621:, was first published in PNAS using a nonstandard review system, according to a comprehensive refutation by Holliday et al (2023). According to this 2023 review, "Claiming evidence where none exists and providing misleading citations may be accidental, but when conducted repeatedly, it becomes negligent and undermines scientific advancement as well as the credibility of science itself. Also culpable is the failure of the peer review process to prevent such errors of fact from entering the literature. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 'contributed review' system for National Academy members...is at least partially responsible. The 'pal reviews' (as some refer to them) were significantly curtailed in 2010, in part due to the YDIH controversy."
222:
808:
1725:
1576:
Holliday, Vance T.; Daulton, Tyrone L.; Bartlein, Patrick J.; Boslough, Mark B.; Breslawski, Ryan P.; Fisher, Abigail E.; Jorgeson, Ian A.; Scott, Andrew C.; Koeberl, Christian; Marlon, Jennifer; Severinghaus, Jeffrey; Petaev, Michail I.; Claeys, Philippe (July 26, 2023).
817:
588:
stated that it would "continue to monitor submitted papers for material that may be deemed inappropriate and that could, if published, compromise the public welfare." This statement was in keeping with the efforts of several other journals. In 2005
64:
258:
1730:
192:
527:, the National Academy of Sciences published three volumes of organizational transactions, consisting mostly of minutes of meetings and annual reports. For much of the journal's history,
282:
31:
594:
1720:
307:
546:
every year. The review process for these papers was anonymous in that the identities of the referees were not revealed to the authors. Referees were selected by the
1715:
1710:
547:
536:
123:
593:
published an article titled "Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk", despite objections raised by the
278:
1636:
Robert L. Sinsheimer is head of
Caltech's biology division and chairman of the editorial board of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
977:
322:
1695:
299:
205:
1700:
554:
eliminated communicated submissions through NAS members as of July 1, 2010, while continuing to make the final decision on all
1705:
961:
217:
180:
1502:
610:
250:
246:
71:
467:
is the second most cited scientific journal, with more than 1.9 million cumulative citations from 2008 to 2018. In the past,
37:
482:
512:(NAS) in 1914, with its first issue published in 1915. The NAS itself was founded in 1863 as a private institution, but
509:
450:
1649:
478:
155:
1403:
531:
published brief first announcements of
Academy members' and associates' contributions to research. In December 1995,
453:, published since 1915, and publishes original research, scientific reviews, commentaries, and letters. According to
1627:
1426:
932:
486:
151:
914:
489:). Since September 2017, open access articles are published under a Creative Commons license. Since January 2019,
858:
1690:
663:
455:
681:
687:
651:
711:
517:
513:
132:
30:"PNAS" and "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" redirect here. For the Indian journal, see
921:. Vol. 27, no. 167. St. George, Utah. August 16, 1993. p. B2 – via Newspapers.com.
196:
1590:
1530:
1454:
1352:
1227:
1176:
1080:
1021:
847:. Vol. 86, no. 264. Monroe, Louisiana. July 6, 2015. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.
743:
675:
520:, with the goal to "investigate, examine, experiment and report upon any subject of science or art."
41:
699:
494:
295:
201:
184:
117:
76:
584:
issued an editorial stating its policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences.
1608:
1409:
1049:
971:
618:
613:, which evolved directly from pseudoscience and now forms the basis for the pseudoarchaeology of
446:
367:
316:
1130:
343:
337:
1654:
1558:
1482:
1380:
1255:
1108:
957:
669:
639:
443:
381:
353:
330:
270:
1598:
1548:
1538:
1472:
1462:
1402:
1370:
1360:
1245:
1235:
1194:
1184:
1098:
1088:
1039:
1029:
896:
705:
630:
783:
1126:
729:
569:
91:
1006:
877:
597:. The paper was published with a commentary by the president of the Academy at the time,
1650:"Renowned Salk Institute scientist loses a top post due to gender discrimination claims"
1594:
1534:
1458:
1356:
1231:
1180:
1084:
1025:
953:
Scientific journals: Improving library collections through analysis of publishing trends
1553:
1518:
1477:
1442:
1250:
1215:
1199:
1164:
1103:
1068:
1044:
717:
614:
561:
95% of papers are peer reviewed Direct
Submissions and 5% are contributed submissions.
