:
3601:"CRIPT, a novel postsynaptic protein that binds to the third PDZ domain of PSD-95/SAP90"
3243:
2999:
2875:
4255:
4118:
4042:
3989:
3980:
3971:
3446:
3421:
3356:
3331:
3307:
3282:
3207:
3182:
2839:
2812:
2753:
2728:
2545:
2520:
2493:
2466:
2433:
2408:
2381:
2354:
1746:
1296:
1126:
1051:
891:. PDZ domains have previously been referred to as DHR (Dlg homologous region) or GLGF (
3935:
3918:
3809:
3792:
3717:
3700:
3617:
3600:
3064:
3047:
2789:
2705:
2622:
2584:
4352:
4188:
3167:
3108:
2662:
1366:
1324:
1218:
1214:
1075:
1067:
936:
900:
101:
3909:
3826:
3734:
3634:
3545:
3124:
2678:
53:
4270:
4193:
4178:
4138:
4073:
3952:
3777:
3685:
3347:
3267:
3198:
3081:
3023:
2899:
1714:
1344:
1314:
1304:
1059:
1039:
858:
143:
3761:
3298:
2521:"Ezrin induces long-range interdomain allostery in the scaffolding protein NHERF1"
2467:"PDZ domains and their binding partners: structure, specificity, and modification"
1350:
3471:"Regulation of NR1/NR2C N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by phosphorylation"
1318:
Basic functioning of PSD-95 in forming a complex between NMDA Receptor and Actin.
65:
4337:
4322:
4245:
4235:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4168:
4123:
4098:
4083:
4078:
4063:
3043:
1328:
1119:
1096:
992:
970:
3528:
3511:
3510:
Mishra P, Socolich M, Wall MA, Graves J, Wang Z, Ranganathan R (October 2007).
2353:
Boxus M, Twizere JC, Legros S, Dewulf JF, Kettmann R, Willems L (August 2008).
1224:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4275:
4260:
4200:
4173:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4113:
4108:
4093:
4088:
4068:
4058:
2536:
2044:
1288:
1153:
1107:
996:
966:
961:
6 β-strands (blue) and two α-helix (red) are the common motif for PDZ domains.
911:
907:
876:
812:
20:
2829:
4297:
4220:
4133:
4128:
4053:
2929:
1284:
1233:
1137:
1111:
3893:
3861:
3769:
3580:
3537:
3496:
3487:
3470:
3455:
3437:
3406:
3397:
3380:
3365:
3316:
3259:
3216:
3159:
3116:
2937:
2848:
2762:
2554:
2502:
2424:
2390:
2371:
1267:
can enhance the binding of PDZ domains. Researchers found that the protein
1244:. This modification acts primarily as an inhibitor of PDZ domain function.
3944:
3901:
3818:
3726:
3677:
3626:
3073:
3015:
2891:
2797:
2713:
2670:
2630:
2592:
2483:
2442:
1494:
The table below contains all known PDZ proteins in humans (alphabetical):
1390:, which are important signaling proteins. A clinical study concluded that
1070:
activation. In order to ensure a favorable spatial arrangements, neuronal
1014:
957:
910:
of other specific proteins. These short regions bind to the PDZ domain by
105:
2958:"Bristol University | Centre for Synaptic Plasticity | AMPAR interactors"
2692:
Cowburn D (December 1997). "Peptide recognition by PTB and PDZ domains".
2181:
2176:
1560:
1555:
1237:
1173:
1115:
823:
819:
60:
3151:
2243:
2228:
2166:
2161:
2146:
2141:
2069:
2032:
2027:
1659:
1292:
1125:
PDZ domains also have a regulatory role in mechanosensory signaling in
988:. The function of PDZ dimers as compared to monomers is not yet known.
981:
896:
892:
89:
84:
29:(Golgi-associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif-containing protein) protein
3853:
3572:
2744:
3669:
3007:
2883:
2233:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2054:
2049:
2037:
2012:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1905:
1684:
1679:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1515:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1401:
1308:
1264:
1141:
1088:
1043:
839:
831:
175:
1106:
is regulated by PDZ domains. This protein is involved in regulating
789:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
205:
199:
193:
3917:
Doyle DA, Lee A, Lewis J, Kim E, Sheng M, MacKinnon R (June 1996).
