Operation Pluto - Knowledge

1810: 1622: 1605:(D+8) and, despite the expectation that the Germans would carry out systematic demolitions, be opened within three days. Pipe laying was to commence four days later, with the Bambi system fully operational by D+75 (seventy-five days after D-Day). The discovery of an additional German division in the vicinity in May led to the expected capture being pushed back ten days from D+8 to D+18. In the event, the port of Cherbourg was captured on 27 June (D+21), and due to the extensive damage the first POL tanker did not discharge there until 25 July (D+49). In the meantime, fuel was supplied through the small port of 1733: 1687: 1721:, instead of Ambleteuse as originally planned because the beach at the latter was heavily mined. This involved a longer distance and a more difficult approach, but cable-laying techniques had been refined. The ends of the cable were dropped just offshore and picked up by the barges for connection to the shore. The Hamel pipe gave more trouble, but after some trial and error, it was laid with sections of Hais pipe at each end. Boulogne also had poor railway facilities, so the pipeline was extended to 1191: 54: 1327: 929: 1455: 1400: 1710:, was in better shape, with its quays largely intact, although demolitions had been carried out and the river channel to it was blocked by mines and sunken vessels. Even when it was cleared the channel from Le Havre was shallow, but coastal tankers carrying POL from the UK were able to navigate it and discharge in Rouen. Boulogne was captured on 22 September, and the port was opened on 22 October. 3607: 842:. The Dumbo system began pumping on 26 October, expanded to 17 pipelines by December, and remained in action until 7 August 1945. Ultimately, the pipelines carried about 8 per cent of all petroleum products sent from the United Kingdom to the Allied Expeditionary Force in North West Europe, including some 180 million imperial gallons (820 million litres) of petrol. 1097: 803:, which could be hindered by bad weather, were subject to air attack, and needed to be offloaded into vulnerable storage tanks ashore. A new kind of pipeline was required that could be rapidly deployed. Two types were developed, named "Hais" and "Hamel" after their inventors. Two pipeline systems were laid, each connected by camouflaged pumping stations to the 1728:

By December, nine 3-inch and two 2-inch Hamel pipelines and four 3-inch and two 2-inch Hais cable pipelines had been laid, a total of 17 pipelines, and Dumbo was providing 1,300 long tons (1,300 t) of petrol per day. Not one of the Hais cable pipelines broke, and the mean time between repairs of

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respectively) with a displacement of 12,220 long tons (12,420 t), could each handle 100 mi (160 km) of 3-inch pipe weighing approximately 6,400 long tons (6,500 t). Two storage tanks 50 feet (15 m) in diameter, one forward and one aft, provided the stowage space for the pipe.

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The expert technicians had been able to lay pipelines across the Bristol Channel and the Solent under the supervision of the designers, but it was another matter for the naval laying parties to achieve the same degree of proficiency under wartime conditions and across the much wider English Channel.

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Unlike Hais, Hamel pipe was too stiff to be coiled in a ship's hold, as it could not withstand the twist along the longitudinal axis that came with each turn of the coil. The Petroleum Warfare Department proposed that it be wound around a buoyant steel drum that could be towed by tugs or fitted on a

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was able to locate and repair the damage. To prove the reliability of the cable pipe, pumping operations were carried out continuously, first at the original design pressure of 750 psi (5,200 kPa), and then at 1,500 psi (10,000 kPa), with 56,000 imp gal (250,000 L)

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The system was finally closed down to save manpower on 7 August, by which time the pipelines had carried 180 million imperial gallons (820 million litres) of petrol. Operation Pluto was officially disbanded on 31 August, and the Petroleum Warfare Department was wound up on 31 March 1946.

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1 through 6. A Conundrum was towed to a special dock where it was held by two steel arms. A sprocket chain driven by an electric motor rotated the Conundrum while pipe was wound around it. At the end of each 4,000-foot (1,200 m) segment, the next was welded, the swarf was cleaned out, and the

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wires, and camouflaged canvas cover. The pipe could deliver 3,500 imp gal (16,000 L) per day at a pressure of 500 psi (3,400 kPa), and withstand an underwater pressure of 1,950 psi (13,400 kPa). The 2-inch size was chosen to keep the weight down; a larger cable

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coast. Construction was carried out at night and in secret, and equipment was carried in under tarpaulins. The pumping stations and storage tanks were camouflaged to look like villas, seaside cottages, old forts, amusement parks and other innocuous features. Strict instructions were issued that

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lying offshore through ship-to-shore pipelines. The project to develop these pipelines was codenamed Operation Tombola, and the pipelines themselves became known as Tombolas. The submarine pipeline had sufficient advantages to make it worthwhile to explore as a backup means of supply. Submarine

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Company. After two days of pumping, a failure occurred. The cable was pulled up, and the problem was found to have been caused by extrusion of the lead through gaps in the steel tape. Accordingly, the amount of steel tape was increased from two to four layers. At Siemens' suggestion, a second

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found in the English Channel. Moreover, to minimise interference by the enemy and the effect of the tides, the entire pipeline would have to be laid in a single night. They regarded the proposal as infeasible using any known method of construction of pipelines 6 inches (15 cm) or more in

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In all, 22,000 long tons (22,000 t) of the original 23,000 long tons (23,000 t) of lead and 3,300 long tons (3,400 t) of the original 5,500 long tons (5,600 t) of steel were recovered, along with 75,000 imperial gallons (340,000 L) of petrol that were still in the

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A contrary view was expressed by Derek Payton-Smith in the civil official history volume on oil: "Pluto contributed nothing to Allied supplies at a time that would have been most valuable—that is, when no regular oil ports were available on the Continent and the Allies were relying on the

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Sir Donald Banks wrote: "The technique of cable laying had been mastered but we were not yet sufficiently versed in the practice of connecting the shore ends, nor in effecting repairs to the undersea leaks which were caused fairly close inshore through these faulty concluding operations."

