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171:, and we were already prepared to pronounce the Dead Sea shore to be the shore of charmed life. Water, vegetation, birds and beasts, geology, and hot baths −everything was in abundance. The poor fountain has had, methinks, rather scurvy treatment at the hands of its biographers. Perhaps our tastes were vitiated, or perhaps after the recent rains the mineral element was unusually diluted; but though the spring itself had a temperature of 82°
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brackish. A channel brought water from the spring through the wall to the north into a small rectangular tank on to each of the two basins. The purpose of this installation is unknown. It may have served as part of a tannery or for raising fish. More recent analyses suggest it may have been used in indigo manufacturing, date-wine preparation, date-honey production or
113:
218:, who carved an 8-9 inches long line into the rock face which was to be used for reference, and the initials "PEF" beneath it. It became known as the PEF rock. Macalister undertook a first measurement and noted that the line stood at exactly 14 ft above the water. Macalister's reference line was then used until 1913 by the PEF researcher,
179:
370:
The complex is composed of a main building (24m by 18m) with central courtyard, an industrial installation with two plastered basins to its northeast and what appear to be stables to its west. The entrance was through two doors, side-by-side, to the east. There is a staircase in the southeast corner
289:
Enot Tsukim is divided into three sections: the northern "closed reserve," the central "visitors reserve," and the southern "hidden reserve." The closed reserve is only open to scientists by special invitation. This section covers approximately 2,700 dunams. The 500-dunam visitors reserve features
200:
noted: "In the neighbourhood of the Dead Sea there are also two springs of importance. The largest of these is 'Ain
Feshkhah, near which is the little spring called 'Ain et Tannur. The water comes out from beneath the cliffs into a pool surrounded with canes, and runs over a shingly bed in several
148:
of a beautiful stone−colour, so much like the rocks, that they could only be distinguished when in motion. Heard the notes of a solitary bird in the cane−brake, which we could not identify. The statement that nothing can live upon the shores of the sea, is, therefore, disproved. The home and the
374:
The spring at Ein
Feshkha is now located 100 meters south of the main building found by de Vaux and at least 3 meters lower. In ancient times a spring, now dried up, just north of the main building supplied water. This ancient spring being several meters higher suggests that it was sweet, not
96:, the "headland of Feshkhah". Within the reserve is a group of springs of brackish water. The nature reserve consists of an open section with pools of mineral water for bathing surrounded by high foliage and a section that is closed to visitors to protect the native flora and fauna.
144:(cape of the stride), and gathered some specimens of conglomerate and some fresh−water shells in the bed of the stream. We were struck with the almost absence of round stones and pebbles upon the beach −the shore is covered with small angular fragments of flint. Started two
124:
noted that the temperature of the spring was 80°. He also saw the "foundations of a small square tower and of other small buildings" near the fountain. He further noted a couple of ravens and a small hawk, and his guides killed a large (3 feet, 8 inches) lizard of the
213:
found a suitable rock towards the southern end of 'Ain
Feshkah's reeds area, next to the Dead Sea shore and standing some 20 ft above the water. A second boulder underneath the first offered a ledge to stand on. He had brought with him a stonemason from
281:
and the
Israeli Ministry of Agriculture are constructing pools in the area to preserve these native fish. Two of the pools are complete and are now populated by tens of thousands of fish. Measures are also being taken to preserve the
140:, near the base of the mountain. It is soft yet brackish, and there is no deposit of silicious or cretaceous matter, but it has a strong smell of sulphur." He further "made an excursion along the base of the mountain, towards
358:
De Vaux showed that the Ein
Feshkha complex was contemporary with the settlement at Qumran and theorized that they were inhabited by the same community and, while he dated traces to the period from 100 to 31 BCE, both
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The earliest structure at the site, located south of the spring, was an Iron Age II fort, constructed at a similar time to the earliest structures at Qumran and down the Dead Sea coast.
2428:
2438:
1918:
1098:
The Survey of
Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer
748:
201:
streams into the Dead Sea. The supply is copious and perennial, but has a slightly brackish taste and sulphurous smell. The colour in the pool is a deep green blue."
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we found it tolerable. It made good tea and coffee, though with a slight flavour of soda, and we had no hesitation in determining to spend two days by its reeds."
