137:
2427:, called the event, "one of the most melancholy naval episodes in the whole of the war". An inquiry assigned no blame to anyone, since orders were issued by the First Sea Lord and blaming the First Sea Lord himself was considered politically unacceptable. The Soviet Union did not believe so many ships could be lost in one convoy and openly accused the Western Allies of lying. Despite the help provided by the material delivered, Convoy PQ 17 worsened Soviet–Allied relations over the short term, with the Soviets never acknowledging the efforts of Allied merchant seaman or sailors in either navy.
265:
254:
243:
1773:(Golden Comb) tactic, first used against Convoy PQ 16, continued. By early June there were 264 aircraft available, a strike force of 103 Ju 88 bombers, 42 He 111 torpedo-bombers and 30 Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers, eight FW 200 Kondor and 22 Ju 88s for long-range reconnaissance, 44 Bv 138 flying boats for shorter-range reconnaissance and fifteen He 115 floatplanes for general use. Many of the torpedo-bombers had been hurriedly transferred from other theatres and retrained from conventional bombing, as part of Hitler's demand for greater action against the Arctic convoys.
125:
177:
231:
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1283:, in conjunction with Convoy PQ 17. The former was made up of returning merchant ships from Arkhangelsk, with some ships from Murmansk. It consisted of thirty-five ships and was escorted by five destroyers, three corvettes, an anti-aircraft ship, three minesweepers, two trawlers and to the Bear Island area, a submarine. It was sighted by German aircraft on 30 June and 2 July. Convoy QP 13 was not attacked, since the German tactic was to concentrate on eastbound (laden) convoys, rather than westbound convoys in
56:
1318:
113:
150:
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2455:, the Soviets requested to know when Convoy PQ 18 would sail. Pound said nothing could be done until better Russian air cover was arranged, after which Kharlamov criticised the order to withdraw the cruisers from Convoy PQ 17. Pound was furious and deeply resented the Russian attitude. Pound angrily admitted that Convoy PQ 17 was scattered on his order while Maisky stated that "even British admirals make mistakes".
1782:
163:
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convoy from surface attack westward of Bear Island depended on Allied surface forces, while to the eastward it was to be provided by Allied submarines. The convoy's cruiser covering force was not to go east of Bear Island, unless the convoy was threatened by the presence of a surface force which the cruiser force could fight, nor to go beyond 25° East under any circumstances.
1709:(Operation Knight's Move); the force was the strongest yet assembled for a convoy attack but was hampered by an unwieldy chain of command, with the authority to attack resting with Hitler and a contradictory mission statement; the forces were instructed to attack and destroy the convoy and also to avoid any action that would lead to damage to the capital ships, particularly
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2474:, with twelve fighters and three Swordfish ASW aircraft. After the war there was criticism of this delay in American and Soviet sources. Soviet historians give varying reasons for the suspension and reduction in supply caused by the halt in the Arctic convoys. Some considered it the result of "the fact that in 1942, Anglo-American (ocean) communications were destroyed".
1745:, German attacks faded away during 27 May due to the arrival of Soviet destroyers and the arrival of Soviet bombers overhead; when the convoy came into range on 29 May, Soviet fighters began escort sorties. The rise on the number of opposing aircraft led to Germans claiming 162 aircraft shot down in May, 113 being Hurricanes provided from Britain. On 28 May the
1167:, sailed from the United Kingdom in August 1941, two months after the beginning of Barbarossa. By the spring of 1942, twelve more convoys had made the passage with the loss of only one of the 103 ships. The threat of attacks on the convoys increased, with the Germans making a maximum effort to stop the flow of supplies to the USSR. In 1941, the
2125:. The Allied cruiser squadron was already beyond the standing orders set by the Admiralty and if no new orders had gone out, the cruisers would have had to withdraw some time afterwards in any case. The earlier cruiser movement did not influence the tactical situation but in light of later knowledge, the decision was deemed precipitate.
2022:
was due to U-boat information, a fact not shared with
Hamilton. At 21:23, the Admiralty, in a message prefixed "Immediate", ordered the convoy to disperse and proceed to Russian ports independently owing to threat from surface ships. At 21:36, the Admiralty sent another "Most Immediate" message, ordering the convoy to scatter.
2536:, to defend his reputation. Broome won his case and was awarded £40,000 in damages and secured the withdrawal of all copies of the offending book from circulation (it has since been republished, with corrections). The damages (donated by Broome to charity) were the highest paid in English legal history until 1987.
2406:, docked at Murmansk. The deliveries amounted to 70,000 short tons (64,000 t) out of the 200,000 short tons (180,000 t) which had started from Iceland. Matériel losses in the convoy were: 3,350 vehicles, 210 aircraft, 430 tanks and 109,466 short tons (99,316 t) of other cargo such as food and ammunition.
1578:
patrol and the two lines of submarines between North Cape and Bear Island were being adjusted to cover the line of approach to the convoy as it moved eastwards. In view of the uncertainty of the two German ships' positions, Hamilton decided to continue to provide close cover with the cruiser squadron
1278:
for a week, sailing two days after the convoy. German reconnaissance of Scapa during the period of assembly failed to notice the diversion, which was also not sighted on its passage. The operation was repeated on 1 July, again without success. On 26 June the
Admiralty took the opportunity to pass the
2702:
This latter signal was intended merely as a correction of technical wording from "disperse" to "scatter", but this was not known at the time. The order to scatter was only used under immediate threat of surface attack. Detailed instructions in each ship's signal book laid down the actions that were
2206:
wavelengths began to be received by the destroyers: "Am being bombed by a large number of planes", "On fire in the ice", "Abandoning ship", "Six U-boats approaching on the surface". With the majority of the escorts ordered to return to Scapa Flow, only the close escort of anti-aircraft auxiliaries,
2021:
would not be met. At 18:58 the
Admiralty informed Hamilton that more information was expected shortly, instructing him to remain with the convoy pending further instructions. At 21:11, the Admiralty sent a message prefixed "Most Immediate" ordering Hamilton to withdraw westwards at high speed. This
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flying boats on 1 July. On 2 July, the convoy sighted the reciprocal Convoy QP 13. Convoy PQ 17 was attacked by nine torpedo aircraft, later the same day; one aircraft was shot down. At 13:00 on 3 July, the Convoy PQ 17 destroyer screen was steering east to pass between Bear Island and
Spitsbergen.