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It is estimated that nearly 5.4 million long tons (5.5 million tonnes) of petroleum products were delivered to the Allied Expeditionary Force. Of this, 826 thousand long tons (839 thousand tonnes) came directly from the United States and 4.3 million long tons

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and old sewage pipe, the fake facility spanned 3 acres (1.2 ha) and included fake versions of pipelines, storage tanks, jetties, vehicle parks and antiaircraft emplacements. Wind machines were used to create clouds of dust to simulate activity, and the site was guarded by the

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After the first few days of the invasion, it was hoped that petroleum could be supplied in bulk. Pipelines were not the sole or even the principal means by which Combined Operations was contemplating supplying bulk petroleum; it intended to rely primarily on small shallow-draught

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The trial was sufficiently successful that it was decided to develop 3-inch (7.6 cm)-diameter pipe. This reduced the number of pipelines required to pump the same volume of petrol, as each 3-inch pipe had more than twice the capacity of the 2-inch pipe. A merchant ship, HMS

1179:) of Hais cable produced for the operation, 570 nmi (1,060 km) were made by firms in the United Kingdom, while 140 nmi (260 km) was manufactured in the United States by four American firms, including The Okonite Calendar Company, General Cable, 1633:

Consideration was given to cancelling Pluto, but under the circumstances it was decided to proceed. Time was wasted in deciding whether to terminate the line inside or outside the harbour; eventually the latter was chosen. The first Hais pipeline was laid by HMS

1034:. Additional capacity could be obtained by laying multiple lines. By using high pressure, the line could carry different kinds of fuel. At low pressure different fuels would mix, but at high pressure they would stay separate. Thus, the pipeline could be used for 1334:

Lead was in short supply, so the Petroleum Warfare Department decided to seek an alternative that made use of cheaper and more readily available materials as a backup system to Hais, which was itself a backup system. Bernard J. Ellis, the chief engineer of the

1434:. It was a twin-screw vessel 200-foot (61 m) and 35-foot (11 m) wide. On 4 June 1943 a trial lay of one mile of Hamel pipe was successfully carried out. Though not having the capacity to cross the Channel, Persephone laid 16 Hamel pipes across the 1613:

for the Americans. The Tombola lines had a tendency to break, and the Chants fared poorly in the rough weather of the English Channel. By 28 July sixteen of them were laid up for repairs at a special tanker repair facility that had been established at

826:. Deployment of Bambi began on 12 August 1944, and it delivered just 3,300 long tons (3,400 t) between 22 September, when the first pipeline became operational, and 4 October, when it was terminated. More successful was "Dumbo", which ran from 1018:, was visiting the Petroleum Warfare Department at this time, and he heard about the proposal, and was convinced that it was possible. In the hilly terrain of Iran, Anglo-Iranian had employed a 3-inch (7.6 cm) pipeline. Running at 1,500 3662: 1771:. Dumbo surpassed its target of 1 million imperial gallons (4.5 million litres) (about 3,000 long tons (3,000 t)) per day on 15 March 1945, and by 3 April the Dumbo lines were delivering 4,500 long tons (4,600 t) a day to the 1410:

undertook to design, construct and operate two factories at Tilbury where 40-foot (12 m) lengths of pipe were welded together into 4,000-foot (1,200 m) segments. Six Conundrums were constructed at a cost of £30,000 apiece, and named

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the Hamel pipelines varied between 52 and 112 days, with 68 days being the average. They could not be run at the intended pressure, so they carried only petrol, and plans for the pipelines to deliver aviation spirit as well were discarded.

1678:, and the Hamel when it encountered a sharp edge on the ocean floor. Operation Bambi was terminated the following day. Only about 3,300 long tons (3,400 t) (935,000 imperial gallons (4,250,000 L)) of fuel had been transferred. 1792:(4.4 million tonnes) (84 per cent) from the United Kingdom, of which Operation Pluto contributed 370 thousand long tons (380 thousand tonnes) or 8 per cent. The total cost of Operation Pluto was reckoned at £4,428,000. 1947:

Although the pipeline itself is no longer in use, many of the buildings that were constructed or utilised to disguise it remain, especially on the Isle of Wight, where the former pumping station at Sandown is currently in use as a

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neither "Petroleum Warfare Department" nor its initials should appear on any letter or package. The locations were erased from maps. Lorry drivers conducting deliveries had to phone from a public phone booth for instructions.