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visited the place, and described the stream as: "The fountain is a shallow and clear stream of water, at the temperature of 84°, which flows from a
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wading pools filled with natural spring water. Due to ecological concerns, the hidden reserve is closed to the public apart from tours on
Fridays.
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664:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament (WUNT) 278. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 13 (in academia.edu version).
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usual haunt of the partridge may be among the cliffs above, but the smaller bird we heard must have its nest in the thicket."
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222:(1867-1943), who came down from Jerusalem for rigorous biannual measurements. Long-forgotten, it was rediscovered after the
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Water
Security in the Mediterranean Region: An International Evaluation of Management, Control, and Governance Approaches
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1032:, Qumran in Context: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence, (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2004). Ch. 4, pp. 183–209.
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Other discoveries at Ein
Feshkha include a sizable vase from the first century BCE or CE with an inscription written in
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104:'Ain el-Feshkhah means "the spring of el-Feshkhah", Feshkhah being either a personal name, or a word with no meaning.
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Corpus inscriptionum
Iudaeae/Palaestinae: a multi-lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad
210:
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Land of Israel, A Journal of travel in Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical character
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Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
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918:. Vol. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea. Eran Lupu, Marfa Heimbach, Naomi Schneider, Hannah Cotton. Berlin:
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The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
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The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoir on the Physical Geology and Geography of Arabia Petraea
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Taylor, Joan E.; Gibson, Shimon (2011). Frey, Jörg; Claussen, Carsten; Kessler, Nadine (eds.).
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of Ein Feshkha are the only known place in the world where populations of Blue and Dead Sea
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Narrative of a journey round the Dead Sea, and in the Bible lands, in 1850 and 1851
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Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea
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Barag, Dan, "Ein-Feshkha" in Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls Vol.1, Edd.
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The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates
376:
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238:
145:
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Bélis, Mirielle, "The Workshops at ʿEin Fashkhah: A New Hypothesis," in:
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1400:
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1323:
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Qumran Connected: The Qumran Pass and Paths of the North-Western Dead Sea
468:
The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700
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820:
796:
17:
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2016:
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INPA to celebrate Israel's wetlands this weekend, in honor of int'l day
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have concluded that the complex was Herodian, i.e. dates after 37 BCE.
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72:'cliff springs') is a 2,500 ha nature reserve and
1761:
1756:
1751:
1914:
The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)
2404:
Jews and Judaism in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
1919:
War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)
277:(Nevit Hula and Nevit Yam Hamelakh) live side by side. The
973:, VanderKam, James C. (Oxford: OUP, 2000) p. 237–238.
1074:(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002). Ch. 10, pp. 210–217.
342:
in 1956 and 1958. Hirschfeld excavated the site in 2001.
1334:, Khallet al Karaneen, Al ‘Ukab, Harmala, and Abu Njeim)
371:
of the building, showing that there was an upper story.
2394:
1969 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate
1191:
Israel Nature & Parks Authority page on Ein Feshkha
403:
dating to the fifth year of king Agrippa, most likely
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1585:
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797:"Excavations at ʿEin Feshkha, 2001: Final Report"
440:Andrea Scozzari & Bouabid El Mansouri (2011)
1082:Did Any Perfume Industry Exist at ʿEin Fashkhah?
2429:Nature reserves in Israeli-occupied territories
1141:. Vol. 2, new edition. London: R. Bentley.
894:Gideon Hadas, cited in Hirschfeld 2004, p. 207.
653:
651:
608:, pp.4-5, London 1901. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
226:by Israeli geographer and cultural researcher,
2439:Important Bird Areas of the State of Palestine
1742:4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)
1148:, "Ein Fashkha", pp. 255–256, Vol. 6, of
1022:, "Fouilles de Feshka, Rapport preliminaire."
1624:
1227:
745:"A green and changing oasis in the wasteland"
596:
594:
592:
590:
334:Excavations at Ein Feshkha were conducted by
298:The nature reserve has been recognised as an
262:in order to establish the nature reserve of '
8:
1827:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever
422:National parks and nature reserves of Israel
1855:Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)
1103:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
1047:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
1013:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
864:, (Oxford: The British Academy, 1973) p. 82
156:noted extensive ruins north of the spring.