1538:
and nine destroyers. As the convoy sailed, the covering forces were moving into position. CS1 left
Seidisfjord in the night of 30 June/1 July. It arrived in a covering position north of the convoy on 2 July. The cruisers were not sighted by the Germans until late on 3 July. The heavy covering force
1134:
and
Arkhangelsk. The agreement stated that the Soviet government was responsible for receiving the supplies in Soviet ships at British or American ports. Since the Soviets did not have enough ships for the quantities of aid, British and American ships began to constitute an increasing proportion of
2201:
When the order to scatter the convoy was received, it had covered more than half of its route and lost three ships. The consequences for the merchantmen were dire, the ships were spread over a wide area, stripped of mutual protection and their trained escort. As the larger escort vessels retreated
1543:
on 1 July, while the cruiser screen was refuelling at
Seidisfjord. It was shadowed for a short period early on 3 July, while in a covering position south of the convoy. Later that day, course was altered northwards to cross the convoy's track and to reach a position north-west of Bear Island. This
1256:
The
Admiralty issued instructions on 27 June, which allowed the convoy to be turned back, temporarily to shorten the distance to the nearest Allied base. German surface movements took place later than expected, making these instructions unnecessary. The Admiralty also stated that the safety of the
2431:
and Soviet naval experts found it difficult to understand the order to scatter given by the
Admiralty, given "that the escorting vessels of the Convoy PQ 17 should return, whereas the cargo boats should disperse and try to reach the Soviet ports one by one without any protection at all". Admiral
2116:
was imminent. The convoy was immediately ordered to scatter, with the escorting destroyers ordered to join the cruiser force and the merchantmen to proceed independently. Winston
Churchill later speculated that the Admiralty's decision and orders would not have been so vehement had only British
2016:
At 12:30 on 4 July, the Admiralty gave Hamilton permission to proceed east of 25° east, should the situation demand, unless contrary orders were received from Tovey. This was a reversal of previous orders and as no information in Tovey's possession justified this change, Hamilton was ordered to
1822:) sailed with the convoy. The escort was made up of six destroyers, four corvettes, three minesweepers, four trawlers, two anti-aircraft ships and two submarines. The route was longer than earlier convoys, since the ice allowed for a passage north of Bear Island and an evasive detour in the
2393:
aircraft, which had proceeded to north Russia after their patrols and by minesweepers and corvettes. A fortnight elapsed before the results of the attacks and the fate of the convoy were fully known. Of the 34 ships which had left Iceland, 23 were sunk; two British, four American, one
1305:, in command of the cruiser squadron, later decided that a more northerly route was necessary, ordered the SOE to alter course, to pass 70 nmi (130 km; 81 mi) north of Bear Island and later on to open to 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) from
1093:
and of the 35 ships, only eleven reached their destination, delivering 70,000 long tons (71,000 metric tons) of cargo. The convoy disaster demonstrated the difficulty of passing adequate supplies through the Arctic, especially during the summer, with the
1290:
A fresh ice reconnaissance done on 3 July found the passage north of Bear Island had widened. The Admiralty suggested the convoy should pass at least 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) north of it. The senior officer of the escort (SOE),
1837:
was also damaged and her speed reduced to 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph). Since it was doubtful if she could face heavy weather, it was decided to transfer her to the fuelling position north-east of Jan Mayen in exchange for the
2529:
published a controversial book about Convoy PQ 17. It concentrated on Allied blunders and shortcomings, alleging that Broome's decision to withdraw his destroyers was the primary cause of the disaster to the convoy. Broome litigated in
2164:
had left Altentfjord. Though Denning did not know if it was still there he did explain that his sources would have confirmed if the ship had or was about to put to sea. It was not until several hours after Pound's orders that
2447:, Raeder stated, "...our submarines and aircraft, which totally destroyed the last convoy, have forced the enemy to give up this route temporarily...". At a meeting with the head of the Soviet Military Mission, Admiral
1548:
within air striking range of the convoy on the morning of 4 July. This was calculated to occur at the same time at which a surface attack was expected. While en route to the new covering area, the force was joined by
354:
5152:
2117:
warships been concerned but the idea the first joint Anglo-American operation under British command might involve the destruction of American as well as British units may well have influenced the decisions of
1565:
Air reconnaissance of Norwegian harbours had been hindered by weather but information showed German heavy units were probably moving northwards and an air photograph of Trondheim late on 3 July showed that
1080:
raid never materialised. The convoy was the first large joint Anglo-American naval operation under British command; in Churchill's view this encouraged a more careful approach to fleet movements.
1253:
and Norway. Allied covering forces would be without air support, 1,000 mi (1,600 km) from their base and with the destroyers too short on fuel to escort a damaged ship to harbour.
3671:
1826:. All the convoy was bound for Arkhangelsk, because recent air attacks had destroyed most of Murmansk. One ship suffered mechanical failure just out of port and was forced to turn back. SS
347:
2636:
is also the title of a dance, orchestra, and choir piece based on the events surrounding the sinkings. Choreographer and dancer Bill Coleman's father was a merchant mariner on board the
5147:
1083:
As the close escort and the covering cruiser forces withdrew westwards to intercept the German raiders, the merchant ships were left without escorts. The freighters were attacked by
1249:. German forces would operate close to the Norwegian coast, with support of shore-based air reconnaissance and striking forces, with a screen of U-boats in the channels between
340:
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2443:
In view of the Convoy PQ 17 disaster, the Admiralty proposed to suspend the Arctic convoys at least until the ice receded and perpetual daylight passed. At a conference with
2467:
set out for North Russia. The convoy's defence scheme was revised, with a very strong constant close escort of sixteen destroyers and the first of the new escort carriers,
1219:
were also sent to Arctic waters but fell victim to Allied air attacks and had to turn back for repairs. The Germans had bases along the Norwegian coast, which meant, until
1173:
had begun concentrating its strength in Norway in winter, to prevent a British invasion of Norway and to obstruct Allied convoys to the Soviet Union. The battleship
3731:
3461:
4522:
4149:"A careless word...a needless sinking": A History of the Staggering losses suffered by the U.S. Merchant Marine, both in Ships and Personnel during World War II
2482:
At least sixteen officers and men of the Merchant Navy were honoured for gallantry or distinguished service for the actions in the convoy. A supplement to the
3628:
2555:, a 1943 war movie starring Humphrey Bogart and Raymond Massey, includes a section which is drawn from Lieutenant Gradwell's actions after PQ-17 scattered.
2432:
King, already known to distrust the British, was furious with what he perceived as Admiral Pound's bungling and promptly withdrew TF 39, sending it to the
2374:. They were found there by a flotilla of corvettes, who escorted the four-ship convoy plus two other merchant vessels to Archangel, arriving on 25 July.
1260:
A decoy convoy was also organised to divert enemy forces, consisting of the First Minelaying Squadron and four colliers, escorted by the light cruisers
1765:
and increased losses on raids against Murmansk. No convoys were spotted during June and the weather was too bad for convoy operations. Training in the
1126:
in October 1941, agreeing to a series of munitions deliveries to the Soviet Union. The most direct way to carry these supplies was by sea around the
2501:
2173:
battlegroup sailed on July 5 but the operation by surface ships to attack the convoy was cancelled and the ships returned to Altenfjord that day.
5142:
3663:
364:
47:
3624:
1833:
Part of the convoy ran into drifting ice in thick weather whilst in the Denmark Strait. Two merchant ships were damaged and had to turn back;
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4348:
4310:
4291:
4272:
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4173:
4137:
4043:
3968:
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3911:
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426:
4189:. Washington, DC: United States Army European Command Historical Division, United States Department of the Army Office of Military History.
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north. On reaching the Arctic ice, the convoy pushed into it, then stopped engines and banked their fires. The crews used white paint from
2156:
to join the ships there. Prior to issuing the orders, Pound visited Whitehall and consulted an intelligence officer, Lieutenant Commander
3498:
1761:
wireless frequencies and raided Kirkenes with small formations of aircraft or solo attacks. The Soviet raids stretched the resources of
1223:
became available, Allied convoys had to be sailed through these areas without adequate defence against aircraft and submarine attack.
1753:
airfields at Petsamo, Kirkenes and Banak began to receive frequent attacks by Soviet bombers and fighters, often timed to ground the
4465:
4329:
4081:
4062:
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3701:
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1115:
235:
1240:
1114:, the German war against the USSR, the British and American governments agreed to send unconditional aid to their Soviet ally. The
2182:
1704:
447:
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1338:
The convoy's close escort was the First Escort Group (EG1, SOE Jack Broome) and included the anti-aircraft auxiliary cruisers
551:
4563:
4091:
Langer, John D. (1979). "The Harriman-Beaverbrook Mission and the Debate over Unconditional Aid for the Soviet Union, 1941".
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on the merchant vessels decks into a defensive formation, with loaded main guns. After a period of waiting and having evaded
2203:
558:
4017:
3989:
3761:
3616:
4509:
1938:
broke up an air attack on the convoy the same day. Later that evening, an attack by 25 torpedo bombers took place, sinking
1202:
1193:
1184:
497:
3723:
3453:
2551:
2532:
1914:
1800:
2611:, a 1976 novel written by Steven C. Lawrence, a World War II U.S. Merchant Marine officer, recounts the story of PQ-17.
