Convoy PQ 17 - Knowledge (XXG)

137: 2427:, called the event, "one of the most melancholy naval episodes in the whole of the war". An inquiry assigned no blame to anyone, since orders were issued by the First Sea Lord and blaming the First Sea Lord himself was considered politically unacceptable. The Soviet Union did not believe so many ships could be lost in one convoy and openly accused the Western Allies of lying. Despite the help provided by the material delivered, Convoy PQ 17 worsened Soviet–Allied relations over the short term, with the Soviets never acknowledging the efforts of Allied merchant seaman or sailors in either navy. 265: 254: 243: 1773:(Golden Comb) tactic, first used against Convoy PQ 16, continued. By early June there were 264 aircraft available, a strike force of 103 Ju 88 bombers, 42 He 111 torpedo-bombers and 30 Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers, eight FW 200 Kondor and 22 Ju 88s for long-range reconnaissance, 44 Bv 138 flying boats for shorter-range reconnaissance and fifteen He 115 floatplanes for general use. Many of the torpedo-bombers had been hurriedly transferred from other theatres and retrained from conventional bombing, as part of Hitler's demand for greater action against the Arctic convoys. 125: 177: 231: 220: 209: 198: 1283:, in conjunction with Convoy PQ 17. The former was made up of returning merchant ships from Arkhangelsk, with some ships from Murmansk. It consisted of thirty-five ships and was escorted by five destroyers, three corvettes, an anti-aircraft ship, three minesweepers, two trawlers and to the Bear Island area, a submarine. It was sighted by German aircraft on 30 June and 2 July. Convoy QP 13 was not attacked, since the German tactic was to concentrate on eastbound (laden) convoys, rather than westbound convoys in 56: 1318: 113: 150: 1232: 2455:, the Soviets requested to know when Convoy PQ 18 would sail. Pound said nothing could be done until better Russian air cover was arranged, after which Kharlamov criticised the order to withdraw the cruisers from Convoy PQ 17. Pound was furious and deeply resented the Russian attitude. Pound angrily admitted that Convoy PQ 17 was scattered on his order while Maisky stated that "even British admirals make mistakes". 1782: 163: 1257:

convoy from surface attack westward of Bear Island depended on Allied surface forces, while to the eastward it was to be provided by Allied submarines. The convoy's cruiser covering force was not to go east of Bear Island, unless the convoy was threatened by the presence of a surface force which the cruiser force could fight, nor to go beyond 25° East under any circumstances.

1709:(Operation Knight's Move); the force was the strongest yet assembled for a convoy attack but was hampered by an unwieldy chain of command, with the authority to attack resting with Hitler and a contradictory mission statement; the forces were instructed to attack and destroy the convoy and also to avoid any action that would lead to damage to the capital ships, particularly 2188: 2474:, with twelve fighters and three Swordfish ASW aircraft. After the war there was criticism of this delay in American and Soviet sources. Soviet historians give varying reasons for the suspension and reduction in supply caused by the halt in the Arctic convoys. Some considered it the result of "the fact that in 1942, Anglo-American (ocean) communications were destroyed". 1745:, German attacks faded away during 27 May due to the arrival of Soviet destroyers and the arrival of Soviet bombers overhead; when the convoy came into range on 29 May, Soviet fighters began escort sorties. The rise on the number of opposing aircraft led to Germans claiming 162 aircraft shot down in May, 113 being Hurricanes provided from Britain. On 28 May the 1167:, sailed from the United Kingdom in August 1941, two months after the beginning of Barbarossa. By the spring of 1942, twelve more convoys had made the passage with the loss of only one of the 103 ships. The threat of attacks on the convoys increased, with the Germans making a maximum effort to stop the flow of supplies to the USSR. In 1941, the 2125:. The Allied cruiser squadron was already beyond the standing orders set by the Admiralty and if no new orders had gone out, the cruisers would have had to withdraw some time afterwards in any case. The earlier cruiser movement did not influence the tactical situation but in light of later knowledge, the decision was deemed precipitate. 2022:

was due to U-boat information, a fact not shared with Hamilton. At 21:23, the Admiralty, in a message prefixed "Immediate", ordered the convoy to disperse and proceed to Russian ports independently owing to threat from surface ships. At 21:36, the Admiralty sent another "Most Immediate" message, ordering the convoy to scatter.

2536:, to defend his reputation. Broome won his case and was awarded £40,000 in damages and secured the withdrawal of all copies of the offending book from circulation (it has since been republished, with corrections). The damages (donated by Broome to charity) were the highest paid in English legal history until 1987. 2406:, docked at Murmansk. The deliveries amounted to 70,000 short tons (64,000 t) out of the 200,000 short tons (180,000 t) which had started from Iceland. Matériel losses in the convoy were: 3,350 vehicles, 210 aircraft, 430 tanks and 109,466 short tons (99,316 t) of other cargo such as food and ammunition. 1578:

patrol and the two lines of submarines between North Cape and Bear Island were being adjusted to cover the line of approach to the convoy as it moved eastwards. In view of the uncertainty of the two German ships' positions, Hamilton decided to continue to provide close cover with the cruiser squadron

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for a week, sailing two days after the convoy. German reconnaissance of Scapa during the period of assembly failed to notice the diversion, which was also not sighted on its passage. The operation was repeated on 1 July, again without success. On 26 June the Admiralty took the opportunity to pass the

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This latter signal was intended merely as a correction of technical wording from "disperse" to "scatter", but this was not known at the time. The order to scatter was only used under immediate threat of surface attack. Detailed instructions in each ship's signal book laid down the actions that were

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wavelengths began to be received by the destroyers: "Am being bombed by a large number of planes", "On fire in the ice", "Abandoning ship", "Six U-boats approaching on the surface". With the majority of the escorts ordered to return to Scapa Flow, only the close escort of anti-aircraft auxiliaries,

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would not be met. At 18:58 the Admiralty informed Hamilton that more information was expected shortly, instructing him to remain with the convoy pending further instructions. At 21:11, the Admiralty sent a message prefixed "Most Immediate" ordering Hamilton to withdraw westwards at high speed. This

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flying boats on 1 July. On 2 July, the convoy sighted the reciprocal Convoy QP 13. Convoy PQ 17 was attacked by nine torpedo aircraft, later the same day; one aircraft was shot down. At 13:00 on 3 July, the Convoy PQ 17 destroyer screen was steering east to pass between Bear Island and Spitsbergen.