92:. It is located just north of the headland
1894:Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)
1797:The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)
1631:
1617:
1609:
1234:
1220:
1212:
616:
614:
1176:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
627:. Indiana University Press. p. 122.
80:, about 3 km (1.9 mi) south of
1154:, Edition 2 (Macmillan Reference, 2006)
722:
720:
569:Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p.
325:
237:
111:
1201:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 18:
433:
205:PEF rock: Dead Sea level reference line
980:, J. Zangenburg, and K. Galor (eds.),
943:
694:
684:
505:Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, pp.
163:visited, and noted: "Our prospects at
2409:Archaeological sites in the West Bank
1802:Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)
7:
2419:Former populated places in West Asia
1514:Church of Saint Catherine, Bethlehem
1072:Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls
862:Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls
2399:Protected areas established in 1969
306:because it supports populations of
62:
46:
242:Pool in closed part of the reserve
76:on the north-western shore of the
25:
2320:Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
1529:St. George's Monastery, Al-Khader
624:The Dead Sea and the Jordan River
279:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
1284:
1277:
250:, in 1969 Israel confiscated 97
2389:1838 archaeological discoveries
1889:The Seekers After Smooth Things
1879:Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)
1845:Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)
1817:Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)
1509:Chapel of the Shepherds' Field
776:. BirdLife International. 2021
604:, Palestine Exploration Fund,
602:Observation of Dead Sea Levels
1:
1899:Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)
1539:Monastery of Saint Theodosius
27:West Bank archaeological site
2424:Nature reserves in Palestine
1832:Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)
1767:11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll
986:(Leiden: Brill, 2006), (pp.
606:Quarterly Statement for 1901
1874:Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)
795:Hirschfeld, Yizhar (2004).
196:Survey of Western Palestine
2465:
2159:Florentino García Martínez
1524:Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)
1086:Israel Exploration Journal
1063:. London: Richard Bentley.
922:. 2018. pp. 695–696.
801:Israel Exploration Journal
600:R. A. Stewart Macalister,
330:Excavations at Ein Feshkha
191:Palestine Exploration Fund
2274:José O'Callaghan Martínez
1787:Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)
1504:Chapel of the Milk Grotto
1275:
712:Al 'Ubeidiya Town Profile
681:– via academia.edu.
621:Kreiger, Barbara (2016).
2179:Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz
2169:Gerald Lankester Harding
2068:Teacher of Righteousness
1909:Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)
903:Hirschfeld 2004, p. 207.
545:Saulcy, 1854, vol 1, p.
211:R. A. Stewart Macalister
1429:Khirbet Beit Zakariyyah
1123:. Vol. 2. Boston:
1011:. Vol. 3. London:
885:, cited in Taylor 2006.
167:seemed as bright as at
34:Ein Feshka/Einot Tzukim
2449:Iron Age sites in Asia
1812:Damascus Document (CD)
1519:Church of the Nativity
1125:Crocker & Brewster
950:: CS1 maint: others (
472:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
331:
304:BirdLife International
243:
186:
117:
35:
2154:Jean-Baptiste Humbert
2114:Sidnie White Crawford
1904:Temple Scroll (11Q19)
1269:Bethlehem (Beit Lahm)
1243:Bethlehem Governorate
1151:Encyclopaedia Judaica
329:
241:
181:
115:
33:
2299:Aramaic Enoch Scroll
2239:Carsten Peter Thiede
2104:Joseph M. Baumgarten
1850:New Jerusalem Scroll
1837:Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa
1807:Copper Scroll (3Q15)
1737:4QDeuteronomy (4Q41)
1198:, Thomson Gale, 2007
1088:, 55 (2005), 97–100.
851:Magness 2002, p.214.
842:Magness 2002, p.211.
161:Henry Baker Tristram
2365:31.7144°N 35.4533°E
2361: /
2219:Solomon H. Steckoll
2149:David Noel Freedman
2124:André Dupont-Sommer
1782:11Q18 New Jerusalem
1534:Al-Hamadiyya Mosque
1026:66 (1959), 225–255.
557:Tristram, 1865, p.