471:
has been described variously as "prestigious", "sedate", "renowned" and "high impact".
1726:
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies of the United States
1443:"Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk"
1375:
1340:
1273:
951:
840:
1684:
1612:
1424:
Fauber, John (February 16, 2003). "Science articles to be censored in terror fight".
735:
693:
657:
645:
598:
460:
165:
97:
1603:
1578:
1053:
1313:
939:. Poughkeepsie, New York. October 13, 2009. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.
1287:
903:. Vol. 27, no. 300. Reno, Nevada. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
213:
723:
440:
144:
424:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1398:
535:
opened submissions to all authors without first needing to be sponsored by an
1543:
1467:
1365:
1240:
1189:
1093:
1034:
1562:
1486:
1384:
1259:
1112:
859:"Ben-Gurion study highlights gene that could lead to new therapies for ALS"
373:
266:
1131:"Classic Papers from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"
542:
Members were allowed to communicate up to two papers from non-members to
388:
1634:. Vol. XCV, no. 270. p. IV:5 – via Newspapers.com.
1579:"Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH)"
407:
1341:"PNAS policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences"
993:
63:
287:
17:
762:
The
Stankus book reference states 1918 as the year instead of 1914.
231:
884:. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
412:
359:
865:. September 21, 2016. p. A52 – via Newspapers.com.
1165:"PNAS will eliminate Communicated submissions in July 2010"
841:"Discovery (could pave way for better diabetes treatments)"
742:
The first managing editor of the journal was mathematician
1404:"Journal Editors to Consider U.S. Security in Publishing"
568:, an interdisciplinary open-access journal published by
1673:
402:
485:
of six months that can be bypassed for an author fee (
33:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, India
1731:
Academic journals published by non-profit publishers
27:
Academic journal of the
National Academy of Sciences
394:
379:
365:
351:
328:
314:
242:
230:
176:
162:
141:
131:
116:
108:
103:
90:
82:
70:
816:
221:
989:
987:
497:, although print issues are available on demand.
915:"U of U programs frequently cited as references"
601:, titled "Modeling attacks on the food supply".
1628:"Caution May Be an Essential Scientific Virtue"
1523:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1447:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1345:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1220:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1169:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1073:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1014:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
933:"Assistant professor's research gets published"
55:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8:
595:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
52:
1216:"Simplifying the Direct Submission process"
1069:"Editorial: How and why to publish in PNAS"
1721:United States National Academy of Sciences
1500:"Provocative report on bioterror online".
124:United States National Academy of Sciences
51:
1626:Sinsheimer, Robert L. (August 29, 1976).
1602:
1552:
1542:
1476:
1466:
1374:
1364:
1249:
1239:
1198:
1188:
1102:
1092:
1043:
1033:
775:
755:
1007:"Introducing Feature Articles in PNAS"
969:
1716:Multidisciplinary scientific journals
1711:Academic journals established in 1915
1519:"Modeling attacks on the food supply"
1274:"About Direct Submission | PNAS"
895:Byerman, Mikalee (October 26, 2008).
7:
449:. It is the official journal of the
1648:Robbins, Gary (December 28, 2017),
1214:Verma, Inder M. (October 7, 2014).
976:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
809:"InCites [v2.54] – Sign In"
576:American national security concerns
1138:Essays of an Information Scientist
25:
1503:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1339:Cozzarelli, Nicholas R. (2003).
813:error.incites.thomsonreuters.com
220:
62:
1604:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104502
629:The following people have been
611:Younger Dryas impact hypothesis
1320:. National Academy of Sciences
876:Lear, John (August 11, 1986).
38:Sodium/phosphate cotransporter
1:
966:– via Internet Archive.
237:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
1696:Delayed open access journals
1067:Fersht, Alan (May 3, 2005).
510:National Academy of Sciences
451:National Academy of Sciences
1701:Hybrid open access journals
605:Contributed review concerns
479:delayed open-access journal
1747:
1427:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
863:South Florida Sun Sentinel
784:"Journal Citation Reports"
523:Prior to the inception of
29:
1706:English-language journals
1294:. Oxford University Press
459:, the journal has a 2022
399:
61:
1163:Schekman, Randy (2009).
564:In 2022 NAS established
456:Journal Citation Reports
1544:10.1073/pnas.0504944102
1468:10.1073/pnas.0408526102
1366:10.1073/pnas.0630514100
1241:10.1073/pnas.1417688111
1190:10.1073/pnas.0909515106
1094:10.1073/pnas.0502713102
1035:10.1073/pnas.0702818104
994:Information for Authors
688:Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.
682:Robert Louis Sinsheimer
508:was established by the
36:. For the protein, see
950:Stankus, Tony (1990).
712:Nicholas R. Cozzarelli
518:United States Congress
177:Standard abbreviations
40:. For other uses, see
1583:Earth-Science Reviews
1401:(February 16, 2003).
1129:(September 7, 1987).
1005:Schekman, R. (2007).
126: (United States)
1517:Alberts, B. (2005).
1441:Wein, L. M. (2005).
937:Poughkeepsie Journal
901:Reno Gazette-Journal
882:The Gettysburg Times
744:Edwin Bidwell Wilson
42:PNA (disambiguation)
1595:2023ESRv..24704502H
1535:2005PNAS..102.9737A
1459:2005PNAS..102.9984W
1357:2003PNAS..100.1463C
1288:"About the Journal"
1232:2014PNAS..11114311V
1181:2009PNAS..10615518S
1085:2005PNAS..102.6241F
1026:2007PNAS..104.6495S
427:(often abbreviated
104:Publication details
58:
1410:The New York Times
919:The Daily Spectrum
821:on January 8, 2019
664:Wendell M. Stanley
652:Robert A. Millikan
619:Ancient Apocalypse
609:The controversial
487:hybrid open access
447:scientific journal
1655:Los Angeles Times
1632:Los Angeles Times
1529:(28): 9737–9738.
1453:(28): 9984–9989.
1079:(18): 6241–6242.
956:. Haworth Press.
897:"Survival skills"
670:Saunders Mac Lane
444:multidisciplinary
420:
419:
77:Multidisciplinary
16:(Redirected from
1738:
1677:
1676:
1674:Official website
1659:
1658:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1506:. June 29, 2005.
1497:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1470:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1192:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1135:
1127:Garfield, Eugene
1123:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1011:
1002:
996:
991:
982:
981:
975:
967:
947:
941:
940:
929:
923:
922:
911:
905:
904:
899:. Living Green.
892:
886:
885:
873:
867:
866:
855:
849:
848:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
820:
815:. Archived from
805:
799:
798:
796:
794:
780:
763:
760:
706:Lawrence Bogorad
633:of the journal:
631:editors-in-chief
403:Journal homepage
385:
370:
356:
340:
333:
319:
310:
226:
224:
223:
168:
158:(after 6 months)
147:
66:
59:
56:
49:Academic journal
21:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1691:Weekly journals
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
992:
985:
968:
964:
949:
948:
944:
931:
930:
926:
917:. School News.