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and nine destroyers. As the convoy sailed, the covering forces were moving into position. CS1 left Seidisfjord in the night of 30 June/1 July. It arrived in a covering position north of the convoy on 2 July. The cruisers were not sighted by the Germans until late on 3 July. The heavy covering force

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and Arkhangelsk. The agreement stated that the Soviet government was responsible for receiving the supplies in Soviet ships at British or American ports. Since the Soviets did not have enough ships for the quantities of aid, British and American ships began to constitute an increasing proportion of

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When the order to scatter the convoy was received, it had covered more than half of its route and lost three ships. The consequences for the merchantmen were dire, the ships were spread over a wide area, stripped of mutual protection and their trained escort. As the larger escort vessels retreated

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on 1 July, while the cruiser screen was refuelling at Seidisfjord. It was shadowed for a short period early on 3 July, while in a covering position south of the convoy. Later that day, course was altered northwards to cross the convoy's track and to reach a position north-west of Bear Island. This

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The Admiralty issued instructions on 27 June, which allowed the convoy to be turned back, temporarily to shorten the distance to the nearest Allied base. German surface movements took place later than expected, making these instructions unnecessary. The Admiralty also stated that the safety of the

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and Soviet naval experts found it difficult to understand the order to scatter given by the Admiralty, given "that the escorting vessels of the Convoy PQ 17 should return, whereas the cargo boats should disperse and try to reach the Soviet ports one by one without any protection at all". Admiral

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was imminent. The convoy was immediately ordered to scatter, with the escorting destroyers ordered to join the cruiser force and the merchantmen to proceed independently. Winston Churchill later speculated that the Admiralty's decision and orders would not have been so vehement had only British

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At 12:30 on 4 July, the Admiralty gave Hamilton permission to proceed east of 25° east, should the situation demand, unless contrary orders were received from Tovey. This was a reversal of previous orders and as no information in Tovey's possession justified this change, Hamilton was ordered to

1822:) sailed with the convoy. The escort was made up of six destroyers, four corvettes, three minesweepers, four trawlers, two anti-aircraft ships and two submarines. The route was longer than earlier convoys, since the ice allowed for a passage north of Bear Island and an evasive detour in the 2393:

aircraft, which had proceeded to north Russia after their patrols and by minesweepers and corvettes. A fortnight elapsed before the results of the attacks and the fate of the convoy were fully known. Of the 34 ships which had left Iceland, 23 were sunk; two British, four American, one

1305:, in command of the cruiser squadron, later decided that a more northerly route was necessary, ordered the SOE to alter course, to pass 70 nmi (130 km; 81 mi) north of Bear Island and later on to open to 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) from 1093:

and of the 35 ships, only eleven reached their destination, delivering 70,000 long tons (71,000 metric tons) of cargo. The convoy disaster demonstrated the difficulty of passing adequate supplies through the Arctic, especially during the summer, with the

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A fresh ice reconnaissance done on 3 July found the passage north of Bear Island had widened. The Admiralty suggested the convoy should pass at least 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) north of it. The senior officer of the escort (SOE),

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was also damaged and her speed reduced to 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph). Since it was doubtful if she could face heavy weather, it was decided to transfer her to the fuelling position north-east of Jan Mayen in exchange for the

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published a controversial book about Convoy PQ 17. It concentrated on Allied blunders and shortcomings, alleging that Broome's decision to withdraw his destroyers was the primary cause of the disaster to the convoy. Broome litigated in

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had left Altentfjord. Though Denning did not know if it was still there he did explain that his sources would have confirmed if the ship had or was about to put to sea. It was not until several hours after Pound's orders that

2447:, Raeder stated, "...our submarines and aircraft, which totally destroyed the last convoy, have forced the enemy to give up this route temporarily...". At a meeting with the head of the Soviet Military Mission, Admiral 1548:

within air striking range of the convoy on the morning of 4 July. This was calculated to occur at the same time at which a surface attack was expected. While en route to the new covering area, the force was joined by

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warships been concerned but the idea the first joint Anglo-American operation under British command might involve the destruction of American as well as British units may well have influenced the decisions of

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Air reconnaissance of Norwegian harbours had been hindered by weather but information showed German heavy units were probably moving northwards and an air photograph of Trondheim late on 3 July showed that

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raid never materialised. The convoy was the first large joint Anglo-American naval operation under British command; in Churchill's view this encouraged a more careful approach to fleet movements.

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and Norway. Allied covering forces would be without air support, 1,000 mi (1,600 km) from their base and with the destroyers too short on fuel to escort a damaged ship to harbour.

3671: 1826:. All the convoy was bound for Arkhangelsk, because recent air attacks had destroyed most of Murmansk. One ship suffered mechanical failure just out of port and was forced to turn back. SS 347: 2636:

is also the title of a dance, orchestra, and choir piece based on the events surrounding the sinkings. Choreographer and dancer Bill Coleman's father was a merchant mariner on board the

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As the close escort and the covering cruiser forces withdrew westwards to intercept the German raiders, the merchant ships were left without escorts. The freighters were attacked by

1249:. German forces would operate close to the Norwegian coast, with support of shore-based air reconnaissance and striking forces, with a screen of U-boats in the channels between 340: 3092: 2443:

In view of the Convoy PQ 17 disaster, the Admiralty proposed to suspend the Arctic convoys at least until the ice receded and perpetual daylight passed. At a conference with

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set out for North Russia. The convoy's defence scheme was revised, with a very strong constant close escort of sixteen destroyers and the first of the new escort carriers,

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were also sent to Arctic waters but fell victim to Allied air attacks and had to turn back for repairs. The Germans had bases along the Norwegian coast, which meant, until

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had begun concentrating its strength in Norway in winter, to prevent a British invasion of Norway and to obstruct Allied convoys to the Soviet Union. The battleship

3731: 3461: 4522: 4149:"A careless word...a needless sinking": A History of the Staggering losses suffered by the U.S. Merchant Marine, both in Ships and Personnel during World War II 2482:

At least sixteen officers and men of the Merchant Navy were honoured for gallantry or distinguished service for the actions in the convoy. A supplement to the

3628: 2555:, a 1943 war movie starring Humphrey Bogart and Raymond Massey, includes a section which is drawn from Lieutenant Gradwell's actions after PQ-17 scattered. 2432:

King, already known to distrust the British, was furious with what he perceived as Admiral Pound's bungling and promptly withdrew TF 39, sending it to the

2374:. They were found there by a flotilla of corvettes, who escorted the four-ship convoy plus two other merchant vessels to Archangel, arriving on 25 July. 1260:

A decoy convoy was also organised to divert enemy forces, consisting of the First Minelaying Squadron and four colliers, escorted by the light cruisers

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and increased losses on raids against Murmansk. No convoys were spotted during June and the weather was too bad for convoy operations. Training in the

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in October 1941, agreeing to a series of munitions deliveries to the Soviet Union. The most direct way to carry these supplies was by sea around the

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battlegroup sailed on July 5 but the operation by surface ships to attack the convoy was cancelled and the ships returned to Altenfjord that day.

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Part of the convoy ran into drifting ice in thick weather whilst in the Denmark Strait. Two merchant ships were damaged and had to turn back;

4432: 4413: 4386: 4367: 4348: 4310: 4291: 4272: 4232: 4173: 4137: 4043: 3968: 3930: 3911: 3856: 426: 4189:. Washington, DC: United States Army European Command Historical Division, United States Department of the Army Office of Military History. 3149: 2420: 2358:

north. On reaching the Arctic ice, the convoy pushed into it, then stopped engines and banked their fires. The crews used white paint from

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to join the ships there. Prior to issuing the orders, Pound visited Whitehall and consulted an intelligence officer, Lieutenant Commander

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wireless frequencies and raided Kirkenes with small formations of aircraft or solo attacks. The Soviet raids stretched the resources of

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became available, Allied convoys had to be sailed through these areas without adequate defence against aircraft and submarine attack.