300:Important Bird Area
294:Important Bird Area
108:Exploration history
74:archaeological site
2304:Shrine of the Book
2204:Lawrence Schiffman
2099:John Marco Allegro
1864:Horoscopes (4Q186)
1822:Genesis Commentary
1792:The Book of Giants
1376:'Arab al-Rashayida
774:BirdLife Data Zone
732:The Jerusalem Post
483:Ein Tzukim reserve
446:, Springer, p.235.
332:
316:cinereous buntings
244:
220:E. W. G. Masterman
187:
118:
36:
2344:
2343:
2331:Muhammed edh-Dhib
2224:Hartmut Stegemann
2214:Patrick W. Skehan
2174:Yizhar Hirschfeld
2119:Frank Moore Cross
2078:Calendrical texts
1777:11Q13 Melchizedek
1747:4QMMT (4Q394–399)
1606:
1605:
1421:Khallet al-Haddad
1207:Wikimedia commons
929:978-3-11-022219-7
860:de Vaux, Roland,
671:978-3-16-150840-0
533:Lynch, 1849, pp.
493:Palmer, 1881, p.
455:Palmer, 1881, p.
383:Other discoveries
346:Iron Age findings
312:Dead Sea sparrows
254:of land from the
209:In October 1900,
86:Judea and Samaria
71:
16:(Redirected from
2456:
2414:Dead Sea Scrolls
2376:
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2372:
2371:
2370:31.7144; 35.4533
2366:
2362:
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2199:James A. Sanders
1640:Dead Sea Scrolls
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1626:
1619:
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1425:Khallet al-Louza
1416:Jurat ash Sham'a
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770:"Ein Al-Fashkha"
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519:
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354:Herodian complex
308:griffon vultures
185:Rock inscription
134:William F. Lynch
127:Lacerta Nilotica
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2234:Eleazar Sukenik
2139:Joseph Fitzmyer
2129:Robert Eisenman
2109:John J. Collins
2094:Martin G. Abegg
2082:
2026:
2022:Wadi Murabba'at
2002:Qumran cemetery
1923:
1642:
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1607:
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1593:Solomon's Pools
1581:
1553:
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1240:
1187:
1182:
1164:
1133:Saulcy, L.F. de
1131:
1109:
1091:
1053:
1045:. Vol. 7.
1035:
1003:Kitchener, H.H.
997:
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142:Ras es Feshkhah
122:Edward Robinson
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830:
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751:on 2014-02-22
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52:
51:Ain Al-Fashka
44:
40:
32:
19:
2346:
2336:Najib Albina
2318:
2309:Orion Center
2269:Yigael Yadin
2184:Jodi Magness
2006:
1940:Qumran Caves
1467:ash-Shawawra
1462:Umm Salamuna
1196:Ein Fashkhah
1170:
1149:
1137:
1119:
1111:Robinson, E.
1097:
1093:Palmer, E.H.
1085:
1081:
1071:
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1023:
1007:
999:Conder, C.R.
981:
963:Bibliography
914:
908:
899:
890:
878:
869:
861:
856:
847:
838:
829:
807:(1): 37–74.
804:
800:
790:
778:. Retrieved
773:
764:
753:. Retrieved
749:the original
739:
730:
707:
675:. Retrieved
660:
638:. Retrieved
623:
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577:
565:
553:
541:
529:
517:
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489:
478:
463:
451:
442:
436:
417:Qumran Caves
401:stone weight
386:
373:
369:
357:
349:
333:
297:
288:
286:population.
268:
264:Ayn Fashkhah
263:
245:
208:
195:
188:
165:Ain Feshkhah
164:
159:Around 1860
158:
151:
141:
131:
119:
103:
94:Râs Feshkhah
93:
55:Einot Tzukim
54:
50:
38:
37:
2368: /
2264:Géza Vermes
2244:Emanuel Tov
2189:Józef Milik
2164:Norman Golb
2134:Hanan Eshel
2007:Ein Feshkha
1772:11QpaleoLev
1484:Wadi Rahhal
1481:Wadi an-Nis
1452:Marah Rabah
1386:Beit Ta'mir
1353:al-Ubeidiya
1309:Beit Fajjar
1264:Beit Sahour
1068:Magness, J.