3840:
Jemth P, Gianni S (July 2007). "PDZ domains: folding and binding".
4011:
3251:
2776:
Kennedy MB (September 1995). "Origin of PDZ (DHR, GLGF) domains".
2285:
2280:
2275:
2248:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2156:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2059:
2022:
2007:
1987:
1977:
1920:
1858:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1751:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1510:
1464:
1447:
1442:
1340:
1268:
1259:
of certain proteins can affect the binding affinity for different
1241:
1169:
1160:
Regulation of receptor proteins occurs when the PDZ domain on the
1103:
866:
862:
855:
835:
827:
2331:
2290:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2079:
1915:
1895:
1890:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1796:
1791:
1761:
1704:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1582:
1520:
1459:
1332:
1300:
884:
880:
851:
847:
137:
48:
26:
4015:
3283:"Therapeutic use of PDZ protein-protein interaction antagonism"
1168:(β2-AR). EBP50 also associates with a complex that connects to
1104:
human protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 4 (PTPN4)
3994:
3512:"Dynamic scaffolding in a G protein-coupled signaling system"
3469:
Chen BS, Braud S, Badger JD, Isaac JT, Roche KW (June 2006).
2813:"Membrane Binding and Modulation of the PDZ Domain of PICK1"
1354:
Examples of PDZ domain-containing proteins (Figure from Lee
25:
Molecular structure of the PDZ domain included in the human
2320:
There is currently one known virus containing PDZ domains:
2729:"DLG5 in cell polarity maintenance and cancer development"
1050:
activity requires specific receptors to be located in the
2409:"Evidence for PDZ domains in bacteria, yeast, and plants"
4005:
3793:"PDZ domain proteins: scaffolds for signaling complexes"
3379:
Jeleń F, Oleksy A, Smietana K, Otlewski J (2003-01-01).
3330:
Chung HJ, Huang YH, Lau LF, Huganir RL (November 2004).
1291:, whereas there are very few examples of the protein in
2571:(September 1995). "Origin of PDZ (DHR, GLGF) domains".
995:
of the PDZ domain is that it is constituted by several
1148:
of hair cells that transform mechanical movement into
1018:
An example of a protein (GRIP) with seven PDZ domains.
3420:
Chen J, Pan L, Wei Z, Zhao Y, Zhang M (August 2008).
906:
In general PDZ domains bind to a short region of the
3381:"PDZ domains - common players in the cell signaling"
1240:and are susceptible to disulfide bond formation in
186:
174:
154:
136:
131:
115:
95:
83:
71:
59:
47:
39:
34:
980:When studied, PDZ domains are usually isolated as
1365:is a post-synaptic protein that interacts with
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
1295:. PDZ domains are often associated with other
4027:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2604:
2602:
2402:
2400:
1363:Glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP)
1343:), which allows PSD-95 to associate with the
1228:Disulfide bridges inhibit PDZ domain function
885:Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor (Dlg1)
8:
2733:International Journal of Biological Sciences
3995:The PDZ Domain as a Complex Adaptive System
4034:
4020:
4012:
2519:Li J, Callaway DJ, Bu Z (September 2009).
128:
3934:
3808:
3716:
3616:
3527:
3486:
3445:
3396:
3355:
3306:
3206:
3063:
2838:
2828:
2752:
2544:
2492:
2482:
2432:
2380:
2370:
3791:Ranganathan R, Ross EM (December 1997).
3281:Wang NX, Lee HJ, Zheng JJ (April 2008).
2811:Erlendsson S, Madsen KL (October 2015).
2727:Liu J, Li J, Ren Y, Liu P (2014-01-01).
2322:
1496:
1423:
1349:
1313:
1271:enhances the binding of the PDZ protein
1223:
1013:
956:
2345:
1164:protein binds to the C-terminus of the
3594:
3592:
3590:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2951:
2949:
2947:
973:. Apart from this conserved fold, the
15:
3037:
3035:
3033:
2911:
2909:
2694:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
881:post synaptic density protein (PSD95)
7:
3097:The European Journal of Neuroscience
3046:, Sheng M, MacKinnon R (June 1996).