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airfields at Petsamo, Kirkenes and Banak began to receive frequent attacks by Soviet bombers and fighters, often timed to ground the

4465: 4329: 4081: 4062: 3949: 3892: 3701: 3082: 1115: 235: 1240: 1114:, the German war against the USSR, the British and American governments agreed to send unconditional aid to their Soviet ally. The 2182: 1704: 447: 3185: 1338:

The convoy's close escort was the First Escort Group (EG1, SOE Jack Broome) and included the anti-aircraft auxiliary cruisers

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Langer, John D. (1979). "The Harriman-Beaverbrook Mission and the Debate over Unconditional Aid for the Soviet Union, 1941".

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on the merchant vessels decks into a defensive formation, with loaded main guns. After a period of waiting and having evaded

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broke up an air attack on the convoy the same day. Later that evening, an attack by 25 torpedo bombers took place, sinking

1202: 1193: 1184: 497: 3723: 3453: 2551: 2532: 1914: 1800: 2611:, a 1976 novel written by Steven C. Lawrence, a World War II U.S. Merchant Marine officer, recounts the story of PQ-17. 3787: 2493: 1701:, ready to carry out a surface attack on the convoy. This was orchestrated as a complex two-stage operation codenamed 1208: 3384: 1663: 1441: 1214: 1072: 2575: 1174: 1047: 492: 155: 4166:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939 – May 1943

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is dedicated to the fate of the convoy. The book is also interesting since it describes the Soviet belief that

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In the voyage to the Russian ports, some of the ships and lifeboat craft took refuge along the frozen coast of

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after the attacks on Convoy PQ 17, flying four victory pennants and the captured flag of the merchant ship SS

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withdraw when the convoy was east of 25° east or earlier at his discretion, unless the Admiralty assured him

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s cargo was jettisoned in Novaya Zemlya. Many of the ships' locations were unknown, in spite of searches by

1932: 1785: 1603: 1140: 381: 2678: 2336: 2265: 1925: 1876: 1484: 1292: 1154: 1064: 1004: 454: 269: 4514: 2624: 1515: 1057: 440: 1939: 3617:"Piece details T 335/47—Merchant Navy Awards (Awards for Convoy PQ 17): London Gazette 6 October 1942" 2264:

had been abandoned by her crew after an aerial attack on 5 July; the ship was boarded by sailors from

55: 4184: 2497: 1768: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1508: 1460: 1246: 1245:(Operation Knight's Move), the German plan to use their big ships to attack the next convoy, east of 1111: 1099: 518: 468: 1298:, preferred to stay in the low visibility on the original route and to make ground to the eastward. 5019: 4901: 4896: 4536: 2559: 2508: 1550: 1522: 1477: 1435: 1363: 1321: 1317: 1119: 1023: 929: 914: 874: 817: 812: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4891: 4886: 4850: 4845: 4818: 4798: 4442: 3642: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 939: 934: 924: 919: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 869: 864: 859: 807: 802: 777: 772: 760: 755: 5157: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4635: 4447: 4116: 3647: 1721:

took part in a joint naval and air exercise simulating an attack on Convoy PQ 17 and its escort.

1490: 1127: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 626: 616: 525: 419: 393: 2440:, USN, serving in Iceland at that time, called Convoy PQ 17 "a shameful page in naval history". 4267:. Authors Publishers' Association, Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland. 1971. 287:

Covering forces: 1 aircraft carrier, 2 battleships, 6 cruisers, 13 destroyers (did not engage):

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the convoy traffic. Although the defence of the Arctic convoys was the responsibility of the

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ULTRA at Sea: How Breaking the Nazi code affected Allied naval Strategy during World War II

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and shadowed continuously, except for a few short intervals in fog. This was augmented by

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The Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1945: The 50th Anniversary International Naval Conference

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flew over 200 sorties and lost only five aircraft in exchange for the eight merchantmen.

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Owing to threat from surface ships, convoy is to disperse and proceed to Russian ports.

4687: 4682: 4584: 4526: 2620: 2598: 2484: 2274: 2241: 2157: 2122: 1865: 1839: 1612: 1611:(Ice Devil), to intercept the convoy; three U-boats were in a patrol line north of the 1395: 1375: 1357: 1302: 1220: 1053: 1035: 643: 405: 258: 230: 219: 213: 208: 197: 118: 3961:

British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations

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Excerpts of signals between the Admiralty (ADMY) and the First Cruiser Squadron (CS1)

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Beesly, Patrick (1990). "Convoy PQ 17: A Study of Intelligence and Decision-Making".

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was created and on 19 March 2013 the first medals were presented to approximately 40

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on 9 July but the merchant ships suffered no more that day. The last losses were SS

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corvettes, minesweepers and armed trawlers was left to protect the scattered ships.

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sank the ship at 08:08. There was an abortive attack by six bombers in the evening.

4953: 4948: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4793: 4788: 4732: 4727: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4483: 2663: 2655:, retold the story of the convoy with first-hand testimony from the men who served. 2526: 2489: 2464: 2363: 2332: 2313: 2145: 2118: 1873: 1781: 1742: 1736: 1598: 1417: 1391: 1299: 1284: 1280: 1169: 1095: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1027: 854: 849: 713: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 658: 653: 648: 264: 253: 247: 242: 182: 142: 85: 2436:. He hesitated to conduct further joint operations under British command. Admiral 4557: 4007: 3979: 3959:

Hinsley, F. H.; Thomas, Edward Eastaway; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1990).

3753: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4640: 4630: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4544:, a primary source diary and supporting material by Jack Bowman, ERA aboard HMS 2630:

hit the Tirpitz. From 2003–04, a film was released in Russia based on this book.

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battleships cruised at about 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) distance.

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away from the convoy and told the convoy to scatter. Because of vacillation by

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Hamilton, Broome and Dowding took these signals to indicate that an attack by

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claimed 22 aircraft for no loss. The German claims were exaggerated but the

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Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two

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Destroyer: An Anthology of First-hand Accounts of the War at Sea, 1939–1945

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reconnaissance aircraft, finding themselves unstuck, they proceeded to the

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Memoirs of Chief Steward Horace Carswell DSM, MM, BEM during Convoy PQ 17

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and two Russian merchant ships reached Arkhangelsk. Two American ships,

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The convoy sailed from Hvalfjord on 27 June, under the command of the

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Coxswain Sid Kerslake of armed trawler "Northern Gem" in Convoy PQ 17

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The Ghost Ships of Archangel: The Arctic Voyage that Defied the Nazis

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U-boat Operations of the Second World War: Career Histories, U1–U510

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Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-fated Campaign, 1940–1945

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On receiving the third order to scatter on 4 July 1942, Lieutenant

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ADM 199/427: Home Fleet Destroyer Command – April to December 1942

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battlegroup was not advancing toward the convoy or anywhere near.