3787:
2493:
1701:, ready to carry out a surface attack on the convoy. This was orchestrated as a complex two-stage operation codenamed
1208:
3384:
1663:
1441:
1214:
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1174:
1047:
492:
155:
4166:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939 – May 1943
2673:
2623:
is dedicated to the fate of the convoy. The book is also interesting since it describes the Soviet belief that
2615:
2585:
2377:
In the voyage to the Russian ports, some of the ships and lifeboat craft took refuge along the frozen coast of
1885:
1741:, which had to contend with the growth of the Soviet Air Force at the terminus of the Arctic sea route. During
1164:
569:
532:
513:
2194:
after the attacks on Convoy PQ 17, flying four victory pennants and the captured flag of the merchant ship SS
475:
2017:
withdraw when the convoy was east of 25° east or earlier at his discretion, unless the Admiralty assured him
1869:
487:
2389:
s cargo was jettisoned in Novaya Zemlya. Many of the ships' locations were unknown, in spite of searches by
1932:
1785:
1603:
1140:
381:
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2336:
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1004:
454:
269:
4514:
2624:
1515:
1057:
440:
1939:
3617:"Piece details T 335/47—Merchant Navy Awards (Awards for Convoy PQ 17): London Gazette 6 October 1942"
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had been abandoned by her crew after an aerial attack on 5 July; the ship was boarded by sailors from
55:
4184:
2497:
1768:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
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1246:
1245:(Operation Knight's Move), the German plan to use their big ships to attack the next convoy, east of
1111:
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518:
468:
1298:, preferred to stay in the low visibility on the original route and to make ground to the eastward.
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4758:
4635:
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1721:
took part in a joint naval and air exercise simulating an attack on Convoy PQ 17 and its escort.
1490:
1127:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
626:
616:
525:
419:
393:
2440:, USN, serving in Iceland at that time, called Convoy PQ 17 "a shameful page in naval history".
4267:. Authors Publishers' Association, Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland. 1971.
287:
Covering forces: 1 aircraft carrier, 2 battleships, 6 cruisers, 13 destroyers (did not engage):
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the convoy traffic. Although the defence of the Arctic convoys was the responsibility of the
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43:
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4322:
ULTRA at Sea: How Breaking the Nazi code affected Allied naval Strategy during World War II
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and shadowed continuously, except for a few short intervals in fog. This was augmented by
1804:
1464:
1411:
1328:
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1147:
461:
332:
4036:
The Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1945: The 50th Anniversary International Naval Conference
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flew over 200 sorties and lost only five aircraft in exchange for the eight merchantmen.
1996:
Owing to threat from surface ships, convoy is to disperse and proceed to Russian ports.
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1611:(Ice Devil), to intercept the convoy; three U-boats were in a patrol line north of the
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258:
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118:
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British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations
1954:
Excerpts of signals between the Admiralty (ADMY) and the First Cruiser Squadron (CS1)
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4906:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4742:
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4244:
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4120:
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3814:
Beesly, Patrick (1990). "Convoy PQ 17: A Study of Intelligence and Decision-Making".
2594:
2511:
was created and on 19 March 2013 the first medals were presented to approximately 40
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1339:
1306:
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1007:
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130:
4286:(repr. Public Record Office War Histories ed.). Richmond: Air Ministry. 2001 .
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on 9 July but the merchant ships suffered no more that day. The last losses were SS
2207:
corvettes, minesweepers and armed trawlers was left to protect the scattered ships.
1931:
sank the ship at 08:08. There was an abortive attack by six bombers in the evening.
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4788:
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4702:
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2655:, retold the story of the convoy with first-hand testimony from the men who served.
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2313:
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1873:
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85:
2436:. He hesitated to conduct further joint operations under British command. Admiral
4557:
4007:
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3959:
Hinsley, F. H.; Thomas, Edward Eastaway; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1990).
3753:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4640:
4630:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4544:, a primary source diary and supporting material by Jack Bowman, ERA aboard HMS
2630:
hit the Tirpitz. From 2003–04, a film was released in Russia based on this book.
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2505:
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2437:
2137:
1823:
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1295:
1143:
638:
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611:
606:
224:
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battleships cruised at about 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) distance.
1070:
away from the convoy and told the convoy to scatter. Because of vacillation by
3827:
2153:
2112:
Hamilton, Broome and Dowding took these signals to indicate that an attack by
1504:
1494:
1275:
1199:
1136:
202:
4495:
4156:
4112:
3875:
3835:
1900:
1887:
1274:, five destroyers and several trawlers. This diversionary force assembled at
4550:
4194:
3783:
2224:
2187:
1921:
1882:, around 35 nmi (40 mi; 65 km) north-east of Bear Island, at
1852:
1749:
claimed 22 aircraft for no loss. The German claims were exaggerated but the
1180:
1085:
61:
4225:
Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two
4215:
3923:
Destroyer: An Anthology of First-hand Accounts of the War at Sea, 1939–1945
2370:
reconnaissance aircraft, finding themselves unstuck, they proceeded to the
4255:
4532:
Memoirs of Chief Steward Horace Carswell DSM, MM, BEM during Convoy PQ 17
3376:
2667:
1387:
1250:
1131:
2398:
and two Russian merchant ships reached Arkhangelsk. Two American ships,
2644:
2512:
2433:
1540:
1501:
1019:
3061:
3059:
1795:
The convoy sailed from Hvalfjord on 27 June, under the command of the
4537:
Coxswain Sid Kerslake of armed trawler "Northern Gem" in Convoy PQ 17
4425:
The Ghost Ships of Archangel: The Arctic Voyage that Defied the Nazis
2444:
2395:
1857:
1123:
1090:
725:
168:
4379:
U-boat Operations of the Second World War: Career Histories, U1–U510
3885:
Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-fated Campaign, 1940–1945
17:
2331:
On receiving the third order to scatter on 4 July 1942, Lieutenant
1845:. Shortly after it sailed, Convoy PQ 17 was sighted and tracked by
3025:
ADM 199/427: Home Fleet Destroyer Command – April to December 1942
2186:
2132:
battlegroup was not advancing toward the convoy or anywhere near.
1780:
1316:
1230:
708:
703:
698:
668:
663:
4541:
4013:
4009:
Home Fleet Destroyer Command, July to September 1942 ADM 199/427
3985:
2222:
and six more by four U-boats. Among the losses that day were SS
1235:
Track of Convoy PQ 17, showing approximate positions of sinkings
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
4561:
3963:. History of the Second World War. Vol. II. London: HMSO.
336:
29:
Code name for an Allied World War II convoy in the Arctic Ocean
4303:
Fight for the Sea: Naval Adventures from the Second World War
2342:, did not want to head for Archangelsk and led his convoy of
3981:
Home Fleet Destroyer Command, April to June 1942 ADM 199/427
3664:"Veterans presented with their Arctic Star medals in London"
3586:
3584:
3480:
3478:
3083:"Scattered to the Arctic Winds: The Tragedy of Convoy PQ17"
5153:
Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
2795:
2793:
2791:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2589:, a 1967 novel based on the experiences of this convoy by
1615:
to give advance warning and another five further north of
3254:
290:
1 battleship, 3 cruisers, 12 destroyers (did not engage);
2488:
published on 6 October 1942 carried notification of two
2270:
on 13 July; after taking the ship's documents and flag,
1625:
also had two battle groups in Norwegian ports, Force I (
3454:"Horror in the Arctic: The Catastrophe of Convoy PQ-17"
3076:
3074:
2362:, covered the decks with white linen and arranged the
2300:. From 7 to 8 July, five more ships were sunk (two by
2024:
1982:
Cruiser Force withdraw to the westward at high speed.