1055:Lynch, W.F.
1020:de Vaux, R.
883:Ehud Netzer
873:Bélis 2006.
780:26 February
695:|work=
677:8 September
640:7 September
322:Archaeology
269:The saline
260:al-Ubeidiya
258:village of
256:Palestinian
224:Six Day war
116:Ein Feshkha
63:עינות צוקים
39:Ein Feshkha
2383:Categories
2356:35°27′12″E
2353:31°42′52″N
2326:Mar Samuel
1477:Wadi Fukin
1439:al-Ma'sara
1174:. London:
1146:Taylor, J.
1078:Netzer, E.
920:de Gruyter
755:2014-02-12
428:References
395:using the
365:Hirschfeld
228:Zev Vilnay
146:partridges
138:cane−brake
2043:Sadducees
1488:al-Walaja
1444:al-Maniya
1391:Dar Salah
1338:al-Khader
1332:al-Asakra
1259:Beit Jala
1115:Smith, E.
946:cite book
938:663773367
813:0021-2059
697:ignored (
687:cite book
405:Agrippa I
377:opobalsam
302:(IBA) by
275:killifish
193:'s (PEF)
154:de Saulcy
129:species.
120:In 1838,
100:Etymology
2087:Scholars
1577:Dheisheh
1544:Mar Saba
1497:Religion
1368:Villages
1358:Za'atara
1324:Jannatah
1314:al-Dawha
1168:(1865).
1135:(1854).
1117:(1841).
1095:(1881).
1057:(1849).
1039:(1886).
1037:Hull, E.
1005:(1883).
821:27927058
411:See also
271:wetlands
152:In 1851
132:In 1847
78:Dead Sea
47:عين فشخة
18:PEF rock
2038:Essenes
2017:Secacah
1840:,1QIsa)
1396:Hindaza
1343:Nahalin
535:274−275
511:252–253
393:Aramaic
361:Magness
338:of the
284:tilapia
216:Jericho
169:Jericho
84:in the
70:
49:, also
2434:Qumran
2058:Pesher
2031:Issues
2012:Kohlit
1945:cave 1
1935:Qumran
1928:Places
1457:Nuaman
1411:Juhdum
1328:Rakhme
1304:Battir
1251:Cities
1158:
936:
926:
819:
811:
668:
631:
399:and a
389:Hebrew
252:dunams
90:Israel
82:Qumran
59:Hebrew
43:Arabic
2283:Other
1732:4Q542
1727:4Q521
1722:4Q448
1717:4Q252
1712:4Q246
1707:4Q240
1702:4Q175
1698:4Q166
1694:4Q127
1689:4Q126
1684:4Q122
1679:4Q121
1674:4Q120
1669:4Q119
1664:4Q108
1659:4Q107
1654:4Q106
1647:Texts
1586:Other
1572:'Azza
1434:Kisan
1401:Jab'a
1381:Artas
1348:Tuqu'
1319:Husan
817:JSTOR
198:(SWP)
173:Fahr.
53:) or
2294:ASOR
2290:AIAR
1567:Aida
1156:ISBN
1084:in:
952:link
934:OCLC
924:ISBN
809:ISSN
782:2021
699:help
679:2020
666:ISBN
642:2020
629:ISBN
363:and
314:and
248:ARIJ
68:lit.
1762:7Q5
1757:7Q1
1752:6Q6
1203:IAA
992:262
988:253
571:171
559:251
523:273
507:250
495:339
457:349
183:PEF
2385::
1995:11
1990:10
1330:,
1205:,
1113:;
1101:.
1080:,
1070:,
1001:;
990:-
948:}}
944:{{
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805:54
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685:{{
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310:,
266:.
230:.
88:,
65:,
61::
45::
2292:/
1985:9
1980:8
1975:7
1970:6
1965:5
1960:4
1955:3
1950:2
1862:/
1632:e
1625:t
1618:v
1326:(
1235:e
1228:t
1221:v
1178:.
1127:.
1105:.
1049:.
1015:.
994:)
954:)
940:.
823:.
784:.
758:.
701:)
644:.
391:/
57:(
41:(
20:)
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