2514:
2512:
1331:. A PDZ interaction between PSD-95,
1205:. This modification is primarily an
1062:often acts in the synapse to modify
3475:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
991:A commonly accepted theory for the
946:California Institute of Technology
14:
1185:Regulation of PDZ domain activity
984:, however some PDZ proteins form
889:zonula occludens-1 protein (zo-1)
3986:Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource
3977:Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource
3968:Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource
3109:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03306.x
2471:Cell Communication and Signaling
1193:Post-translational modifications
19:
1157:selectivity of its PDZ domain.
1001:nest (protein structural motif)
917:nest (protein structural motif)
3348:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0546-04.2004
3199:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3699-14.2015
2778:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2611:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2573:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1199:post-traslational modification
1:
3936:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81307-0
3810:10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00401-5
3762:10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100590
3718:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80663-7
3618:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81009-0
3299:10.1358/dnp.2008.21.3.1203409
3065:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81307-0
2790:10.1016/s0968-0004(00)89074-x
2706:10.1016/S0959-440X(97)80155-8
2623:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)88973-2
2585:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)89074-X
2465:Lee HJ, Zheng JJ (May 2010).
1102:The signaling pathway of the
1095:, and the sorting pathway of
132:Available protein structures:
4001:NCBI conserved domains entry
3287:Drug News & Perspectives
2663:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90245-9
2525:Journal of Molecular Biology
2407:Ponting CP (February 1997).
2355:"The HTLV-1 Tax interactome"
1253:Protein-protein interactions
3750:Journal of Medical Genetics
3336:The Journal of Neuroscience
3187:The Journal of Neuroscience
1236:. Many PDZ domains contain
969:and one short and one long
4380:
3529:10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.037
3042:Doyle DA, Lee A, Lewis J,
1499:
1166:beta-2 adrenergic receptor
919:in the PDZ domain, i.e. a
4049:
2537:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.005
2330:
2325:
1426:
1384:receptor tyrosine kinases
1118:as the cells are able to
127:
18:
3385:Acta Biochimica Polonica
2956:Bristol, University of.
2830:10.3390/membranes5040597
1093:mechanosensory signaling
2930:10.1242/jcs.114.18.3219
2918:Journal of Cell Science
1500:PDZ Proteins in Humans
1329:Shaker-type K+ channels
1248:Allosteric Interactions
1201:seen on PDZ domains is
3894:10.1002/bies.950190606
3488:10.1074/jbc.M513029200
3438:10.1038/emboj.2008.138
3398:10.18388/abp.2003_3628
2425:10.1002/pro.5560060225
2372:10.1186/1742-4690-5-76
1406:metabotropic glutamate
1359:
1319:
1229:
1066:levels in response to
1019:
962:
844:cell surface receptors
4006:https://www.pdznet.eu
2484:10.1186/1478-811X-8-8
1427:Studied PDZ Proteins
1353:
1317:
1227:
1146:post-synaptic neurons
1072:nitric oxide synthase
1017:
960:
1242:oxidizing conditions
927:Origins of discovery
3662:1997Natur.386..279D
3244:1999Natur.401..286C
3000:1997Natur.386..284B
2876:1996Natur.382..649C
1396:autosomal recessive
1099:receptor proteins.
975:secondary structure
861:via mediators like
3152:10.1111/febs.13024
2924:(Pt 18): 3219–31.
1416:Human PDZ proteins
1360:
1320:
1257:allosteric effects
1230:
1209:of PDZ domain and
1116:oncogenic activity
1046:, making sense of
1020:
963:
4364:Membrane proteins
4346:
4345:
3854:10.1021/bi7008618
3573:10.1021/bi700954e
2962:www.bristol.ac.uk
2745:10.7150/ijbs.8888
2337:
2336:
2318:
2317:
1492:
1491:
1234:disulfide bridges
1150:action potentials
1144:localizes in the
921:PDZ-binding motif
809:structural domain
801:
800:
797:
796:
181:structure summary
4371:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4013:
3956:
3938:
3913:
3866:
3865:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3812:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3720:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3670:10.1038/386279a0
3656:(6622): 279–84.
3645:
3639:
3638:
3620:
3596:
3585:
3584:
3567:(47): 13629–37.
3556:
3550:
3549:
3531:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3481:(24): 16583–90.
3466:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3426:The EMBO Journal
3417:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3342:(45): 10248–59.
3327:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3238:(6750): 286–90.