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awarded tax-free payments of £9,000 to Hartley; £5,000 to Ellis; £85 to M. K. Purvis, the designer of the Conundrum; and £250 to A. E. Price, who designed the wedge gripping device used to fix the pipeline near the shore.

1760:, and it was considered inadvisable for it handle more than one tanker at a time. As for the coastal tankers, they were in demand for service in the Far East. It was therefore decided to continue with Operation Pluto. 1232:. The sturdiness of the cable pipe was further tested when two German 500 lb (230 kg) bombs were dropped on Swansea 100 feet (30 m) from the cable. Later a ship's anchor dragged the cable pipe, but 1669:

Finally, on 22 September a Hais cable was laid that worked, delivering 56,000 imperial gallons (250,000 L) per day. This was followed on 29 September by the successful installation of a Hamel cable by HMS

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The Tilbury plant was transferred to the Admiralty, and all remaining stores to the Ministry of Supply. No post-war use of the technology was contemplated, so Operation Pluto's records were sent to the

1717:, which commenced pumping on 26 October, and remained in action until the end of the war. Lines were run to a beach in the outer harbour of Boulogne, 23 nmi (43 km) distant across the 1318:

was requisitioned and converted into a cable pipe factory where 3 to 4 nmi (5.6 to 7.4 km) of cable pipe per day was tested, welded into 4,000-foot (1,200 m) lengths and stored.

1026:), it delivered 100,000 imperial gallons (450,000 L) per day, the equivalent of over 20,000 jerricans. On 15 April he pitched his proposal for a continuous length of pipeline similar to a 1112:. Fraser agreed to pick up the costs of trials, albeit in the hope that the government would subsequently reimburse the company. Siemens Brothers developed the cable in conjunction with the 1041:

The project was given the codename Pluto, which stood for "pipeline underwater transportation of oil" or "pipeline under the ocean". The operation was placed under the chief of staff to the

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pipelines were less susceptible to enemy air attack and the frequently stormy English Channel weather, and their use would reduce the forces' dependency on vulnerable storage tanks ashore.

1565:. German aircraft were allowed to overfly the facility, but only above 33,000 feet (10,000 m), where high-resolution imagery was not possible. The fake facility was inspected by King 1964:, the United States naval historian, noted that the pipelines "proved very useful for supplying the Allied armies as they advanced in Germany." According to the civil official historian, 1674:. However, on 3 October when the pressure was increased from 50 to 70 bars (730 to 1,020 psi) to augment the amount of fuel pumped, both pipelines failed: the Hais due to a faulty 1295:. Each was 90 feet (27 m) long with a 20-foot (6.1 m) beam and a loaded displacement of 450 long tons (460 t) carrying 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of three-inch Hais pipe. 1490:

capable of 3,500 long tons (3,600 t) per day, which worked out to 400,000 imperial gallons (1,800,000 L) at 1,500 psi (10,000 kPa). Both stations were fed from the

3323:. United States Army in World War II – The European Theater of Operations. Vol. II, September 1944 – May 1945. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. 3301:. United States Army in World War II – The European Theater of Operations. Vol. I, May 1941 – September 1944. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. 1662:, thereby preventing it from rotating. The barnacles were scraped off, and another attempt was made a few days later, but the pipeline broke about 29 nmi (54 km) out. 3677: 1388:. The resulting steel drum was 60 ft (18 m) long and 40 ft (12 m) in diameter, and was known as a "Conun" or "Conundrum". Tests were carried out in the 1006:. At the time, submarine pipelines were in use in ports and over short distances, but no pipeline had ever been laid across such a great distance or under the currents and 1900:

After the war, more than 85 per cent of the pipeline was salvaged and subsequently scrapped. This was accomplished during the period September 1946 to October 1949, using

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pipelines. The value of the scrap lead and steel was well in excess of the costs of recovery. The total value of the salvaged steel and lead was estimated at £400,000.

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unsatisfactory Port-en-Bessin. Dumbo was more successful, but at a time when success was of less importance." A similar sentiment was expressed by Major-General Sir

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Henry Treby-Heale, which was to be used as a full-scale rehearsal of Operation Pluto. This trial occurred on 29 December 1942. A 30-mile length was laid across the

955:) "Y" tankers began arriving in the UK in the spring of 1944. In 1943, the British also initiated a programme to construct 400-deadweight-ton (410-deadweight-tonne) 1072: 82: 1380:, and the pipe became known as 'Hamel' after their surnames, although after the war Ellis successfully asserted his claim to be recognised as the sole inventor. 3687: 3667: 1752:, and a similar amount to Rouen. On the other hand, only Antwerp and Cherbourg were capable of handling the large tankers, but Antwerp was under attack from 3343:

Whittle, Tim (September 2013). "Pigs, Pipelines and PLUTO: A History of the United Kingdom's Largest Oil Pipeline and Storage System during World War Two".

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were converted to handle connecting the cable at the shore ends, where the waters were too shallow for these ships to operate. These were HM cable barges

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process continued until the Conundrum held 90 miles (140 km) of pipe, at which point it had a displacement of 1,600 long tons (1,600 t).