913:
912:
908:
894:
893:
889:
875:
874:
870:
857:
856:
852:
839:
838:
834:
824:
822:
807:
806:
802:
792:
790:
782:
781:
777:
772:
767:
766:
761:
757:
752:
740:
730:Natasha Raikhel
640:Arthur A. Noyes
627:
607:
578:
570:Oxford Academic
503:
380:
366:
352:
347:
342:
336:
329:
315:
286:
245:
244:
200:
179:
178:
169:
164:
148:
143:
127:
54:
50:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1666:External links
1664:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1618:
1568:
1509:
1492:
1433:
1416:
1390:
1331:
1305:
1279:
1265:
1206:
1155:
1118:
1059:
997:
983:
963:0-886656-905-7
962:
942:
924:
906:
887:
878:"On Our Knees"
868:
850:
832:
800:
774:
773:
771:
768:
765:
764:
754:
753:
751:
748:
739:
738:
734:2019–present:
732:
726:
720:
718:Randy Schekman
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
676:John T. Edsall
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
635:
626:
623:
615:Graham Hancock
606:
603:
577:
574:
502:
499:
483:embargo period
418:
417:
416:
415:
413:Online archive
410:
405:
397:
396:
392:
391:
386:
377:
376:
371:
363:
362:
357:
349:
348:
334:
326:
325:
320:
312:
311:
240:
239:
234:
228:
227:
174:
173:
170:
163:
160:
159:
149:
142:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
122:
120:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1743:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1318:nasonline.org
1315:
1309:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:(40): 14311.
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:(37): 15518.
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1148:September 28,
1143:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1001:
998:
995:
990:
988:
984:
979:
973:
965:
959:
955:
954:
946:
943:
938:
934:
928:
925:
920:
916:
910:
907:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
879:
872:
869:
864:
860:
854:
851:
846:
845:The News-Star
842:
836:
833:
819:
814:
810:
804:
801:
789:
785:
779:
776:
769:
759:
756:
749:
747:
745:
737:
736:May Berenbaum
733:
731:
727:
725:
721:
719:
715:
713:
709:
707:
703:
701:
700:Igor B. Dawid
697:
695:
694:Maxine Singer
691:
689:
685:
683:
679:
677:
673:
671:
667:
665:
661:
659:
658:Linus Pauling
655:
653:
649:
647:
646:Raymond Pearl
643:
641:
637:
636:
634:
632:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
604:
602:
600:
599:Bruce Alberts
596:
592:
587:
583:
575:
573:
571:
567:
562:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:impact factor
458:
457:
452:
448:
445:
442:
441:peer-reviewed
438:
437:
432:
431:
426:
425:
414:
411:
409:
408:Online access
406:
404:
401:
400:
398:
393:
390:
387:
383:
378:
375:
372:
369:
364:
361:
358:
355:
350:
345:
341: (print)
339:
335:
332:
327:
324:
321:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
241:
238:
235:
233:
229:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
175:
171:
167:
166:Impact factor
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
140:
136:
134:
130:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
99:
98:May Berenbaum
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
60:
57:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
19:
1653:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1586:
1582:
1571:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1425:
1419:
1408:
1407:. Archives.
1393:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1324:December 12,
1322:. Retrieved
1317:
1314:"PNAS Nexus"
1308:
1298:December 12,
1296:. Retrieved
1291:
1282:
1268:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1141:
1137:
1121:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1020:(16): 6495.
1017:
1013:
1000:
952:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
890:
881:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
823:. Retrieved
818:the original
812:
803:
791:. Retrieved
787:
778:
758:
741:
628:
608:
590:
585:
581:
579:
565:
563:
560:
555:
551:
543:
541:
532:
528:
524:
522:
505:
504:
490:
474:
473:
468:
464:
454:
435:
434:
429:
428:
423:
422:
421:
303:
291:
274:
262:
254:
236:
209:
188:
112:1915–present
53:
46:
32:
1399:Harmon, Amy
1351:(4): 1463.
825:January 31,
728:2018–2019:
724:Inder Verma
722:2011–2017:
716:2006–2011:
710:1995–2006:
704:1991–1995:
698:1988–1991:
692:1985–1988:
686:1980–1984:
680:1972–1980:
674:1968–1972:
668:1960–1968:
662:1955–1960:
656:1950–1955:
650:1940–1949:
644:1918–1940:
638:1914–1918:
495:online-only
346: (web)
145:Open access
1685:Categories
1589:: 104502.