1183:
in January, where she was joined by the heavy cruiser
1146:
assigned Task Force 39 (TF 39) – based on the carrier
4406:
Fight for the Sea: Naval Adventures from World War II
2202:
from the suspected German surface force, messages on
2128:
Unbeknownst to the escort and convoy commanders, the
4510:
U.S. Naval Historical Center account of Convoy PQ 17
4151:. Kings Point, NY: American Merchant Marine Museum.
1757:
during convoys. On 29 May, the Soviets tried to jam
1539:
was shadowed for a short period while north-east of
1500:
A second heavy covering force, under the command of
1463:(CS1, Hamilton), consisting of the British cruisers
5095:
5064:
5057:
4992:
4931:
4924:
4879:
4838:
4831:
4751:
4660:
4653:
4623:
4577:
4570:
2703:to be taken by each ship on receipt of this order.
2260:was abandoned after a fire got out of control.) SS
2009:
1995:
1981:
4451:(Supplement). 17 October 1950. pp. 5139–5145.
4243:
4203:
3844:
3847:Liberty ships: The ugly ducklings of World War II
3651:(Supplement). 2 October 1942. pp. 4349–4350.
1098:. The German success was possible through German
3694:"Convoy veterans given first Arctic Star medals"
3065:
5148:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany
3870:. The Second World War. Vol. IV. Cassell.
3575:
1791:broke up an air attack on the convoy on 4 July.
1655:with the torpedo boats T 7 and T 15. Force II (
36:
2169:was shown still to be anchored at Altenfjord.
4478:. National Maritime Historical Society. 1992.
4223:Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) .
4168:. Vol. I. University of Illinois Press.
2385:lost her cargo of linseed oil and much of SS
1076:(OKW, German armed forces high command), the
1034:forces on 1 July, shadowed and attacked. The
348:
8:
3887:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
2492:, six appointments to various grades of the
2335:RNVR, commanding the anti-submarine trawler
2136:had left Trondheim on 2 July to the port of
1850:
1766:
1734:
1725:
1702:
1656:
1626:
1620:
1606:
1588:
1239:British naval intelligence in June reported
64:May 1942 before the sailing of Convoy PQ 17.
4130:War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II
1830:, turned back after sustaining ice damage.
1733:These forces were supported by aircraft of
5061:
4928:
4835:
4657:
4574:
4558:
3416:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2931:
2929:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2381:, landing at Matochkin. The Soviet tanker
2312:. The remaining escorts withdrew into the
1810:) for the escort, and three rescue ships (
355:
341:
333:
54:
33:
4284:The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force
3590:
3563:
3484:
3290:
3038:
2847:
2811:
2799:
2770:
2751:
2720:
2210:On 5 July, six merchantmen, including SS
2006:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1975:
1014:. On 27 June 1942, the ships sailed from
285:11 escort vessels, 2 anti-aircraft ships,
4408:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
3851:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
1952:
1803:. With the 34 merchant ships, an oiler (
1130:, through Arctic waters to the ports of
1052:, were moving to intercept, ordered the
3722:Everett-Green, Robert (21 March 2009).
3602:
3428:
3404:
3338:
3136:
3112:
3008:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950
2983:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950
2954:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950
2938:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950
2895:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950
2874:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950
2713:
366:Arctic naval operations of World War II
4305:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime.
4227:(3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham.
3534:
3497:Denkhaus, Richard A. (February 1997).
3458:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
3440:
3302:
3230:
3206:
3124:
3050:
2920:
2859:
2835:
2732:
1507:, was made up of the aircraft carrier
3764:from the original on 11 November 2013
3522:
3350:
2823:
2502:King's Commendation for Brave Conduct
2451:and the Soviet ambassador in London,
1967:
1334:, part of the cruiser covering force.
7:
3921:Hawkins, Ian; Deighton, Len (2003).
3904:Arctic destroyers: The 17th Flotilla
3816:Intelligence & National Security
3377:"PQ-17 The Greatest Convoy Disaster"
3362:
3326:
3314:
3278:
3242:
3218:
3168:
2908:
2782:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1042:, acting on information that German
3790:from the original on 3 January 2014
3674:from the original on 3 January 2014
3631:from the original on 28 August 2024
3266:
3081:Shelley, James (20 February 2024),
1046:, including German battleship
3822:(2). London: Frank Cass: 292–322.
3754:"Self Pack International Shipping"
3407:, pp. 222, 233, 235, 248–250.
3381:German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net
3095:from the original on 15 April 2024
1489:and four destroyers, two from the
1056:, based on the Allied battleships
25:
3784:"PQ17: An Arctic Convoy Disaster"
3734:from the original on 28 July 2020
3188:from the original on 28 July 2020
1579:and to pass east of Bear Island.
4020:from the original on 17 May 2012
3992:from the original on 17 May 2012
3662:Bannister, Sam (19 March 2013).
2463:It was not until September that
2183:Order of battle for Convoy PQ 17
1440:and the anti-submarine trawlers
263:
252:
241:
229:
218:
207:
196:
175:
161:
148:
135:
123:
111:
4490:. London: Universal Book Club.
4258:– via Archive Foundation.
4218:– via Archive Foundation.
4093:Journal of Contemporary History
4055:The Destruction of Convoy PQ.17
3861:– via Archive Foundation.
3704:from the original on 2024-06-29
3464:from the original on 2024-04-14
3387:from the original on 2009-04-27
2649:PQ17: An Arctic Convoy Disaster
2643:In January 2014, the hour-long
1631:) consisting of the battleship
1122:Anglo-American Mission visited
324:99,316 additional tons of cargo
5143:Arctic convoys of World War II
4564:Arctic convoys of World War II
4132:. Oxford University Press US.
4074:Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters
3866:Churchill, Winston S. (1951).
2697:
2574:on Arctic convoys and against
2546:Convoy battles of World War II
2148:, received permission to move
1459:. Distant cover came from the
60:Escorts and merchant ships at
1:
3786:. bbc.co.uk. 2 January 2014.
2533:Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd
2520:Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd
1924:her but she remained afloat;
4099:(3). London: Sage: 463–482.
3548:
3499:"World War II: Convoy PQ-17"
3257:, pp. 213–214, 216–219.
3066:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005
2552:Action in the North Atlantic
2144:Commander-in-Chief, Admiral
1864:On the morning of 4 July, a
1102:and cryptological analysis.
1030:. The convoy was located by
283:Close escort: 6 destroyers,
4523:The Requiem on Convoy PQ 17
4456:Ransome Wallis, R. (1973).
4404:Frayn Turner, John (2002).
4301:Turner, John Frayn (2013).
4242:Schofield, Bernard (1964).
4164:Morison, Samuel E. (2001).
3576:Hawkins & Deighton 2003
3006:
2981:
2952:
2936:
2893:
2872:
2672:, a 2023 Norwegian film by
2563:(1955), a novel written by
2494:Order of the British Empire
2240:, the Commodore's flagship
2103:
2093:
2078:
2067:
2056:
2045:
2035:Northern Norway, June 1942
1713:. On 16 June, the cruisers
5174:
4488:P.Q. 17: A Story of a Ship
4339:Woodman, Richard (2004) .
4250:. London: B. T. Batsford.
4202:Riesenberg, Felix (1956).
4105:10.1177/002200947901400306
3883:Claasen, A. R. A. (2001).
3724:"Requiem for Convoy PQ-17"
3550:Eight Bells and All's Well
3171:, pp. 29, 37, 39, 41.
2651:, written and narrated by
2180:
2000:
1986:
1972:
1160:– to support the British.
1073:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
312:153 merchant seamen killed
4551:Convoy PQ 17 at Convoyweb
4423:Geroux, William. (2017).
4377:Wynn, Kenneth G. (1997).
4186:German Radio Intelligence
4147:Moore, Arthur R. (1984).
4034:Howarth, Stephen (1994).
4012:. Admiralty War Diaries.
3984:. Admiralty War Diaries.