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Home Fleet Destroyer Command, July to September 1942 ADM 199/427

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and six more by four U-boats. Among the losses that day were SS

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Track of Convoy PQ 17, showing approximate positions of sinkings

601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 4561: 3963:. History of the Second World War. Vol. II. London: HMSO. 336: 29:

Code name for an Allied World War II convoy in the Arctic Ocean

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Fight for the Sea: Naval Adventures from the Second World War

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Home Fleet Destroyer Command, April to June 1942 ADM 199/427

3664:"Veterans presented with their Arctic Star medals in London" 3586: 3584: 3480: 3478: 3083:"Scattered to the Arctic Winds: The Tragedy of Convoy PQ17" 5153:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

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to give advance warning and another five further north of

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1 battleship, 3 cruisers, 12 destroyers (did not engage);

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published on 6 October 1942 carried notification of two

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on 13 July; after taking the ship's documents and flag,

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also had two battle groups in Norwegian ports, Force I (

3454:"Horror in the Arctic: The Catastrophe of Convoy PQ-17" 3076: 3074: 2362:, covered the decks with white linen and arranged the 2300:. From 7 to 8 July, five more ships were sunk (two by 2024: 1982:

Cruiser Force withdraw to the westward at high speed.

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in January, where she was joined by the heavy cruiser

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assigned Task Force 39 (TF 39) – based on the carrier

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Fight for the Sea: Naval Adventures from World War II

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from the suspected German surface force, messages on

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Unbeknownst to the escort and convoy commanders, the

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U.S. Naval Historical Center account of Convoy PQ 17

4151:. Kings Point, NY: American Merchant Marine Museum. 1757:

during convoys. On 29 May, the Soviets tried to jam

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was shadowed for a short period while north-east of

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A second heavy covering force, under the command of