3227:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3140:The FEBS Journal
3135:
3129:
3128:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3067:
3039:
3028:
3027:
3008:10.1038/386284a0
2983:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2953:
2942:
2941:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2884:10.1038/382649a0
2870:(6592): 649–52.
2859:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2646:
2635:
2634:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2486:
2462:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2350:
2323:
1497:
1424:
1388:ephrin receptors
1375:yeast two-hybrid
1323:with PSD-95 are
1197:The most common
1048:neurotransmitter
1038:proteins to the
792:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
208:
202:
196:
129:
23:
16:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4359:Protein domains
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4045:
4043:Protein domains
4040:
3990:LIG_PDZ_Class_3
3981:LIG_PDZ_Class_2
3972:LIG_PDZ_Class_1
3964:
3959:
3916:
3879:
3875:
3873:Further reading
3870:
3869:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3797:Current Biology
3790:
3789:
3785:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3598:
3597:
3588:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3432:(15): 2113–23.
3419:
3418:
3414:
3391:(4): 985–1017.
3378:
3377:
3373:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3146:(21): 4852–65.
3137:
3136:
3132:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3041:
3040:
3031:
2994:(6622): 284–8.
2985:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2464:
2463:
2450:
2413:Protein Science
2406:
2405:
2398:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2342:
1418:
1392:Fraser syndrome
1297:protein domains
1281:
1250:
1203:phosphorylation
1195:
1187:
1084:
1029:
1009:
955:
942:Mary B. Kennedy
929:
788:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
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427:
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409:
403:
397:
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385:
379:
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367:
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355:
349:
343:
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331:
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307:
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30:
12:
11:
5:
4377:
4375:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3983:
3974:
3963:
3962:External links
3960:
3958:
3957:
3929:(7): 1067–76.
3914:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3848:(30): 8701–8.
3832:
3803:(12): R770-3.
3783:
3740:
3711:(6): 1453–63.
3691:
3640:
3611:(4): 693–707.
3586:
3551:
3502:
3461:
3412:
3371:
3322:
3273:
3222:
3193:(7): 3073–84.
3173:
3130:
3103:(7): 1675–82.
3087:
3058:(7): 1067–76.
3029:
2973:
2943:
2905:
2854:
2823:(4): 597–615.
2803:
2768:
2719:
2684:
2636:
2598:
2560:
2508:
2448:
2396:
2344:
2343:
2341:
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2334:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
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1462:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1414:
1380:memory storage
1367:AMPA receptors
1325:NMDA receptors
1280:
1277:
1249:
1246:
1215:hydrogen bonds
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1142:Whirlin (WHRN)
1140:. The protein
1127:proprioceptors
1083:
1080:
1076:NMDA receptors
1052:lipid membrane
1028:
1025:
1008:
1005:
993:binding pocket
954:
951:
937:cell junctions
928:
925:
799:
798:
795:
794:
190:
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
158:
152:
151:
141:
134:
133:
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
32:
31:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4376:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3888:(6): 469–79.
3887:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3779:
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3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
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3525:
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3517:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:(3): 137–41.
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:10.1038/45816
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
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3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:(5): 929–42.
2656:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:(1): 166–80.
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:Retrovirology
2356:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:NMDA receptor
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
959:
952:
950:
947:
943:
938:
934:
926:
924:
922:
918:
913:
909:
904:
902:
901:phenylalanine
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:
815:found in the
814:
810:
806:
791:
787:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
424:
418:
414:A: 728-812
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
207:
201:
195:
191:
189:
185:
182:
179:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
130:
126:
123:
120:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
55:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
28:
22:
17:
4287:
3988:motif class
3979:motif class
3970:motif class
3926:
3922:
3885:
3881:
3845:
3842:Biochemistry
3841:
3835:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3756:(5): 303–6.
3753:
3749:
3743:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3608:
3604:
3564:
3561:Biochemistry
3560:
3554:
3522:(1): 80–92.
3519:
3515:
3505:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3055:
3051:
2991:
2987:
2965:. Retrieved
2961:
2921:
2917:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2739:(5): 543–9.
2736:
2732:
2722:
2700:(6): 835–8.
2697:
2693:
2687:
2654:
2650:
2617:(3): 102–3.
2614:
2610:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2528:
2524:
2474:
2470:
2419:(2): 464–8.