3925:. Conway Maritime Press.
3828:10.1080/02684529008432054
3155:Sea history, Issues 61-68
3153:
3023:
2674:Henrik Martin Dahlsbakken
2478:Awards and commemorations
1596:Against Convoy PQ 17 the
1521:(flagship), the cruisers
1493:. As further protection,
374:
306:
275:
189:
104:
68:
53:
41:
4341:Arctic Convoys 1941–1945
2683:inspired by Convoy PQ17.
2634:Requiem for Convoy PQ-17
2616:Requiem for Convoy PQ-17
1705:Unternehmen Rösselsprung
1476:, the American cruisers
1242:Unternehmen Rösselsprung
4360:1942, The Turning Point
4343:. London: John Murray.
4128:Miller, Nathan (1997).
3940:Hill, Roger P. (1986).
3902:Connell, G. G. (1982).
2597:, also translated into
2576:German battleship
2504:. In December 2012 the
1870:Küstenfliegergruppe 906
300:Flying over 200 sorties
4324:. london: Leo Cooper.
4296:. Air 41/10 (No. 248).
4210:. New York: Rinehart.
4183:Praun, Albert (1950).
4053:Irving, David (1968).
2198:
2010:Convoy is to scatter.
1926:German submarine
1851:
1792:
1767:
1735:
1726:
1703:
1657:
1627:
1621:
1607:
1589:
1335:
1236:
1213:and the heavy cruiser
314:23 merchant ships sunk
190:Commanders and leaders
76:27 June – 10 July 1942
4460:. London: Ian Allan.
4362:. London: Macdonald.
4320:Winton, John (1988).
3843:Bunker, John (1972).
3625:The National Archives
3375:Helgason, Guðmundur.
3182:"Christopher Newport"
2498:British Empire Medals
2459:Subsequent operations
2190:
1784:
1320:
1234:
307:Casualties and losses
294:33 torpedo aircraft,
4427:. New York: Viking.
4358:Wykes, Alan (1972).
3728:The Globe & Mail
2957:, pp. 5144–5145
2140:; the next day, the
1534:, the US battleship
1461:1st Cruiser Squadron
1189:and in March by the
1112:Operation Barbarossa
1100:signals intelligence
4525:, Russian novel by
4246:The Russian Convoys
4072:Kemp, Paul (1993).
4057:. London: Cassell.
3341:, pp. 211–212.
3293:, pp. 235–236.
3255:Hinsley et al. 1990
3233:, p. 110, 106.
3115:, pp. 205–206.
3068:, pp. 175–176.
2850:, pp. 228–229.
2838:, pp. 463–482.
2735:, pp. 292–322.
2036:
1955:
1897: /
1879:Christopher Newport
1671:and the destroyers
1639:and the destroyers
1423:, the minesweepers
1153:and the battleship
1024:port of Arkhangelsk
270:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
4448:The London Gazette
3758:colemanlemieux.com
3648:The London Gazette
3281:, pp. 45, 50.
2199:
2160:, to confirm that
2025:
1953:
1793:
1562:from Spitzbergen.
1491:United States Navy
1336:
1237:
1163:The first convoy,
281:35 merchant ships
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5053:
5052:
4920:
4919:
4827:
4826:
4649:
4648:
4434:978-0-525-55746-3
4415:978-1-55750-884-3
4388:978-1-55750-860-7
4369:978-0-356-03969-5
4350:978-0-7195-5752-1
4312:978-1-78159-268-7
4293:978-1-903365-30-4
4274:978-0-340-12512-0
4234:978-1-86176-257-3
4175:978-0-252-06963-5
4139:978-0-19-511038-8
4045:978-1-55750-058-8
3970:978-0-11-630934-1
3942:Destroyer Captain
3932:978-0-85177-947-8
3913:978-0-7183-0428-7
3868:The Hinge of Fate
3858:978-0-87021-340-3
3317:, pp. 74–75.
3305:, pp. 75–76.
3245:, pp. 43–44.
2785:, pp. 45–46.
2723:, pp. 77–78.
2625:Soviet submarine
2449:Nikolay Kharlamov
2425:Winston Churchill
2404:Benjamin Harrison
2218:were sunk by the
2110:
2109:
2014:
2013:
1901:75.817°N 22.250°E
1574:were absent. The
1514:, the battleship
1349:, the destroyers
1165:Operation Dervish
995:
994:
331:
330:
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
5165:
5062:
4929:
4836:
4658:
4575:
4559:
4499:
4479:
4471:
4452:
4438:
4419:
4392:
4373:
4354:
4335:
4316:
4297:
4279:
4278:
4259:
4249:
4238:
4219:
4209:
4198:
4179:
4160:
4143:
4124:
4087:
4068:
4049:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3974:
3955:
3936:
3917:
3898:
3879:
3862:
3850:
3839:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3501:. Archived from
3494:
3488:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3088:The Naval Review
3078:
3069:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3003:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2879:
2878:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2755:
2749:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2701:
2682:
2671:
2567:, who served on
2565:Alistair MacLean
2372:Matochkin Strait
2324:on 10 July. The
2304:), including SS
2294:John Witherspoon
2288:was sunk by the
2281:with a torpedo.
2037:
1956:
1913:. The submarine
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1856:
1797:convoy commodore
1772:
1740:
1729:
1708:
1660:
1630:
1628:Drontheim-Gruppe
1624:
1617:Jan Mayen Island
1610:
1592:
1012:Second World War
552:Petsamo–Kirkenes
369:
367:
357:
350:
343:
334:
316:Matériel losses:
268:
267:
257:
256:
246:
245:
234:
233:
223:
222:
212:
211:
201:
200:
185:
181:
179:
178:
167:
165:
164:
158:
154:
152:
151:
141:
139:
138:
129:
127:
126:
117:
115:
114:
70:
69:
58:
44:Second World War
34:
21:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5122:
5091:
5049:
4988:
4916:
4875:
4823:
4747:
4645:
4619:
4566:
4515:Description of
4506:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4458:Two Red Stripes
4455:
4441:
4435:
4422:
4416:
4403:
4400:
4398:Further reading
4395:
4389:
4376:
4370:
4357:
4351:
4338:
4332:
4319:
4313:
4300:
4294:
4282:
4275:
4263:
4262:
4241:
4235:
4222:
4201:
4182:
4176:
4163:
4146:
4140:
4127:
4090:
4084:
4071:
4065:
4052:
4046:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4006:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3958:
3952:
3939:
3933:
3920:
3914:
3901:
3895:
3882:
3865:
3859:
3842:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3705:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3641:
3634:
3632:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3417:Riesenberg 1956
3415:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3005:
3004:
2991:
2980:
2979:
2962:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2892:
2891:
2882:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2758:
2750:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2676:
2661:
2653:Jeremy Clarkson
2609:A Northern Saga
2542:
2523:
2480:
2461:
2417:
2412:
2391:Coastal Command
2272:Kapitänleutnant
2185:
2179:
2090:
2088:
2034:
1951:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1779:
1731:
1594:
1585:
1470:(flagship) and
1315:
1313:Covering forces
1229:
1221:escort carriers
1139:, the American
1108:
998:
997:
996:
991:
561:
370:
365:
363:
361:
323:
321:
319:
317:
315:
313:
297:
295:
293:
291:
286:
284:
282:
262:
261:
251:
250:
240:
228:
227:
217:
216:
206:
205:
195:
176:
174:
173:
162:
160:
159:
149:
147:
146:
145:
136:
134:
133:
124:
122:
121:
112:
110:
88:
59:
48:Arctic Campaign
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5171:
5169:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5135:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4548:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:Valentin Pikul
4520:
4512:
4505:
4504:External links
4502:
4501:
4500:
4480:
4472:
4466:
4453:
4439:
4433:
4420:
4414:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4374:
4368:
4355:
4349:
4336:
4330:
4317:
4311:
4298:
4292:
4280:
4273:
4265:The Bookseller
4260:
4239:
4233:
4220:
4199:
4180:
4174:
4161:
4144:
4138:
4125:
4088:
4082:
4069:
4063:
4050:
4044:
4031:
4003:
3975:
3969:
3956:
3950:
3937:
3931:
3918:
3912:
3899:
3893:
3880:
3863:
3857:
3840:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3775:
3745:
3714:
3700:. 2013-03-19.