1463:(CS1, Hamilton), consisting of the British cruisers 5095: 5064: 5057: 4992: 4931: 4924: 4879: 4838: 4831: 4751: 4660: 4653: 4623: 4577: 4570: 2703:to be taken by each ship on receipt of this order. 2260:was abandoned after a fire got out of control.) SS 2009: 1995: 1981: 4451:(Supplement). 17 October 1950. pp. 5139–5145. 4243: 4203: 3844: 3847:Liberty ships: The ugly ducklings of World War II 3651:(Supplement). 2 October 1942. pp. 4349–4350. 1098:. The German success was possible through German 3694:"Convoy veterans given first Arctic Star medals" 3065: 5148:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany 3870:. The Second World War. Vol. IV. Cassell. 3575: 1791:broke up an air attack on the convoy on 4 July. 1655:with the torpedo boats T 7 and T 15. Force II ( 36: 2169:was shown still to be anchored at Altenfjord. 4478:. National Maritime Historical Society. 1992. 4223:Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) . 4168:. Vol. I. University of Illinois Press. 2385:lost her cargo of linseed oil and much of SS 1076:(OKW, German armed forces high command), the 1034:forces on 1 July, shadowed and attacked. The 348: 8: 3887:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 2492:, six appointments to various grades of the 2335:RNVR, commanding the anti-submarine trawler 2136:had left Trondheim on 2 July to the port of 1850: 1766: 1734: 1725: 1702: 1656: 1626: 1620: 1606: 1588: 1239:British naval intelligence in June reported 64:May 1942 before the sailing of Convoy PQ 17. 4130:War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II 1830:, turned back after sustaining ice damage. 1733:These forces were supported by aircraft of 5061: 4928: 4835: 4657: 4574: 4558: 3416: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2931: 2929: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2381:, landing at Matochkin. The Soviet tanker 2312:. The remaining escorts withdrew into the 1810:) for the escort, and three rescue ships ( 355: 341: 333: 54: 33: 4284:The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 3590: 3563: 3484: 3290: 3038: 2847: 2811: 2799: 2770: 2751: 2720: 2210:On 5 July, six merchantmen, including SS 2006: 2003: 1992: 1989: 1978: 1975: 1014:. On 27 June 1942, the ships sailed from 285:11 escort vessels, 2 anti-aircraft ships, 4408:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 3851:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 1952: 1803:. With the 34 merchant ships, an oiler ( 1130:, through Arctic waters to the ports of 1052:, were moving to intercept, ordered the 3722:Everett-Green, Robert (21 March 2009). 3602: 3428: 3404: 3338: 3136: 3112: 3008:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2983:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2954:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2938:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2895:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2874:London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950 2713: 366:Arctic naval operations of World War II 4305:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime. 4227:(3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham. 3534: 3497:Denkhaus, Richard A. (February 1997). 3458:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 3440: 3302: 3230: 3206: 3124: 3050: 2920: 2859: 2835: 2732: 1507:, was made up of the aircraft carrier 3764:from the original on 11 November 2013 3522: 3350: 2823: 2502:King's Commendation for Brave Conduct 2451:and the Soviet ambassador in London, 1967: 1334:, part of the cruiser covering force. 7: 3921:Hawkins, Ian; Deighton, Len (2003). 3904:Arctic destroyers: The 17th Flotilla 3816:Intelligence & National Security 3377:"PQ-17 The Greatest Convoy Disaster" 3362: 3326: 3314: 3278: 3242: 3218: 3168: 2908: 2782: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1042:, acting on information that German 3790:from the original on 3 January 2014 3674:from the original on 3 January 2014 3631:from the original on 28 August 2024 3266: 3081:Shelley, James (20 February 2024), 1046:, including German battleship 3822:(2). London: Frank Cass: 292–322. 3754:"Self Pack International Shipping" 3407:, pp. 222, 233, 235, 248–250. 3381:German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net 3095:from the original on 15 April 2024 1489:and four destroyers, two from the 1056:, based on the Allied battleships 25: 3784:"PQ17: An Arctic Convoy Disaster" 3734:from the original on 28 July 2020 3188:from the original on 28 July 2020 1579:and to pass east of Bear Island. 4020:from the original on 17 May 2012 3992:from the original on 17 May 2012 3662:Bannister, Sam (19 March 2013). 2463:It was not until September that 2183:Order of battle for Convoy PQ 17 1440:and the anti-submarine trawlers 263: 252: 241: 229: 218: 207: 196: 175: 161: 148: 135: 123: 111: 4490:. London: Universal Book Club. 4258:– via Archive Foundation. 4218:– via Archive Foundation. 4093:Journal of Contemporary History 4055:The Destruction of Convoy PQ.17 3861:– via Archive Foundation. 3704:from the original on 2024-06-29 3464:from the original on 2024-04-14 3387:from the original on 2009-04-27 2649:PQ17: An Arctic Convoy Disaster 2643:In January 2014, the hour-long 1631:) consisting of the battleship 1122:Anglo-American Mission visited 324:99,316 additional tons of cargo 5143:Arctic convoys of World War II 4564:Arctic convoys of World War II 4132:. Oxford University Press US. 4074:Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters 3866:Churchill, Winston S. (1951). 2697: 2574:on Arctic convoys and against 2546:Convoy battles of World War II 2148:, received permission to move 1459:. Distant cover came from the 60:Escorts and merchant ships at 1: 3786:. bbc.co.uk. 2 January 2014. 2533:Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd 2520:Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd 1924:her but she remained afloat; 4099:(3). London: Sage: 463–482. 3548: 3499:"World War II: Convoy PQ-17" 3257:, pp. 213–214, 216–219. 3066:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005 2552:Action in the North Atlantic 2144:Commander-in-Chief, Admiral 1864:On the morning of 4 July, a 1102:and cryptological analysis. 1030:. The convoy was located by 283:Close escort: 6 destroyers, 4523:The Requiem on Convoy PQ 17 4456:Ransome Wallis, R. (1973). 4404:Frayn Turner, John (2002). 4301:Turner, John Frayn (2013). 4242:Schofield, Bernard (1964). 4164:Morison, Samuel E. (2001). 3576:Hawkins & Deighton 2003 3006: 2981: 2952: 2936: 2893: 2872: 2672:, a 2023 Norwegian film by 2563:(1955), a novel written by 2494:Order of the British Empire 2240:, the Commodore's flagship 2103: 2093: 2078: 2067: 2056: 2045: 2035:Northern Norway, June 1942 1713:. On 16 June, the cruisers 5174: 4488:P.Q. 17: A Story of a Ship 4339:Woodman, Richard (2004) . 4250:. London: B. T. Batsford. 4202:Riesenberg, Felix (1956). 4105:10.1177/002200947901400306 3883:Claasen, A. R. A. (2001). 3724:"Requiem for Convoy PQ-17" 3550:Eight Bells and All's Well 3171:, pp. 29, 37, 39, 41. 2651:, written and narrated by 2180: 2000: 1986: 1972: 1160:– to support the British. 1073:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 312:153 merchant seamen killed 4551:Convoy PQ 17 at Convoyweb 4423:Geroux, William. (2017). 4377:Wynn, Kenneth G. (1997). 4186:German Radio Intelligence 4147:Moore, Arthur R. (1984). 4034:Howarth, Stephen (1994). 4012:. Admiralty War Diaries. 3984:. Admiralty War Diaries. 