1784: 733: 1621: 1105: 227: 3526: 3250: 3050: 2988: 1558: 1968:, Operation Pluto was "strategically important, tactically adventurous, and, from the industrial point of view, strenuous". On 24 May 1945, 1446:

dye was added to the fuel to allow patrol aircraft to detect leaks. In view of this success, it was decided to utilise both Hais and Hamel.

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would account for more than 60 per cent of the weight of supplies required by the expeditionary forces. Pipelines would reduce the need for

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was unloading an ocean-going tanker a day, and coastal tankers were delivering 2,500 to 3,000 long tons (2,500 to 3,000 t) per day to

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Laying the pipeline: a Conundrum being moved into position into a specially constructed dock in preparation for the winding on of the pipe.

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described Operation Pluto as "a wholly British achievement and a piece of amphibious engineering skill of which we may well be proud."

1045:, Designate (COSSAC). The G-4 section of the COSSAC staff, which assumed responsibility for Pluto, was headed by British Major General 3647: 75: 3632: 3627: 3453: 1924: 1918: 1210: 1763:

As the fighting moved on to Germany, Dumbo was connected to an inland pipeline system that was extended from Boulogne to Antwerp,

1884: 1113: 851: 38: 3276: 3242: 3076: 2996:. United States Army in World War II – The Technical Services. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. 2301: 1998: 452: 1027: 959:(Chants), but only 37 were completed by May 1944. It was hoped that petroleum products might also be supplied by ocean-going 211: 1368:

together. Normally welded pipe gave trouble due to rings of residue that formed around each weld. Ellis designed a special

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One of the centrifugal pump houses at Dungeness, camouflaged to resemble the surrounding gravel pit in which it was sited

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In the spring of 1943, the Petroleum Warfare Department selected sites for the pumping stations. One was established at

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by coastal tankers, and from ocean-going tankers using two Tombola lines at Port-en-Bessin for the British and five at

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supplier, Henleys, was brought in to increase manufacturing capacity. A second test was carried out in June across the

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without the core and insulation, but with armour to withstand the internal pressure, which could be deployed by a

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The Administrative History of the Operations of 21 Army Group on the Continent of Europe 6 June 1944 – 8 May 1945

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where better railway connections were available to transport the fuel. This extension was completed in November.

1167:, with lengths of pipe manufactured by both Siemens and Henleys. The pipe was laid by the Post Office cable ship 991: 855: 492: 433: 362: 151: 1577: 1369: 1311: 1299: 1256: 1184: 1117: 1042: 905:(POL). In the initial stages of the assault, packaged fuel would be supplied in 20-litre (4.4-imperial-gallon) 634: 629: 485: 428: 399: 312: 3224:. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. XI. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 913:. To supply the twenty million jerricans required, an entire American manufacturing plant was shipped to the 1570: 1050: 862: 624: 619: 1686: 1650:

two days later. This too failed when the pipe became wrapped around the propeller of the support ship, HMS

1442:. It was not known precisely how long the Hamel pipe would last, but it was assumed to be about six weeks. 1377: 1217: 1064: 980: 944: 935: 893:

estimated that 60 per cent or more by weight of the supplies of the expeditionary forces would consist of

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was acquired, and converted to carry 30 miles (48 km) of 3-inch cable pipe. Two more, the converted

3484: 1980:, the head of the COSSAC staff, who considered that Bambi was not worthwhile, although he lauded Dumbo. 1509:

The corresponding sites in France were selected in June 1943. Sandown would be connected to the port of

1502:. Sandown was connected to the system through a 22-mile (35 km) link between the Isle of Wight and 1483: 1159: 1108:, who was also the petroleum advisor to the War Office, and from Henry Wright, the managing director of 1019: 686: 3173: 416: 377: 30:

This article is about the Second World War operation. "Operation Pluto" was also the codename for the

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The 2-inch (5 cm) diameter inner pipe, which would carry the petroleum, was made from extruded

3197: 1977: 1537: 1491: 1303: 1135:. Steel tape was wound around this to give it strength and flexibility. Around this was a layer of 804: 679: 602: 565: 551: 478: 394: 123: 116: 53: 3315: 3293: 1326: 3368: 3160: 3152: 3112: 1933: 1598: 1581: 1479: 1364:, a firm better known as a manufacturer of refrigeration equipment. The segments were made to be 1336: 999: 985: 952: 948: 918: 773: 765: 700: 577: 544: 537: 504: 497: 440: 382: 367: 329: 173: 92: 3562: 1744:

In December there was reconsideration of whether to continue with Operation Pluto. By this time

1494:, which had a capacity of 135,000 long tons (137,000 t) per month. A 70-mile (110 km) 1654:. An attempt to lay Hamel pipe instead failed on 27 August when it was discovered that tons of 1205:

Full-scale production of the two-inch pipe was started on 14 August 1942, using steel from the

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at the National Physical Laboratory to verify that Conundrums could be towed at speed without

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in rough weather at a rate of 5 knots (9.3 km/h) with the shore ends being connected at

3544: 3415: 3352: 3136: 1513:, a distance of over 65 nmi (120 km). Dungeness would be connected to the port of 1499: 1487: 1389: 1249: 1206: 1140: 1109: 1031: 1015: 928: 910: 777: 693: 672: 592: 530: 341: 290: 1454: 1399: 1139:

tape and asphalt-impregnated paper. Finally, it was covered by a protective layer of fifty

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on 12 September. Le Havre was badly damaged in the fighting and by demolitions. Rouen, an

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personnel, and a RASC bulk petroleum company was specially trained to operate them. A

3621: 3611: 3578: 3372: 3164: 1439: 1412: 1365: 1361: 1199: 1172: 1080: 1023: 839: 815: 280: 111: 2834: 921:. By 1944, a stockpile of 250,000 long tons (250,000 t) of packaged petrol and 3068: 2987:

Beck, Alfred M.; Bortz, Abe; Lynch, Charles W.; Mayo, Lida; Weld, Ralph F. (1985).