3685:
3654:
3607:
3605:, p. 554.
3595:
3593:, p. 244.
3591:Churchill 1951
3580:
3578:, p. 176.
3568:
3566:, p. 243.
3564:Churchill 1951
3556:
3539:
3537:, p. 312.
3527:
3525:, p. 107.
3515:
3489:
3487:, p. 238.
3485:Churchill 1951
3474:
3460:. 2019-06-25.
3445:
3433:
3431:, p. 187.
3421:
3419:, p. 320.
3409:
3397:
3367:
3365:, p. 178.
3355:
3353:, p. 220.
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3291:Churchill 1951
3283:
3271:
3269:, p. 114.
3259:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3209:, p. 105.
3199:
3173:
3161:
3141:
3129:
3127:, p. 103.
3117:
3105:
3070:
3055:
3043:
3041:, p. 234.
3039:Churchill 1951
3031:
3014:
3011:, p. 5146
2989:
2986:, p. 5145
2960:
2944:
2941:, p. 5143
2925:
2913:
2901:
2898:, p. 5140
2880:
2877:, p. 5139
2864:
2862:, p. 309.
2852:
2848:Churchill 1951
2840:
2828:
2826:, p. 257.
2816:
2814:, p. 240.
2812:Churchill 1951
2804:
2802:, p. 237.
2800:Churchill 1951
2787:
2775:
2773:, p. 236.
2771:Churchill 1951
2756:
2754:, p. 235.
2752:Churchill 1951
2737:
2725:
2721:Schofield 1964
2712:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2656:
2641:
2631:
2621:Valentin Pikul
2612:
2606:
2582:
2556:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2522:
2517:
2485:London Gazette
2479:
2476:
2460:
2457:
2421:Prime Minister
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2387:Winston-Salem'
2284:On 6 July, SS
2275:Reinhart Reche
2212:Fairfield City
2178:
2175:
2158:Norman Denning
2123:First Sea Lord
2108:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2084:Reconnaissance
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1950:
1947:
1942:William Hooper
1906:75.817; 22.250
1866:Heinkel He 115
1778:
1775:
1730:
1723:
1653:Theodor Riedel
1635:, the cruiser
1613:Denmark Strait
1593:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1444:Lord Middleton
1396:armed trawlers
1314:
1311:
1303:Louis Hamilton
1228:
1225:
1195:Admiral Hipper
1186:Admiral Scheer
1107:
1104:
1054:covering force
1036:First Sea Lord
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
566:
565:
555:
554:
549:
536:
535:
530:
523:
516:
505:
504:
503:
502:
490:
485:
478:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
432:
431:
424:
411:
410:
403:
398:
391:
386:
375:
372:
371:
362:
360:
359:
352:
345:
337:
329:
328:
325:
318:3,350 vehicles
309:
308:
304:
303:
288:
278:
277:
273:
272:
238:
214:Louis Hamilton
192:
191:
187:
186:
171:
119:United Kingdom
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:German victory
94:
90:
89:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
51:
50:
39:
38:
32:
31:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5170:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4467:0-7110-0461-7
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4331:0-85052-883-6
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4083:0-304-35451-1
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4064:0-586-06275-0
4060:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:. Greenhill.
4037:
4032:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3951:1-904381-25-1
3947:
3944:. Periscope.
3943:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:. W. Kimber.
3905:
3900:
3896:
3894:0-7006-1050-2
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:The Catalogue
3618:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3553:, p. 133
3552:
3551:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3505:on 2020-09-09
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3443:, p. 67.
3442:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3329:, p. 48.
3328:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3221:, p. 42.
3220:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3139:, p. 80.
3138:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:, p. 62.
3052:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:, p. 61.
2922:
2917:
2914:
2911:, p. 26.
2910:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:Bolton Castle
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2619:, a novel by
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:Jan de Hartog
2592:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:, in London.
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:George Medals
2487:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2429:Joseph Stalin
2426:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:Novaya Zemlya
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:Sherman tanks
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2262:Paulus Potter
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2216:Daniel Morgan
2213:
2208:
2205:
2204:Merchant Navy
2197:
2196:Paulus Potter
2193:
2189:
2184:
2177:Convoy losses
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
1999:
1985:
1971:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1920:attempted to
1919:
1918:
1910:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:Goldene Zange
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:Narvik-Gruppe
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:Friedrich Ihn
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1583:German forces
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:heavy cruiser
1188:
1187:
1182:
1179:was moved to
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:aircraft and
1088:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Arctic convoy
1006:
1002:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
768:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
716:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
634:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:
568:
567:
564:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
548:
547:
543:
542:
541:
540:
534:
531:
529:
528:
524:
522:
521:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
509:
501:
500:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
488:Motovsky Gulf
486:
484:
483:
479:
477:
476:Cape Pikshuev
474:
472:
471:
467:
465:
464:
460:
458:
457:
453:
451:
450:
446:
444:
443:
439:
438:
437:
436:
430:
429:
425:
423:
422:
418:
417:
416:
415:
409:
408:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:
380:
379:
378:
373:
368:
358:
353:
351:
346:
344:
339:
338:
335:
326:
311:
310:
305:
301:
289:
280:
279:
274:
271:
266:
260:
255:
249:
244:
239:
237:
232:
226:
221:
215:
210:
204:
199:
194:
193:
188:
184:
172:
170:
157:
144:
132:
131:United States
120:
109:
108:
103:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
35:
27:
19:
4733:Operation FB
4722:
4545:
4542:Convoy PQ.17
4517:Rösselsprung
4516:
4487:
4475:
4457:
4446:
4424:
4405:
4378:
4359:
4340:
4321:
4302:
4283:
4264:
4245:
4224:
4205:
4185:
4165:
4148:
4129:
4096:
4092:
4073:
4054:
4035:
4022:. Retrieved
4008:
3994:. Retrieved
3980:
3960:
3941:
3922:
3903:
3884:
3867:
3846:
3819:
3815:
3792:. Retrieved
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3757:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3727:
3717:
3706:. Retrieved
3697:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3667:
3657:
3646:
3633:, retrieved
3620:
3610:
3603:Howarth 1994
3598:
3571:
3559:
3549:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3507:. Retrieved
3503:the original
3492:
3466:. Retrieved
3457:
3448:
3436:
3429:Morison 2001
3424:
3412:
3405:Woodman 2004
3400:
3389:. Retrieved
3380:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3339:Woodman 2004
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3176:
3164:
3158:, p. 58
3154:
3144:
3137:Connell 1982
3132:
3120:
3113:Claasen 2001
3108:
3097:, retrieved
3086:
3046:
3034:
3024:
3017:
3007:
2982:
2953:
2947:
2937:
2916:
2904:
2894:
2873:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2778:
2728:
2716:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2648:
2647:documentary
2637:
2633:
2626:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2558:
2550:
2531:
2527:David Irving
2524:
2519:
2483:
2481:
2470:
2465:Convoy PQ 18
2462:
2442:
2418:
2403:
2400:Samuel Chase
2399:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2367:
2359:
2356:Silver Sword
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:Leo Gradwell
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:Arctic Ocean
2310:Alcoa Ranger
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2286:Pan Atlantic
2285:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:Empire Byron
2248:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2149:
2146:Erich Raeder
2142:Kriegsmarine
2141:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2119:Dudley Pound
2113:
2111:
2104:
2031:Kriegsmarine
2030:
2026:
2018:
2015:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1916:
1878:
1874:Liberty ship
1863:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:John Dowding
1794:
1787:
1763:Luftflotte 5
1762:
1759:Luftflotte 5
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:Convoy PQ 16
1737:Luftflotte 5
1732:
1727:Luftflotte 5
1718:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:Karl Galster
1640:
1636:
1632:
1622:Kriegsmarine
1599:Kriegsmarine
1597:
1595:
1590:Kriegsmarine
1571:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1544:would place
1535:
1530:
1524:
1518:Duke of York
1517:
1510:
1499:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1457:Northern Gem
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1392:minesweepers
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1300:Rear Admiral
1289:
1281:Convoy QP 13
1270:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1241:
1238:
1227:British plan
1215:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1175:
1170:Kriegsmarine
1168:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1109:
1096:midnight sun
1084:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1060:Duke of York
1059:
1048:
1040:Dudley Pound
1028:Soviet Union
1001:Convoy PQ 17
1000:
999:
945:
944:
833:
832:
766:
765:
714:
632:
631:
570:
562:
545:
538:
537:
526:
519:
507:
506:
498:
481:
469:
462:
456:Doppelschlag
455:
449:Rösselsprung
448:
441:
434:
433:
427:
420:
413:
412:
406:
394:
382:
376:
320:210 aircraft
299:
248:Erich Raeder
236:John Dowding
143:Soviet Union
105:Belligerents
86:Arctic Ocean
37:Convoy PQ 17
26:
4546:La Malouine
4476:Sea History
4443:"No. 39041"
4381:. Chatham.