2416:
2412:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2319:
1493:
1419:
1400:
1361:
1355:
1345:cytoskeleton
1321:
1282:
1279:PDZ proteins
1251:
1231:
1219:charge ratio
1196:
1188:
1179:
1159:
1124:
1101:
1085:
1060:nitric oxide
1057:
1040:cytoskeleton
1033:
1030:
1027:Localization
1021:
1010:
990:
979:
964:
930:
920:
905:
872:
871:
859:cytoskeleton
807:is a common
804:
802:
780:A:198-270
774:A:198-270
762:B:198-270
756:A:160-250
744:A:490-568
738:A:256-333
726:A:114-191
720:B:114-191
708:A:114-191
702:A:18-92
690:A:752-838
672:A:4-81
666:A:5-82
654:A:672-751
648:A:248-329
636:A:471-557
630:A:471-557
618:A:656-740
612:A:656-740
600:A:17-96
594:A:17-96
582:A:668-753
576:A:619-702
564:A:988-1067
558:A:10-94
546:A:1240-1316
540:A:249-336
528:A:211-289
522:A:279-357
510:A:1323-1407
504:A:1323-1407
498:A:1323-1407
492:A:251-336
486:A:254-339
474:A:1100-1189
468:A:1368-1450
462:A:1368-1450
456:A:1368-1450
450:A:1357-1439
444:A:1357-1439
438:A:1357-1439
432:A:504-589
420:A:993-1073
402:A:47-125
396:A:226-310
384:A:160-244
378:A:224-308
366:A:65-149
360:A:65-149
348:A:313-391
342:A:313-391
330:A:313-391
324:A:313-391
312:A:81-161
306:A:81-161
294:A:81-161
288:A:517-602
276:A:1147-1226
270:A:778-859
258:A:663-754
252:A:14-91
240:A:639-680
234:A:426-492
222:A:151-232
216:A:151-232
210:
203:A:388-442
197:B:248-262
4338:zinc finger
1120:proliferate
1097:endocytosed
997:hydrophobic
903:) domains.
813:amino-acids
684::533-616
426:A:974-1056
282:A:920-1007
35:Identifiers
4353:Categories
2967:2015-12-03
2784:(9): 350.
2579:(9): 350.
2569:Kennedy MB
2340:References
1337:syntrophin
1289:eubacteria
1285:eukaryotes
1261:substrates
1154:N-terminus
1138:hair cells
1131:vestibular
1108:cell death
1091:activity,
1082:Regulation
912:beta sheet
908:C-terminus
877:initialism
805:PDZ domain
786:A:747-820
768:A:198-270
750:D:157-247
732:A:419-501
714:B:114-191
696:B:300-373
660:A:672-751
642:A:456-542
624:A:656-740
606:A:656-740
588:A:816-887
570:A:605-688
552:A:412-495
516:A:140-219
408:A:871-947
390:A:193-277
354:A:386-464
336:A:313-391
264:A:663-754
228:A:151-232
209:A:151-232
144:structures
4226:EcoEI_R_C
3882:BioEssays
3168:205135373
2817:Membranes
1238:cysteines
1207:inhibitor
1112:apoptosis
1007:Functions
967:β-strands
953:Structure
899:-glycine-
854:) to the
846:(such as
817:signaling
811:of 80-90
793:A:747-820
534:A:17-103
372:A:65-149
318::466-544
300:A:81-161
90:PDOC50106
66:IPR001478
3910:12469779
3862:17620015
3827:13636955
3770:22510445
3735:15441813
3635:16068361
3581:17979300
3546:14008319
3538:17923089
3497:16606616
3456:18636092
3407:14739991
3366:15537897
3317:18560611
3260:10499588
3217:25698744
3160:25158884
3125:23939649
3117:15078541
2938:11591811
2849:26501328
2763:24910533
2679:28528759
2555:19591839
2503:20509869
2391:18702816
2326:Viruses
2182:SLC9A3R2