2967: 1562: 1545: 1423: 1385: 1272: 1246: 1180: 1148: 972: 870: 2816:"£15,100 for 'Pluto' Inventors: Pipelines Carried 200,000,000 Gallons Of Petrol". 1158:

on 10 May 1942. A pumping test was then carried out using pumps borrowed from the

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Hartley received support for his proposal from the chairman of Anglo-Iranian, Sir

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gives "Pipeline Underwater Transportation of Oil" but the Military Series volume

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Anglo-Iranian Oil personnel supervised the erection of pumping equipment by the

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in just ten hours on 12 August 1944, but the pipeline failed when an escorting

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A Conundrum is towed across the English Channel laying out pipe to Cherbourg

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Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

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The pumping station at Sandown, originally disguised as Brown's Ice Cream

1699: 1675: 1655: 1357: in (8.9 cm) in diameter, with 0.212-inch (5.4 mm) walls. 906: 835: 823: 572: 3116: 3156: 2861: 2319: 1828: 1745: 1463: 1315: 1225: 1209:, and on 30 October, 30 mi (50 km) of it was loaded on board 1195: 1128: 811: 810:

The first was the not-very-successful "Bambi" project, which connected

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with a capacity of 180 long tons (180 t) per day, and four large

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The History of Johnson and Phillips: A Romance of Seventy-Five Years'

3127:(July 1992). "Operation PLUTO: A Wartime Partnership for Petroleum". 1775:. New lines continued to be laid, the last one being laid on 24 May. 1749: 1722: 1643: 1518: 1435: 1076: 894: 788: 17: 3140: 2692: 2690: 889:

with oil reception facilities could be quickly secured. The British

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The Quarterly Journal for British Industrial and Transport History

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was constructed connecting Dungeness with its eastern terminal at

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A Conundrum loaded with pipe, ready to be towed across the Channel

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plan, Cherbourg was supposed to be captured within eight days of

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The prototype was fabricated in 30-foot (9.1 m) segments by

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A section of Hais pipe with the layers successively stripped away

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Siemens Brothers, 1858-1958: An Essay in the History of Industry

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gives "Pipe Lines Under the Ocean", and the Army Series volume

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As part of the Operation Overlord deception operation known as

760:) was an operation by British engineers, oil companies and the 64: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2245: 2243: 2241: 1646:

and damaged it beyond repair. A second effort was made by HMS

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Allied logistics in the Western European Campaign (1944–1945)

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Flame Over Britain: A Personal Narrative of Petroleum Warfare

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Each pumping station was equipped with thirty diesel-powered

1339:, was convinced that a flexible pipeline could be built from 1120:. It was known as Hais, from Hartley-Anglo-Iranian-Siemens. 2402: 2400: 1783:, where they remained sealed for the next thirty years. The 3496:

Taylor, W. Brian (2004). "PLUTO—Pipeline under the Ocean".

2877:"PLUTO power station in the pavilion at Browns golf course" 2440: 2438: 2436: 2366: 2364: 1548:

was called upon to design it. Constructed from camouflaged

1343:, which was more readily available than lead. His pipe was 27:

Undersea oil pipeline operation in World War II (1939-1945)

2811: 2809: 2455: 2453: 3448:(2nd ed.). Shanklin, Isle of Wight: Shanklin Chine. 2648: 2646: 2644: 2631: 2629: 2308:. Vol. 147, no. 2. August 1945. pp. 62–64. 1803:

Pluto power station in the pavilion at Browns golf course

1376:. Ellis teamed with H. A. Hammick, the chief engineer of 1053:

F. L. Rash, Colonel Frank M. Albrecht, and Major General

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Fuelling the Wars: PLUTO and the Secret Pipeline Network

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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers

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Victory in the West – Volume II: The Defeat of Germany

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A 120-yard (110 m) prototype was laid across the

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his command would consist of several ships, over 100