4076:. Cassell.
3768:11 November
3643:"No. 35732"
3535:Miller 1997
3441:Bunker 1972
3303:Irving 1968
3231:Turner 2013
3207:Turner 2013
3192:17 February
3125:Turner 2013
3051:Winton 1988
3022:Admiralty,
2921:Winton 1988
2860:Miller 1997
2836:Langer 1979
2733:Beesly 1990
2677: [
2662: [
2603:De kapitein
2586:The Captain
2560:HMS Ulysses
2506:Arctic Star
2453:Ivan Maisky
2438:Dan Gallery
2243:River Afton
2073:Dive bomber
1904: /
1835:Grey Ranger
1824:Barents Sea
1807:Grey Ranger
1576:flying boat
1449:Lord Austin
1413:La Malouine
1296:Jack Broome
1247:Bear Island
1216:Prinz Eugen
1204:Scharnhorst
1200:battleships
1144:Ernest King
1116:Beaverbrook
1016:Hvalfjörður
1010:during the
493:Barents Sea
442:Sportpalast
292:11 U-boats:
259:Karl Dönitz
225:Jack Broome
156:Netherlands
5137:Categories
3807:References
3708:2024-07-12
3523:Wykes 1972
3509:2009-04-16
3468:2024-09-12
3391:2009-04-16
3351:Moore 1984
2824:Praun 1950
2396:Panamanian
2383:Azerbaijan
2322:El Capitan
2254:Peter Kerr
2230:Washington
2181:See also:
2154:Altenfjord
2062:Floatplane
1935:Wainwright
1872:, hit the
1842:Aldersdale
1788:Wainwright
1553:Manchester
1546:Victorious
1536:Washington
1525:Cumberland
1511:Victorious
1505:John Tovey
1495:Home Fleet
1486:Tuscaloosa
1432:Salamander
1365:Leamington
1279:westbound
1276:Scapa Flow
1157:Washington
1137:Royal Navy
1128:North Cape
1106:Background
1067:Washington
1038:, Admiral
1022:, for the
533:North Cape
520:Zitronella
499:Regenbogen
470:Wunderland
383:Weserübung
327:5 aircraft
296:6 bombers
203:John Tovey
5158:White Sea
5096:Homebound
4993:Homebound
4880:Homebound
4752:Homebound
4624:Homebound
4496:560650526
4157:475918989
4121:159474803
4113:0022-0094
3876:153203701
3836:1743-9019
3794:2 January
3547:Gallery,
3363:Wynn 1997
3327:Hill 1986
3315:Kemp 1993
3279:Hill 1986
3243:Hill 1986
3219:Hill 1986
3169:Hill 1986
2909:Hill 1986
2783:Hill 1986
2708:Footnotes
2569:HMS
2525:In 1968,
2469:HMS
2410:Aftermath
2368:Luftwaffe
2360:Troubador
2348:Troubador
2337:HMS
2326:Luftwaffe
2290:Luftwaffe
2225:Pan Kraft
2220:Luftwaffe
2171:Tirpitz's
2138:Vestfjord
2027:Luftwaffe
1949:Dispersal
1933:USS
1853:Luftwaffe
1840:RFA
1805:RFA
1786:USS
1755:Luftwaffe
1751:Luftwaffe
1747:Luftwaffe
1649:Hans Lody
1608:Eisteufel
1602:prepared
1551:HMS
1523:HMS
1516:HMS
1509:HMS
1478:USS
1465:HMS
1442:HMT
1437:Britomart
1425:HMS
1418:HMS
1399:HMS
1388:corvettes
1351:HMS
1342:Palomares
1340:HMS
1329:HMS
1322:USS
1293:Commander
1269:HMS
1262:HMS
1210:Gneisenau
1181:Trondheim
1155:USS
1148:USS
1086:Luftwaffe
1065:USS
1058:HMS
322:430 tanks
62:Hvalfjord
5065:Outbound
4932:Outbound
4839:Outbound
4661:Outbound
4578:Outbound
4486:(1948).
4484:Winn, G.