770:References
566:PNAS Nexus
548:NAS member
537:NAS member
481:, with an
214:MathSciNet
172:9.4 (2023)
72:Discipline
1613:260218223
1144:(36): 247
972:cite book
788:Clarivate
580:In 2003,
514:chartered
493:has been
384: no.
344:1091-6490
338:0027-8424
133:Frequency
118:Publisher
1563:15985557
1487:15985558
1385:12590130
1260:25246596
1113:16576766
1054:84888136
558:papers.
463:of 9.4.
436:PNAS USA
389:43473694
374:00278424
360:16010069
243:Indexing
193:Bluebook
94: by
83:Language
1591:Bibcode
1554:1175018
1531:Bibcode
1478:1161865
1455:Bibcode
1353:Bibcode
1292:oup.com
1251:4210033
1228:Bibcode
1200:2747149
1177:Bibcode
1104:1088396
1081:Bibcode
1045:1871811
1022:Bibcode
793:July 2,
625:Editors
516:by the
501:History
439:) is a
302:)
273:)
261:)
208:)
187:)
156:delayed
109:History
86:English
1611:
1561:
1551:
1485:
1475:
1383:
1376:149849
1373:
1258:
1248:
1197:
1111:
1101:
1052:
1042:
960:
323:PNASA6
308:Scopus
304:·
292:·
290:
275:·
263:·
255:·
253:
210:·
189:·
152:Hybrid
137:Weekly
92:Edited
1609:S2CID
1134:(PDF)
1050:S2CID
1010:(PDF)
750:Notes
477:is a
395:Links
368:JSTOR
317:CODEN
306:
294:
277:
267:JSTOR
265:
257:
247:CODEN
232:ISO 4
212:
191:
181:ISO 4
1559:PMID
1483:PMID
1381:PMID
1326:2022
1300:2022
1256:PMID
1150:2007
1109:PMID
978:link
958:ISBN
827:2019
795:2024
591:PNAS
586:PNAS
582:PNAS
556:PNAS
552:PNAS
544:PNAS
533:PNAS
529:PNAS
525:PNAS
506:PNAS
491:PNAS
475:PNAS
469:PNAS
465:PNAS
430:PNAS
382:OCLC
354:LCCN
331:ISSN
288:MIAR
279:LCCN
259:alt2
18:PNAS
1599:doi
1587:247
1549:PMC
1539:doi
1527:102
1473:PMC
1463:doi
1451:102
1371:PMC
1361:doi
1349:100
1246:PMC
1236:doi
1224:111
1195:PMC
1185:doi
1173:106
1099:PMC
1089:doi
1077:102
1040:PMC
1030:doi
1018:104
617:'s
550:.
433:or
300:alt
296:NLM
283:alt
271:alt
251:alt
218:alt
206:alt
202:NLM
197:alt
185:alt
1687::
1652:,
1630:.
1607:.
1597:.
1585:.
1581:.
1557:.
1547:.
1537:.
1525:.
1521:.
1481:.
1471:.
1461:.
1449:.
1445:.
1379:.
1369:.
1359:.
1347:.
1343:.
1316:.
1290:.
1254:.
1244:.
1234:.
1222:.
1218:.
1193:.
1183:.
1171:.
1167:.
1142:10
1140:.
1136:.
1107:.
1097:.
1087:.
1075:.
1071:.
1048:.
1038:.
1028:.
1016:.
1012:.
986:^
974:}}
970:{{
935:.
880:.
861:.
843:.
811:.
786:.
746:.
572:.
539:.
154:,
1615:.
1601::
1593::
1565:.
1541::
1533::
1489:.
1465::
1457::
1430:.
1413:.
1387:.
1363::
1355::
1328:.
1302:.
1276:.
1262:.
1238::
1230::
1203:.
1187::
1179::
1152:.
1115:.
1091::
1083::
1056:.
1032::
1024::
980:)
829:.
797:.
298:(
285:)
281:(
269:(
249:(
225:)
216:(
204:(
199:)
195:(
183:(
44:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