1880: 1872: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1842: 1834: 1824: 1819: 1802: 3045:. Vol. 2. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 2696: 1430:was converted to carry a Conundrum, and named HMS 885:products, since it was considered unlikely that a 3239:Oil—A Study of War-time Policy and Administration 2820:. 16 August 1949. p. 6 – via ProQuest. 1960:The value of Operation Pluto was controversial. 1144:would have required a larger ship to deploy it. 3406:Hartley, A.C. (March 1947). "Operation Pluto". 2990:The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany 2865:. Vol. 450. House of Commons. 13 May 1948. 2766: 1073:Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development 3026:Maintenance in the Field, Volume II: 1943–1945 2835:"Pluto: The Salvage Operation – 1947 to 1949" 2720: 2179: 1658:had attached themselves to the bottom of HMS 1075:was placed in command of Operation Pluto. By 776:, the Allied invasion of Normandy during the 76: 8: 3043:Ships of the Royal Navy: An Historical Index 2785: 2669: 2584: 2249: 2125: 2113: 2079: 1171:. Both functioned successfully. Of the 710 3079:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 2829: 2827: 2751: 2708: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2567: 2555: 2406: 2191: 1799: 83: 69: 61: 1740:lays the seventeenth pipeline to Boulogne 754:Pipeline Underwater Transportation of Oil 2459: 1940:(an ex-Admiralty motor fishing vessel). 3602: 2921: 2897: 2800: 2739: 2652: 2635: 2543: 2531: 2516: 2504: 2444: 2427: 2370: 2355: 2343: 2276: 2264: 2232: 2215: 2203: 2167: 2155: 2140: 2094: 2062: 2050: 2038: 2026: 1989: 1785:Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors 1690:Operation Pluto – location of pipelines 1625:A surviving section of the pipeline at 881:, and had concerns about the supply of 3095:(7 December 1945). "Operation Pluto". 3024:Carter, J. A. H.; Kann, D. N. (1961). 2933: 2909: 2288: 3678:Western European Campaign (1944–1945) 2681: 2391: 1879: 1871: 1861: 1466:on the Isle of Wight, and another at 1014:The Chief Engineer of Anglo-Iranian, 967:Lloyd consulted his expert advisors: 7: 3097:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 2320:"PLUTO - Pipe-lines Under the Ocean" 1698:had been captured on 30 August, and 1569:, and the Supreme Allied Commander, 1131:and paper impregnated with vinylite 1127:. This was surrounded by a layer of 1038:, and then switched to diesel fuel. 3688:World War II in the English Channel 3668:Oil pipelines in the United Kingdom 3473:"PLUTO - Pipe Line Under The Ocean" 3279:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 3237:Payton-Smith, Derek Joseph (1971). 909:and 44-imperial-gallon (200-litre) 3658:Military logistics of World War II 3546:Detailed film about Pluto (silent) 3222:The Invasion of France and Germany 3204:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1083:officers and more than 1,000 men. 850:In early April 1942, the Chief of 25: 3420:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1946_154_054_02 2950:21st Army Group (November 1945). 2014:says "pipeline under the ocean". 1576:and his ground forces commander, 1540:, a fake oil dock was created at 207:Caen canal and Orne river bridges 3605: 3446:PLUTO: Pipe-line Under the Ocean 3317:Logistical Support of the Armies 3295:Logistical Support of the Armies 2302:"PLUTO – The Undersea Pipe Line" 1808: 1713:A Hais pipeline was laid by HMS 1561:. At night it was obscured by a 925:had been accumulated in the UK. 3277:History of the Second World War 3243:History of the Second World War 3077:History of the Second World War 2974:. Sampson Low, Marston and Co. 2862:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1999:History of the Second World War 1849: 145:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum 3314:Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1959). 3292:Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1953). 1706:75 miles (121 km) up the 1151:by the Post Office cable ship 1028:submarine communications cable 975:, the director-general of the 938:, commander of Operation Pluto 1: 3172:Moore, Rufus J. (June 1954). 3471:Smith, Tim (May–June 2019). 2954:. Germany: 21st Army Group. 1525:, the former was codenamed " 1114:National Physical Laboratory 1057:successively as his deputy. 977:Petroleum Warfare Department 3431:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1934:Mark III tank landing craft 1237:of fuel delivered per day. 994:and the oil advisor to the 990:, a former director of the 3709: 3643:1945 in the United Kingdom 3638:1944 in the United Kingdom 3393:. Johnson & Phillips. 3071:; Warhurst, A. E. (1968). 2857:"Pluto Pipeline (Salvage)" 1928:(a former German tanker), 1611:Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes 1597:According to the original 36: 29: 3648:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 3477:Steel Times International 2721:Ellis & Warhurst 1968 2180:Ellis & Warhurst 1968 1910:Ministry of War Transport 1894: 1890: 1807: 1492:Avonmouth-Thames pipeline 992:Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 873:could be laid across the 805:Avonmouth-Thames pipeline 152:Combined Bomber Offensive 104: 3633:1945 in military history 3628:1944 in military history 3563:"Pipe laying operations" 3357:10.1177/0020294013499112 3041:Colledge, J. J. (1969). 