3925:. Conway Maritime Press. 3828:10.1080/02684529008432054 3155:Sea history, Issues 61-68 3153: 3023: 2674:Henrik Martin Dahlsbakken 2478:Awards and commemorations 1596:Against Convoy PQ 17 the 1521:(flagship), the cruisers 1493:. As further protection, 374: 306: 275: 189: 104: 68: 53: 41: 4341:Arctic Convoys 1941–1945 2683:inspired by Convoy PQ17. 2634:Requiem for Convoy PQ-17 2616:Requiem for Convoy PQ-17 1705:Unternehmen Rösselsprung 1476:, the American cruisers 1242:Unternehmen Rösselsprung 4360:1942, The Turning Point 4343:. London: John Murray. 4128:Miller, Nathan (1997). 3940:Hill, Roger P. (1986). 3902:Connell, G. G. (1982). 2597:, also translated into 2576:German battleship 2504:. In December 2012 the 1870:Küstenfliegergruppe 906 300:Flying over 200 sorties 4324:. london: Leo Cooper. 4296:. Air 41/10 (No. 248). 4210:. New York: Rinehart. 4183:Praun, Albert (1950). 4053:Irving, David (1968). 2198: 2010:Convoy is to scatter. 1926:German submarine 1851: 1792: 1767: 1735: 1726: 1703: 1657: 1627: 1621: 1607: 1589: 1335: 1236: 1213:and the heavy cruiser 314:23 merchant ships sunk 190:Commanders and leaders 76:27 June – 10 July 1942 4460:. London: Ian Allan. 4362:. London: Macdonald. 4320:Winton, John (1988). 3843:Bunker, John (1972). 3625:The National Archives 3375:Helgason, Guðmundur. 3182:"Christopher Newport" 2498:British Empire Medals 2459:Subsequent operations 2190: 1784: 1320: 1234: 307:Casualties and losses 294:33 torpedo aircraft, 4427:. New York: Viking. 4358:Wykes, Alan (1972). 3728:The Globe & Mail 2957:, pp. 5144–5145 2140:; the next day, the 1534:, the US battleship 1461:1st Cruiser Squadron 1189:and in March by the 1112:Operation Barbarossa 1100:signals intelligence 4525:, Russian novel by 4246:The Russian Convoys 4072:Kemp, Paul (1993). 4057:. London: Cassell. 3341:, pp. 211–212. 3293:, pp. 235–236. 3255:Hinsley et al. 1990 3233:, p. 110, 106. 3115:, pp. 205–206. 3068:, pp. 175–176. 2850:, pp. 228–229. 2838:, pp. 463–482. 2735:, pp. 292–322. 2036: 1955: 1897: / 1879:Christopher Newport 1671:and the destroyers 1639:and the destroyers 1423:, the minesweepers 1153:and the battleship 1024:port of Arkhangelsk 270:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff 4448:The London Gazette 3758:colemanlemieux.com 3648:The London Gazette 3281:, pp. 45, 50. 2199: 2160:, to confirm that 2025: 1953: 1793: 1562:from Spitzbergen. 1491:United States Navy 1336: 1237: 1163:The first convoy, 281:35 merchant ships 5130: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5053: 5052: 4920: 4919: 4827: 4826: 4649: 4648: 4434:978-0-525-55746-3 4415:978-1-55750-884-3 4388:978-1-55750-860-7 4369:978-0-356-03969-5 4350:978-0-7195-5752-1 4312:978-1-78159-268-7 4293:978-1-903365-30-4 4274:978-0-340-12512-0 4234:978-1-86176-257-3 4175:978-0-252-06963-5 4139:978-0-19-511038-8 4045:978-1-55750-058-8 3970:978-0-11-630934-1 3942:Destroyer Captain 3932:978-0-85177-947-8 3913:978-0-7183-0428-7 3868:The Hinge of Fate 3858:978-0-87021-340-3 3317:, pp. 74–75. 3305:, pp. 75–76. 3245:, pp. 43–44. 2785:, pp. 45–46. 2723:, pp. 77–78. 2625:Soviet submarine 2449:Nikolay Kharlamov 2425:Winston Churchill 2404:Benjamin Harrison 2218:were sunk by the 2110: 2109: 2014: 2013: 1901:75.817°N 22.250°E 1574:were absent. The 1514:, the battleship 1349:, the destroyers 1165:Operation Dervish 995: 994: 331: 330: 100: 99: 16:(Redirected from 5165: 5062: 4929: 4836: 4658: 4575: 4559: 4499: 4479: 4471: 4452: 4438: 4419: 4392: 4373: 4354: 4335: 4316: 4297: 4279: 4278: 4259: 4249: 4238: 4219: 4209: 4198: 4179: 4160: 4143: 4124: 4087: 4068: 4049: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3974: 3955: 3936: 3917: 3898: 3879: 3862: 3850: 3839: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3501:. 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The submarine 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1856: 1797:convoy commodore 1772: 1740: 1729: 1708: 1660: 1630: 1628:Drontheim-Gruppe 1624: 1617:Jan Mayen Island 1610: 1592: 1012:Second World War 552:Petsamo–Kirkenes 369: 367: 357: 350: 343: 334: 316:Matériel losses: 268: 267: 257: 256: 246: 245: 234: 233: 223: 222: 212: 211: 201: 200: 185: 181: 179: 178: 167: 165: 164: 158: 154: 152: 151: 141: 139: 138: 129: 127: 126: 117: 115: 114: 70: 69: 58: 44:Second World War 34: 21: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5122: 5091: 5049: 4988: 4916: 4875: 4823: 4747: 4645: 4619: 4566: 4515:Description of 4506: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4458:Two Red Stripes 4455: 4441: 4435: 4422: 4416: 4403: 4400: 4398:Further reading 4395: 4389: 4376: 4370: 4357: 4351: 4338: 4332: 4319: 4313: 4300: 4294: 4282: 4275: 4263: 4262: 4241: 4235: 4222: 4201: 4182: 4176: 4163: 4146: 4140: 4127: 4090: 4084: 4071: 4065: 4052: 4046: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4006: 4005: 3995: 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4374: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4336: 4330: 4317: 4311: 4298: 4292: 4280: 4273: 4265:The Bookseller 4260: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4199: 4180: 4174: 4161: 4144: 4138: 4125: 4088: 4082: 4069: 4063: 4050: 4044: 4031: 4003: 3975: 3969: 3956: 3950: 3937: 3931: 3918: 3912: 3899: 3893: 3880: 3863: 3857: 3840: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3775: 3745: 3714: 3700:. 2013-03-19. 3685: 3654: 3607: 3605:, p. 554. 3595: 3593:, p. 244. 3591:Churchill 1951 3580: 3578:, p. 176. 3568: 3566:, p. 243. 3564:Churchill 1951 3556: 3539: 3537:, p. 312. 3527: 3525:, p. 107. 3515: 3489: 3487:, p. 238. 3485:Churchill 1951 3474: 3460:. 2019-06-25. 3445: 3433: 3431:, p. 187. 3421: 3419:, p. 320. 3409: 3397: 3367: 3365:, p. 178. 3355: 3353:, p. 220. 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3291:Churchill 1951 3283: 3271: 3269:, p. 114. 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3209:, p. 105. 3199: 3173: 3161: 3141: 3129: 3127:, p. 103. 3117: 3105: 3070: 3055: 3043: 3041:, p. 234. 3039:Churchill 1951 3031: 3014: 3011:, p. 5146 2989: 2986:, p. 5145 2960: 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1950: 1947: 1942:William Hooper 1906:75.817; 22.250 1866:Heinkel He 115 1778: 1775: 1730: 1723: 1653:Theodor Riedel 1635:, the cruiser 1613:Denmark Strait 1593: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1444:Lord Middleton 1396:armed trawlers 1314: 1311: 1303:Louis Hamilton 1228: 1225: 1195:Admiral Hipper 1186:Admiral Scheer 1107: 1104: 1054:covering force 1036:First Sea Lord 993: 992: 990: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 943: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 831: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 764: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 630: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 566: 565: 555: 554: 549: 536: 535: 530: 523: 516: 505: 504: 503: 502: 490: 485: 478: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 432: 431: 424: 411: 410: 403: 398: 391: 386: 375: 372: 371: 362: 360: 359: 352: 345: 337: 329: 328: 325: 318:3,350 vehicles 309: 308: 304: 303: 288: 278: 277: 273: 272: 238: 214:Louis Hamilton 192: 191: 187: 186: 171: 119:United Kingdom 107: 106: 102: 101: 98: 97: 96:German victory 94: 90: 89: 84: 82: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 51: 50: 39: 38: 32: 31: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5170: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4467:0-7110-0461-7 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4331:0-85052-883-6 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4083:0-304-35451-1 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4064:0-586-06275-0 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4038:. Greenhill. 