2177:SLC9A3R1
1757:KIAA1849
1675:FRMPD2L1
1561:ARHGEF12
1556:ARHGEF11
1551:ARHGAP23
1546:ARHGAP21
1371:homology
1174:lysosome
1135:auditory
1036:receptor
982:monomers
933:synaptic
824:bacteria
820:proteins
480:A:22-94
246:A:14-91
161:RCSB PDB
61:InterPro
4256:Kringle
4149:CGI-121
4119:BTB/POZ
3953:9739481
3945:8674113
3902:9204764
3819:9382826
3778:7211700
3727:9883737
3686:4361791
3678:9069286
3658:Bibcode
3627:9581762
3447:2516886
3357:6730169
3308:4055467
3268:4386883
3240:Bibcode
3208:4331628
3082:9739481
3074:8674113
3024:4346579
3016:9069287
2996:Bibcode
2900:4344406
2892:8757139
2872:Bibcode
2840:4704001
2798:7482701
2754:4046881
2714:9434904
2671:1419001
2631:7535955
2593:7482701
2546:2756645
2494:2891790
2443:9041651
2434:2143646
2382:2533353
2244:TAX1BP3
2239:SYNPO2L
2229:SYNJ2BP
2172:SIPA1L3
2167:SIPA1L2
2162:SIPA1L1
2152:SHROOM4
2147:SHROOM3
2142:SHROOM2
2070:RAPGEF2
2033:PPP1R9B
2028:PPP1R9A
1660:ERBB2IP
1386:called
1293:archaea
1265:enzymes
971:α-helix
944:of the
897:leucine
893:glycine
840:animals
836:viruses
678:A:3-81
122:cd00136
85:PROSITE
54:PF00595
3951:
3943:
3908:
3900:
3860:
3825:
3817:
3776:
3768:
3733:
3725:
3705:Neuron
3684:
3676:
3650:Nature
3633:
3625:
3605:Neuron
3579:
3544:
3536:
3495:
3454:
3444:
3405:
3364:
3354:
3315:
3305:
3266:
3258:
3232:Nature
3215:
3205:
3166:
3158:
3123:
3115:
3080:
3072:
3022:
3014:
2988:Nature
2936:
2898:
2890:
2864:Nature
2847:
2837:
2796:
2761:
2751:
2712:
2677:
2669:
2651:Neuron
2629:
2591:
2553:
2543:
2501:
2491:
2441:
2431:
2389:
2379:
2365:: 76.
2234:SYNPO2
2224:STXBP4
2137:SHANK3
2132:SHANK2
2127:SHANK1
2122:SDCBP2
2055:PTPN13
2050:PSCDBP
2018:PDZRN4
2013:PDZRN3
1993:PDZD5A
1973:PDZD11
1968:PDLIM7
1961:PDLIM5
1956:PDLIM4
1951:PDLIM3
1946:PDLIM2
1941:PDLIM1
1936:PARD6G
1931:PARD6B
1926:PARD6A
1911:NHERF1
1906:MYO18A
1685:FRMPD4
1680:FRMPD3
1670:FRMPD2
1665:FRMPD1
1643:DVL1L1
1608:DFNB31
1598:CNKSR3
1593:CNKSR2
1588:CLP-36
1576:CARD14
1571:CARD11
1566:CARD10
1516:AHNAK2
1487:PTP-BL
1482:CARD14
1477:CARD11
1470:CARD10
1460:PSD-95
1410:mGluR5
1307:, and
1301:PSD-95
1273:NHERF1
1211:ligand
1089:enzyme
1044:neuron
986:dimers
887:, and
875:is an
832:plants
176:PDBsum
150:
140:
110:SUPFAM
40:Symbol
4271:NACHT
4194:Pyrin
4174:Death
4139:Cache
4074:ADF-H
3949:S2CID
3906:S2CID
3823:S2CID
3774:S2CID
3731:S2CID
3682:S2CID
3631:S2CID
3542:S2CID
3264:S2CID
3164:S2CID
3121:S2CID
3078:S2CID
3044:Kim E
3020:S2CID
2896:S2CID
2675:S2CID
2477:: 8.
2286:USH1C
2281:TRPC5
2276:TRPC4
2254:TIAM2
2249:TIAM1
2219:SPAL2
2214:SNX27
2209:SNTG2
2204:SNTG1
2199:SNTB2
2192:SNTB1
2187:SNTA1
2157:SIPA1
2115:SDCBP
2110:SCRIB
2105:SCN5A
2100:RIMS2
2095:RIMS1
2085:RHPN1
2075:RGS12
2065:PTPN4
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1998:PDZD7
1988:PDZD4
1983:PDZD3
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