2012:Maintenance in the Field 1584:spoke to the "workers". 1312:Port of London Authority 1300:Royal Army Service Corps 1185:General Electric Company 1118:undersea telegraph cable 1116:based on their existing 1043:Supreme Allied Commander 750:Pipeline Under the Ocean 40:Pipeline Under the Ocean 3444:Searle, Adrian (2004). 3345:Measurement and Control 2818:The Manchester Guardian 1694:Meanwhile, the port of 1517:. In keeping with the 863:Secretary for Petroleum 764:to build submarine oil 3273:British War Production 3129:Technology and Culture 2752:Carter & Kann 1961 2407:Carter & Kann 1961 2192:Carter & Kann 1961 1741: 1691: 1630: 1459: 1404: 1378:Iraq Petroleum Company 1331: 1202: 1101: 1065:John Fenwick Hutchings 939: 879:German-occupied Europe 859:Lord Louis Mountbatten 614:Air and Sea operations 407:Anglo-Canadian Sector 286:Anglo-Canadian Sector 58: 46:Pluto (disambiguation) 44:. For other uses, see 3517:Whittle, Tim (2017). 3491:– via ProQuest. 3218:Morison, Samuel Eliot 2472:Glover, Bill (2012). 1996:The British official 1908:(by then operated by 1735: 1689: 1624: 1484:Byron Jackson Company 1457: 1408:Stewarts & Lloyds 1402: 1329: 1216:under the command of 1193: 1160:Manchester Ship Canal 1099: 931: 646:Supporting operations 56: 3202:Overture to Overlord 2767:21st Army Group 1945 2002:Civil Series volume 1962:Samuel Eliot Morison 1796:Recovery and salvage 1781:Public Record Office 1574:Dwight D. Eisenhower 981:Arthur Charles Hearn 762:British Armed Forces 98:(Battle of Normandy) 32:Bay of Pigs Invasion 3427:Scott, J.D (1958). 3389:Brooks, C. (1950). 2936:, pp. 266–267. 2803:, pp. 462–463. 2742:, pp. 461–462. 2558:, pp. 288–292. 2546:, pp. 455–457. 2507:, pp. 454–455. 2430:, pp. 451–453. 2346:, pp. 449–451. 2235:, pp. 447–448. 2170:, pp. 444–446. 2128:, pp. 411–412. 2082:, pp. 410–411. 2008:Victory in the West 1820:General information 1642:caught it with its 1538:Operation Fortitude 1521:theme suggested by 1480:reciprocating pumps 1372:tool to remove the 852:Combined Operations 3673:Operation Overlord 3653:British inventions 3011:on 16 October 2018 2879:. Historic England 1881:Reference no. 1843:Grid position 1742: 1692: 1631: 1599:Operation Overlord 1582:Bernard Montgomery 1529:" and the latter " 1460: 1405: 1337:Burmah Oil Company 1332: 1203: 1102: 1055:Robert W. Crawford 1000:George Martin Lees 940: 919:Ministry of Supply 869:, and asked if an 774:Operation Overlord 441:Normandy massacres 330:Operation Chastity 94:Operation Overlord 59: 3528:978-0-9928554-6-8 3252:978-0-11-630074-4 3198:Morgan, Frederick 3174:"Operation Pluto" 3052:978-0-7153-4396-8 2786:Payton-Smith 1971 2723:, pp. 60–63. 2670:Payton-Smith 1971 2585:Payton-Smith 1971 2447:, pp. 28–29. 2373:, pp. 29–30. 2358:, pp. 27–28. 2250:Payton-Smith 1971 2218:, pp. 23–24. 2126:Payton-Smith 1971 2114:Payton-Smith 1971 2080:Payton-Smith 1971 1970:Winston Churchill 1932:(an ex-Admiralty 1898: 1897: 1488:centrifugal pumps 861:, approached the 742: 741: 598:Mantes-Gassicourt 262:Normandy landings 16:(Redirected from 3700: 3683:Lord Mountbatten 3610: 3609: 3601: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3532: 3513: 3492: 3467: 3440: 3423: 3402: 3376: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3322: 3310: 3300: 3288: 3264: 3233: 3213: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3168: 3120: 3088: 3064: 3037: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3010: 3004:. Archived from 2995: 2983: 2963: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2789: 2783: 2770: 2764: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2697:Beck et al. 1985 2694: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2656: 2650: 2639: 2633: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2474:"HMS Persephone" 2469: 2463: 2457: 2448: 2442: 2431: 2425: 2410: 2404: 2395: 2389: 2374: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2236: 2230: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2098: 2092: 2083: 2077: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2015: 1994: 1978:Frederick Morgan 1912:under the names 1812: 1800: 1754:V-1 flying bombs 1544:. The architect 1500:Walton-on-Thames 1450:Pumping stations 1356: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1207:Corby Steelworks 1194:Pluto pump from 1141:galvanised steel 1110:Siemens Brothers 1049:, with American 1032:cable-layer ship 1016:Clifford Hartley 1008:tidal conditions 989: 953:deadweight-tonne 778:Second World War 373:La Haye-du-Puits 358:American Sector 266:American Sector 212:Merville Battery 192:Airborne assault 99: 95: 85: 78: 71: 62: 21: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3604: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3583:. British Pathé 3580:Operation Pluto 3577: 3568: 3566: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3521:. Folly Books. 3516: 3495: 3470: 3456: 3443: 3426: 3405: 3388: 3384: 3382:Further reading 3379: 3342: 3333: 3331: 3320: 3313: 3298: 3291: 3269:Postan, Michael 3267: 3253: 3236: 3216: 3196: 3187: 3185: 3171: 3141:10.2307/3106633 3125:Krammer, Arnold 3123: 3103:(4706): 23–34. 