4037: 4032: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4004: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3951:1-904381-25-1 3947: 3944:. Periscope. 3943: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3906:. W. Kimber. 3905: 3900: 3896: 3894:0-7006-1050-2 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621:The Catalogue 3618: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3553:, p. 133 3552: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3505:on 2020-09-09 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3443:, p. 67. 3442: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3329:, p. 48. 3328: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3221:, p. 42. 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3139:, p. 80. 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3053:, p. 62. 3052: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2923:, p. 61. 2922: 2917: 2914: 2911:, p. 26. 2910: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2638:Bolton Castle 2635: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2622: 2619:, a novel by 2618: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595:Jan de Hartog 2592: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2515:, in London. 2514: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:George Medals 2487: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2429:Joseph Stalin 2426: 2422: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:Novaya Zemlya 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Sherman tanks 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2262:Paulus Potter 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2216:Daniel Morgan 2213: 2208: 2205: 2204:Merchant Navy 2197: 2196:Paulus Potter 2193: 2189: 2184: 2177:Convoy losses 2176: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2020: 1999: 1985: 1971: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1920:attempted to 1919: 1918: 1910: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769:Goldene Zange 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1658:Narvik-Gruppe 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:Friedrich Ihn 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1583:German forces 1582: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487: 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931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 837: 836: 835: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 769: 768: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 716: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 635: 634: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 572: 568: 567: 564: 560: 557: 556: 553: 550: 548: 547: 543: 542: 541: 540: 534: 531: 529: 528: 524: 522: 521: 517: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 501: 500: 496: 495: 494: 491: 489: 488:Motovsky Gulf 486: 484: 483: 479: 477: 476:Cape Pikshuev 474: 472: 471: 467: 465: 464: 460: 458: 457: 453: 451: 450: 446: 444: 443: 439: 438: 437: 436: 430: 429: 425: 423: 422: 418: 417: 416: 415: 409: 408: 404: 402: 399: 397: 396: 392: 390: 387: 385: 384: 380: 379: 378: 373: 368: 358: 353: 351: 346: 344: 339: 338: 335: 326: 311: 310: 305: 301: 289: 280: 279: 274: 271: 266: 260: 255: 249: 244: 239: 237: 232: 226: 221: 215: 210: 204: 199: 194: 193: 188: 184: 172: 170: 157: 144: 132: 131:United States 120: 109: 108: 103: 95: 92: 91: 87: 83: 80: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 63: 57: 52: 49: 45: 40: 35: 27: 19: 4733:Operation FB 4722: 4545: 4542:Convoy PQ.17 4517:Rösselsprung 4516: 4487: 4475: 4457: 4446: 4424: 4405: 4378: 4359: 4340: 4321: 4302: 4283: 4264: 4245: 4224: 4205: 4185: 4165: 4148: 4129: 4096: 4092: 4073: 4054: 4035: 4022:. Retrieved 4008: 3994:. Retrieved 3980: 3960: 3941: 3922: 3903: 3884: 3867: 3846: 3819: 3815: 3792:. Retrieved 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3757: 3748: 3736:. Retrieved 3727: 3717: 3706:. Retrieved 3697: 3688: 3676:. Retrieved 3667: 3657: 3646: 3633:, retrieved 3620: 3610: 3603:Howarth 1994 3598: 3571: 3559: 3549: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3507:. Retrieved 3503:the original 3492: 3466:. Retrieved 3457: 3448: 3436: 3429:Morison 2001 3424: 3412: 3405:Woodman 2004 3400: 3389:. Retrieved 3380: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3339:Woodman 2004 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190:. Retrieved 3176: 3164: 3158:, p. 58 3154: 3144: 3137:Connell 1982 3132: 3120: 3113:Claasen 2001 3108: 3097:, retrieved 3086: 3046: 3034: 3024: 3017: 3007: 2982: 2953: 2947: 2937: 2916: 2904: 2894: 2873: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2778: 2728: 2716: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2648: 2647:documentary 2637: 2633: 2626: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2558: 2550: 2531: 2527:David Irving 2524: 2519: 2483: 2481: 2470: 2465:Convoy PQ 18 2462: 2442: 2418: 2403: 2400:Samuel Chase 2399: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2367: 2359: 2356:Silver Sword 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2333:Leo Gradwell 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314:Arctic Ocean 2310:Alcoa Ranger 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2286:Pan Atlantic 2285: 2283: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249:Empire Byron 2248: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2149: 2146:Erich Raeder 2142:Kriegsmarine 2141: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2119:Dudley Pound 2113: 2111: 2104: 2031:Kriegsmarine 2030: 2026: 2018: 2015: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1916: 1878: 1874:Liberty ship 1863: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801:John Dowding 1794: 1787: 1763:Luftflotte 5 1762: 1759:Luftflotte 5 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743:Convoy PQ 16 1737:Luftflotte 5 1732: 1727:Luftflotte 5 1718: 1714: 1710: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641:Karl Galster 1640: 1636: 1632: 1622:Kriegsmarine 1599:Kriegsmarine 1597: 1595: 1590:Kriegsmarine 1571: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1545: 1544:would place 1535: 1530: 1524: 1518:Duke of York 1517: 1510: 1499: 1485: 1479: 1472: 1466: 1457:Northern Gem 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1392:minesweepers 1382: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1323: 1300:Rear Admiral 1289: 1281:Convoy QP 13 1270: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1241: 1238: 1227:British plan 1215: 1209: 1203: 1194: 1185: 1175: 1170:Kriegsmarine 1168: 1162: 1156: 1149: 1109: 1096:midnight sun 1084: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1066: 1060:Duke of York 1059: 1048: 1040:Dudley Pound 1028:Soviet Union 1001:Convoy PQ 17 1000: 999: 945: 944: 833: 832: 766: 765: 714: 632: 631: 570: 562: 545: 538: 537: 526: 519: 507: 506: 498: 481: 469: 462: 456:Doppelschlag 455: 449:Rösselsprung 448: 441: 434: 433: 427: 420: 413: 412: 406: 394: 382: 376: 320:210 aircraft 299: 248:Erich Raeder 236:John Dowding 143:Soviet Union 105:Belligerents 86:Arctic Ocean 37:Convoy PQ 17 26: 4546:La Malouine 4476:Sea History 4443:"No. 39041" 4381:. Chatham. 4076:. Cassell. 