4195:37001114
4018:Archived
3990:Archived
3788:Archived
3762:Archived
3732:Archived
3702:Archived
3698:BBC News
3678:19 March
3672:Archived
3668:The News
3635:16 April
3629:archived
3462:Archived
3385:Archived
3267:PRO 2001
3186:Archived
3099:16 April
3093:archived
2571:Royalist
2540:See also
2513:veterans
2500:and two
2415:Analysis
2352:Ironclad
2344:Ayrshire
2339:Ayrshire
2033:aircraft
1968:Message
1940:SS
1877:SS
1820:Zaafaran
1604:wolfpack
1453:Ayrshire
1420:Dianella
1347:Pozarica
1345:and HMS
1251:Svalbard
1132:Murmansk
1120:Harriman
527:Ostfront
514:Kara Sea
428:Polyarny
421:Claymore
395:Alphabet
276:Strength
81:Location
42:Part of
4585:Dervish
4216:1263591
4206:Sea War
4024:31 July
3996:31 July
3738:26 June
2645:BBC Two
2593:writer
2578:Tirpitz
2471:Avenger
2434:Pacific
2320:and SS
2318:Hoosier
2308:and SS
2306:Olapana
2292:and SS
2234:Carlton
2214:and SS
2167:Tirpitz
2162:Tirpitz
2150:Tirpitz
2134:Tirpitz
2130:Tirpitz
2114:Tirpitz
2019:Tirpitz
1922:scuttle
1892:22°15′E
1889:75°49′N
1868:, from
1816:Zamalek
1812:Rathlin
1711:Tirpitz
1633:Tirpitz
1568:Tirpitz
1559:Eclipse
1541:Iceland
1531:Nigeria
1502:Admiral
1480:Wichita
1473:Norfolk
1427:Halcyon
1371:Ledbury
1324:Wichita
1285:ballast
1271:Curacoa
1176:Tirpitz
1141:Admiral
1110:During
1091:U-boats
1078:Tirpitz
1049:Tirpitz
1026:in the
1020:Iceland
1003:was an
644:PQ 9/10
571:Dervish
559:Convoys
401:Wilfred
183:Germany
5035:RA 61A
5020:RA 59A
4974:JW 61A
4944:JW 56B
4939:JW 56A
4912:RA 55B
4907:RA 55A
4902:RA 54B
4897:RA 54A
4871:JW 55B
4866:JW 55A
4861:JW 54B
4856:JW 54A
4743:JW 51B
4738:JW 51A
4494:
4464:
4431:
4412:
4385:
4366:
4347:
4328:
4309:
4290:
4271:
4256:862623
4254:
4231:
4214:
4193:
4172:
4155:
4136:
4119:
4111:
4080:
4061:
4042:
3967:
3948:
3929:
3910:
3891:
3874:
3855:
3834:
3028:, HMSO
2659:Konvoi
2496:, six
2445:Hitler
2279:Potter
2238:Honomu
2121:, the
2091:BV 138
2089:FW 200
2065:He 115
2054:He 111
2051:Bomber
2040:Bomber
2001:21:36
1987:21:23
1973:21:11
1858:BV 138
1828:Exford
1818:, and
1777:Voyage
1719:Scheer
1715:Lützow
1669:Scheer
1664:Lützow
1637:Hipper
1619:. The
1572:Hipper
1467:London
1386:, the
1383:Wilton
1353:Keppel
1331:London
1264:Sirius
1198:. The
1124:Moscow
1032:German
1005:Allied
930:RA 61A
915:RA 59A
875:JW 61A
845:JW 56B
840:JW 56A
828:RA 55B
823:RA 55A
818:RA 54B
813:RA 54A
798:JW 55B
793:JW 55A
788:JW 54B
783:JW 54A
726:JW 51B
721:JW 51A
546:Mascot
482:Orator
389:Narvik
180:
169:Panama
166:
153:
140:
128:
116:
93:Result
5118:RA 67
5113:RA 66
5108:RA 65
5103:RA 64
5087:JW 67
5082:JW 66
5077:JW 65
5072:JW 64
5045:RA 63
5040:RA 62
5030:RA 61
5025:RA 60
5015:RA 59
5010:RA 58
5005:RA 57
5000:RA 56
4984:JW 63
4979:JW 62
4969:JW 61
4964:JW 60
4959:JW 59
4954:JW 58
4949:JW 57
4892:RA 53
4887:RA 52
4851:JW 53
4846:JW 52
4819:RA 51
4814:QP 15
4809:QP 14
4804:QP 13
4799:QP 12
4794:QP 11
4789:QP 10
4728:PQ 18
4723:PQ 17
4718:PQ 16
4713:PQ 15
4708:PQ 14
4703:PQ 13
4698:PQ 12
4693:PQ 11
4688:PQ 10
4673:PQ 7b
4668:PQ 7a
4117:S2CID
2688:Notes
2681:]
2670:]
2599:Dutch
2591:Dutch
2509:medal
2302:U-255
2298:U-255
2277:sank
2267:U-255
2192:U-255
2099:Total
2087:Ju 88
2076:Ju 87
2043:Ju 88
1962:From
1959:Time
1928:U-457
1917:P-614
1847:U-456
1407:Poppy
1401:Lotus
1307:Banak
1044:ships
987:RA 67
982:RA 66
977:RA 65
972:RA 64
967:JW 67
962:JW 66
957:JW 65
952:JW 64
940:RA 63
935:RA 62
925:RA 61
920:RA 60
910:RA 59
905:RA 58
900:RA 57
895:RA 56
890:JW 64
885:JW 63
880:JW 62
870:JW 61
865:JW 60
860:JW 59
855:JW 58
850:JW 57
808:RA 53
803:RA 52
778:JW 53
773:JW 52
761:RA 51
756:QP 12
709:PQ 18
704:PQ 17
699:PQ 16
694:QP 11
689:QP 15
684:PQ 15
679:QP 14
674:PQ 14
669:QP 13
664:PQ 13
659:PQ 12
654:PQ 11
649:QP 10
463:Zarin
5058:1945
4925:1944
4832:1943
4784:QP 9
4779:QP 8
4774:QP 7
4769:QP 6
4764:QP 5
4759:QP 4
4683:PQ 9
4678:PQ 8
4654:1942
4641:QP 3
4636:QP 2
4631:QP 1
4615:PQ 6
4610:PQ 5
4605:PQ 4
4600:PQ 3
4595:PQ 2
4590:PQ 1
4571:1941
4492:OCLC
4462:ISBN
4429:ISBN
4410:ISBN
4383:ISBN
4364:ISBN
4345:ISBN
4326:ISBN
4307:ISBN
4288:ISBN
4269:ISBN
4252:OCLC
4229:ISBN
4212:OCLC
4191:OCLC
4170:ISBN
4153:OCLC
4134:ISBN
4109:ISSN
4078:ISBN
4059:ISBN
4040:ISBN
4026:2015
4014:HMSO
3998:2015
3986:HMSO
3965:ISBN
3946:ISBN
3927:ISBN
3908:ISBN
3889:ISBN
3872:OCLC
3853:ISBN
3832:ISSN
3796:2014
3770:2013
3740:2017
3680:2013
3640:and
3637:2010
3614:See
3194:2020
3150:NMHS
3101:2024
2627:K-21
2419:The
2402:and
2354:and
2346:and
2258:Kerr
2252:and
2046:103
2029:and
2004:ADMY
1990:ADMY
1976:ADMY
1915:HMS
1717:and
1695:and
1570:and
1556:and
1528:and
1483:and
1455:and
1434:and
1416:and
1380:and
1377:Offa
1359:Fury
1327:and
1267:and
1150:Wasp
1063:and
946:1945
834:1944
767:1943
751:QP 9
746:QP 8
741:QP 7
736:QP 6
731:QP 5
639:PQ 8
633:1942
627:QP 4
622:QP 3
617:QP 2
612:QP 1
607:PQ 7
602:PQ 6
597:PQ 5
592:PQ 4
587:PQ 3
582:PQ 2
577:PQ 1
563:1941
539:1944
508:1943
435:1942
414:1941
407:Juno
377:1940
73:Date
18:PQ17
4101:doi
3824:doi
2601:as
2296:by
2256:. (
2152:to
2105:264
2094:74
2079:30
2068:15
2057:42
2007:CS1
1993:CS1
1979:CS1
1965:To
1698:Z30
1692:Z29
1686:Z28
1680:Z27
1674:Z24
1394:or
5139::
4445:.
4115:.
4107:.
4097:14
4095:.
4016:.
3988:.
3830:.
3818:.
3760:.
3756:.
3730:.
3726:.
3696:.
3670:.
3666:.
3645:.
3627:,
3623:,
3619:,
3583:^
3477:^
3456:.
3383:.
3379:.
3184:.
3152:,
3091:,
3085:,
3073:^
3058:^
2992:^
2963:^
2928:^
2883:^
2790:^
2759:^
2740:^
2694:a.
2679:no
2668:sv
2666:;
2664:no
2423:,
2350:,
2246:,
2236:,
2232:,
2228:,
1945:.
1814:,
1799:,
1689:,
1683:,
1677:,
1667:,
1661:)
1651:,
1647:,
1643:,
1451:,
1447:,
1430:,
1410:,
1404:,
1390:,
1374:,
1368:,
1362:,
1356:,
1309:.
1287:.
1207:,
1018:,
715:FB
46:,
4498:.
4470:.
4437:.
4418:.
4391:.
4372:.
4353:.
4334:.
4315:.
4277:.
4237:.
4197:.
4178:.
4159:.
4142:.
4123:.
4103::
4086:.
4067:.
4048:.
4028:.
4000:.
3973:.
3954:.
3935:.
3916:.
3897:.
3878:.
3838:.
3826::
3820:5
3798:.
3772:.
3742:.
3711:.
3682:.
3512:.
3471:.
3394:.
3196:.
2640:.
2605:.
2581:.
1118:–
356:e
349:t
342:v
302:)
298:(
20:)
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