3091: 3067: 3053: 3040: 3023: 3014: 3012: 3008: 2993: 2986: 2966: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2792: 2784: 2773: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2709:Ruppenthal 1959 2707: 2703: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2659: 2651: 2642: 2634: 2627: 2621:Ruppenthal 1953 2619: 2615: 2609:Ruppenthal 1953 2607: 2603: 2597:Ruppenthal 1953 2595: 2591: 2583: 2574: 2568:Ruppenthal 1953 2566: 2562: 2556:Ruppenthal 1953 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2451: 2443: 2434: 2426: 2413: 2405: 2398: 2390: 2377: 2369: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2306:Popular Science 2300: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2256: 2248: 2239: 2231: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2101: 2093: 2086: 2078: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2018: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1958: 1868: 1865:Listed Building 1815: 1798: 1767:and ultimately 1719:Strait of Dover 1684: 1595: 1590: 1559:military police 1504:Fawley Refinery 1452: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1324: 1308:Royal Engineers 1262:(later renamed 1222:Bristol Channel 1094: 1089: 1047:Nevil Brownjohn 1036:aviation spirit 996:Fourth Sea Lord 983: 957:Channel tankers 945:coastal tankers 936:J. F. Hutchings 875:English Channel 848: 801:coastal tankers 787:estimated that 770:English Channel 758:Operation PLUTO 756:, also written 746:Operation Pluto 743: 738: 725: 512:Verrières Ridge 434:Le Mesnil-Patry 357: 355:Ground campaign 265: 228:American Sector 195:British Sector 194: 100: 97: 93: 91: 89: 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3594: 3593: 3575: 3565:. Combined Ops 3559: 3539: 3538:External links 3536: 3534: 3533: 3527: 3514: 3493: 3468: 3454: 3441: 3424: 3414:(4): 433–438. 3403: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3351:(7): 199–204. 3340: 3311: 3289: 3265: 3251: 3234: 3214: 3194: 3169: 3135:(3): 441–466. 3121: 3093:Hartley, A. C. 3089: 3065: 3051: 3038: 3021: 2984: 2964: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2926: 2924:, p. 464. 2914: 2912:, p. 278. 2902: 2900:, p. 218. 2890: 2868: 2848: 2837:. Combined Ops 2823: 2805: 2790: 2788:, p. 447. 2771: 2756: 2754:, p. 260. 2744: 2725: 2713: 2711:, p. 102. 2701: 2699:, p. 360. 2686: 2684:, p. 197. 2674: 2672:, p. 448. 2657: 2655:, p. 460. 2640: 2638:, p. 203. 2625: 2623:, p. 501. 2613: 2611:, p. 427. 2601: 2599:, p. 297. 2589: 2587:, p. 446. 2572: 2570:, p. 323. 2560: 2548: 2536: 2521: 2509: 2490: 2478:Atlantic Cable 2464: 2462:, p. 274. 2449: 2432: 2411: 2409:, p. 261. 2396: 2394:, p. 616. 2375: 2360: 2348: 2333: 2311: 2293: 2291:, p. 279. 2281: 2269: 2254: 2252:, p. 335. 2237: 2220: 2208: 2206:, p. 446. 2196: 2194:, p. 259. 2184: 2182:, p. 134. 2172: 2160: 2145: 2143:, p. 444. 2130: 2118: 2116:, p. 334. 2099: 2097:, p. 447. 2084: 2067: 2065:, p. 442. 2055: 2053:, p. 202. 2043: 2041:, p. 443. 2025: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2016: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1966:Michael Postan 1957: 1956:Historiography 1954: 1950:miniature golf 1925:Empire Tigness 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1846:SZ 60592 85013 1844: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1683: 1680: 1627:Shanklin Chine 1616:Hamble-le-Rice 1607:Port-en-Bessin 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1451: 1448: 1362:J & E Hall 1323: 1320: 1173:nautical miles 1165:Firth of Clyde 1106:William Fraser 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 949:deadweight-ton 867:Geoffrey Lloyd 847: 844: 740: 739: 737: 736: 724: 723: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 643: 642: 637: 635:Pierres Noires 632: 627: 622: 611: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 563: 556: 555: 554: 542: 535: 528: 515: 514: 509: 502: 495: 490: 483: 476: 469: 462: 455: 450: 449: 448: 438: 437: 436: 431: 429:Villers-Bocage 419: 414: 405: 404: 403: 402: 392: 391: 390: 380: 375: 370: 365: 363:Brécourt Manor 352: 351: 350: 349: 344: 334: 333: 332: 316: 315: 313:Port-en-Bessin 310: 305: 300: 295: 284: 283: 278: 273: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 224: 223: 216: 215: 214: 209: 189: 188: 183: 178: 171: 164: 162:Transport Plan 159: 154: 149: 148: 147: 142: 135: 128: 114: 105: 102: 101: 90: 88: 87: 80: 73: 65: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3705: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3564: 3560: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3455:0-9525876-0-2 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:Banks, Donald 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2769:, p. 66. 2768: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2534:, p. 31. 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2519:, p. 30. 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460:Colledge 1969 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2279:, p. 25. 2278: 2273: 2270: 2267:, p. 24. 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2158:, p. 23. 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1914:Empire Ridley 1911: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1889: 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