3768:11 November 3643:"No. 35732" 3535:Miller 1997 3441:Bunker 1972 3303:Irving 1968 3231:Turner 2013 3207:Turner 2013 3192:17 February 3125:Turner 2013 3051:Winton 1988 3022:Admiralty, 2921:Winton 1988 2860:Miller 1997 2836:Langer 1979 2733:Beesly 1990 2677: [ 2662: [ 2603:De kapitein 2586:The Captain 2560:HMS Ulysses 2506:Arctic Star 2453:Ivan Maisky 2438:Dan Gallery 2243:River Afton 2073:Dive bomber 1904: / 1835:Grey Ranger 1824:Barents Sea 1807:Grey Ranger 1576:flying boat 1449:Lord Austin 1413:La Malouine 1296:Jack Broome 1247:Bear Island 1216:Prinz Eugen 1204:Scharnhorst 1200:battleships 1144:Ernest King 1116:Beaverbrook 1016:Hvalfjörður 1010:during the 493:Barents Sea 442:Sportpalast 292:11 U-boats: 259:Karl Dönitz 225:Jack Broome 156:Netherlands 5137:Categories 3807:References 3708:2024-07-12 3523:Wykes 1972 3509:2009-04-16 3468:2024-09-12 3391:2009-04-16 3351:Moore 1984 2824:Praun 1950 2396:Panamanian 2383:Azerbaijan 2322:El Capitan 2254:Peter Kerr 2230:Washington 2181:See also: 2154:Altenfjord 2062:Floatplane 1935:Wainwright 1872:, hit the 1842:Aldersdale 1788:Wainwright 1553:Manchester 1546:Victorious 1536:Washington 1525:Cumberland 1511:Victorious 1505:John Tovey 1495:Home Fleet 1486:Tuscaloosa 1432:Salamander 1365:Leamington 1279:westbound 1276:Scapa Flow 1157:Washington 1137:Royal Navy 1128:North Cape 1106:Background 1067:Washington 1038:, Admiral 1022:, for the 533:North Cape 520:Zitronella 499:Regenbogen 470:Wunderland 383:Weserübung 327:5 aircraft 296:6 bombers 203:John Tovey 5158:White Sea 5096:Homebound 4993:Homebound 4880:Homebound 4752:Homebound 4624:Homebound 4496:560650526 4157:475918989 4121:159474803 4113:0022-0094 3876:153203701 3836:1743-9019 3794:2 January 3547:Gallery, 3363:Wynn 1997 3327:Hill 1986 3315:Kemp 1993 3279:Hill 1986 3243:Hill 1986 3219:Hill 1986 3169:Hill 1986 2909:Hill 1986 2783:Hill 1986 2708:Footnotes 2569:HMS 2525:In 1968, 2469:HMS 2410:Aftermath 2368:Luftwaffe 2360:Troubador 2348:Troubador 2337:HMS 2326:Luftwaffe 2290:Luftwaffe 2225:Pan Kraft 2220:Luftwaffe 2171:Tirpitz's 2138:Vestfjord 2027:Luftwaffe 1949:Dispersal 1933:USS 1853:Luftwaffe 1840:RFA 1805:RFA 1786:USS 1755:Luftwaffe 1751:Luftwaffe 1747:Luftwaffe 1649:Hans Lody 1608:Eisteufel 1602:prepared 1551:HMS 1523:HMS 1516:HMS 1509:HMS 1478:USS 1465:HMS 1442:HMT 1437:Britomart 1425:HMS 1418:HMS 1399:HMS 1388:corvettes 1351:HMS 1342:Palomares 1340:HMS 1329:HMS 1322:USS 1293:Commander 1269:HMS 1262:HMS 1210:Gneisenau 1181:Trondheim 1155:USS 1148:USS 1086:Luftwaffe 1065:USS 1058:HMS 322:430 tanks 62:Hvalfjord 5065:Outbound 4932:Outbound 4839:Outbound 4661:Outbound 4578:Outbound 4486:(1948). 4484:Winn, G. 4195:37001114 4018:Archived 3990:Archived 3788:Archived 3762:Archived 3732:Archived 3702:Archived 3698:BBC News 3678:19 March 3672:Archived 3668:The News 3635:16 April 3629:archived 3462:Archived 3385:Archived 3267:PRO 2001 3186:Archived 3099:16 April 3093:archived 2571:Royalist 2540:See also 2513:veterans 2500:and two 2415:Analysis 2352:Ironclad 2344:Ayrshire 2339:Ayrshire 2033:aircraft 1968:Message 1940:SS 1877:SS 1820:Zaafaran 1604:wolfpack 1453:Ayrshire 1420:Dianella 1347:Pozarica 1345:and HMS 1251:Svalbard 1132:Murmansk 1120:Harriman 527:Ostfront 514:Kara Sea 428:Polyarny 421:Claymore 395:Alphabet 276:Strength 81:Location 42:Part of 4585:Dervish 4216:1263591 4206:Sea War 4024:31 July 3996:31 July 3738:26 June 2645:BBC Two 2593:writer 2578:Tirpitz 2471:Avenger 2434:Pacific 2320:and SS 2318:Hoosier 2308:and SS 2306:Olapana 2292:and SS 2234:Carlton 2214:and SS 2167:Tirpitz 2162:Tirpitz 2150:Tirpitz 2134:Tirpitz 2130:Tirpitz 2114:Tirpitz 2019:Tirpitz 1922:scuttle 1892:22°15′E 1889:75°49′N 1868:, from 1816:Zamalek 1812:Rathlin 1711:Tirpitz 1633:Tirpitz 1568:Tirpitz 1559:Eclipse 1541:Iceland 1531:Nigeria 1502:Admiral 1480:Wichita 1473:Norfolk 1427:Halcyon 1371:Ledbury 1324:Wichita 1285:ballast 1271:Curacoa 1176:Tirpitz 1141:Admiral 1110:During 1091:U-boats 1078:Tirpitz 1049:Tirpitz 1026:in the 1020:Iceland 1003:was an 644:PQ 9/10 571:Dervish 559:Convoys 401:Wilfred 183:Germany 5035:RA 61A 5020:RA 59A 4974:JW 61A 4944:JW 56B 4939:JW 56A 4912:RA 55B 4907:RA 55A 4902:RA 54B 4897:RA 54A 4871:JW 55B 4866:JW 55A 4861:JW 54B 4856:JW 54A 4743:JW 51B 4738:JW 51A 4494: 4464: 4431: 4412: 4385: 4366: 4347: 4328: 4309: 4290: 4271: 4256:862623 4254: 4231: 4214: 4193: 4172: 4155: 4136: 4119: 4111: 4080: 4061: 4042: 3967: 3948: 3929: 3910: 3891: 3874: 3855: 3834: 3028:, HMSO 2659:Konvoi 2496:, six 2445:Hitler 2279:Potter 2238:Honomu 2121:, the 2091:BV 138 2089:FW 200 2065:He 115 2054:He 111 2051:Bomber 2040:Bomber 2001:21:36 1987:21:23 1973:21:11 1858:BV 138 1828:Exford 1818:, and 1777:Voyage 1719:Scheer 1715:Lützow 1669:Scheer 1664:Lützow 1637:Hipper 1619:. 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The 1124:Moscow 1032:German 1005:Allied 930:RA 61A 915:RA 59A 875:JW 61A 845:JW 56B 840:JW 56A 828:RA 55B 823:RA 55A 818:RA 54B 813:RA 54A 798:JW 55B 793:JW 55A 788:JW 54B 783:JW 54A 726:JW 51B 721:JW 51A 546:Mascot 482:Orator 389:Narvik 180: 169:Panama 166: 153: 140: 128: 116: 93:Result 5118:RA 67 5113:RA 66 5108:RA 65 5103:RA 64 5087:JW 67 5082:JW 66 5077:JW 65 5072:JW 64 5045:RA 63 5040:RA 62 5030:RA 61 5025:RA 60 5015:RA 59 5010:RA 58 5005:RA 57 5000:RA 56 4984:JW 63 4979:JW 62 4969:JW 61 4964:JW 60 4959:JW 59 4954:JW 58 4949:JW 57 4892:RA 53 4887:RA 52 4851:JW 53 4846:JW 52 4819:RA 51 4814:QP 15 4809:QP 14 4804:QP 13 4799:QP 12 4794:QP 11 4789:QP 10 4728:PQ 18 4723:PQ 17 4718:PQ 16 4713:PQ 15 4708:PQ 14 4703:PQ 13 4698:PQ 12 4693:PQ 11 4688:PQ 10 4673:PQ 7b 4668:PQ 7a 4117:S2CID 2688:Notes 2681:] 2670:] 2599:Dutch 2591:Dutch 2509:medal 2302:U-255 2298:U-255 2277:sank 2267:U-255 2192:U-255 2099:Total 2087:Ju 88 2076:Ju 87 2043:Ju 88 1962:From 1959:Time 1928:U-457 1917:P-614 1847:U-456 1407:Poppy 1401:Lotus 1307:Banak 1044:ships 987:RA 67 982:RA 66 977:RA 65 972:RA 64 967:JW 67 962:JW 66 957:JW 65 952:JW 64 940:RA 63 935:RA 62 925:RA 61 920:RA 60 910:RA 59 905:RA 58 900:RA 57 895:RA 56 890:JW 64 885:JW 63 880:JW 62 870:JW 61 865:JW 60 860:JW 59 855:JW 58 850:JW 57 808:RA 53 803:RA 52 778:JW 53 773:JW 52 761:RA 51 756:QP 12 709:PQ 18 704:PQ 17 699:PQ 16 694:QP 11 689:QP 15 684:PQ 15 679:QP 14 674:PQ 14 669:QP 13 664:PQ 13 659:PQ 12 654:PQ 11 649:QP 10 463:Zarin 18:PQ 17 5058:1945 4925:1944 4832:1943 4784:QP 9 4779:QP 8 4774:QP 7 4769:QP 6 4764:QP 5 4759:QP 4 4683:PQ 9 4678:PQ 8 4654:1942 4641:QP 3 4636:QP 2 4631:QP 1 4615:PQ 6 4610:PQ 5 4605:PQ 4 4600:PQ 3 4595:PQ 2 4590:PQ 1 4571:1941 4492:OCLC 4462:ISBN 4429:ISBN 4410:ISBN 4383:ISBN 4364:ISBN 4345:ISBN 4326:ISBN 4307:ISBN 4288:ISBN 4269:ISBN 4252:OCLC 4229:ISBN 4212:OCLC 4191:OCLC 4170:ISBN 4153:OCLC 4134:ISBN 4109:ISSN 4078:ISBN 4059:ISBN 4040:ISBN 4026:2015 4014:HMSO 3998:2015 3986:HMSO 3965:ISBN 3946:ISBN 3927:ISBN 3908:ISBN 3889:ISBN 3872:OCLC 3853:ISBN 3832:ISSN 3796:2014 3770:2013 3740:2017 3680:2013 3640:and 3637:2010 3614:See 3194:2020 3150:NMHS 3101:2024 2627:K-21 2419:The 2402:and 2354:and 2346:and 2258:Kerr 2252:and 2046:103 2029:and 2004:ADMY 1990:ADMY 1976:ADMY 1915:HMS 1717:and 1695:and 1570:and 1556:and 1528:and 1483:and 1455:and 1434:and 1416:and 1380:and 1377:Offa 1359:Fury 1327:and 1267:and 1150:Wasp 1063:and 946:1945 834:1944 767:1943 751:QP 9 746:QP 8 741:QP 7 736:QP 6 731:QP 5 639:PQ 8 633:1942 627:QP 4 622:QP 3 617:QP 2 612:QP 1 607:PQ 7 602:PQ 6 597:PQ 5 592:PQ 4 587:PQ 3 582:PQ 2 577:PQ 1 563:1941 539:1944 508:1943 435:1942 414:1941 407:Juno 377:1940 73:Date 4101:doi 3824:doi 2601:as 2296:by 2256:. 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